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Lima AT, Amorim AC, Britto-Júnior J, Campitelli RR, Fregonesi A, Mónica FZ, Antunes E, De Nucci G. β 1- and β 1/β 2-adrenergic receptor antagonists block 6-nitrodopamine-induced contractions of the rat isolated epididymal vas deferens. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2022; 395:1257-1268. [PMID: 35798982 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
6-Nitrodopamine (6-ND) is an endogenous modulator of the contractility in the rat isolated epididymal vas deferens (RIEVD) and considered to be the main peripheral mediator of the emission process. Use of selective and unselective β-adrenergic receptor antagonists has been associated with ejaculatory failure. Here, the effects of selective β1- and β1/β2-adrenergic receptor antagonists on RIEVD contractions induced by 6-ND, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and electric-field stimulation (EFS) were investigated. The selective β1-adrenergic receptor antagonists atenolol (0.1 and 1 µM), betaxolol (1 µM), and metoprolol (1 µM) and the unselective β1/β2-adrenergic receptor antagonists propranolol (1 and 10 µM) and pindolol (10 µM) caused significant rightward shifts of the concentration-response curve to 6-ND (pA2 6.41, 6.91, 6.75, 6.47, and 5.74; for atenolol, betaxolol, metoprolol, propranolol, and pindolol), but had no effect on dopamine-, noradrenaline-, and adrenaline-induced contractions. The effects of selective β1- and β1/β2-adrenergic receptor antagonists at a higher concentration (atenolol 1 µM, betaxolol 1 µM, metoprolol 1 µM, propranolol 10 µM, and pindolol 10 µM) also reduced the EFS-induced RIEVD contractions in control, but not in RIEVD obtained from L-NAME-treated animals. The selective β1-adrenoceptor agonist RO-363, the selective β2-adrenoceptor agonist salbutamol, and the selective β3-adrenoceptor agonist mirabegron, up to 300 µM, had no effect on the RIEVD tone. The results demonstrate that β1- and β1-/β2-adrenoceptor receptor antagonists act as 6-ND receptor antagonists in RIEVD, further confirming the main role of 6-ND in the RIEVD contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Tiago Lima
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Amanda Consulin Amorim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - José Britto-Júnior
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Rios Campitelli
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Adriano Fregonesi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Z Mónica
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Edson Antunes
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil
| | - Gilberto De Nucci
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidade Do Brasil, Fernandópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
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Di Natale MR, Stebbing MJ, Furness JB. Autonomic neuromuscular junctions. Auton Neurosci 2021; 234:102816. [PMID: 33991756 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This review traces the history of the discovery and subsequent understanding of smooth muscle cells and their motor innervation. Smooth muscle tissue is made up of thousands of very small, individual, electrically connected, muscle cells. Each axon that enters a smooth muscle tissue branches extensively to form a terminal arbour that comes close to hundreds of smooth muscle cells. The branches of the terminal arbour are varicose, and each varicosity, of which there can be thousands, contains numerous transmitter storage vesicles. However, the probability of an individual varicosity releasing transmitter onto the adjacent muscle cells when an action potential passes is low. Many axons influence each muscle cell, some because they release transmitter close to the cell, and some because the events that they cause in other cells are electrically coupled to the cell under investigation. In tissues where this has been assessed, 20 or more axons can influence a single smooth muscle cell. We present a model of the innervation and influence of neurons on smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine R Di Natale
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Martin J Stebbing
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John B Furness
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
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HENDERSON G, NORTH R. DEPRESSION BY MORPHINE OF EXCITATORY JUNCTION POTENTIALS IN THE VAS DEFERENS OF THE MOUSE. Br J Pharmacol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1976.tb07672.