1
|
Liu J, Ruan M, Liu Y, Hong X, Zhang L, Zhang Q. Identification of 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acids as promising DNMT1 inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116538. [PMID: 38823264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) is the primary enzyme responsible for maintaining DNA methylation patterns during cellular division, crucial for cancer development by suppressing tumor suppressor genes. In this study, we retained the phthalimide structure of N-phthaloyl-l-tryptophan (RG108) and substituted its indole ring with nitrogen-containing aromatic rings of varying sizes. We synthesized 3-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acids and confirmed them as DNMT1 inhibitors through protein affinity testing, radiometric method using tritium labeled SAM, and MTT assay. Preliminary structure-activity relationship analysis revealed that introducing substituents on the carbazole ring could enhance inhibitory activity, with S-configuration isomers showing greater activity than R-configuration ones. Notably, S-3-(3,6-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid (7r-S) and S-3-(1,3,6-trichloro-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)propanoic acid (7t-S) exhibited significant DNMT1 enzyme inhibition activity, with IC50 values of 8.147 μM and 0.777 μM, respectively (compared to RG108 with an IC50 above 250 μM). Moreover, they demonstrated potential anti-proliferative activity on various tumor cell lines including A2780, HeLa, K562, and SiHa. Transcriptome analysis and KEGG pathway enrichment of K562 cells treated with 7r-S and 7t-S identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to apoptosis and cell cycle pathways. Flow cytometry assays further indicated that 7r-S and 7t-S induce apoptosis in K562 cells and arrest them in the G0/G1 phase in a concentration-dependent manner. Molecular docking revealed that 7t-S may bind to the methyl donor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) site in DNMT1 with an orientation opposite to RG108, suggesting potential for deeper penetration into the DNMT1 pocket and laying the groundwork for further modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Minli Ruan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yueqin Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoqian Hong
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dakal TC, Dhabhai B, Pant A, Moar K, Chaudhary K, Yadav V, Ranga V, Sharma NK, Kumar A, Maurya PK, Maciaczyk J, Schmidt‐Wolf IGH, Sharma A. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes: functions and roles in cancers. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e582. [PMID: 38827026 PMCID: PMC11141506 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer, being the most formidable ailment, has had a profound impact on the human health. The disease is primarily associated with genetic mutations that impact oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs). Recently, growing evidence have shown that X-linked TSGs have specific role in cancer progression and metastasis as well. Interestingly, our genome harbors around substantial portion of genes that function as tumor suppressors, and the X chromosome alone harbors a considerable number of TSGs. The scenario becomes even more compelling as X-linked TSGs are adaptive to key epigenetic processes such as X chromosome inactivation. Therefore, delineating the new paradigm related to X-linked TSGs, for instance, their crosstalk with autosome and involvement in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis becomes utmost importance. Considering this, herein, we present a comprehensive discussion of X-linked TSG dysregulation in various cancers as a consequence of genetic variations and epigenetic alterations. In addition, the dynamic role of X-linked TSGs in sex chromosome-autosome crosstalk in cancer genome remodeling is being explored thoroughly. Besides, the functional roles of ncRNAs, role of X-linked TSG in immunomodulation and in gender-based cancer disparities has also been highlighted. Overall, the focal idea of the present article is to recapitulate the findings on X-linked TSG regulation in the cancer landscape and to redefine their role toward improving cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tikam Chand Dakal
- Department of BiotechnologyGenome and Computational Biology LabMohanlal Sukhadia UniversityUdaipurRajasthanIndia
| | - Bhanupriya Dhabhai
- Department of BiotechnologyGenome and Computational Biology LabMohanlal Sukhadia UniversityUdaipurRajasthanIndia
| | - Anuja Pant
- Department of BiochemistryCentral University of HaryanaMahendergarhHaryanaIndia
| | - Kareena Moar
- Department of BiochemistryCentral University of HaryanaMahendergarhHaryanaIndia
| | - Kanika Chaudhary
- School of Life Sciences. Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Vikas Yadav
- School of Life Sciences. Jawaharlal Nehru UniversityNew DelhiIndia
| | - Vipin Ranga
- Dearptment of Agricultural BiotechnologyDBT‐NECAB, Assam Agricultural UniversityJorhatAssamIndia
| | | | - Abhishek Kumar
- Manipal Academy of Higher EducationManipalKarnatakaIndia
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology ParkBangaloreIndia
| | - Pawan Kumar Maurya
- Department of BiochemistryCentral University of HaryanaMahendergarhHaryanaIndia
| | - Jarek Maciaczyk
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Ingo G. H. Schmidt‐Wolf
- Department of Integrated OncologyCenter for Integrated Oncology (CIO)University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| | - Amit Sharma
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional NeurosurgeryUniversity Hospital of BonnBonnGermany
- Department of Integrated OncologyCenter for Integrated Oncology (CIO)University Hospital BonnBonnGermany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Q, Ma C, Wang N, Mao H. Effects of quercetin on the DNA methylation pattern in tumor therapy: an updated review. Food Funct 2024; 15:3897-3907. [PMID: 38535893 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo03831a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Quercetin is a unique bioactive flavonoid, and is an excellent antioxidant and has anti-tumor effects by regulating different tumor-related processes like proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and spread. The latest investigations reveal that quercetin may have the capability to influence DNA methylation modification, one of the primary factors in the development of tumors. Despite the fact that quercetin has significant therapeutic properties, its use as an anti-tumor medicine is constrained by its poor solubility, short half-life, and ineffective tumor targeting. Here, we review the structure and properties of quercetin, its capacity for DNA methylation modification in tumors, and the possibility of nanoscale delivery of quercetin for future tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China.
- BMI Center for Biomass Materials and Nanointerfaces, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Chen Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China.
| | - Huixian Mao
- School of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610225, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou J, Chen Q, Ren R, Yang J, Liu B, Horton JR, Chang C, Li C, Maksoud L, Yang Y, Rotili D, Zhang X, Blumenthal RM, Chen T, Gao Y, Valente S, Mai A, Cheng X. Quinoline-based compounds can inhibit diverse enzymes that act on DNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.03.587980. [PMID: 38617249 PMCID: PMC11014617 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.587980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
DNA methylation, as exemplified by cytosine-C5 methylation in mammals and adenine-N6 methylation in bacteria, is a crucial epigenetic mechanism driving numerous vital biological processes. Developing non-nucleoside inhibitors to cause DNA hypomethylation is a high priority, in order to treat a variety of significant medical conditions without the toxicities associated with existing cytidine-based hypomethylating agents. In this study, we have characterized fifteen quinoline-based analogs. Notably, compounds with additions like a methylamine ( 9 ) or methylpiperazine ( 11 ) demonstrate similar low micromolar inhibitory potency against both human DNMT1 (which generates C5-methylcytosine) and Clostridioides difficile CamA (which generates N6-methyladenine). Structurally, compounds 9 and 11 specifically intercalate into CamA-bound DNA via the minor groove, adjacent to the target adenine, leading to a substantial conformational shift that moves the catalytic domain away from the DNA. This study adds to the limited examples of DNA methyltransferases being inhibited by non-nucleotide compounds through DNA intercalation, following the discovery of dicyanopyridine-based inhibitors for DNMT1. Furthermore, our study shows that some of these quinoline-based analogs inhibit other enzymes that act on DNA, such as polymerases and base excision repair glycosylases. Finally, in cancer cells compound 11 elicits DNA damage response via p53 activation. Abstract Figure Highlights Six of fifteen quinoline-based derivatives demonstrated comparable low micromolar inhibitory effects on human cytosine methyltransferase DNMT1, and the bacterial adenine methyltransferases Clostridioides difficile CamA and Caulobacter crescentus CcrM. Compounds 9 and 11 were found to intercalate into a DNA substrate bound by CamA. These quinoline-based derivatives also showed inhibitory activity against various base excision repair DNA glycosylases, and DNA and RNA polymerases. Compound 11 provokes DNA damage response via p53 activation in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
5
|
Aanniz T, Bouyahya A, Balahbib A, El Kadri K, Khalid A, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, El Omari N, Zaid Y, Wong RSY, Yeo CI, Goh BH, Bakrim S. Natural bioactive compounds targeting DNA methyltransferase enzymes in cancer: Mechanisms insights and efficiencies. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 392:110907. [PMID: 38395253 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2024.110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The regulation of gene expression is fundamental to health and life and is essentially carried out at the promoter region of the DNA of each gene. Depending on the molecular context, this region may be accessible or non-accessible (possibility of integration of RNA polymerase or not at this region). Among enzymes that control this process, DNA methyltransferase enzymes (DNMTs), are responsible for DNA demethylation at the CpG islands, particularly at the promoter regions, to regulate transcription. The aberrant activity of these enzymes, i.e. their abnormal expression or activity, can result in the repression or overactivation of gene expression. Consequently, this can generate cellular dysregulation leading to instability and tumor development. Several reports highlighted the involvement of DNMTs in human cancers. The inhibition or activation of DNMTs is a promising therapeutic approach in many human cancers. In the present work, we provide a comprehensive and critical summary of natural bioactive molecules as primary inhibitors of DNMTs in human cancers. The active compounds hold the potential to be developed as anti-cancer epidrugs targeting DNMTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Aanniz
- Medical Biotechnology Laboratory, Rabat Medical & Pharmacy School, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, B.P, 6203, Morocco.
| | - Abdelhakim Bouyahya
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, 10106, Morocco.
| | - Abdelaali Balahbib
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco.
| | - Kawtar El Kadri
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Errachidia, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box: 2424, Khartoum, 11111, Sudan.
