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Russell I, Stewart GG. Valuable Techniques in the Genetic Manipulation of Industrial Yeast Strains. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF BREWING CHEMISTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1094/asbcj-43-0084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Russell
- Production Research Department, Labatt Brewing Company Limited, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4M3
| | - G. G. Stewart
- Production Research Department, Labatt Brewing Company Limited, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 4M3
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Shi L, Chen D, Xu C, Ren A, Yu H, Zhao M. Highly-efficient liposome-mediated transformation system for the basidiomycetous fungus Flammulina velutipes. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2017; 63:179-185. [PMID: 28484117 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Flammulina velutipes is a well-known edible mushroom cultivated all over the world. However, because of the low transformation frequency, the expensive instruments required, and the complicated, time-consuming procedures necessary, there is insufficient genetic research on F. velutipes. In this study, we report a liposome-mediated transformation (LMT) system for the genetic transformation of F. velutipes. Using the LMT system, we obtained 82 ± 4 stable F. velutipes transformants per 105 protoplasts, which is a clear increase in transformation frequency compared to the other methods used. We were able to detect the expression of an EGFP reporter gene in the F. velutipes transformants using fluorescence imaging assays. Furthermore, we used this method to transfer the laccase gene into F. velutipes and found that the transcriptional level and enzymatic activity increased in these transformants. Mitotic stability analysis showed that all of the selected transformants remained mitotically stable, even after five successive rounds of sub-culturing. These results demonstrate a new transgenic approach that will facilitate F. velutipes research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Dongdong Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Ang Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Hanshou Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University; Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture
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McCluskey K, Baker SE. Diverse data supports the transition of filamentous fungal model organisms into the post-genomics era. Mycology 2017; 8:67-83. [PMID: 30123633 PMCID: PMC6059044 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2017.1281849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have been important as model organisms since the beginning of modern biological inquiry and have benefitted from open data since the earliest genetic maps were shared. From early origins in simple Mendelian genetics of mating types, parasexual genetics of colony colour, and the foundational demonstration of the segregation of a nutritional requirement, the contribution of research systems utilising filamentous fungi has spanned the biochemical genetics era, through the molecular genetics era, and now are at the very foundation of diverse omics approaches to research and development. Fungal model organisms have come from most major taxonomic groups although Ascomycete filamentous fungi have seen the most major sustained effort. In addition to the published material about filamentous fungi, shared molecular tools have found application in every area of fungal biology. Similarly, shared data has contributed to the success of model systems. The scale of data supporting research with filamentous fungi has grown by 10 to 12 orders of magnitude. From genetic to molecular maps, expression databases, and finally genome resources, the open and collaborative nature of the research communities has assured that the rising tide of data has lifted all of the research systems together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin McCluskey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Scott E. Baker
- Environmental Molecular Science Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
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Gómez-Lim MA, Ortíz DM, Fernández F, Loske AM. Transformation of Fungi Using Shock Waves. Fungal Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-10142-2_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Chai R, Zhang G, Sun Q, Zhang M, Zhao S, Qiu L. Liposome-mediated mycelial transformation of filamentous fungi. Fungal Biol 2013; 117:577-83. [PMID: 24012298 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Liposome-mediated transformation is common for cells with no cell wall, but has very limited usage in cells with walls, such as bacteria, fungi, and plants. In this study, we developed a procedure to introduce DNA into mycelium of filamentous fungi, Rhizopus nigricans LH 21 and Pleurotus ostreatus TD 300, by liposome-mediation but with no protoplast preparation. The DNA was transformed into R. nigricans via plasmid pEGFP-C1 and into P. ostreatus via 7.2 kb linear DNA. The mycelia were ground in 0.6 M mannitol without any grinding aids or glass powder for 15 min to make mycelial fragments suspension; the suspension was mixed with a mixture of the DNA and Lipofectamine 2000, and placed on ice for 30 min; 100 μL of the transformation solution was plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate and cultivated at 28 °C for transformant screening. The plasmid and the linear DNA were confirmed to be integrated into the host chromosome, proving the success of transformation. The transformation efficiencies were similar to those of electroporation-mediated protoplast transformation (EMPT) of R. nigricans or PEG/CaCl2-mediated protoplast transformation (PMT) of P. ostreatus, respectively. The results showed that our procedure was effective, fast, and simple transformation method for filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Chai
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Key Laboratory of Enzyme Engineering of Agricultural Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, 95 Wenhua Road, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Genetics and Molecular Biology of Neurospora crassa. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(08)60106-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Abstract