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Lavidis NA, Bennett MR. Sympathetic innervation of the surface of the mouse vas deferens. JOURNAL OF THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM 1993; 45:87-100. [PMID: 8282948 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(93)90121-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of axons and axon varicosities on the surface of the mouse vas deferens has been determined following fluorescence of these structures with 3,3-diethyloxardicarbocyanide (DiOC2 (5)) to locate varicosities and FAGLU to detect catecholamine containing nerves. Small bundles of fluorescent axons treated with DiOC2(5), were shown to give rise to single or very small bundles of 2 or 3 varicose axons that passed over the surface of the muscle bundles. Varicosities had the same average diameter of 0.9 microns, length of 1.1 micron and spacing apart of 4.6 microns whether identified following DiOC2(5) fluorescence or the FAGLU method for catecholamines and this was shown statistically to imply that they came from the same population of varicosities. Serial thin sections through small axon bundles and single axons, viewed with the electron microscope, confirmed the dimensions of varicosities along axons observed following DiOC2(5) staining or use of the FAGLU method.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Lavidis
- Department of Physiology, University of Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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Sallés J, Badia A. Modulation of alpha 1-adrenoceptors and functional consequences in the bisected rat vas deferens following chronic inhibition of neuronal noradrenaline uptake. Br J Pharmacol 1993; 108:678-83. [PMID: 8096783 PMCID: PMC1908037 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1993.tb12860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The adaptational changes induced after chronic inhibition of neuronal noradrenaline uptake on both functional responsiveness of alpha 1-adrenoceptor activation and [3H]-prazosin binding were investigated in prostatic and epididymal portions of the rat vas deferens. 2. Contractile concentration-response curves to phenylephrine and saturation isotherms of [3H]-prazosin binding to homogenates of each of the portions of the bisected rat vas deferens were determined 48 h after the last injection of desipramine, nomifensine or nisoxetine (10 mg kg-1; i.p. for 14 days). 3. Treatment with both nomifensine and nisoxetine decreased the potency (pD2) of phenylephrine by about 10 and 8 fold respectively in the epididymal portion. However, administration of desipramine only reduced the potency of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist by about 1.8 fold. None of the treatments modified the maximal effect (Emax) elicited by phenylephrine in this portion of the vas deferens. In the prostatic portion only the treatment with nomifensine (1.4 fold) and nisoxetine (1.8 fold) decreased the potency of phenylephrine; the maximal contraction elicited by the agonist after the treatments was also reduced. 4. Chronic treatment with either nomifensine or nisoxetine did not change the KD for [3H]-prazosin binding in either epididymal or prostatic membranes. However, these two treatments resulted in a significant decrease in the [3H]-prazosin Bmax in membranes in both portions of rat vas deferens. The reduction in density of alpha 1-adrenoceptors was higher in the epididymal than the prostatic half. Desipramine reduced the Bmax only in the epididymal portion. 5. These results indicate that differential regulation of ax-adrenoceptors in either portion of the rat vas deferens could result from a greater degree of activation of these receptors in the epididymal half after chronic inhibition of neuronal noradrenaline uptake. The different functional consequences of the loss of alpha l-adrenoceptors in each portion seems to be explained on the basis of a different relationship between the occupancy of the receptor and the response elicited.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sallés
- Department de Farmacologia i Psiquiatria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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Saito A, Lee TJ. Autonomic innervation of cerebral blood vessels decreases in renal hypertensive rats. Hypertension 1985; 7:514-8. [PMID: 4007989 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.7.4.514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ultrastructural distribution of the autonomic nerves of brain arteries was investigated in renal (one-kidney, one clip) hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Sympathetic and nonsympathetic nerve terminals were found only in the adventitial layer of brain arteries of renal hypertensive and normotensive rats. In both normotensive and renal hypertensive rats the total nerve endings were dense in anterior cerebral artery, moderately dense in middle cerebral artery, and sparse in basilar artery. In normotensive rats, nonsympathetic nerves outnumbered sympathetic nerves in anterior cerebral, middle cerebral, and basilar arteries. In renal hypertensive rats these two types of nerve terminals in close apposition to smooth muscle decreased in anterior cerebral and basilar arteries, while those in middle cerebral arteries remained unchanged. These results suggest that the potential neurogenic control of cerebral blood vessels as well as the trophic effect of sympathetic nerves on brain blood vessels may decrease in renal hypertensive rats. As this finding contrasts with that in spontaneously hypertensive rats, the pattern of innervation in brain arteries may differ in different types of hypertension.
