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Rebiai R, Rue E, Zaldua S, Nguyen D, Scesa G, Jastrzebski M, Foster R, Wang B, Jiang X, Tai L, Brady ST, van Breemen R, Givogri MI, Sands MS, Bongarzone ER. CRISPR-Cas9 Knock-In of T513M and G41S Mutations in the Murine β-Galactosyl-Ceramidase Gene Re-capitulates Early-Onset and Adult-Onset Forms of Krabbe Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:896314. [PMID: 35620447 PMCID: PMC9127972 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.896314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Krabbe Disease (KD) is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by the genetic deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme β-galactosyl-ceramidase (GALC). Deficit or a reduction in the activity of the GALC enzyme has been correlated with the progressive accumulation of the sphingolipid metabolite psychosine, which leads to local disruption in lipid raft architecture, diffuse demyelination, astrogliosis, and globoid cell formation. The twitcher mouse, the most used animal model, has a nonsense mutation, which limits the study of how different mutations impact the processing and activity of GALC enzyme. To partially address this, we generated two new transgenic mouse models carrying point mutations frequently found in infantile and adult forms of KD. Using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, point mutations T513M (infantile) and G41S (adult) were introduced in the murine GALC gene and stable founders were generated. We show that GALC T513M/T513M mice are short lived, have the greatest decrease in GALC activity, have sharp increases of psychosine, and rapidly progress into a severe and lethal neurological phenotype. In contrast, GALC G41S/G41S mice have normal lifespan, modest decreases of GALC, and minimal psychosine accumulation, but develop adult mild inflammatory demyelination and slight declines in coordination, motor skills, and memory. These two novel transgenic lines offer the possibility to study the mechanisms by which two distinct GALC mutations affect the trafficking of mutated GALC and modify phenotypic manifestations in early- vs adult-onset KD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Rebiai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Emily Rue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Steve Zaldua
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Duc Nguyen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Giuseppe Scesa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Martin Jastrzebski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Robert Foster
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xuntian Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Leon Tai
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Scott T Brady
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Richard van Breemen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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Scruggs BA, Bowles AC, Zhang X, Semon JA, Kyzar EJ, Myers L, Kalueff AV, Bunnell BA. High-throughput screening of stem cell therapy for globoid cell leukodystrophy using automated neurophenotyping of twitcher mice. Behav Brain Res 2012; 236:35-47. [PMID: 22951180 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe's disease) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder that results from the deficiency of galactosylceramidase, a lysosomal enzyme involved in active myelination. Due to the progressive, lethal nature of this disease and the limited treatment options available, multiple laboratories are currently exploring novel therapies using the mouse model of globoid cell leukodystrophy. In order to establish a protocol for motor function assessment of the twitcher mouse, this study tested the capability of an automated system to detect phenotypic differences across mouse genotypes and/or treatment groups. The sensitivity of this system as a screening tool for the assessment of therapeutic interventions was determined by the administration of murine bone marrow-derived stem cells into twitcher mice via intraperitoneal injection. Animal behavior was analyzed using the Noldus EthoVision XT7 software. Novel biomarkers, including abnormal locomotion (e.g., velocity, moving duration, distance traveled, turn angle) and observed behaviors (e.g., rearing activity, number of defecation boli), were established for the twitcher mouse. These parameters were monitored across all mouse groups, and the automated system detected improved locomotion in the treated twitcher mice based on the correction of angular velocity, turn angle, moving duration, and exploratory behavior, such as thigmotaxis. Further supporting these findings, the treated mice showed improved lifespan, gait, wire hang ability, twitching severity and frequency, and sciatic nerve histopathology. Taken together, these data demonstrate the utility of computer-based neurophenotyping for motor function assessment of twitcher mice and support its utility for detecting the efficacy of stem cell-based therapy for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittni A Scruggs
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Annie C Bowles
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, 2000 Percival Stern Hall, 6400 Freret Street, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Julie A Semon
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Evan J Kyzar
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Leann Myers