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, P.O. Box: 114, Jazan, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nasreddine El Omari
- High Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques of Tetouan, Tetouan, Morocco.
| | - Younes Zaid
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Rebecca Shin-Yee Wong
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Medical Education, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Chien Ing Yeo
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Sunway Biofunctional Molecules Discovery Centre, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Malaysia; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Saad Bakrim
- Geo-Bio-Environment Engineering and Innovation Laboratory, Molecular Engineering, Biotechnology and Innovation Team, Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, 80000, Morocco.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Gu M, Ren B, Fang Y, Ren J, Liu X, Wang X, Zhou F, Xiao R, Luo X, You L, Zhao Y. Epigenetic regulation in cancer. MedComm (Beijing) 2024; 5:e495. [PMID: 38374872 PMCID: PMC10876210 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are defined as heritable changes in gene activity that do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence. The oncogenic process is driven by the accumulation of alterations that impact genome's structure and function. Genetic mutations, which directly disrupt the DNA sequence, are complemented by epigenetic modifications that modulate gene expression, thereby facilitating the acquisition of malignant characteristics. Principals among these epigenetic changes are shifts in DNA methylation and histone mark patterns, which promote tumor development and metastasis. Notably, the reversible nature of epigenetic alterations, as opposed to the permanence of genetic changes, positions the epigenetic machinery as a prime target in the discovery of novel therapeutics. Our review delves into the complexities of epigenetic regulation, exploring its profound effects on tumor initiation, metastatic behavior, metabolic pathways, and the tumor microenvironment. We place a particular emphasis on the dysregulation at each level of epigenetic modulation, including but not limited to, the aberrations in enzymes responsible for DNA methylation and histone modification, subunit loss or fusions in chromatin remodeling complexes, and the disturbances in higher-order chromatin structure. Finally, we also evaluate therapeutic approaches that leverage the growing understanding of chromatin dysregulation, offering new avenues for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minzhi Gu
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Bo Ren
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Liu
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Feihan Zhou
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Ruiling Xiao
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xiyuan Luo
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| | - Yupei Zhao
- Department of General SurgeryPeking Union Medical College HospitalPeking Union Medical CollegeChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Research in Pancreatic TumorChinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijingP. R. China
- National Science and Technology Key Infrastructure on Translational Medicine in Peking Union Medical College HospitalBeijingP. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Geissler F, Nesic K, Kondrashova O, Dobrovic A, Swisher EM, Scott CL, J. Wakefield M. The role of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer initiation and clinical impacts. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2024; 16:17588359231220511. [PMID: 38293277 PMCID: PMC10826407 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231220511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations, including aberrant DNA methylation, are now recognized as bone fide hallmarks of cancer, which can contribute to cancer initiation, progression, therapy responses and therapy resistance. Methylation of gene promoters can have a range of impacts on cancer risk, clinical stratification and therapeutic outcomes. We provide several important examples of genes, which can be silenced or activated by promoter methylation and highlight their clinical implications. These include the mismatch DNA repair genes MLH1 and MSH2, homologous recombination DNA repair genes BRCA1 and RAD51C, the TERT oncogene and genes within the P15/P16/RB1/E2F tumour suppressor axis. We also discuss how these methylation changes might occur in the first place - whether in the context of the CpG island methylator phenotype or constitutional DNA methylation. The choice of assay used to measure methylation can have a significant impact on interpretation of methylation states, and some examples where this can influence clinical decision-making are presented. Aberrant DNA methylation patterns in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) are also showing great promise in the context of non-invasive cancer detection and monitoring using liquid biopsies; however, caution must be taken in interpreting these results in cases where constitutional methylation may be present. Thus, this review aims to provide researchers and clinicians with a comprehensive summary of this broad, but important subject, illustrating the potentials and pitfalls of assessing aberrant DNA methylation in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Geissler
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ksenija Nesic
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Olga Kondrashova
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- University of Melbourne Department of Surgery, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Clare L. Scott
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Women’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Wakefield
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xie J, Wang Y, Ye C, Li XJ, Lin L. Distinctive Patterns of 5-Methylcytosine and 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine in Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:636. [PMID: 38203806 PMCID: PMC10779130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by cognitive and social dysfunction. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are together implicated in the pathogenesis and development of schizophrenia. DNA methylation, 5-methycytosine (5mC) and 5-hydroxylcytosine (5hmC) have been recognized as key epigenetic elements in neurodevelopment, ageing, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recently, distinctive 5mC and 5hmC pattern and expression changes of related genes have been discovered in schizophrenia. Antipsychotic drugs that affect 5mC status can alleviate symptoms in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting a critical role for DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Further exploring the signatures of 5mC and 5hmC in schizophrenia and developing precision-targeted epigenetic drugs based on this will provide new insights into the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Non-Human Primate Research, Laboratory of CNS Regeneration (Ministry of Education), Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; (J.X.); (Y.W.); (C.Y.); (X.-J.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Erdoğan ÖŞ, Ödemiş DA, Kayım ZY, Gürbüz O, Tunçer ŞB, Kılıç S, Çelik B, Tuncer S, Bay SB, Kebudi R, Yazıcı H. Investigation of the methylation changes in the promoter region of RB1 gene in retinoblastoma: Unraveling the epigenetic puzzle in retinoblastoma. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 253:154939. [PMID: 38006838 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma is an infrequent neoplasm that arises during childhood from retinal nerve cells and is attributed to the biallelic inactivation of the RB1 gene. In conjunction with anatomical anomalies, it is widely acknowledged that epigenetic modifications play a significant role in the pathogenesis of cancer. The association between methylation of the RB1 gene promoter and tumor formation has been established; however, there is currently no scholarly evidence to substantiate the claim that it is responsible for the inheritance of retinoblastoma. The initial hypothesis posited for this work was that familial retinoblastoma disease would be similarly observed in cases with RB1 promotor gene methylation, akin to RB1 mutations. The RB1 gene promoter region was subjected to methylation screening using real-time PCR in individuals diagnosed with familial retinoblastoma but lacking RB1 mutations. The study involved a comparison of the germline methylation status of the RB1 gene in the peripheral blood samples of 50 retinoblastoma patients and 52 healthy individuals. The healthy individuals were carefully selected to match the retinoblastoma patients in terms of age, sex, and ethnicity. The data obtained from both groups were subjected to statistical analysis. The study revealed that the methylation level in a cohort of 50 individuals diagnosed with retinoblastoma and 52 healthy control participants was determined to be 36.1% and 33.9%, respectively. As a result, there was no statistically significant disparity observed in RB1 promoter methylation between the patient and control groups (p = 0.126). The methylation of the promoter region of the RB1 gene in familial retinoblastoma does not exert any influence on the hereditary transmission of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Özge Şükrüoğlu Erdoğan
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Demet Akdeniz Ödemiş
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zübeyde Yalnız Kayım
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Orkun Gürbüz
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey; İstinye University, Vocational School of Health Care Services
| | - Şeref Buğra Tunçer
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Seda Kılıç
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betül Çelik
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Samuray Tuncer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Büyükkapu Bay
- Department of Pediatric and Hematologic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rejin Kebudi
- Department of Pediatric and Hematologic Oncology, Oncology Institute, Istanbul University, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hülya Yazıcı
- Istanbul University, Oncology Institute, Department of Basic Oncology, Division of Cancer Genetics, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey; Arel University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Basic Medical Sciences / Medical Biology
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Morelli V, Heizelman RJ. Monitoring Social Determinants of Health Assessing Patients and Communities. Prim Care 2023; 50:527-547. [PMID: 37866829 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Because of the devastating health effects of social determinants of health (SDoH), it is important for the primary care provider to assess and monitor these types of stressors. This can be done via surveys, geomapping, or various biomarkers. To date, however, each of these methods is fraught with obstacles. There are currently are no validated "best" SDoH screening tools for use in clinical practice. Nor is geomapping, a perfect solution. Although mapping can collect location specific factors, it does not account for the fact that patients may live in one area, work in another and travel frequently to a third.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Morelli
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Meharry Medical College, 3rd Floor, Old Hospital Building, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd, Jr., Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA.