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Kobayashi T, Matsumoto Y, Tsukagoshi H, Kayanuma K, Hori S. Fine structure of the synaptic endings between sympathetic axons and skeletal muscle cells and of the varicosities in the bundles of neurites in tissue culture. Exp Neurol 1984; 85:187-201. [PMID: 6734777 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4886(84)90172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In cocultures of skeletal muscle and sympathetic ganglia from chick embryos, synaptic boutons on skeletal muscle cells and varicosities in the neuritic bundles were observed electron microscopically. Synaptic endings on skeletal muscles were bulbous. Most synaptic boutons simply made contact with muscle fibers, but some boutons appeared as concave invaginations into the sarcolemma. In the neuritic bundles, numerous varicosities were observed. Close approximations were found between the synaptic boutons and skeletal muscles and between the varicosities and neurites (dendrites or axons), but no membrane thickening nor subsynaptic infolding was observed in either synapse; in our cultures the contacts were characteristic of the autonomic nervous system. In both synapses, three variations were demonstrated by KMnO4 fixation after 5-hydroxydopamine incubation: (i) containing predominantly small dense-core vesicles (noradrenergic type), (ii) predominantly small clear vesicles (cholinergic types), and (iii) a mixture of both small dense-core and small clear vesicles (mixed type). Cytochemically, the varicosities in the neuritic bundles were predominantly noradrenergic at 1 week in culture, and both the synaptic boutons on skeletal muscles and the varicosities in the neuritic bundles contained a mixed population of small dense-core and small clear vesicles at intermediate times, with a gradual shift to cholinergic characteristics. These findings strongly suggest that in this culture system some sympathetic neurons or fibers become cholinergic (neuronal plasticity).
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McConnell J, Benson GS, Wood JG. Autonomic innervation of the urogenital system: adrenergic and cholinergic elements. Brain Res Bull 1982; 9:679-94. [PMID: 6816393 DOI: 10.1016/0361-9230(82)90173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The major organs of the male urogenital (UG) system have been examined in various mammals, including man, using light and electron microscopic (EM) histochemical methods. For the light microscopic study, the urinary bladder, the vas deferens and the penis (corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum) were studied in the rat, cat, dog, monkey and man using a glyoxylic acid (GA) method modified for peripheral adrenergic nerve fibers, and a thiocholine method for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Fine structural analysis was done on the vasa of rat, cat, monkey and man, and on the bladder and penis of cat, dog, monkey and man. Tissue was fixed in glutaraldehyde (GMO) as a control or in glutaraldehyde-dichromate (GDC) for the specific localization of norepinephrine (NE). All organs studied demonstrated numerous adrenergic nerve fibers throughout the muscular layers, in the connective tissue, and in the adventitia of most blood vessels. These fibers had a brilliant fluorescence when visualized with the GA method, and demonstrated many varicosities with small (400-600 A) and/or large (800-1200 A) granular vesicles in both control and GDC-fixed tissue examined with the EM. Evaluation of the vesicles with the analytical electron microscope (AEM) verified that those in the GDC-fixed tissue were chrome-positive, and, therefore, NE-containing. In the vas and penis, acetylcholinesterase(AChE)-positive nerve fibers were encountered less frequently at the light microscopic level than adrenergic fibers, and few typical cholinergic varicosities were seen in these organs with the EM. In the bladder, cholinergic nerves were seen with about the same frequency as adrenergic fibers in both light microscopic and EM preparations. Also observed frequently in each of the viscera were varicosities with large to very large (800-2000 A) granular vesicles of the kind presently hypothesized to be peptidergic or purinergic. Few varicosities of the type considered sensory, with large (800-1200 A) clear vesicles and numerous mitochondria, were observed in this tissue. Evidence from this study suggests that mammalian UG organs are innervated extensively by adrenergic nerves, and, excepting the bladder, have a limited cholinergic innervation; in the bladder, numerous fibers of each type can be found. In addition, another type of nerve fiber, perhaps peptidergic or purinergic, is found in large numbers in each of the organs studied and thus may represent a significant effector of autonomic regulation.