- Department of Biostatistics & Bioinformatics, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal Street, Suite 2001, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-99, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, SL-83, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Elstein D, Guedalia J, Doniger GM, Simon ES, Antebi V, Arnon Y, Zimran A. Computerized cognitive testing in patients with type I Gaucher disease: effects of enzyme replacement and substrate reduction. Genet Med 2005; 7:124-30. [PMID: 15714080 DOI: 10.1097/01.gim.0000153666.23707.ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Because of concern for drug-induced cognitive dysfunction during clinical trials using substrate reduction therapy (miglustat) in type 1 Gaucher disease and because it has been suggested that some patients with type 1 Gaucher disease may develop neurocognitive impairment as part of the natural history, two different batteries of neuropsychological tests were devised to examine these issues. Using these tests, cognitive function was assessed in patients treated with miglustat, in patients receiving enzyme replacement (standard care for symptomatic patients), and in untreated (milder) patients. METHODS For this study, 55/60 patients exposed to miglustat in Israel participated in psychologist-administered testing; 36/55 participated in computerized testing. Of these, 31 enzyme-treated patients and 22 untreated patients participated in the psychologist-administered testing, and 15 enzyme-treated patients and 18 untreated patients participated in computerized testing. The psychologist-administered battery consisted of 18 standard neuropsychological subtests specific to executive and visuospatial functioning. The computerized battery (Mindstreams, NeuroTrax Corp., New York, NY) consisted of 10 subtests tapping multiple cognitive domains. Between-group analyses for each modality compared cognitive performance. RESULTS In the psychologist-administered testing, patients exposed to miglustat performed significantly less well than the other groups in 5/18 subtests. On the computerized tests, all patients performed comparably to normal controls. Scores in patients exposed to miglustat were higher than in untreated patients, particularly in visuospatial function, whereas enzyme-treated patients performed less well. However, with the exception of visuospatial function, these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS It is unclear why different testing methods yielded discordant results. Any dysfunction suggested by the current study is apparently subtle and of doubtful clinical relevance given that cognitive status did not interfere with patients' daily intellectual function. The computerized battery has methodological advantages (e.g., language options, objectivity, brevity, and ease of use) that make it well-suited for longitudinal studies, for long-term surveillance of substrate reduction therapy as well as for comparisons with other lysosomal storage disorders and other chronic diseases. These preliminary findings should allay fears of cognitive dysfunction due to short-term miglustat therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Elstein
- Gaucher Clinic, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to draw attention to those inherited metabolic traits which are potentially harmful also for the carrier, and to outline preventive measures, at least for obligate heterozygotes, i.e. parents of homozygous children. Concerning carriers of food-dependent abnormalities, early vascular disease in homocystinuria, hyperammonaemic episodes in ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, presenile cataracts in galactosaemia as well as galactokinase deficiency, spastic paraparesis in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, and HELLP syndrome in mothers of babies with long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency have to be mentioned. In the group of food-independent disorders, clinical features in carriers may be paraesthesias and corneal dystrophy in Fabry disease, lens clouding in Lowe syndrome, lung and/or liver diseases in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and renal stones in cystinuria type II and III. Finally, two monogenic carrier states are known which in pregnant individuals could possibly afflict the developing fetus, i.e. heterozygosity for galactosaemia and for phenylketonuria. Elevated levels of galactose-1-phosphate have been found in red blood cells of infants heterozygous for galactosaemia born to heterozygous mothers. Aspartame in very high doses is reported to increase blood phenylalanine levels in heterozygotes for phenylketonuria, thus being a risk for the fetus of a heterozygous mother. For some of these carrier states preventive measures can be recommended, e.g. restriction of lactose in parents and heterozygous grandparents of children with galactosaemia and galactokinase deficiency as well as transiently in infants heterozygous for galactosaemia, dietary supplementation with monounsaturated fatty acids in symptomatic carriers for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, avoidance of smoking and alcohol in heterozygotes for alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, avoidance of episodes of dehydration in heterozygotes for cystinuria, and restriction of aspartame in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Endres
- University Children's Hospital, Innsbruck, Austria
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The relationship of the metachromatic leukodystrophies to neuropsychiatric disorders. MOLECULAR AND CHEMICAL NEUROPATHOLOGY 1990; 13:81-94. [PMID: 1982780 DOI: 10.1007/bf03159910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The possible relationship between the metachromatic leukodystrophies and neuropsychiatric disorders is reviewed. Four kinds of evidence are considered: psychiatric symptoms as preemergent markers of the neurodegenerative process; increased behavioral problems in leukodystrophy families; screening for low enzyme levels among psychiatric populations; and studies in model systems. Whereas the basic postulate of an increased risk for psychiatric problems among individuals with lower levels of the enzymes deficient in the leukodystrophies remains attractive, there is no strong evidence in its support. Low enzyme levels can be found in psychiatric populations, but they may not be any more frequent than in the general population.
