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Geisslitz S, Shewry P, Brouns F, America AHP, Caio GPI, Daly M, D'Amico S, De Giorgio R, Gilissen L, Grausgruber H, Huang X, Jonkers D, Keszthelyi D, Larré C, Masci S, Mills C, Møller MS, Sorrells ME, Svensson B, Zevallos VF, Weegels PL. Wheat ATIs: Characteristics and Role in Human Disease. Front Nutr 2021; 8:667370. [PMID: 34124122 PMCID: PMC8192694 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.667370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amylase/trypsin-inhibitors (ATIs) comprise about 2–4% of the total wheat grain proteins and may contribute to natural defense against pests and pathogens. However, they are currently among the most widely studied wheat components because of their proposed role in adverse reactions to wheat consumption in humans. ATIs have long been known to contribute to IgE-mediated allergy (notably Bakers' asthma), but interest has increased since 2012 when they were shown to be able to trigger the innate immune system, with attention focused on their role in coeliac disease which affects about 1% of the population and, more recently, in non-coeliac wheat sensitivity which may affect up to 10% of the population. This has led to studies of their structure, inhibitory properties, genetics, control of expression, behavior during processing, effects on human adverse reactions to wheat and, most recently, strategies to modify their expression in the plant using gene editing. We therefore present an integrated account of this range of research, identifying inconsistencies, and gaps in our knowledge and identifying future research needs. Note This paper is the outcome of an invited international ATI expert meeting held in Amsterdam, February 3-5 2020
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Geisslitz
- Department of Bioactive and Functional Food Chemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Fred Brouns
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Antoine H P America
- BU Bioscience, Plant Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Giacomo Pietro Ismaele Caio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, St. Anna Hospital, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matthew Daly
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano D'Amico
- Institute for Animal Nutrition and Feed, AGES - Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto De Giorgio
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Luud Gilissen
- Wageningen University and Research, Plant Breeding, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Heinrich Grausgruber
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daisy Jonkers
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine and School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Colette Larré
- INRAE UR1268 BIA, Impasse Thérèse Bertrand-Fontaine, Nantes, France
| | - Stefania Masci
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via San Camillo de Lellis, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Clare Mills
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Sofie Møller
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mark E Sorrells
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Birte Svensson
- Enzyme and Protein Chemistry, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Victor F Zevallos
- Nutrition and Food Research Group, Department of Applied and Health Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Louis Weegels
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Kucek LK, Veenstra LD, Amnuaycheewa P, Sorrells ME. A Grounded Guide to Gluten: How Modern Genotypes and Processing Impact Wheat Sensitivity. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:285-302. [PMID: 33401796 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The role of wheat, and particularly of gluten protein, in our diet has recently been scrutinized. This article provides a summary of the main pathologies related to wheat in the human body, including celiac disease, wheat allergy, nonceliac wheat sensitivity, fructose malabsorption, and irritable bowel syndrome. Differences in reactivity are discussed for ancient, heritage, and modern wheats. Due to large variability among species and genotypes, it might be feasible to select wheat varieties with lower amounts and fewer types of reactive prolamins and fructans. Einkorn is promising for producing fewer immunotoxic effects in a number of celiac research studies. Additionally, the impact of wheat processing methods on wheat sensitivity is reviewed. Research indicates that germination and fermentation technologies can effectively alter certain immunoreactive components. For individuals with wheat sensitivity, less-reactive wheat products can slow down disease development and improve quality of life. While research has not proven causation in the increase in wheat sensitivity over the last decades, modern wheat processing may have increased exposure to immunoreactive compounds. More research is necessary to understand the influence of modern wheat cultivars on epidemiological change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kissing Kucek
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, 240 Emerson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Lynn D Veenstra
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, 240 Emerson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
| | - Plaimein Amnuaycheewa
- Dept. of Agro-Industrial, Food, and Environmental Technology, Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's Univ. of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok, 10800, Thailand
| | - Mark E Sorrells
- School of Integrated Plant Science, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, 240 Emerson Hall, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, 14853, U.S.A
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Zoccatelli G, Sega M, Bolla M, Cecconi D, Vaccino P, Rizzi C, Chignola R, Brandolini A. Expression of α-amylase inhibitors in diploid Triticum species. Food Chem 2012; 135:2643-9. [PMID: 22980853 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.06.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the work was to characterize the expression of various α-amylase inhibitors (αAIs), well known anti-nutritional compounds, for the development of healthier diploid wheat-based functional foods. The salt-soluble protein fractions from the seeds of 53 accessions among Triticum monococcum subsp. monococcum (T.m.), T. monococcum subsp. boeoticum (T.b.) and Triticum urartu (T.u.) were analyzed by immunoblotting after SDS-PAGE and Urea-PAGE using polyclonal antibodies (PABs) raised against 0.19 and 0.28 αAIs expressed in bread-wheat. Reverse zymography with human saliva and Tenebrio molitor α-amylases was used to assay inhibition activity. A great variability of the expression of αAI-related proteins was observed among T.b. and T.u. PABs, and reverse zymography revealed different bands, often not correlating with those present in bread-wheat. Two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting and mass spectrometric analysis identified these proteins as αAIs. Interestingly, no signal was observed within T.m. accessions. This makes T.m. an important candidate for the production of novel functional foods.