| | - Robert Joseph Heizelman
- Department of Family Medicine, Medical Informatics, University of Michigan, 3rd Floor, Old Hospital Building, 1005 Dr. D. B. Todd, Jr., Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37208-3599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Agostini M, Traldi P, Hamdan M. Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics: Analyses Related to Drug-Resistance and Disease Biomarkers. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1722. [PMID: 37893440 PMCID: PMC10608342 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59101722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is a key player in research efforts to characterize aberrant epigenetic alterations, including histone post-translational modifications and DNA methylation. Data generated by this approach complements and enrich datasets generated by genomic, epigenetic and transcriptomics approaches. These combined datasets can provide much-needed information on various mechanisms responsible for drug resistance, the discovery and validation of potential biomarkers for different diseases, the identification of signaling pathways, and genes and enzymes to be targeted by future therapies. The increasing use of high-resolution, high-accuracy mass spectrometers combined with more refined protein labeling and enrichment procedures enhanced the role of this approach in the investigation of these epigenetic modifications. In this review, we discuss recent MS-based studies, which are contributing to current research efforts to understand certain mechanisms behind drug resistance to therapy. We also discuss how these MS-based analyses are contributing to biomarkers discovery and validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Traldi
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35100 Padova, Italy; (M.A.); (M.H.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang X, Qiao Z, Aramini B, Lin D, Li X, Fan J. Potential biomarkers for immunotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:661-675. [PMID: 37121931 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-022-10074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
For individuals with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the primary treatment is platinum-based doublet chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), primarily PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, have been found to be effective in patients with NSCLC who have no EGFR/ALK mutations. Furthermore, ICIs are considered a standard therapy. The quantity of fresh immunogenic antigens discovered by cytotoxic T cells was measured by PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden (TMB), which were the first biomarkers assessed in clinical trials. However, immunotherapy did not have response efficacy markers similar to targeted therapy, highlighting the significance of newly developed biomarkers. This investigation aims to review the research on immunotherapy for NSCLC, focusing primarily on the impact of biomarkers on efficacy prediction to determine whether biomarkers may be utilized to evaluate the effectiveness of immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziyun Qiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Beatrice Aramini
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES of the Alma Mater Studiorum, G.B. Morgagni-L. Pierantoni Hospital, University of Bologna, Forlì, Italy
| | - Dong Lin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Fan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pei MS, Liu HN, Wei TL, Guo DL. Proteome-Wide Identification of Non-histone Lysine Methylation during Grape Berry Ripening. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12140-12152. [PMID: 37503871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
To gain a comprehensive understanding of non-histone methylation during berry ripening in grape (Vitis vinifera L.), the methylation of non-histone lysine residues was studied using a 4D label-free quantitative proteomics approach. In total, 822 methylation sites in 416 methylated proteins were identified, with xxExxx_K_xxxxxx as the conserved motif. Functional annotation of non-histone proteins with methylated lysine residues indicated that these proteins were mostly associated with "ripening and senescence", "energy metabolism", "oxidation-reduction process", and "stimulus response". Most of the genes encoding proteins subjected to methylation during grape berry ripening showed a significant increase in expression during maturation at least at one developmental stage. The correlation of methylated proteins with QTLs, SNPs, and selective regions associated with fruit quality and development was also investigated. This study reports the first proteomic analysis of non-histone lysine methylation in grape berry and indicates that non-histone methylation plays an important role in grape berry ripening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Song Pei
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023 Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Hai-Nan Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023 Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Tong-Lu Wei
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023 Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Da-Long Guo
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023 Henan Province, China
- Henan Engineering Technology Research Center of Quality Regulation and Controlling of Horticultural Plants, Luoyang 471023, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mendes I, Vale N. How Can the Microbiome Induce Carcinogenesis and Modulate Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11855. [PMID: 37511612 PMCID: PMC10380870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, cancer has been affecting the lives of many people globally and it has become one of the most studied diseases. Despite the efforts to understand the cell mechanisms behind this complex disease, not every patient seems to respond to targeted therapies or immunotherapies. Drug resistance in cancer is one of the limiting factors contributing to unsuccessful therapies; therefore, understanding how cancer cells acquire this resistance is essential to help cure individuals affected by cancer. Recently, the altered microbiome was observed to be an important hallmark of cancer and therefore it represents a promising topic of cancer research. Our review aims to provide a global perspective of some cancer hallmarks, for instance how genetic and epigenetic modifications may be caused by an altered human microbiome. We also provide information on how an altered human microbiome can lead to cancer development as well as how the microbiome can influence drug resistance and ultimately targeted therapies. This may be useful to develop alternatives for cancer treatment, i.e., future personalized medicine that can help in cases where traditional cancer treatment is unsuccessful.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Mendes
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Edifício de Geociências, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Vale
- OncoPharma Research Group, Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Professor Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou S, Ou H, Wu Y, Qi D, Pei X, Yu X, Hu X, Wu E. Targeting tumor endothelial cells with methyltransferase inhibitors: Mechanisms of action and the potential of combination therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108434. [PMID: 37172786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) reside in the inner lining of blood vessels and represent a promising target for targeted cancer therapy. DNA methylation is a chemical process that involves the transfer of a methyl group to a specific base in the DNA strand, catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). DNMT inhibitors (DNMTis) can inhibit the activity of DNMTs, thereby preventing the transfer of methyl groups from s-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to cytosine. Currently, the most viable therapy for TECs is the development of DNMTis to release cancer suppressor genes from their repressed state. In this review, we first outline the characteristics of TECs and describe the development of tumor blood vessels and TECs. Abnormal DNA methylation is closely linked to tumor initiation, progression, and cell carcinogenesis, as evidenced by numerous studies. Therefore, we summarize the role of DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferase and the therapeutic potential of four types of DNMTi in targeting TECs. Finally, we discuss the accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities associated with combination therapy with DNMTis for TECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biosensing, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hailong Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Biosensing, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yatao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biosensing, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Dan Qi
- Texas A & M University Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaming Pei
- Department of Urology, Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Urology, Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biosensing, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Research Institute of Hunan University in Chongqing, Chongqing 401120, China.
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 78508, USA; Texas A & M University Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, College Station, TX 77843, USA; LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Di Sario G, Rossella V, Famulari ES, Maurizio A, Lazarevic D, Giannese F, Felici C. Enhancing clinical potential of liquid biopsy through a multi-omic approach: A systematic review. Front Genet 2023; 14:1152470. [PMID: 37077538 PMCID: PMC10109350 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1152470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last years, liquid biopsy gained increasing clinical relevance for detecting and monitoring several cancer types, being minimally invasive, highly informative and replicable over time. This revolutionary approach can be complementary and may, in the future, replace tissue biopsy, which is still considered the gold standard for cancer diagnosis. “Classical” tissue biopsy is invasive, often cannot provide sufficient bioptic material for advanced screening, and can provide isolated information about disease evolution and heterogeneity. Recent literature highlighted how liquid biopsy is informative of proteomic, genomic, epigenetic, and metabolic alterations. These biomarkers can be detected and investigated using single-omic and, recently, in combination through multi-omic approaches. This review will provide an overview of the most suitable techniques to thoroughly characterize tumor biomarkers and their potential clinical applications, highlighting the importance of an integrated multi-omic, multi-analyte approach. Personalized medical investigations will soon allow patients to receive predictable prognostic evaluations, early disease diagnosis, and subsequent ad hoc treatments.