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Arver S, Sjöstrand NO. Functions of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in canine effectors of seminal emission. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA 1982; 115:67-77. [PMID: 6127870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1982.tb07046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous activity responses to acetylcholine (ACh), adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) and barium chloride as well as the effects of various autonomic drugs on effects of field stimulation of nerves and muscle cells of isolated pieces or strips of cauda epididymidis, vas deferens, ampulla ductus deferentis and prostate of dog were studied. The main results and conclusions are: the muscles show little spontaneous activity but rhythmicity can easily be produced by e.g. stimulating agonists. The muscles are contracted by alpha-adrenoceptor stimulants. ACh has usually no or a very weak contractile effect in high concentrations. Muscles of young dogs are more sensitive to ACh. The excitatory innervation of the muscles is adrenergic and completely blocked by adrenergic neuron blockers as well as alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. Stimulation of adrenergic nerves leads to maximum response already at low frequencies (4-6 Hz). This response is very similar to that provoked by a supramaximal dose of NA. Scopolamine enhances neurogenic contractile effects while physostigmine suppresses them. Hence cholinergic nerves may act by muscarinic prejunctional inhibition of the excitatory adrenergic neurotransmission rather than act directly upon the smooth muscle cells. Since secretory cells receive cholinergic innervation prejunctional inhibition of the adrenergic myomotor nerves may be of functional significance in at least the long copulatory events of the dog.
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Frew R, Lundy PM. Effect of arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3), on ATP responses of isolated guinea pig smooth muscle. Life Sci 1982; 30:259-67. [PMID: 7070208 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(82)90507-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Arylazido aminopropionyl ATP (ANAPP3), a photoaffinity analogue of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, photoactivated with visible light (+hv), specifically and irreversibly antagonized ATP contractions of the guinea pig vas deferens. ANAPP3 (30 microM) antagonized responses to exogenously added ATP in untreated, and in tissues pretreated with indomethacin (2.9 microM) and 6-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-thio guanosine (10 microM). It was of interest to see if this pharmacological antagonist of ATP could be used to assess the validity of the purinergic nerve hypothesis by allowing a differentiation between, or proof of the identity of, responses to ATP and the non-adrenergic inhibitory transmitter in guinea pig stomach fundus. After photoactivation (+hv) in the organ bath and subsequent washout, ANAPP3 (30 and 100 microM) failed to antagonize relaxant responses to ATP (1.0 - 1000 microM) in fundic strips. In addition ANAPP3 failed to antagonize ATP-induced inhibition of the twitch response in electrically stimulated guinea pig ileum longitudinal muscle strips. We conclude that ANAPP3 does not antagonize all actions of ATP, which may limit its usefulness in assessing the above hypothesis. Results with this compound suggest that ATP excitatory receptors may differ from those mediating relaxation and other ATP actions.
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Wetzel HW, Briley MS, Langer SZ. 3H-WB 4101 binding in the rat vas deferens. Effects of chronic treatments with desipramine and prazosin. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1981; 317:187-92. [PMID: 6119620 DOI: 10.1007/bf00503814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. The binding of the alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist ligand, 3H-WB 4101, to membranes prepared from rat vas deferens is rapid, saturable and reversible. 2. Scatchard analyses of the data show the maximal number of binding sites (Bmax) to be 1.528 +/- 0.060 pmoles/g original wet tissue weight and a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.84 +/- 0.07 nM. 3. Hill plots of the binding data revealed that 3H-WB 4101 binds to a single population of independent sites with no cooperative interactions. 4. The relative order of potencies of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists for the inhibition of 3H-WB 4101 binding, prazosin greater than phentolamine greater than yohimbine, follows the pattern expected for the alpha 1-type of adrenoceptors. 5. After repeated administration of prazosin to rats (0.4 mg/kg/day for 21 days), 3H-WB 4101 binding showed a significant increase in the density of alpha 1-adrenoceptors (122% of controls). 6. Chronic treatment with desipramine (13.6 mg/Kg/day for 22 days) resulted in a significant decrease in the number of alpha 1-adrenoceptors (79% of controls).
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Todd ME, Tokito MK. Improved ultrastructural detail in tissues fixed with potassium permanganate. STAIN TECHNOLOGY 1981; 56:335-42. [PMID: 7340017 DOI: 10.3109/10520298109067340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An improved method has been developed for fixation with potassium permanganate. Although this is one of the methods widely used to preserve the dense cores of adrenergic storage vesicles, fixation of other tissue components is usually poor. The main differences from previously reported methods using potassium permanganate are the use of a physiological saline as the vehicle for all solutions, and, following this, very rapid dehydration before infiltration with plastic. Cellular and intercellular details of tissue ultrastructure may, in general, be evaluated as satisfactorily as with conventional fixatives, with the exception of certain protein elements associated with ribosome, microtubule, and myofilament organization. Nerve endings with agranular or clear vesicles may be distinguished from adrenergic endings since the dense cores of the vesicles of the latter are preserved by this method.
