1
|
Kruse L, Meyer G, Hildebrandt A. A highly conserved repetitive sequence from Physarum polycephalum contains nucleotide arrangements similar to replicator sequences. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1216:129-33. [PMID: 8218403 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(93)90049-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
An interspersed repetitive sequence from Physarum polycephalum has been cloned and analysed. The 394 bp sequence is highly conserved and contains several homopolymeric (dA)-(dT) tracts capable of forming bent DNA structures and a 10/11 match to the yeast-ARS-consensus sequence. The repetition frequency of the described sequence is about 3000 to 7000, a number that would fit with the distribution of replicator segments in Physarum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Kruse
- Institut für Zellbiologie, Biochemie und Biotechnologie, University of Bremen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Fling ME, Kopf J, Tamarkin A, Gorman JA, Smith HA, Koltin Y. Analysis of a Candida albicans gene that encodes a novel mechanism for resistance to benomyl and methotrexate. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 227:318-29. [PMID: 2062311 DOI: 10.1007/bf00259685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic yeast, Candida albicans, is insensitive to the anti-mitotic drug, benomyl, and to the dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor, methotrexate. Genes responsible for the intrinsic drug resistance were sought by transforming Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a yeast sensitive to both drugs, with genomic C. albicans libraries and screening on benomyl or methotrexate. Restriction analysis of plasmids isolated from benomyl- and methotrexate-resistant colonies indicated that both phenotypes were encoded by the same DNA fragment. Sequence analysis showed that the fragments were nearly identical and contained a long open reading frame of 1694 bp (ORF1) and a small ORF of 446 bp (ORF2) within ORF1 on the opposite strand. By site-directed mutagenesis, it was shown that ORF1 encoded both phenotypes. The protein had no sequence similarity to any known proteins, including beta-tubulin, dihydrofolate reductase, and the P-glycoprotein of the multi-drug resistance family. The resistance gene was detected in several C. albicans strains and in C. stellatoidea by DNA hybridization and by the polymerase chain reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Fling
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Burroughs Wellcome Co., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
From a "shotgun" collection of DNA fragments, isolated from Drosophila melanogaster, we selected sequences that function as autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. To investigate the replicative potential of such sequences in Drosophila, five of these ARS elements and also the Adh gene of D. melanogaster, which has been described earlier to have ARS function in yeast, were microinjected into developing Drosophila eggs and analysed after reisolation from first instar larvae. As an assay for DNA replication, we determined the sensitivity of recovered plasmid DNA to restriction enzymes that discriminate between adenine methylation and non-methylation. Within the limits of detection our results show that none of the plasmids replicated two or more rounds. However, a fraction of all injected plasmid DNAs, including vector DNA, seems to replicate once. The same result was obtained for a DNA sequence from mouse that had been reported to have replication origin function in mouse tissue culture cells. We excluded the possibility that methylation of the plasmids is the reason for their inability to replicate. These results demonstrate that homologous and heterologous DNA sequences that drive replication of plasmids in cells of other species are not sufficient to fulfil this function in Drosophila embryos.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G E Roth
- Institut für Genetik, Freie Universität Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Smith HA, Gorman JW, Koltin Y, Gorman JA. Functional expression of the Candida albicans beta-tubulin gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Gene 1990; 90:115-23. [PMID: 2199325 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(90)90446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the beta-tubulin-encoding gene (TUB2) of Candida albicans has been examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Overexpression of the TUB2 gene of C. albicans, as well as that of S. cerevisiae, was found to be lethal. Chromosomal integration of the C. albicans TUB2 gene into a strain in which the native TUB2 gene had been deleted led to functional complementation. The results demonstrate that correct splicing of the two introns present in the C. albicans TUB2 gene occurs in the heterologous host strain containing this gene. Such strains are supersensitive to the tubulin-binding agent benomyl, indicating that the natural resistance of C. albicans to benomyl is not related to the structure of its beta-tubulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H A Smith
- Department of Molecular Genetics, SmithKline and French Laboratories, King of Prussia, PA 19406-0939
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Marunouchi T, Matsumoto YI, Hosoya H, Okabayashi K. In addition to the ARS core, the ARS box is necessary for autonomously replicating sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00326536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
7
|