Collapse
|
17
|
Weigert R, Hetzel S, Bailly N, Haggerty C, Ilik IA, Yung PYK, Navarro C, Bolondi A, Kumar AS, Anania C, Brändl B, Meierhofer D, Lupiáñez DG, Müller FJ, Aktas T, Elsässer SJ, Kretzmer H, Smith ZD, Meissner A. Dynamic antagonism between key repressive pathways maintains the placental epigenome. Nat Cell Biol 2023; 25:579-591. [PMID: 37024684 PMCID: PMC10104784 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-023-01114-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA and Histone 3 Lysine 27 methylation typically function as repressive modifications and operate within distinct genomic compartments. In mammals, the majority of the genome is kept in a DNA methylated state, whereas the Polycomb repressive complexes regulate the unmethylated CpG-rich promoters of developmental genes. In contrast to this general framework, the extra-embryonic lineages display non-canonical, globally intermediate DNA methylation levels, including disruption of local Polycomb domains. Here, to better understand this unusual landscape's molecular properties, we genetically and chemically perturbed major epigenetic pathways in mouse trophoblast stem cells. We find that the extra-embryonic epigenome reflects ongoing and dynamic de novo methyltransferase recruitment, which is continuously antagonized by Polycomb to maintain intermediate, locally disordered methylation. Despite its disorganized molecular appearance, our data point to a highly controlled equilibrium between counteracting repressors within extra-embryonic cells, one that can seemingly persist indefinitely without bistable features typically seen for embryonic forms of epigenetic regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raha Weigert
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sara Hetzel
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Bailly
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chuck Haggerty
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ibrahim A Ilik
- Otto Warburg Laboratories, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Yuk Kwong Yung
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carmen Navarro
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adriano Bolondi
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Abhishek Sampath Kumar
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Chiara Anania
- Epigenetics and Sex Development Group, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Björn Brändl
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie gGmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - David Meierhofer
- Mass Spectrometry Joint Facilities Scientific Service, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Darío G Lupiáñez
- Epigenetics and Sex Development Group, Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Franz-Josef Müller
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Zentrum für Integrative Psychiatrie gGmbH, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tugce Aktas
- Otto Warburg Laboratories, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon J Elsässer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Kretzmer
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zachary D Smith
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Alexander Meissner
- Department of Genome Regulation, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, US.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang N, Ma T, Yu B. Targeting epigenetic regulators to overcome drug resistance in cancers. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:69. [PMID: 36797239 PMCID: PMC9935618 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is mainly responsible for cancer recurrence and poor prognosis. Epigenetic regulation is a heritable change in gene expressions independent of nucleotide sequence changes. As the common epigenetic regulation mechanisms, DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA regulation have been well studied. Increasing evidence has shown that aberrant epigenetic regulations contribute to tumor resistance. Therefore, targeting epigenetic regulators represents an effective strategy to reverse drug resistance. In this review, we mainly summarize the roles of epigenetic regulation in tumor resistance. In addition, as the essential factors for epigenetic modifications, histone demethylases mediate the histone or genomic DNA modifications. Herein, we comprehensively describe the functions of the histone demethylase family including the lysine-specific demethylase family, the Jumonji C-domain-containing demethylase family, and the histone arginine demethylase family, and fully discuss their regulatory mechanisms related to cancer drug resistance. In addition, therapeutic strategies, including small-molecule inhibitors and small interfering RNA targeting histone demethylases to overcome drug resistance, are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Ting Ma
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bhootra S, Jill N, Shanmugam G, Rakshit S, Sarkar K. DNA methylation and cancer: transcriptional regulation, prognostic, and therapeutic perspective. MEDICAL ONCOLOGY (NORTHWOOD, LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 40:71. [PMID: 36602616 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-022-01943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA methylation is one among the major grounds of cancer progression which is characterized by the addition of a methyl group to the promoter region of the gene thereby causing gene silencing or increasing the probability of mutations; however, in bacteria, methylation is used as a defense mechanism where DNA protection is by addition of methyl groups making restriction enzymes unable to cleave. Hypermethylation and hypomethylation both pose as leading causes of oncogenesis; the former being more frequent which occurs at the CpG islands present in the promoter region of the genes, whereas the latter occurs globally in various genomic sequences. Reviewing methylation profiles would help in the detection and treatment of cancers. Demethylation is defined as preventing methyl group addition to the cytosine DNA base which could cause cancers in case of global hypomethylation, however, upon further investigation; it could be used as a therapeutic tool as well as for drug design in cancer treatment. In this review, we have studied the molecules that induce and enzymes (DNMTs) that bring about methylation as well as comprehend the correlation between methylation with transcription factors and various signaling pathways. DNA methylation has also been reviewed in terms of how it could serve as a prognostic marker and the various therapeutic drugs that have come into the market for reversing methylation opening an avenue toward curing cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sannidhi Bhootra
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Nandana Jill
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Geetha Shanmugam
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sudeshna Rakshit
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Koustav Sarkar
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xing X, Karlow JA, Li D, Jang HS, Lee HJ, Wang T. Capture Methylation-Sensitive Restriction Enzyme Sequencing (Capture MRE-Seq) for Methylation Analysis of Highly Degraded DNA Samples. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2621:73-89. [PMID: 37041441 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2950-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the impact of DNA methylation within different disease contexts often requires accurate assessment of these modifications in a genome-wide fashion. Frequently, patient-derived tissues stored in long-term hospital tissue banks have been preserved using formalin-fixation paraffin-embedding (FFPE). While these samples can comprise valuable resources for studying disease, the fixation process ultimately compromises the DNA's integrity and leads to degradation. Degraded DNA can complicate CpG methylome profiling using traditional techniques, particularly when performing methylation-sensitive restriction enzyme sequencing (MRE-seq), yielding high backgrounds and resulting in lowered library complexity. Here, we describe Capture MRE-seq, a new MRE-seq protocol tailored to preserving unmethylated CpG information when using samples with highly degraded DNA. The results using Capture MRE-seq correlate well (0.92) with traditional MRE-seq calls when profiling non-degraded samples, and can recover unmethylated regions in highly degraded samples when traditional MRE-seq fails, which we validate using bisulfite sequencing-based data (WGBS) as well as methylated DNA immunoprecipitation followed by sequencing (MeDIP-seq).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Xing
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jennifer A Karlow
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daofeng Li
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hyo Sik Jang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Hyung Joo Lee
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Pin Pharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ting Wang
- The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Davalos V, Esteller M. Cancer epigenetics in clinical practice. CA Cancer J Clin 2022. [PMID: 36512337 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is driven by the accumulation of alterations affecting the structure and function of the genome. Whereas genetic changes disrupt the DNA sequence, epigenetic alterations contribute to the acquisition of hallmark tumor capabilities by regulating gene expression programs that promote tumorigenesis. Shifts in DNA methylation and histone mark patterns, the two main epigenetic modifications, orchestrate tumor progression and metastasis. These cancer-specific events have been exploited as useful tools for diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment choice to aid clinical decision making. Moreover, the reversibility of epigenetic modifications, in contrast to the irreversibility of genetic changes, has made the epigenetic machinery an attractive target for drug development. This review summarizes the most advanced applications of epigenetic biomarkers and epigenetic drugs in the clinical setting, highlighting commercially available DNA methylation-based assays and epigenetic drugs already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Davalos
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Catalonia, Spain
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer, Madrid, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Manukonda R, Narayana RV, Kaliki S, Mishra DK, Vemuganti GK. Emerging therapeutic targets for retinoblastoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2022; 26:937-947. [PMID: 36524402 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2022.2158812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoblastoma (Rb) is an early childhood intraocular tumor of the retina and is managed by multimodal therapeutic approaches. Recent advanced targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to the eye has improved the possibility of globe salvage. However, enucleation is inevitable for advanced and recurrent Rb. The cumulative knowledge of identification of newer molecular biology tools, exosomal cargo, role of cancer stem cells (CSCs), and its microenvironment in the progression of the diseases warrants a relook at the traditional treatment protocol and explore the feasibility of targeted therapies. AREAS COVERED This review covers Rb pathobiology, novel molecular-targeted therapeutics, and strategies targeting Rb CSCs and provides an update on potential therapeutic targets such as second messengers and exosomal cargo. EXPERT OPINION The emergence of early diagnosis and multimodality treatment protocols have significantly improved the clinical outcome of children with advanced Rb; however, the problem of tumor recurrence has not yet been overcome. Improved understanding of the molecular pathways, identification, and characterization of CSCs opens up new targeted therapy approaches. The contemporary evidence from other fields shows promising evidence that combining conservative treatment modalities with targeting therapies specific for CSCs in clinical practice is essential for achieving high globe salvage rate in Rb patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Manukonda
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Revu Vl Narayana
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Science Complex, Hyderabad, India
| | - Swathi Kaliki
- The Operation Eyesight Universal Institute for Eye Cancer, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Brien Holden Eye Research Center, L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dilip K Mishra
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Geeta K Vemuganti
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Science Complex, Hyderabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Staaf J, Aine M. Tumor purity adjusted beta values improve biological interpretability of high-dimensional DNA methylation data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265557. [PMID: 36084090 PMCID: PMC9462735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A common issue affecting DNA methylation analysis in tumor tissue is the presence of a substantial amount of non-tumor methylation signal derived from the surrounding microenvironment. Although approaches for quantifying and correcting for the infiltration component have been proposed previously, we believe these have not fully addressed the issue in a comprehensive and universally applicable way. We present a multi-population framework for adjusting DNA methylation beta values on the Illumina 450/850K platform using generic purity estimates to account for non-tumor signal. Our approach also provides an indirect estimate of the aggregate methylation state of the surrounding normal tissue. Using whole exome sequencing derived purity estimates and Illumina 450K methylation array data generated by The Cancer Genome Atlas project (TCGA), we provide a demonstration of this framework in breast cancer illustrating the effect of beta correction on the aggregate methylation beta value distribution, clustering accuracy, and global methylation profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Staaf
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mattias Aine