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NIEMEYER HERMANNM, COPAJA SYLVIAV, BARRIA BERNARDITAN. The Triticeae as sources of hydroxamic acids, secondary metabolites in wheat conferring resistance against aphids. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1992.tb00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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NIEMEYER HERMANNM, COPAJA SYLVIAV, BARRIA BERNARDITAN. The Triticeae as sources of hydroxamic acids, secondary metabolites in wheat conferring resistance against aphids. Hereditas 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.1992.tb00840.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Gralik J, Warchalewski J. The influence of γ-irradiation on some biological activities and electrophoresis patterns of wheat grain albumin fraction. Food Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2005.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Daud HM, Gustafson JP. Molecular evidence forTriticum speltoidesas a B-genome progenitor of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Genome 1996; 39:543-8. [DOI: 10.1139/g96-069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In polyploid wheat, the origin of the B-genome donor has remained relatively unknown in spite of a number of investigations attempting to identify the parental species. A project was designed to isolate and clone a genome-specific DNA sequence from Triticum speltoides L. to determine if that species could be the B-genome donor. A cloning scheme involving the prescreening of 1-kb fragments followed by colony, dot blot, and Southern blot hybridization screenings was used to isolate a speltoides-specific sequence (pSp89.XI). The methods used allowed for rapid isolation of a genome-specific sequence when screened against total DNA from closely related species. Subsequent analyses showed that the sequence was barely detected in any of the other genomes of the annual Sitopsis section. The results of dot blot and Southern blot analyses established that (i) the sequence pSP89.XI, specific to T. speltoides relative to the other species of the Sitopsis section, was present in the genomes of tetraploid and hexaploid wheat, (ii) the relative abundance of pSp89.XI seemed to decrease from the diploid to the polyploid wheats, and (iii) the existence of a related, but modified B genome in polyploid wheat compared with that in modern T. speltoides was probable. Key words : genome-specific, DNA.
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Talbert LE, Blake NK, Storlie EW, Lavin M. Variability in wheat based on low-copy DNA sequence comparisons. Genome 1995; 38:951-7. [PMID: 8537004 DOI: 10.1139/g95-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The chromosomes of the B genome of hexaploid wheat (AABBDD) do not pair completely with those of any of the diploid species with genomes similar to B. Various biochemical and molecular analyses have suggested that each of the five diploid species in section Sitopsis of Triticum are ancestral to B. These observations have led to the hypothesis that the B genome may be polyphyletic, descending from more than one diploid ancestor. This hypothesis may account for differences between the wheat B genome and the diploids and also for variability that currently exists among different wheat accessions. In this study, we cloned and compared nucleotide sequences for three low-copy DNA fragments from the B and D genomes of several wheat accessions and from diploid relatives of the B and D genomes. Our results suggested that the amount of DNA sequence variability in wheat is low, although somewhat more variability existed in the B genome than in the D genome. The B genome of wheat was significantly diverged from all the Sitopsis diploid species, and Triticum speltoides was closer to B than to other members of this section. The D genome of wheat was very similar to that of its progenitor, Triticum tauschii. No evidence for a polyphyletic origin of the B genome was found. A more parsimonious hypothesis is that the wheat B genome diverged from its diploid ancestor after the original hybridization event occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Talbert
- Department of Plant, Soil and Environmental Science, Montana State University, Bozeman 59717, USA
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NISHIKAWA K, FURUTA Y, YAMADA T, KUDO S. Genetic studies of α-amylase isozymes in wheat VII. Variation in diploid ancestral species and phylogeny of tetraploid wheat. Genes Genet Syst 1992. [DOI: 10.1266/ggs.67.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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NISHIKAWA K, FURUTA Y, YAMADA T, KUDO S. Genetic studies of .ALPHA.-amylase isozymes in wheat VII. Variation in diploid ancestral species and phylogeny of tetraploid wheat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1266/jjg.67.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Restriction endonuclease profiles of mitochondrial DNA and the origin of the B genome of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum. Heredity (Edinb) 1989. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1989.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Maeda K, Kakabayashi S, Matsubara H. Complete amino acid sequence of an alpha-amylase inhibitor in wheat kernel (0.19-inhibitor). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1985; 828:213-21. [PMID: 3872681 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(85)90299-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid composition of the 0.19-inhibitor from wheat kernel is very similar to that of the 0.53-inhibitor, but a marked difference in inhibitory activity towards human salivary and pancreatic alpha-amylases was detected between the two inhibitors. Elucidation of the primary structure of the 0.19-inhibitor and structural comparison with the 0.53-inhibitor is essential to understand not only the mechanism of the selective inhibitory behaviors but also evolutional relationship of these inhibitors. The complete amino acid sequence of the 0.19-inhibitor was determined after cleaving the protein with cyanogen bromide and trypsin. As in the case for the 0.53-inhibitor, the 0.19-inhibitor is composed of two identical subunits with 124 amino acid residues. Comparison of the sequence of the 0.53- and 0.19-inhibitor shows very high sequence homology with amino acid substitutions at seven positions.