Amin AA, Pearlman RE. In vitro deletion analysis of ARS elements spanning the replication origin in the 5' non-transcribed spacer of Tetrahymena thermophila ribosomal DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 1986; 14:2749-62. [PMID: 3960733 PMCID: PMC339696 DOI: 10.1093/nar/14.6.2749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two adjacent but non-overlapping restriction fragments that encompass the replication origin of the macronuclear copy of rDNA from Tetrahymena thermophila allow autonomous replication of plasmids in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae; i.e. they function as autonomously replicating segments (ARS). Deletions generated in vitro into these fragments yield an 82 bp segment from each as the smallest sequence specifying ARS function. These 82 bp segments are at the 5' end of a 220 bp region of homology between the two original ARS restriction fragments. A 39 bp region of almost complete sequence identity between the two 82 bp fragments is suggested to be a core sequence element necessary for ARS function. This 39 bp sequence contains a region identical or nearly identical to the 11 bp yeast ARS consensus sequence (T/ATTTATPuTTTA/T) which is suggested to be essential for ARS function. Detailed comparisons of the 82 bp segments and of the 39 bp core with other ARS sequences reveal no extensive homologies aside from the consensus.
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
To study regulation of the yeast CUP1 gene, we have employed plasmids containing the CUP1 regulatory sequences fused to the Escherichia coli galK gene. A comparison of galK expression from low- and high-copy-number CUP1/galK fusion plasmids demonstrated that both basal and induced levels of galactokinase (GalK) increase proportionately with plasmid copy number. Host strains with an amplified, single or deleted CUP1 locus were compared to look for effects of chromosomal CUP1 gene dosage on expression from the episomal CUP1 promoter. Basal GalK levels are similar in CUP1R and cupls hosts, but can be induced to higher levels in the cup1s than the CUP1R host. In contrast, in a strain deleted for the chromosomal copy of CUP1, synthesis of GalK is constitutive but can be induced to yet higher levels by copper. A hybrid vector, placing the CUP1 coding sequence under the control of a constitutive promoter, was constructed. Introduction of this hybrid CUP1 gene into the deletion host containing the CUP1/galK plasmid restores regulation. Thus, metallothionein, in trans, can effect repression of the CUP1 promoter. The possible roles of metallothionein and free copper in CUP1 regulation are discussed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- D H Williamson
- Laboratory of Cell Propagation, National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Maundrell K, Wright AP, Piper M, Shall S. Evaluation of heterologous ARS activity in S. cerevisiae using cloned DNA from S. pombe. Nucleic Acids Res 1985; 13:3711-22. [PMID: 3892482 PMCID: PMC341268 DOI: 10.1093/nar/13.10.3711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cloned segments of Schizosaccharomyces pombe genomic DNA were screened for ARS activity in the native host, S. pombe, using high frequency transformation, phenotypic instability and extrachromosomal maintenance of unrearranged plasmid sequences as criteria for ARS function. This analysis revealed 12 ARS elements in a total of 230 kb of chromosomal DNA, indicating an average frequency of one ARS every 19 kb of genomic DNA. We then used these clones to assess the reliability of the S. cerevisiae assay for detecting ARS elements in heterologous DNA. The results show that not only does the S. cerevisiae assay fail to detect a large proportion of true ARS elements but it also wrongly identifies a significant proportion of clones which did not display ARS activity in the native host. We would therefore recommend restraint when extrapolating from observed ARS function of heterologous DNA in S. cerevisiae to a presumed analogous role in the original host.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
We have developed a method which allows determination of the direction in which replication forks move through segments of chromosomal DNA for which cloned probes are available. The method is based on the facts that DNA restriction fragments containing replication forks migrate more slowly through agarose gels than do non-fork-containing fragments and that the extent of retardation of the fork-containing fragments is a function of the extent of replication. The procedure allows the identification of DNA replication origins as sites from which replication forks diverge. In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility of this procedure, with simian virus 40 DNA as a model, and we discuss its applicability to other systems.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
We have developed a method which allows determination of the direction in which replication forks move through segments of chromosomal DNA for which cloned probes are available. The method is based on the facts that DNA restriction fragments containing replication forks migrate more slowly through agarose gels than do non-fork-containing fragments and that the extent of retardation of the fork-containing fragments is a function of the extent of replication. The procedure allows the identification of DNA replication origins as sites from which replication forks diverge. In this paper we demonstrate the feasibility of this procedure, with simian virus 40 DNA as a model, and we discuss its applicability to other systems.