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Gottlob I, Leipert KP, Kohlschütter A, Goebel HH. Electrophysiological findings of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in heterozygotes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1988; 226:516-21. [PMID: 3209078 DOI: 10.1007/bf02169198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nineteen obligate heterozygotes, 8 individuals at risk of being heterozygote, and 10 patients afflicted with four different forms of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis were examined electrophysiologically. The group of obligate heterozygotes was compared to age-matched control groups. Statistically significant differences were found between scotopic b-wave amplitudes, P-ERG amplitudes, and EOG light peaks of the obligate carriers of the juvenile type and the control subjects. The photopic L-ERGs and the latencies of the VEPs were mostly within the normal range. The findings represent the first evidence of functional ophthalmological changes in obligate carriers of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and demonstrate that heterozygotes with certain hereditary autosomal recessive diseases may manifest subtle functional signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gottlob
- Department of Experimental Ophthalmology, Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, Bad Nauheim, Federal Republic of Germany
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Kohn H, Manowitz P, Miller M, Kling A. Neuropsychological deficits in obligatory heterozygotes for metachromatic leukodystrophy. Hum Genet 1988; 79:8-12. [PMID: 3366464 DOI: 10.1007/bf00291701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Two groups of heterozygotes, one for metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD) and the other for Tay-Sachs disease, were given a battery of neuropsychological tests, a standard neurological examination, and an EEG. Neurological and EEG findings were unremarkable for both groups. The MLD heterozygotes showed deficits in the neuropsychological tests involving spatial or constructional components, but not in tests involving language skills. The Tay-Sachs heterozygotes showed no consistent deficit on any component of the neuropsychological tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kohn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854
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Abstract
The present study described the neurological and locomotor development of the mutant 'twitcher' mouse (B57BL/6J-twi), an enzymatically authentic model of globoid cell (Krabbe) leukodystrophy. Comparisons were made on a neurological developmental battery and a series of behavioral tests, including open field, rotorod, and hangtime performance. Homozygous affected (twi/twi), heterozygous carriers (+/twi) and homozygous normals (+/+) were compared. Neurological development was slowed in twi/twi with some subtler differences between +/twi and normals. Twi/twi reached all functional milestones except grasp. There was a rapid deterioration of motor indices after 20 days of age. However, most sensory markers were preserved. On hangtime, there were significant differences from normal for both twi/twi and +/twi at 15 days of age and across the 15-30 day developmental stage, with the +/twi males slightly more impaired. On the rotorod, all animals were equally unable to stay on the rod at 15 days of age and neither male nor female twi/twi showed significant development. Male +/twi lagged significantly behind male +/+. In the open field, all groups were equally inactive at 13-15 days and showed similar increases in activity, rearing, and grooming until weaning. All groups peaked immediately after weaning and declined thereafter, with twi/twi showing the lowest activity. The data were discussed in terms of the relationship between the human disease and the animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Olmstead
- UCLA School of Medicine, Lanterman Developmental Center, Pomona 91769
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Abstract
Genetic variation influencing normal and abnormal human behaviour has been studied since Francis Galton's work in the second half of the 19th century. However, most of these studies have consisted of biometric analysis of complex phenotypes; the genotype has been treated as a 'black box'. The concepts and analytical tools of modern genetics have rarely been used. In this lecture, some examples are given of approaches combining tools from genetics, cytogenetics, and various fields of neurobiology which might help in the analysis of genetic mechanisms leading, in interaction with the environment, to individual differences in behaviour, mental performance, and susceptibility to mental diseases.