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14
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Kushnir U, Lee J, Halloran G. α-Amylase inhibition and the origin of the B genome of wheat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-3796(84)80073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Bowman CM, Bonnard G, Dyer TA. Chloroplast DNA variation between species of Triticum and Aegilops. Location of the variation on the chloroplast genome and its relevance to the inheritance and classification of the cytoplasm. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1983; 65:247-262. [PMID: 24263422 DOI: 10.1007/bf00308076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/1983] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Restriction endonuclease analysis revealed interspecific and intraspecific variation between the chloroplast DNAs and therefore between the cytoplasms of 14 selected species of Triticum and Aegilops. Eleven distinct chloroplast DNA types were detected, the differences between them residing in the varied combination of a relatively few DNA alterations.The variation was simple enough for chloroplast DNA analysis to be used as a basis for the identification and classification of the Triticum and Aegilops cytoplasms. There was good agreement with the classification based on analysis of the phenotypic effects of the cytoplasm when combined with the T. aestivum nucleus in nuclear-cytoplasmic hybrids (Tsunewaki et al. 1976). There was however no correlation between specific chloroplast DNA alterations and any of the phenotypic effects known to be associated with specific cytoplasms.Although the diploid species examined included all those which have been suggested as possible donors of the cytoplasm and the B genome to T. aestivum, none of the chosen accessions belonged to the same cytoplasmic class as T. aestivum itself, except that of the tetraploid T. dicoccoides. Therefore, none of the diploid accessions analysed was the B genome donor. The analyses did however support several other suggestions which have been made concerning wheat ancestry. Scoring the different chloroplast DNA types according to the rarity of their banding patterns indicated that four of the eleven cytoplasms are of relatively recent origin.The DNA alterations most easily detectable by the limited comparison of the eleven Triticum/Aegilops chloroplast DNA types using only 4 endonucleases were insertions and deletions. These ranged between approximately 50 bp and 1,200 bp in size and most of them were clustered in 2 segments of the large single-copy region of the genome. Only two examples of the loss of restriction endonuclease sites through possible point mutations were observed. No variation was detected in the inverted repeat regions. Several of the deletions and insertions map close to known chloroplast protein genes, and there is also an indication that the more variable regions of the chloroplast genome may contain sequences which have allowed DNA recombination and rearrangement to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Bowman
- Plant Breeding Institute, Maris Lane, CB2 2LQ, Trumpington, Cambridge, UK
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Cole EW, Fullington JG, Kasarda DD. Grain protein variability among species of Triticum and Aegilops: quantitative SDS-PAGE studies. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1981; 60:17-30. [PMID: 24276584 DOI: 10.1007/bf00275173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/1980] [Accepted: 12/25/1980] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Total proteins were extracted from degermed seeds of various species of Triticum and Aegilops with solutions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and mercaptoethanol. The reduced, dissociated proteins were fractionated according to molecular weight (MW) by high-resolution polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in buffers containing SDS (SDS-PAGE). Stained SDS-PAGE patterns were measured by densitometric scanning over a suitable range of optical density. The data were normalized to equivalent total areas for each of the densitometric scans by means of a computer program that also permitted the construction of patterns of hypothetical amphiploids by averaging patterns of two or three diploid species. The grain proteins of most species examined had distinctive qualitative and quantitative aspects that were characteristic of the species even though nearly every accession or cultivar of a species exhibited at least minor differences in pattern from other accessions or cultivars. The main protein components (probably prolamins) of Triticum monococcum ssp. monococcum, T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum, T. urartu, and Aegilops squarrosa had MW's in the range 29-36 X 10(3) whereas the most important components of Ae. speltoides, Ae. longissima, and Ae. searsii had MW's in the range 37-55 × 10(3). Changes in the quantitative expression of particular genes, especially those coding for storage protein components, may have been associated with speciation. The strong predominance of proteins with MW's in the range 29-36 × 10(3) in some accessions of AB genome tetraploids, such as T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides, may indicate contributions to the B genome of these tetraploids by T. monococcum ssp. boeoticum, T. urartu, or Ae. squarrosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Cole
- Food Proteins Research Unit, Western Regional Research Center, SEA-AR, US Department of Agriculture, Berkeley, California, USA
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17