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Oncology, Lund University, Medicon Village, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bücker L, Lehmann U. CDH1 (E-cadherin) Gene Methylation in Human Breast Cancer: Critical Appraisal of a Long and Twisted Story. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184377. [PMID: 36139537 PMCID: PMC9497067 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Genes can be inactivated by specific modifications of DNA bases, most often by adding a methyl group to the DNA base cytosine if it is followed by guanosine (CG methylation). This modification prevents gene expression and has been reported for many different genes in nearly all types of cancer. A prominent example is the gene CDH1, which encodes the cell-adhesion molecule E-cadherin. This is an important player in the spreading of tumor cells within the body (metastasis). Particularly in human breast cancer, many different research groups have studied the inactivation of the CDH1 gene via DNA methylation using various methods. Over the last 20 years, different, in part, even contradicting results have been published for the CDH1 gene in breast cancer. This review summarizes the most important publications and explains the bewildering heterogeneity of results through careful analysis of the methods which have been used. Abstract Epigenetic inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene by aberrant DNA methylation is a well-established defect in human tumor cells, complementing genetic inactivation by mutation (germline or somatic). In human breast cancer, aberrant gene methylation has diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive potential. A prominent example is the hypermethylation of the CDH1 gene, encoding the adhesion protein E-Cadherin (“epithelial cadherin”). In numerous publications, it is reported as frequently affected by gene methylation in human breast cancer. However, over more than two decades of research, contradictory results concerning CDH1 gene methylation in human breast cancer accumulated. Therefore, we review the available evidence for and against the role of DNA methylation of the CDH1 gene in human breast cancer and discuss in detail the methodological reasons for conflicting results, which are of general importance for the analysis of aberrant DNA methylation in human cancer specimens. Since the loss of E-cadherin protein expression is a hallmark of invasive lobular breast cancer (ILBC), special attention is paid to CDH1 gene methylation as a potential mechanism for loss of expression in this special subtype of human breast cancer. Proper understanding of the methodological basis is of utmost importance for the correct interpretation of results supposed to demonstrate the presence and clinical relevance of aberrant DNA methylation in cancer specimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)511-532-4501; Fax: +49-(0)511-532-5799
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang D, Huang H, Zheng T, Zhang L, Cui B, Liu Y, Tan S, Zhao L, Tian T, Gao L, Fu Q, Cheng Z, Zhao Y. Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor suppresses colorectal cancer through the AKT-FOXO3/4 axis by downregulating LAMB3 expression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:924988. [PMID: 35992840 PMCID: PMC9389318 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.924988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the most common malignancies worldwide and its mechanism is unclear. Polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (PIGR) which plays an important role in mucosal immunity is widely expressed in the mucosal epithelium and is dysregulated in different tumors. However, the role and underlying mechanisms of PIGR in CRC remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that PIGR was hypermethylated and downregulated in our cohort (N = 272), and these features were associated with reduced overall survival in patients (HRmethylation 1.61, 95% CI [1.11-2.33]). These findings were validated by external TCGA and GEO data. Moreover, PIGR overexpression inhibits CRC cell malignant phenotypes in vitro and impedes CRC cells growth in male BALB/c nude mice. Mechanistically, PIGR physically associates with RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) and blocks the transcription of laminin subunit beta 3 (LAMB3). Subsequently, the AKT-FOXO3/4 axis was suppressed by downregulated LAMB3. In the drug sensitive assay, PIGR-overexpressing cells were more sensitive to cisplatin and gemcitabine. Together, PIGR may serve as a powerful prognostic biomarker and putative tumor suppressor by suppressing the AKT-FOXO3/4 axis by downregulating LAMB3 in CRC. Our study may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for treating CRC patients who highly express PIGR with cisplatin and gemcitabine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Binbin Cui
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanlong Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiheng Tan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liyuan Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijing Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingzhen Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zesong Cheng
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yashuang Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yashuang Zhao,
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Modern epigenetics emerged about 40 years ago. Since then, the field has rapidly grown. Unfortunately, this development has been accompanied by certain misconceptions and methodological shortcomings. A profound misconception is that chromatin modifications are a distinct layer of gene regulation that is directly responsive to the environment and potentially heritable between generations. This view ignores the fact that environmental factors affect gene expression mainly through signaling cascades and the activation or repression of transcription factors, which recruit chromatin regulators. The epigenome is mainly shaped by the DNA sequence and by transcription. Methodological shortcomings include the insufficient consideration of genetic variation and cell mixture distribution. Mis- and overinterpretation of epigenetic data foster genetic denialism ("We can control our genes") and epigenetic determinism ("You are what your parents ate"). These erroneous beliefs can be overcome by using precise definitions, by raising the awareness about methodological pitfalls and by returning to the basic facts in molecular and cellular biology.
Collapse
|
27
|
Epigenetic insights in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection in CRC, an updated review. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:10013-10022. [PMID: 35727475 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM The gradual accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations can lead to the development of colorectal cancer. In the last decade much research has been done to discover how methylation as an epigenetic alteration leads to carcinogenesis. While Methylation is a biological process, it can influence gene expression by affecting the promoter activity. This article reviews the role of methylation in critical pathways in CRC. METHODS In this study using appropriate keywords, all research and review articles related to the role of methylation on different cancers were collected and analyzed. Also, existing information on methylation detection methods and therapeutic sensitivity or resistance due to DNA methylation were reviewed. RESULTS The results of this survey revealed that while Methylation is a biological process, it can influence gene expression by affecting the promoter activity. Promoter methylation is associated with up or downregulation of genes involved in critical pathways, including cell cycle, DNA repair, and cell adherence. Hence promoter methylation can be used as a molecular tool for early diagnosis, improving treatment, and predicting treatment resistance. CONCLUSION Current knowledge on potential methylation biomarkers for diagnosis and prognoses of CRC has also been discussed. Our survey proposes that a multi-biomarker panel is more efficient than a single biomarker in the early diagnosis of CRC.
Collapse
|
28
|
Luo HY, Shen HY, Perkins RS, Wang YX. Adenosine Kinase on Deoxyribonucleic Acid Methylation: Adenosine Receptor-Independent Pathway in Cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:908882. [PMID: 35721189 PMCID: PMC9200284 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.908882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylation is an important mechanism contributing to cancer pathology. Methylation of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes has been closely associated with tumor occurrence and development. New insights regarding the potential role of the adenosine receptor-independent pathway in the epigenetic modulation of DNA methylation offer the possibility of new interventional strategies for cancer therapy. Targeting DNA methylation of cancer-related genes is a promising therapeutic strategy; drugs like 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-AZA-CdR, decitabine) effectively reverse DNA methylation and cancer cell growth. However, current anti-methylation (or methylation modifiers) are associated with severe side effects; thus, there is an urgent need for safer and more specific inhibitors of DNA methylation (or DNA methylation modifiers). The adenosine signaling pathway is reported to be involved in cancer pathology and participates in the development of tumors by altering DNA methylation. Most recently, an adenosine metabolic clearance enzyme, adenosine kinase (ADK), has been shown to influence methylation on tumor suppressor genes and tumor development and progression. This review article focuses on recent updates on ADK and its two isoforms, and its actions in adenosine receptor-independent pathways, including methylation modification and epigenetic changes in cancer pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yun Luo
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Ying Shen
- Department of Neuroscience, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States.,Integrative Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA, United States
| | - R Serene Perkins
- Legacy Tumor Bank, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, United States.,Mid-Columbia Medical Center, The Dalles, OR, United States
| | - Ya-Xu Wang
- Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal and Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tsuboi Y, Yamada H, Munetsuna E, Fujii R, Yamazaki M, Ando Y, Mizuno G, Hattori Y, Ishikawa H, Ohashi K, Hashimoto S, Hamajima N, Suzuki K. Increased risk of cancer mortality by smoking-induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor DNA hypomethylation in Japanese population: A long-term cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol 2022; 78:102162. [PMID: 35461154 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2022.102162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is well known to be a major risk factor for cancer, and to decrease the levels of aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AHRR) DNA methylation. AHRR is a key regulator for AHR signaling, which is involved in chemical metabolism and cancer development. Therefore, smoking-induced AHRR DNA hypomethylation may be associated with cancer development. However, it has not been reported that association between AHHR DNA methylation and cancer mortality in Asian population. Hence, we examined whether AHRR DNA methylation levels were associated with cancer mortality in a Japanese population. METHODS This study was conducted with 812 participants (aged 38-80 years) who received a health check-up in 1990, and did not have a clinical histories. We followed up the participants until the end of 2019 (median: 27.8 years), and 100 participants died from cancer. The AHRR DNA methylation levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured by the pyrosequencing method. We calculated the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for cancer mortality according to the baseline levels of AHRR DNA methylation. RESULTS We found that AHRR DNA hypomethylation was associated with a higher risk of all cancer mortality, especially smoking related cancers and lung cancer. (all cancer: HR, 1.28, 95% CI, 1.09-1.51; smoking-related cancers: HR, 1.35, 95% CI, 1.12-1.62; lung cancer: HR, 1.68, 95% CI, 1.24-2.26). CONCLUSIONS Smoking-induced AHRR DNA hypomethylation in PBMCs was associated with the risk of cancer mortality in Japanese population; therefore, hypomethylation of AHRR may be a useful biomarker of cancer mortality risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tsuboi
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroya Yamada
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Eiji Munetsuna
- Department of Biochemistry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Ryosuke Fujii
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Mirai Yamazaki
- Department of Medical Technology, Kagawa Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan.
| | - Yoshitaka Ando
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Genki Mizuno
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Yuji Hattori
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Ishikawa
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Koji Ohashi
- Department of Informative Clinical Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Shuji Hashimoto
- Department of Hygiene, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Hamajima
- Department of Healthcare Administration, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Koji Suzuki
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, Fujita Health University School of Medical Sciences, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Natural Bioactive Compounds Targeting Histone Deacetylases in Human Cancers: Recent Updates. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27082568. [PMID: 35458763 PMCID: PMC9027183 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex pathology that causes a large number of deaths worldwide. Several risk factors are involved in tumor transformation, including epigenetic factors. These factors are a set of changes that do not affect the DNA sequence, while modifying the gene’s expression. Histone modification is an essential mark in maintaining cellular memory and, therefore, loss of this mark can lead to tumor transformation. As these epigenetic changes are reversible, the use of molecules that can restore the functions of the enzymes responsible for the changes is therapeutically necessary. Natural molecules, mainly those isolated from medicinal plants, have demonstrated significant inhibitory properties against enzymes related to histone modifications, particularly histone deacetylases (HDACs). Flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, and alkaloids exert significant inhibitory effects against HDAC and exhibit promising epi-drug properties. This suggests that epi-drugs against HDAC could prevent and treat various human cancers. Accordingly, the present study aimed to evaluate the pharmacodynamic action of different natural compounds extracted from medicinal plants against the enzymatic activity of HDAC.