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Todd ME, Tokito MK. An ultrastructural investigation of developing vasomotor innervation in rat peripheral vessels. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ANATOMY 1981; 160:195-212. [PMID: 6115582 DOI: 10.1002/aja.1001600206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Doxey JC, Roach AG. Presynaptic alpha-adrenoreceptors; in vitro methods and preparations utilised in the evaluation of agonists and antagonists. JOURNAL OF AUTONOMIC PHARMACOLOGY 1980; 1:73-99. [PMID: 6122691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.1980.tb00444.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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McConnell J, Benson GS, Wood J. Autonomic innervation of the mammalian penis: a histochemical and physiological study. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1979; 45:227-38. [PMID: 113505 DOI: 10.1007/bf01244411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves was studied in penile tissue from rat, rabbit, cat, monkey and man. Glyoxylic acid histofluorescence and acetylcholinesterase-positive fibers were found in all tissues examined, but histofluorescent, presumably adrenergic fibers predominated. In general, except in the rabbit, more nerve fibers of both types were found in the corpus cavernosum (CC) than in the corpus spongiosum/penile urethra (CS). The rabbit penis showed slightly more adrenergic fibers in the CC than in the CS and more cholinergic nerves in the CS than in the CC. The CC of the monkey demonstrated an alpha receptor mediated contractile response to norepinephrine (NE) stimulation and no response to acetylcholine (ACh) in an in vitro muscle bath.
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Evans BK, Heath JW, Burnstock G. Reinnervation following guanethidine-induced sympathectomy of adult rats. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1979; 8:381-400. [PMID: 385811 DOI: 10.1007/bf01236127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The reinnervation of various tissues by autonomic neurons has been studied in adult rats which had been sympathectomized by chronic guanethidine treatment (30 or 60 mg/kg/day for 8--15 weeks). In the heart, iris, ileum, mesentery, vas deferens and epididymis, fluorescence histochemistry reveals an almost complete disappearance of adrenergic fibres which is very longlasting. Even after 63 weeks few fluorescent fibres can be seen in these tissues and the density of innervation is not increased by incubation in alpha-methylnoradrenaline. The superior cervical ganglion represents an exception; large numbers of fluorescent fibres but few fluorescent ganglion cells were apparent during recovery. Axon counts carried out by electron microscopy on the vas deferens showed that after recovery for one year the number of axons was similar to that of controls; however, the pattern of innervation was abnormal, small granular vesicles were rarely seen and there was little uptake of 5-hydroxydopamine. On the basis of this evidence and of some pharmacological data it is suggested that there is a limited reinnervation by adrenergic axons accompanied by a great increase in the number of non-adrenergic, possibly cholinergic, axons.
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Gordon-Weeks P, Gabella G. Degeneration of varicose axons and their phagocytosis by smooth muscle cells. JOURNAL OF NEUROCYTOLOGY 1977; 6:711-21. [PMID: 599375 DOI: 10.1007/bf01176381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular varicose axons of the guinea-pig vas deferens were studied by electron microscopy after surgical and chemical denervation. The intervaricose segments disappear, and the varicosities become disconnected, spherical in shape and either swollen or more electron-dense. Other varicosities, presumably more advanced degenerative stages, appear as phagosomes in the cytoplasm of Schwann cells and of smooth muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells are extensively involved in the process of elimination of the degenerated nerve varicosities.
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Abstract
A general model of the autonomic neuroeffector junction is proposed. In this model, emphasis is placed on the muscle effector bundle with electrotonic coupling between individual cells via gap junctions (or nexuses) and en passage release of transmitter from autonomic nerve varicosities. This release results in transmission to effector cells across junctional clefts ranging from about 20 nm in the vas deferens and iris to as much as 2000 nm in some large arteries. The ultrastructural identification of different autonomic nerve types is described. Current theories on the synthesis, storage, release, and inactivation of transmitter during cholinergic, adrenergic, and purinergic transmission are summarized. Some speculations are made about the possible involvement of purinergic nerves in the innervation of vessels and mast cells in the skin, and whether this involvement results in a functional link between ATP, histamine, bradykinin, and prostaglandin in cutaneous vasodilatation. Another possibility considered as the basis for this reflex is the release of substance P from sensory (pain) nerve collaterals in the skin.