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Propping P. Single Gene Effects in Psychiatric Disorders. Hum Genet 1987. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71635-5_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Zlotogora J, Regev R, Zeigler M, Iancu TC, Bach G. Krabbe disease: increased incidence in a highly inbred community. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1985; 21:765-70. [PMID: 4025402 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320210420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Krabbe disease (globoid cell leukodystrophy) was found with very high incidence (6/1,000 live births) in a large Druze kindred in Israel. The clinical data on 12 of the affected children demonstrated clinical variability even though these children are homozygous for the same mutation by descent from a common ancestor.
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Neuhäuser G, Eichner JM, Opitz JM. Autosomal dominant recurrent encephalopathy of childhood. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1983; 15:127-33. [PMID: 6859111 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.1320150117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent encephalopathy affecting cerebellar and extrapyramidal structures was observed in five members of two families. The syndrome is characterized by sudden onset of truncal ataxia, occasionally accompanied by lethargy and impairment of speech. Choreic and athetoid movements were present, and there was loss of deep tendon reflexes with presence of pathological reflexes. Onset of the disease was early in childhood. Attacks lasted for days to weeks; residual symptoms comprising speech impairment and incoordination were seen in some patients. Both sexes were affected. The pedigrees suggest autosomal dominant inheritance. Pathogenesis remains unexplained by the laboratory studies done; metabolic or immunological processes predisposed by genetic factors are suggested. Similar reports from the literature are discussed; no identical family could be found.
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Kudoh T, Wenger DA. Prenatal diagnosis of Krabbe disease: galactosylceramide metabolism in cultured amniotic fluid cells. J Pediatr 1982; 101:754-7. [PMID: 7131154 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3476(82)80312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kudoh T, Wenger DA. Diagnosis of metachromatic leukodystrophy, Krabbe disease, and Farber disease after uptake of fatty acid-labeled cerebroside sulfate into cultured skin fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 1982; 70:89-97. [PMID: 6806321 PMCID: PMC370230 DOI: 10.1172/jci110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
[(14)C]Stearic acid-labeled cerebroside sulfate (CS) was presented to cultured skin fibroblasts in the media. After endocytosis into control cells 86% was readily metabolized to galactosylceramide, ceramide, and stearic acid, which was reutilized in the synthesis of the major lipids found in cultured fibroblasts. Uptake and metabolism of the [(14)C]CS into cells from typical and atypical patients and carriers of metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), Krabbe disease, and Farber disease were observed. Cells from patients with late infantile MLD could not metabolize the CS at all, while cells from an adult MLD patient and from a variant MLD patient could metabolize approximately 40 and 15%, respectively, of the CS taken up. These results are in contrast to the in vitro results that demonstrated a severe deficiency of arylsulfatase A in the late infantile and adult patient and a partial deficiency (21-27% of controls) in the variant MLD patient. Patients with Krabbe disease could metabolize nearly 40% of the galactosylceramide produced in the lysosomes from the CS. This is in contrast to the near zero activity for galactosylceramidase measured in vitro. Carriers of Krabbe disease with galactosylceramidase activity near half normal in vitro and those with under 10% of normal activity were found to metabolize galactosylceramide in cells significantly slower than controls. This provides a method for differentiating affected patients from carriers with low enzyme activity in vitro. Cells from patients with Farber disease could catabolize only approximately 15% of the ceramide produced from galactosylceramide. This technique provides a method for the identification of typical and atypical patients and carriers of three genetic diseases using one substrate.
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