Collapse
|
31
|
Clark SJ, Molloy PL. Early Insights into Cancer Epigenetics: Gene Promoter Hypermethylation Emerges as a Potential Biomarker for Cancer Detection. Cancer Res 2022; 82:1461-1463. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the most intensely studied epigenetic modifications in mammals. In normal cells, it plays an essential role in core biologic processes by assuring the proper regulation of gene expression and stable gene silencing. In cancer cells, genome-wide DNA methylation patterns are altered and often represent an early and fundamental step in neoplastic transformation. The landmark study from Esteller and colleagues, published in Cancer Research in 2001, was the first to reveal high frequency promoter methylation across multiple cancer types. They highlighted that widespread alterations in DNA methylation may be a key characteristic of oncogenesis and proposed aberrant DNA methylation of gene promoters could provide markers for sensitive detection of nearly all cancer types. The authors used a candidate gene approach to show promoter hypermethylation occurred across 12 cancer-associated genes in DNA from over 600 primary tumor samples, representing 15 major tumor types. The profile of promoter hypermethylation differed in every tumor type, suggesting that alterations in DNA methylation are pervasive, but the genes affected may be tumor-specific and impact multiple signaling pathways. Over the past 20 years since this publication, the cancer epigenetics field has exploded to generate thousands of normal and cancer methylome maps and developed sophisticated informatic tools for genome-wide methylome analyses. These methylomes are providing roadmaps for the study of cancer biology and discovery of DNA methylation biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of cancer.
See related article by Esteller and colleagues, Cancer Res 2001;61:3225–29.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Clark
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Genomics and Epigenetics Theme, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter L. Molloy
- CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mattei AL, Bailly N, Meissner A. DNA methylation: a historical perspective. Trends Genet 2022; 38:676-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
33
|
Rodríguez-Mejía LC, Romero-Estudillo I, Rivillas-Acevedo LA, French-Pacheco L, Silva-Martínez GA, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Colín-Castelán D, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Wrobel K, Wrobel K, Lund G, Zaina S. The DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor RG108 is Converted to Activator Following Conjugation with Short Peptides. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
34
|
Karmakar A, Ahamad Khan MM, Kumari N, Devarajan N, Ganesan SK. Identification of Epigenetically Modified Hub Genes and Altered Pathways Associated With Retinoblastoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:743224. [PMID: 35359459 PMCID: PMC8960645 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.743224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is the most common childhood malignancy initiated by biallelic mutation in RB1 gene and driven by various epigenetic events including DNA methylation and microRNA dysregulation. Hence, understanding the key genes that are critically modulated by epigenetic modifications in RB1−/− cells is very important to identify prominent biomarkers and therapeutic targets of Rb. In this study, we for the first time have integrated various Rb microarray NCBI-GEO datasets including DNA Methylation (GSE57362), miRNA (GSE7072) and mRNA (GSE110811) to comprehensively investigate the epigenetic consequences of RB loss in retinoblastoma tumors and identify genes with the potential to serve as early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for Rb. Interestingly, the GEO2R and co-expression network analysis have identified three genes namely E2F3, ESR1, and UNC5D that are significantly deregulated by modified DNA methylation, mRNA and microRNA expression in Rb tumors. Due to their recognition in all epigenetic, transcriptomic, and miRNA datasets, we have termed these genes as “common genes”. The results of our integrative bioinformatics analysis were validated in vitro by studying the gene and protein expression of these common genes in Y79, WERI-Rb-1, Rb cell lines and non-tumorigenic retinal pigment epithelial cell line (hTERT-RPE). The expression of E2F3 and UNC5D were up-regulated and that of ESR1 was down-regulated in Rb tumor cells when compared to that in non-tumorigenic hTERT-RPE cells. More importantly, UNC5D, a potent tumor suppressor gene in most cancers is significantly up-regulated in Y79 and Weri Rb1 cells, which, in turn, questions its anti-cancer properties. Together, our study shows that E2F3, ESR1, and UNC5D may be crucially involved in Rb tumorigenesis and possess the potential to act as early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets of Rb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Karmakar
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
| | - Md. Maqsood Ahamad Khan
- Centre of Bioinformatics, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Nidhi Kumari
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Nalini Devarajan
- Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Nalini Devarajan, ; Senthil Kumar Ganesan,
| | - Senthil Kumar Ganesan
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
- CSIR-IICB Translational Research Unit of Excellence (TRUE), Kolkata, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- *Correspondence: Nalini Devarajan, ; Senthil Kumar Ganesan,
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
The Role of Epigenetic Modifications in Human Cancers and the Use of Natural Compounds as Epidrugs: Mechanistic Pathways and Pharmacodynamic Actions. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12030367. [PMID: 35327559 PMCID: PMC8945214 DOI: 10.3390/biom12030367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease resulting from the genetic and epigenetic disruption of normal cells. The mechanistic understanding of the pathways involved in tumor transformation has implicated a priori predominance of epigenetic perturbations and a posteriori genetic instability. In this work, we aimed to explain the mechanistic involvement of epigenetic pathways in the cancer process, as well as the abilities of natural bioactive compounds isolated from medicinal plants (flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and ketones) to specifically target the epigenome of tumor cells. The molecular events leading to transformation, angiogenesis, and dissemination are often complex, stochastic, and take turns. On the other hand, the decisive advances in genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics have allowed, in recent years, for the mechanistic decryption of the molecular pathways of the cancerization process. This could explain the possibility of specifically targeting this or that mechanism leading to cancerization. With the plasticity and flexibility of epigenetic modifications, some studies have started the pharmacological screening of natural substances against different epigenetic pathways (DNA methylation, histone acetylation, histone methylation, and chromatin remodeling) to restore the cellular memory lost during tumor transformation. These substances can inhibit DNMTs, modify chromatin remodeling, and adjust histone modifications in favor of pre-established cell identity by the differentiation program. Epidrugs are molecules that target the epigenome program and can therefore restore cell memory in cancerous diseases. Natural products isolated from medicinal plants such as flavonoids and phenolic acids have shown their ability to exhibit several actions on epigenetic modifiers, such as the inhibition of DNMT, HMT, and HAT. The mechanisms of these substances are specific and pleiotropic and can sometimes be stochastic, and their use as anticancer epidrugs is currently a remarkable avenue in the fight against human cancers.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lynch-like Syndrome: Potential Mechanisms and Management. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14051115. [PMID: 35267422 PMCID: PMC8909420 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Lynch-like syndrome (LLS) is defined as colorectal cancer cases with microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of expression of MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the absence of a germline mutation in these genes that cannot be explained by BRAF mutation or MLH1 hypermethylation. The application of the universal strategy for the diagnosis of Lynch syndrome (LS) in all CRCs is leading to an increase in the incidence of cases of LLS. It has been described that risk of cancer in relatives of LLS patients is in between of that found in Lynch syndrome families and sporadic cases. That makes LLS patients and their families a challenging group for which the origin of CRC is unknown, being a mixture between unidentified hereditary CRC and sporadic cases. The potential causes of LLS are discussed in this review, as well as methods for identification of truly hereditary cases. Abstract Lynch syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system genes, such as MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2. It is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. Screening is regularly performed by using microsatellite instability (MSI) or immunohistochemistry for the MMR proteins in tumor samples. However, in a proportion of cases, MSI is found or MMR immunohistochemistry is impaired in the absence of a germline mutation in MMR genes, BRAF mutation, or MLH1 hypermethylation. These cases are defined as Lynch-like syndrome. Patients with Lynch-like syndrome represent a mixture of truly hereditary and sporadic cases, with a risk of colorectal cancer in first-degree relatives that is between the risk of Lynch syndrome in families and relatives of sporadic colon cancer cases. Although multiple approaches have been suggested to distinguish between hereditary and sporadic cases, a homogeneous testing protocol and consensus on the adequate classification of these patients is still lacking. For this reason, management of Lynch-like syndrome and prevention of cancer in these families is clinically challenging. This review explains the concept of Lynch-like syndrome, potential mechanisms for its development, and methods for adequately distinguishing between sporadic and hereditary cases of this entity.