Collapse
|
13
|
Isolation of an autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) from satellite DNA of Drosophila melanogaster. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00328058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
14
|
Cloning of a DNA fragment from Cephalosporium acremonium which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast. Curr Genet 1984; 8:155-63. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00417811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
15
|
Blinov VM, Gutorov VV, Holodilov NG, Iljichev AA, Karginov VA, Mikrjukov NN, Mordvinov VA, Nikonov IV, Petrov NA, Urmanov IH. Nucleotide sequence of the Galleria mellonella nuclear polyhedrosis virus origin of DNA replication. FEBS Lett 1984; 167:254-8. [PMID: 6365591 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80137-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The initiation sites of the Galleria mellonella L. nuclear polyhedrosis virus (G.m. NPV) DNA replication were revealed. For this purpose SCLd 135 cells permitting the G.m. NPV productive reproduction were transformed by the recombinant plasmids containing the viral genome individual fragments in pRSF 2124 and pBR 322 vectors. It was revealed that 2 of the 32 recombinant plasmids can autonomously replicate in the eucaryotic cells. According to the Maxam-Gilbert method the DNA G.m. NPV fragment (1300 bp) primary structure of pHBR plasmid was determined. The structure analysis revealed the typical regulator signals as in the replicons. The possible regulation mechanism of the DNA G.m. NPV synthesis initiation was supposed.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Gene libraries of DNA from an n-alkane-assimilating yeast strain, Candida maltosa IAM12247, were constructed, using Escherichia coli plasmid vector pBR322. A LEU gene from C. maltosa was cloned, and found to complement leu- mutations in E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In E. coli, the LEU gene in the cloned yeast DNA fragment was efficiently expressed when inserted into the vector in one orientation, while in the other orientation, it was expressed only weakly. In S. cerevisiae, the Candida LEU gene was efficiently expressed when inserted into a shuttle vector pRC3 in both orientations, suggesting that the isolated Candida DNA fragment contains a promoter sequence of Candida in front of the LEU gene, which is operative in S. cerevisiae but not in E. coli. In addition, our data suggest that the cloned LEU fragment also contains an ARS (autonomously replicating sequence) site of C. maltosa.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chromosomal DNA sequences from Ustilago maydis promote autonomous replication of plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr Genet 1983; 7:79-84. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00365685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/1982] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
18
|
Banks GR. Transformation of Ustilago maydis by a plasmid containing yeast 2-micron DNA. Curr Genet 1983; 7:73-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00365684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/1982] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
19
|
Loppes R, Denis C. Chloroplast and nuclear DNA fragments from Chlamydomonas promoting high frequency transformation of yeast. Curr Genet 1983; 7:473-80. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00377613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/1983] [Revised: 07/26/1983] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
20
|
Schedl T, Dove WF. Mendelian analysis of the organization of actin sequences in Physarum polycephalum. J Mol Biol 1982; 160:41-57. [PMID: 6294303 DOI: 10.1016/0022-2836(82)90130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|