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Abstract
In adrenergic nerve endings of the guinea-pig vas deferens the population of small granular vesicles increases from 19% in control animals to 80-90% 1-3 h after the administration of 5-hydroxydopamine, and gradually declines to control values in 10 days. Large granular vsicles were also loaded but the loss of enhanced granulation was more rapid than in the small granular vesicles.
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Hermann W, Graefe KH. Relationship between the uptake of 3H-(+/-)metaraminol and the density of adrenergic innervation in isolated rat tissues. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 1977; 296:99-110. [PMID: 834320 DOI: 10.1007/bf00508460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. The uptake of 3H-(+/-)metaraminol (MA) by tissue slices or pieces was studied in vitro in several peripheral rat organs of varying density of sympathetic innervation (the tissue level of endogenous noradrenaline ranging from 1.7-99.1 nmoles/g). In each individual tissue preparation amine uptake was corrected for entry into the 14C-D-sorbitol space. 2. When the tissues were incubated with 1.4 muM MA, the rate of total amine uptake (i.e., neuronal plus extraneuronal uptake of MA) remained virtually constant for up to 7 min. Therefore, rates of uptake were determined after 2 min of incubation with substrate concentrations ranging from 0.25-12.2 muM. In all tissues the total uptake of MA was saturable. 3. Under the condition of inhibition of neuronal uptake by the presence of 100 muM cocaine, the uptake of MA (considered as extraneuronal amine uptake) was no longer saturable. When tissues were exposed to 1.4 muM MA, the relative contribution by extraneuronal (measured in the presence of cocaine) to total amine uptake (measured in the absence of cocaine) was inversely correlated with the log endogenous noradrenaline content. 4. After correction of the rates of total MA uptake for the cocaine-resistant distribution of the amine, a saturable component of uptake was obtained for each tissue. This uptake was considered to be neuronal; it was subjected to kinetic analysis. 5. Apparent Km values for the neuronal uptake of MA were very similar in all tissues and did not show any dependence on the tissue level of endogenous noradrenaline (average Km = 1.2 muM). 6. V max values for the neuronal uptake of MA were linearly correlated with the endogenous noradrenaline content of the tissues (r = 0.976; P less than 0.001), the V max for the vas deferens being excluded. When related to the content of endogenous noradrenaline, the V max obtained in the vas deferens was lower than that for all other tissues. 7. The results presented here strongly suggest that the membrane site involved in neuronal amine uptake (operationally characterized by the Km of MA) is likely to be identical in all rat tissues and that the number of uptake sites available per nerve terminal does not vary greatly between tissues.
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Sathananthan AH. Degeneration of monoamine nerves in anterior byssus retractor muscle of Mytilus induced by 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine. Cell Tissue Res 1976; 172:425-9. [PMID: 991221 DOI: 10.1007/bf00399523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Preliminary ultrastructural studies on the effects of 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) on the anterior byssus retractor muscle (ABRM) of Mytilus show degeneration of 2 types of monoaminergic nerves after 10 days of drug treatment. One type contained large granular vesicles (560-1,680 A) possibly represent serotonergic and dopaminergic nerves, thought to innervate this muscle. Two other types of profiles seemed to be unaffected by the drug. One conforms to cholinergic nerves while the other has a predominance of large opaque vesicles (1,200-2,500 A). The significance of these findings is discussed in the light of recent observations on the neurotoxic effects of 5,6-DHT on vertebrate and molluscan nerves.
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Dixon JS, Gosling JA. Extravesicular noradrenaline in developing peripheral adrenergic nerves. EXPERIENTIA 1976; 32:1052-3. [PMID: 955020 DOI: 10.1007/bf01933967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using a fluorescence technique numerous developing noradrenergic nerve terminals were observed in the muscle coat of the rat ductus deferens between 2 and 6 days postpartum. In the electron microscope similar developing nerve terminals possessed an extensive system of tubular endoplasmic reticulum but did not contain the small dense cored vesicles characteristic of mature noradrenergic nerve terminals. Thus the tubular reticulum is proposed as an alternative storage site for noradrenaline in developing adrenergic nerves.