Collapse
|
37
|
Nor A, Diana T, Tengku FA, Sarina S, Khairy St S, Azhany Y, Nor Hayati O. AN IN VIVO STUDY OF INTRAVITREAL RANIBIZUMAB FOLLOWING SUBRETINAL INOCULATION OF RB CELLS IN RABBITS EYES. CESKA A SLOVENSKA OFTALMOLOGIE : CASOPIS CESKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI A SLOVENSKE OFTALMOLOGICKE SPOLECNOSTI 2022; 78:112-120. [PMID: 35760582 DOI: 10.31348/2022/13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to determine the effects of a single intravitreal ranibizumab injection in rabbits induced with retinoblastoma (RB). MATERIAL AND METHODS RB was induced in six New Zealand white rabbits by subretinal injection of a cultured WERI-RBb-1 cell line into the right eye. After six weeks, Group A (n = 3) was given intravitreal ranibizumab injection (0.3mg in 0.03ml) and Group B (n = 3) was the control. Baseline and serial clinical examinations were performed on days 1, 3, 6, 12, 15, 18 and 21. The right eyes were enucleated for both groups on day 21 for histopathological examination. RESULTS The rabbits in both groups developed intraocular lesions which was detectable clinically at one-week post-tumor inoculation. The tumor grew slowly without spontaneous regression. After the animals in Group A were given an intravitreal ranibizumab injection, regression of the tumor was detected clinically, while the tumor in Group B continued to grow slowly. Histopathological findings confirmed the presence of a tumor that closely resembled features of poorly differentiated human RB cells. At the end of 21 days, the size of the tumor was larger in Group B in comparison to Group A. However, the treated group also developed a focal area of retinal hyperplasia. There was no significant side effect of ranibizumab injection except temporary high intraocular pressure immediately post-injection, which was relieved after paracentesis. CONCLUSIONS Intravitreal ranibizumab is a potential treatment for RB. It is an effective therapy with a tolerable safety profile in this animal experimental study.
Collapse
|
38
|
Mechanisms and Biological Roles of DNA Methyltransferases and DNA Methylation: From Past Achievements to Future Challenges. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1389:1-19. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11454-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
39
|
Verma A, Sinha A, Datta D. Modulation of DNA/RNA Methylation by Small-Molecule Modulators and Their Implications in Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2022; 100:557-579. [PMID: 36301506 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-07634-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Chromatin is an organized complex of DNA, histone proteins, and RNA. Chromatin modifications include DNA methylation, RNA methylation, and histone acetylation and methylation. The methylation of chromatin complexes predominantly alters the regulation of gene expression, and its deregulation is associated with several human diseases including cancer. Cancer is a disease characterized by dynamic changes in the genetic and epigenetic architecture of a cell. Altered DNA methylation by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and m6A RNA methylation facilitate tumor initiation and progression and thus serve as critical targets for cancer therapy. Small-molecule modulators of these epigenetic targets are at the hotspots of current cancer drug discovery research. Indeed, recent studies have led to the discovery of several chemical modulators against these targets, some of which have already gained approval for cancer therapy while others are undergoing clinical trials. In this chapter, we will focus on the role of small-molecule modulators in regulating DNA/RNA methylation and their implications in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Verma
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Abhipsa Sinha
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India
| | - Dipak Datta
- Division of Cancer Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI), Lucknow, India.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nishiyama A, Nakanishi M. Navigating the DNA methylation landscape of cancer. Trends Genet 2021; 37:1012-1027. [PMID: 34120771 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is a chemical modification that defines cell type and lineage through the control of gene expression and genome stability. Disruption of DNA methylation control mechanisms causes a variety of diseases, including cancer. Cancer cells are characterized by aberrant DNA methylation (i.e., genome-wide hypomethylation and site-specific hypermethylation), mainly targeting CpG islands in gene expression regulatory elements. In particular, the early findings that a variety of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are targets of DNA hypermethylation in cancer led to the proposal of a model in which aberrant DNA methylation promotes cellular oncogenesis through TSGs silencing. However, recent genome-wide analyses have revealed that this classical model needs to be reconsidered. In this review, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of DNA methylation abnormalities in cancer as well as their therapeutic potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuya Nishiyama
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Makoto Nakanishi
- Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Licht JD, Bennett RL. Leveraging epigenetics to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:115. [PMID: 34001289 PMCID: PMC8130138 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic mechanisms regulate chromatin accessibility patterns that govern interaction of transcription machinery with genes and their cis-regulatory elements. Mutations that affect epigenetic mechanisms are common in cancer. Because epigenetic modifications are reversible many anticancer strategies targeting these mechanisms are currently under development and in clinical trials. Main body Here we review evidence suggesting that epigenetic therapeutics can deactivate immunosuppressive gene expression or reprogram tumor cells to activate antigen presentation mechanisms. In addition, the dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms commonly observed in cancer may alter the immunogenicity of tumor cells and effectiveness of immunotherapies. Conclusions Therapeutics targeting epigenetic mechanisms may be helpful to counter immune evasion and improve the effectiveness of immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Licht
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Cancer Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Box 103633, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Richard L Bennett
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health Cancer Center, Cancer Genetics Research Complex, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Box 103633, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Karamitrousis EI, Balgkouranidou I, Xenidis N, Amarantidis K, Biziota E, Koukaki T, Trypsianis G, Karayiannakis A, Bolanaki H, Kolios G, Lianidou E, Kakolyris S. Prognostic Role of RASSF1A, SOX17 and Wif-1 Promoter Methylation Status in Cell-Free DNA of Advanced Gastric Cancer Patients. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:1533033820973279. [PMID: 33928818 PMCID: PMC8113658 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820973279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modification of several genes is a key component in the development of gastric cancer. The methylation status of RASSF1A, SOX17 and Wif-1 genes was evaluated in the cell free circulating DNA of 70 patients with advanced gastric cancer, using methylation-specific PCR. Patients with higher cell-free DNA concentration seem to have lower PFS, than patients with lower cell-free DNA concentration (p = 0.001). RASSF1A was the tumor suppressor gene, most frequently methylated in metastatic gastric cancer patients, followed by SOX17 and Wif-1 (74.3%, 60.0% and 47.1%, respectively). Patients having the SOX17 promoter methylated, had lower progression free survival and overall survival, than unmethylated ones (p < 0.001). Patients having the Wif-1 promoter methylated, had lower progression free survival and overall survival, than unmethylated ones (p = 0.001). Patients having the RASSF1A promoter methylated, had lower progression free survival and overall survival, than unmethylated ones (p = 0.004). Promoter methylation of the examined genes was significantly associated with a decrease in progression free survival and overall survival, comparing to that of patients without methylation. Simultaneous methylation of the above genes was associated with even worse progression free survival and overall survival. The methylation of RASSF1A, SOX-17 and Wif-1 and genes, is a frequent epigenetic event in patients with advanced gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioanna Balgkouranidou
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Xenidis
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Amarantidis
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eirini Biziota
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Triantafyllia Koukaki
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Grigorios Trypsianis
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anastasios Karayiannakis
- Second Department of Surgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Helen Bolanaki
- Second Department of Surgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Evi Lianidou
- Department of Chemistry, Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells, Lab of Analytical Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Stylianos Kakolyris
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Sar P, Dalai S. CRISPR/Cas9 in epigenetics studies of health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 181:309-343. [PMID: 34127198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics is the heritable phenotypic changes without altering the genotype. Epigenetic processes are such as histone methylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, phosphorylation, ADP ribosylation, DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs interactions associated with structural changes in chromatin. The change of structure is either open chromatin for "active" state or closed chromatin for "inactive" state, that regulates important biological phenomenon like chromatin condensation, gene expression, DNA repair, cellular development, differentiation and homeostasis, etc. However, dysregulation of epigenetic patterns causes diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurological disorder, infectious diseases, autoimmunity etc. Besides, the most important clinical uses of Epigenetics studies are i. identification of disease biomarkers and ii. development of their therapeutics. Epigenetic therapies include epi-drugs, combinatorial therapy, nanocarriers, plant-derived products that are being used for changing the epigenetic pattern to reverse gene expression. However, the developed epi- drugs cause off-target gene and transposable elements activation; promote mutagenesis and carcinogenesis in normal cells, are the major hurdles regarding their clinical use. Therefore, advanced epigenetic therapeutics are required to develop target-specific epigenetic modifications to reverse gene expression pattern. CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindrome Repeats-associated protein 9) system-mediated gene activation mechanism paves new methods of target-specific epigenetic therapeutics to cure diseases. In this chapter, we discuss how CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 have recently been engineered for epigenome editing. Different strategies have been discussed used for epigenome editing based on their efficacy and complexity. Last but not least we have discussed the limitations, different uses of CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 in the area of genetic engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranati Sar
- Institute of Science, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, India.