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Hammer K. Vorarbeiten zur monographischen Darstellung von Wildpflanzensortimenten:Aegilops L. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02014641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Caldwell KA, Kasarda DD. Assessment of genomic and species relationships in Triticum and Aegilops by PAGE and by differential staining of seed albumins and globulins. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1978; 52:273-280. [PMID: 24317663 DOI: 10.1007/bf00303505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/1978] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endosperm protein components from common bread wheats (Triticum aestivum L.) and related species were extracted with aluminum lactate, pH 3.2, and examined by electrophoresis in the same buffer. Electrophoretic patterns of the albumins and globulins were compared to evaluate the possibility that a particular species might have contributed its genome to tetraploid or hexaploid wheat. Together with protein component mobilities, differential band staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue R250 was employed to test the identity or non-identity of bands. Eight species and 63 accessions, representative of Triticum and Aegilops were tested. Considerable intraspecific variation was observed for patterns of diploid but not for tetraploid or hexaploid species. Patterns of some accessions of Triticum urartu agreed closely with major parts of the patterns of Triticum dicoccoides and T. aestivum. A fast-moving, green band was found in all accessions of T. urartu and of Triticum boeoticum, however, that was not found in those of T. dicoccoides or T. aestivum. This band was present in all accessions of Triticum araraticum and Triticum zhukovskyi. Patterns of Aegilops longissima, which has been suggested as the donor of the B genome, differed substantially from those of T. dicoccoides and T. aestivum. Finally, two marker proteins of intermediate mobility were also observed and may be used to discriminate between accessions of T. araraticum/T. zhukovskyi and those of T. dicoccoides/T. aestivum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Caldwell
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Western Regional Research Center, Berkeley, California, USA
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Jaaska V. NADP-dependent aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase in polyploid wheats and their diploid relatives. On the origin and phylogeny of polyploid wheats. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1978; 53:209-17. [PMID: 24309759 DOI: 10.1007/bf00277370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/1978] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The three major isoenzymes of the NADP-dependent aromatic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH-B), distinguished in polyploid wheats by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, are shown to be coded by homoeoalleles of the locus Adh-2 on short arms of chromosomes of the fifth homoeologous group. Essentially codominant expression of the Adh-2 homoeolleles of composite genomes was observed in young seedlings of hexaploid wheats (T. aestivum s.l.) and tetraploid wheats of the emmer group (T. turgidum s.l.), whereas only the isoenzyme characteristic of the A genome is present in the seedlings of the timopheevii-group tetraploids (T. timopheevii s.str. and T. araraticum).The slowest-moving B(3) isoenzyme of polyploid wheats, coded by the homoeoallele of the B genome, is characteristic of the diploid species Aegilops speltoides S.l., including both its awned and awnless forms, but was not encountered in Ae. bicornis, Ae. sharonensis and Ae. longissima. The last two diploids, as well as Ae. tauschii, Ae. caudata, Triticum monococcum s.str., T. boeoticum s.l. (incl. T. thaoudar) and T. urartu all shared a common isoenzyme coinciding electrophoretically with the band B(2) controlled by the A and D genome homoeoalleles in polyploid wheats. Ae. bicomis is characterized by the slowest isoenzyme, B(4), not found in wheats and in the other diploid Aegilops species studied.Two electrophoretic variants of ADH-B, B(1) and B(2), considered to be alloenzymes of the A genome homoeoallele, were observed in T. dicoccoides, T. dicoccon, T. turgidum. s.str. and T. spelta, whereas B(2) was characteristic of T. timopheevii s.l. and only B(1) was found in the remaining taxa of polyploid wheats. The isoenzyme B(1), not encountered among diploid species, is considered to be a mutational derivative which arose on the tetraploid level from its more ancestral form B(2) characteristic of diploid wheats.The implication of the ADH-B isoenzyme data to the problems of wheat phylogeny and gene evolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Jaaska
- Institute of Zoology and Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR, Tartu, Estonian SSR
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Silano V, Poerio E, Buonocore V. A model for the interaction of wheat monomeric and dimeric protein inhibitors with alpha-amylase. Mol Cell Biochem 1977; 18:87-91. [PMID: 304960 DOI: 10.1007/bf00280273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The amylase-protein amylase inhibitor system offers a unique model of specific and reversilbe protein-protein interaction. The monomeric and dimeric inhibitors, exhibiting closely related properties and interacting with the same amylase, also provide a convenient test to compare effects of monomer-monomer and monomer-dimer interactions between enzyme and inhibitor proteins.
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