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Henderson G, Hughes J. The effects of morphine on the release of noradrenaline from the mouse vas deferens. Br J Pharmacol 1976; 57:551-7. [PMID: 963343 PMCID: PMC1667048 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1976.tb10384.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical field stimulation of the mouse vas deferens (TO and C57/BL strains) caused the release of noradrenaline into the bathing medium. 2 Phenoxybenzamine (30 muM) or phentolamine (36 muM) plus cocaine (13 muM) caused a considerable increase in the noradrenaline output. 3 In the vasa deferentia from TO mice the output per pulse of noradrenaline was constant at frequencies of stimulation from 0.5 to 15 Hz whereas in the vasa deferentia from C57/BL mice the output per pulse of noradrenaline increased two-fold from 1.5 to 15 Hz. 4 Morphine (2 muM) inhibited the contractions of the vasa deferentia from TO mice. This effect was greater at low (0.1-1 Hz) than at high (10 Hz) frequencies of stimulation. Morphine (2 muM) did not inhibit the response of the tissue to exogenous noradrenaline. 5 Morphine (1 muM) reduced the noradrenaline output from the vasa deferentia of TO mice stimulated at 1.5 Hz but did not reduce the noradrenaline output at 15 Hz. At 1.5 Hz the reduction of noradrenaline output was reversed by naloxone (0.05 muM). 6 Morphine (5 muM) did not inhibit the uptake of [3H]-noradrenaline into the vasa deferentia from TO mice. 7 Only in high concentrations (ID50 30.88 muM) did morphine inhibit the contractions of the vasa deferentia from C57/BL mice. 8 Normorphine (100 muM) did not reduce the noradrenaline output from vasa deferentia of C57/BL mice.
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Hib J. Effects of Autonomic Drugs on Epididymal Contractions**Supported by Grant 1-1-1-75 from Programa Latinoamericano de Investigaciones en Reproducción Humana, provided under the auspices of the Corporación Centro Regional de Población (Bogotá, Colombia), and by funds from Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana-Organización Mundial de la Salud. Fertil Steril 1976. [DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)42024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Furness JB. Transmission to the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig vas deferens: The effect of pretreatment with guanethidine. Br J Pharmacol 1974; 50:63-8. [PMID: 4150890 PMCID: PMC1776575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1974.tb09593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1 Tissue was taken from guinea-pigs that had been injected with guanethidine (100 mg/kg, i.p.) 24 h before they were killed, and from paired control animals.2 Pretreatment with guanethidine caused a significant, substantial, and sometimes complete reduction of the nerve-mediated contractions of the vas deferens. There were no significant changes in the responses of the ileum to stimulation of cholinergic nerves or of the distal colon to stimulation of intrinsic (non-adrenergic) inhibitory nerves. Responses of the vas deferens and ileum to acetylcholine were unchanged, but contractions of the vas deferens elicited by exogenous noradrenaline were enhanced.3 The nerve-mediated contractions of the vas deferens were restored by exposing it to (+)-amphetamine followed by noradrenaline in vitro.4 It is concluded that noradrenaline is the transmitter released from motor nerves to the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig vas deferens. Possible explanations for the ineffectiveness of receptor blocking agents in antagonizing transmission are discussed.
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Chamley JH, Campbell GR, Burnstock G. An analysis of the interactions between sympathetic nerve fibers and smooth muscle cells in tissue culture. Dev Biol 1973; 33:344-61. [PMID: 4597131 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(73)90142-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Dixon JS, Gosling JA. The distribution of autonomic nerves in the musculature of the rat vas deferens. A light and electron microscope investigation. J Comp Neurol 1972; 146:175-88. [PMID: 5073888 DOI: 10.1002/cne.901460204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Farnebo LO, Malamfors T. 3 H-noradrenaline release and mechanical response in the field stimulated mouse vas deferens. ACTA PHYSIOLOGICA SCANDINAVICA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1971; 371:1-18. [PMID: 4402149 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1971.tb05210.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fine-structural Identification of Autonomic Nerves and their Relation to Smooth Muscle. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1971. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Baumgarten HG, Holstein AF, Rosengren E. Arrangement, ultrastructure, and adrenergic innervation of smooth musculature of the ductuli efferentes, ductus epididymidis and ductus deferens of man. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1971; 120:37-79. [PMID: 5569060 DOI: 10.1007/bf00331243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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