| | - Sarat Dalai
- Institute of Science, NIRMA University, Ahmedabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lai P, Wang Y. Epigenetics of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma: biomarkers and therapeutic potentials. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 18:34-51. [PMID: 33628583 PMCID: PMC7877166 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2020.0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) are a heterogeneous group of skin-homing non-Hodgkin lymphomas. There are limited options for effective treatment of patients with advanced-stage CTCL, leading to a poor survival rate. Epigenetics plays a pivotal role in regulating gene expression without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic alterations are involved in virtually all key cancer-associated pathways and are fundamental to the genesis of cancer. In recent years, the epigenetic hallmarks of CTCL have been gradually elucidated and their potential values in the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic intervention have been clarified. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the best-studied epigenetic modifications in CTCL, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, microRNAs, and chromatin remodelers. These epigenetic regulators are essential in the development of CTCL and provide new insights into the clinical treatments of this refractory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Lai
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis on Dermatoses, National Clinical Research Center for Skin and Immune Diseases, Beijing 100034, China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Taryma-Lesniak O, Sokolowska KE, Wojdacz TK. Short history of 5-methylcytosine: from discovery to clinical applications. J Clin Pathol 2021; 74:692-696. [PMID: 33431485 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covalent modifications of nucleotides in genetic material have been known from the beginning of the last century. Currently, one of those modifications referred to as DNA methylation, is impacting personalised medicine both as a treatment target and a biomarker source for clinical disease management. In this short review, we describe landmark discoveries that led to the elucidation of the DNA methylation importance in the cell's physiology and clarification of its role as one of the major processes in disease pathology. We also describe turning points in the development of methodologies to study this modification, which ultimately resulted in the development of in-vitro diagnostic kits targeting disease related DNA methylation changes as biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Taryma-Lesniak
- Independent Clinical Epigenetics Laboratory, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ewa Sokolowska
- Independent Clinical Epigenetics Laboratory, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kazimierz Wojdacz
- Independent Clinical Epigenetics Laboratory, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Zachodniopomorskie, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Diagnosis and treatment of disease demand a sound understanding of the underlying mechanisms, determining any Achilles' heel that can be targeted in effective therapies. Throughout history, this endeavour to decipher the origin and mechanism of transformation of a normal cell into cancer has led to various theories-from cancer as a curse to an understanding at the level of single-cell heterogeneity, meaning even among a single sub-type of cancer there are myriad molecular challenges to overcome. With increasing insight into cancer genetics and biology, the disease has become ever more complex to understand. The complexity of cancer as a disease was distilled into key traits by Hanahan and Weinberg in their seminal 'Hallmarks of Cancer' reviews. This lucid conceptualization of complex cancer biology is widely accepted and has helped advance cancer therapeutics by targeting the various hallmarks but, with the advancement in technologies, there is greater granularity in how we view cancer as a disease, and the additional understanding over the past decade requires us to revisit the hallmarks of cancer. Based on extensive study of the cancer research literature, we propose four novel hallmarks of cancer, namely, the ability of cells to regress from a specific specialized functional state, epigenetic changes that can affect gene expression, the role of microorganisms and neuronal signalling, to be included in the hallmark conceptualization along with evidence of various means to exploit them therapeutically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasi S. Senga
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen
Mary University of London, London EC1M
6BQ, UK
| | - Richard P. Grose
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen
Mary University of London, London EC1M
6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lu J, Wilfred P, Korbie D, Trau M. Regulation of Canonical Oncogenic Signaling Pathways in Cancer via DNA Methylation. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3199. [PMID: 33143142 PMCID: PMC7692324 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of signaling pathways that plays a role in the normal development and cellular homeostasis may lead to the dysregulation of cellular signaling and bring about the onset of different diseases, including cancer. In addition to genetic aberrations, DNA methylation also acts as an epigenetic modifier to drive the onset and progression of cancer by mediating the reversible transcription of related genes. Although the role of DNA methylation as an alternative driver of carcinogenesis has been well-established, the global effects of DNA methylation on oncogenic signaling pathways and the presentation of cancer is only emerging. In this article, we introduced a differential methylation parsing pipeline (MethylMine) which mined for epigenetic biomarkers based on feature selection. This pipeline was used to mine for biomarkers, which presented a substantial difference in methylation between the tumor and the matching normal tissue samples. Combined with the Data Integration Analysis for Biomarker discovery (DIABLO) framework for machine learning and multi-omic analysis, we revisited the TCGA DNA methylation and RNA-Seq datasets for breast, colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer, and identified differentially methylated genes within the NRF2-KEAP1/PI3K oncogenic pathway, which regulates the expression of cytoprotective genes, that serve as potential therapeutic targets to treat different cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lu
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.L.); (P.W.)
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Premila Wilfred
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.L.); (P.W.)
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Darren Korbie
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.L.); (P.W.)
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.L.); (P.W.)
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Neja SA. Site-Specific DNA Demethylation as a Potential Target for Cancer Epigenetic Therapy. Epigenet Insights 2020; 13:2516865720964808. [PMID: 35036833 PMCID: PMC8756105 DOI: 10.1177/2516865720964808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant promoter DNA hypermethylation is a typical characteristic of cancer and it is often seen in malignancies. Recent studies showed that regulatory cis-elements found up-stream of many tumor suppressor gene promoter CpG island (CGI) attract DNA methyltransferases (DNMT) that hypermethylates and silence the genes. As epigenetic alterations are potentially reversible, they make attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. The currently used decitabine (DAC) and azacitidine (AZA) are DNMT inhibitors that follow the passive demethylation pathway. However, they lead to genome-wide demethylation of CpGs in cells, which makes difficult to use it for causal effect analysis and treatment of specific epimutations. Demethylation through specific demethylase enzymes is thus critical for epigenetic resetting of silenced genes and modified chromatins. Yet DNA-binding factors likely play a major role to guide the candidate demethylase enzymes upon its fusion. Before the advent of clustered regulatory interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), both zinc finger proteins (ZNFs) and transcription activator-like effector protein (TALEs) were used as binding platforms for ten-eleven translocation (TET) enzymes and both systems were able to induce transcription at targeted loci in an in vitro as well as in vivo model. Consequently, the development of site-specific and active demethylation molecular trackers becomes more than hypothetical to makes a big difference in the treatment of cancer in the future. This review is thus to recap the novel albeit distinct studies on the potential use of site-specific demethylation for the development of epigenetic based cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
49
|
Karamitrousis E, Balgkouranidou I, Xenidis N, Amarantidis K, Biziota E, Koukaki T, Trypsianis G, Karayiannakis A, Bolanaki H, Chatzaki E, Kolios G, Lianidou E, Lambropoulou M, Kakolyris S. Association between SOX17, Wif-1 and RASSF1A promoter methylation status and response to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic gastric cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 59:e73-e75. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2020-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelos Karamitrousis
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Ioanna Balgkouranidou
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Nikolaos Xenidis
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Kyriakos Amarantidis
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Eirini Biziota
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Triantafyllia Koukaki
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Gregorios Trypsianis
- Department of Medical Statistics, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Anastasios Karayiannakis
- Second Department of Surgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Heleni Bolanaki
- Second Department of Surgery, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Ekaterini Chatzaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Georgios Kolios
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Evi Lianidou
- Analysis of Circulating Tumor Cells, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry, University of Athens , Athens , Greece
| | - Maria Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Histology-Embryology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| | - Stylianos Kakolyris
- Department of Oncology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace , Alexandroupolis , Greece
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lee C, Kim JK. Chromatin regulators in retinoblastoma: Biological roles and therapeutic applications. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2318-2332. [PMID: 32840881 PMCID: PMC7891620 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a pediatric ocular tumor mostly occurring due to the biallelic loss of RB1 gene in the developing retina. Early studies of genomic aberrations in RB have provided a valuable insight into how RB can progress following the tumor-initiating RB1 mutations and have established a notion that inactivation of RB1 gene is critical to initiate RB but this causative genetic lesion alone is not sufficient for malignant progression. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies, we now have access to the comprehensive genomic and epigenetic landscape of RB and have come to appreciate that RB tumorigenesis requires both genetic and epigenetic alterations that might be directly or indirectly driven by RB1 loss. This integrative perspective on RB tumorigenesis has inspired research efforts to better understand the types and functions of epigenetic mechanisms contributing to RB development, leading to the identification of multiple epigenetic regulators misregulated in RB in recent years. A complete understanding of the intricate network of genetic and epigenetic factors in modulation of gene expression during RB tumorigenesis remains a major challenge but would be crucial to translate these findings into therapeutic interventions. In this review, we will provide an overview of chromatin regulators identified to be misregulated in human RB among the numerous epigenetic factors implicated in RB development. For a subset of these chromatin regulators, recent findings on their functions in RB development and potential therapeutic applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunsik Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jong Kyong Kim
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|