Transformation with exogenous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) now appears to be possible with all fungal species, or at least all that can be grown in culture. This field of research is at present dominated by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and two filamentous members of the class Ascomycetes, Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa, with substantial contributions also from fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and another filamentous member of the class Ascomycetes, Podospora anserina. However, transformation has been demonstrated, and will no doubt be extensively used, in representatives of most of the main fungal classes, including Phycomycetes, Basidiomycetes (the order Agaricales and Ustilago species), and a number of the Fungi Imperfecti. The list includes a number of plant pathogens, and transformation is likely to become important in the analysis of the molecular basis of pathogenicity. Transformation may be maintained either by using an autonomously replicating plasmid as a vehicle for the transforming DNA or through integration of the DNA into the chromosomes. In S. cerevisiae and other yeasts, a variety of autonomously replicating plasmids have been used successfully, some of them designed for use as shuttle vectors for Escherichia coli as well as for yeast transformation. Suitable plasmids are not yet available for use in filamentous fungi, in which stable transformation is dependent on chromosomal integration. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, integration of transforming DNA is virtually always by homology; in filamentous fungi, in contrast, it occurs just as frequently at nonhomologous (ectopic) chromosomal sites. The main importance of transformation in fungi at present is in connection with gene cloning and the analysis of gene function. The most advanced work is being done with S. cerevisiae, in which the virtual restriction of stable DNA integration to homologous chromosome loci enables gene disruption and gene replacement to be carried out with greater precision and efficiency than is possible in other species that show a high proportion of DNA integration events at nonhomologous (ectopic) sites. With a little more trouble, however, the methodology pioneered for S. cerevisiae can be applied to other fungi too. Transformation of fungi with DNA constructs designed for high gene expression and efficient secretion of gene products appears to have great commercial potential.
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Arnau J, Ortiz A, Gomez-Fernández JC, Murillo FJ, Torres-MartÃnez S. Liposome-protoplast fusion inPhycomyces blakesleeanus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1988. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1988.tb02964.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Abstract
Recombinant DNA technology enables the creation of well-defined alterations in the genetic material of an organism. Methods to manipulate recombinant DNA in the filamentous fungi (a group of microorganisms that includes species of academic as well as commercial interest) have recently been developed. This has been the result of adaptation of procedures successfully employed in the manipulation of other microorganisms. There are a number of similarities in the behavior of recombinant DNA in different fungi, but a number of differences have also been observed between the filamentous and the nonfilamentous fungi. Such differences include the ability to identify DNA replication origins and the host range of expression of fungal genes.
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Brzobohatý BÅ, KovÃ¡Ä L. Genetic transformation of yeast protoplasts with DNA encapsulated in liposomes. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1986. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01493.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Buxton FP, Radford A. The transformation of mycelial spheroplasts of Neurospora crassa and the attempted isolation of an autonomous replicator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00328068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Pope S, Baker JM, Parish JH. Assay of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of alkylating agents by using Neurospora spheroplasts. Mutat Res 1984; 125:43-53. [PMID: 6228734 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(84)90030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A system relying on the use of Neurospora crassa spheroplasts has been developed for the assay of cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of chemical compounds. Mutagenicity was assayed by using reversion of alleles in the am gene selected to recognize certain specified transitions and also undefined point mutations. Cytotoxicity was quantified by measuring a 'cytotoxicity parameter', m, which appears in the exponential function that fits the survival/dose curve for each compound (under standard incubation conditions). Of the compounds tested, nitrogen mustard (Cl(CH2)2 NMe(CH2)2Cl) was cytotoxic and non-mutagenic, and ethyl nitrosourea was highly mutagenic but not cytotoxic. Of the remaining compounds tested, methyl nitrosourea, butadiene diepoxide, and cis platin (cis diammonia platinum II chloride) all showed comparable mutagenicity per survivor, although the values of m covered a wide range. Differences were found between the different compounds in the effects of the uvs-2 allele on survival and on the preponderance of G to A transitions.
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Banks GR. Transformation of Ustilago maydis by a plasmid containing yeast 2-micron DNA. Curr Genet 1983; 7:73-7. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00365684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/1982] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Makins JF. The theory and practical applications of liposome-protoplast interactions. EXPERIENTIA. SUPPLEMENTUM 1983; 46:197-207. [PMID: 6201389 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-6776-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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