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Dagallier LPMJ, Condamine FL, Couvreur TLP. Sequential diversification with Miocene extinction and Pliocene speciation linked to mountain uplift explains the diversity of the African rain forest clade Monodoreae (Annonaceae). ANNALS OF BOTANY 2024; 133:677-696. [PMID: 37659091 PMCID: PMC11082524 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Throughout the Cenozoic, Africa underwent several climatic and geological changes impacting the evolution of tropical rain forests (TRFs). African TRFs are thought to have extended from east to west in a 'pan-African' TRF, followed by several events of fragmentation during drier climate periods. During the Miocene, climate cooling and mountain uplift led to the aridification of tropical Africa and open habitats expanded at the expense of TRFs, which probably experienced local extinctions. However, in plants, these drivers were previously inferred using limited taxonomic and molecular data. Here, we tested the impact of climate and geological changes on diversification within the diverse clade Monodoreae (Annonaceae) composed of 90 tree species restricted to African TRFs. METHODS We reconstructed a near-complete phylogenetic tree, based on 32 nuclear genes, and dated using relaxed clocks and fossil calibrations in a Bayesian framework. We inferred the biogeographical history and the diversification dynamics of the clade using multiple birth-death models. KEY RESULTS Monodoreae originated in East African TRFs ~25 million years ago (Ma) and expanded toward Central Africa during the Miocene. We inferred range contractions during the middle Miocene and document important connections between East and West African TRFs after 15-13 Ma. Our results indicated a sudden extinction event during the late Miocene, followed by an increase in speciation rates. Birth-death models suggested that African elevation change (orogeny) is positively linked to speciation in this clade. CONCLUSION East Africa is inferred as an important source of Monodoreae species, and possibly for African plant diversity in general. Our results support a 'sequential scenario of diversification' in which increased aridification triggered extinction of TRF species in Monodoreae. This was quickly followed by fragmentation of rain forests, subsequently enhancing lagged speciation resulting from vicariance and improved climate conditions. In contrast to previous ideas, the uplift of East Africa is shown to have played a positive role in Monodoreae diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo-Paul M J Dagallier
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences de l’Evolution de Montpellier (Université de Montpellier), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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Rodríguez-Lorenzo M, Mauri N, Royo C, Rambla JL, Diretto G, Demurtas O, Hilbert G, Renaud C, Tobar V, Huete J, Delrot S, Granell A, Martínez-Zapater JM, Carbonell-Bejerano P. The flavour of grape colour: anthocyanin content tunes aroma precursor composition by altering the berry microenvironment. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6369-6390. [PMID: 37294268 PMCID: PMC10627162 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyaninless (white) instead of black/red (coloured) fruits develop in grapevine cultivars without functional VviMYBA1 and VviMYBA2 genes, and this conditions the colour of wines that can be produced. To evaluate whether this genetic variation has additional consequences on fruit ripening and composition, we performed comparisons of microenvironment, transcriptomics, and metabolomics of developing grapes between near-isogenic white- and black-berried somatic variants of Garnacha and Tempranillo cultivars. Berry temperature was as much as 3.5 ºC lower in white- compared to black-berried Tempranillo. An RNA-seq study combined with targeted and untargeted metabolomics revealed that ripening fruits of white-berried variants were characterized by the up-regulation of photosynthesis-related and other light-responsive genes and by their higher accumulation of specific terpene aroma precursors, fatty acid-derived aldehyde volatiles, and phenylpropanoid precursor amino acids. MYBA1-MYBA2 function proved essential for flavonol trihydroxylation in black-berried somatic variants, which were also characterized by enhanced expression of pathogen defence genes in the berry skin and increased accumulation of C6-derived alcohol and ester volatiles and γ-aminobutyric acid. Collectively, our results indicate that anthocyanin depletion has side-effects on grape composition by altering the internal microenvironment of the berry and the partitioning of the phenylpropanoid pathway. Our findings show how fruit colour can condition other fruit features, such as flavour potential and stress homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Nuria Mauri
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Carolina Royo
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - José L Rambla
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, IBMCP, CSIC - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46011 Valencia, Spain
- Universitat Jaume I, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, 12071 Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Olivia Demurtas
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - Ghislaine Hilbert
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA - Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Christel Renaud
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA - Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Vanessa Tobar
- Servicio de Información Agroclimática de La Rioja (SIAR). Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Joaquín Huete
- Servicio de Información Agroclimática de La Rioja (SIAR). Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente, Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Serge Delrot
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRA - Université de Bordeaux, ISVV, 33140 Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Antonio Granell
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, IBMCP, CSIC - Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 46011 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Zapater
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain
| | - Pablo Carbonell-Bejerano
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino, ICVV, CSIC - Universidad de La Rioja - Gobierno de La Rioja, 26007 Logroño, Spain
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Dagallier LPMJ, Mbago FM, Couderc M, Gaudeul M, Grall A, Loup C, Wieringa JJ, Sonké B, Couvreur TLP. Phylogenomic inference of the African tribe Monodoreae (Annonaceae) and taxonomic revision of Dennettia, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 233:1-200. [PMID: 37811332 PMCID: PMC10552675 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.233.103096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Monodoreae (Annonaceae) is a tribe composed of 11 genera and 90 species restricted to the tropical African rain forests. All the genera are taxonomically well circumscribed except the species rich genera Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis which lack a recent taxonomic revision. Here, we used a robust phylogenomic approach, including all the 90 currently accepted species, with several specimens per species, and based on more than 300 Annonaceae-specific nuclear genes, to infer the phylogenetic tree of the Monodoreae and test the limits between the genera and species. We recover all the genera as monophyletic, except the genus Uvariopsis for which the species Uvariopsistripetala falls outside this clade. We thus reinstate the monotypic genus Dennettia for its single species Dennettiatripetala. We also erect a new tribe, Ophrypetaleae trib. nov., to accommodate the genera Ophrypetalum and Sanrafaelia, as we recover them excluded from the Monodoreae tribe with good support. Below the genus level, the genera Isolona, Monodora, Uvariastrum, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis show weakly supported nodes and phylogenetic conflicts, suggesting that population level processes of evolution might occur in these clades. Our results also support, at the molecular level, the description of several new species of Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis, as well as several new synonymies. Finally, we present a taxonomic revision of the genera Dennettia, Uvariodendron and Uvariopsis, which contain one, 18 and 17 species respectively. We provide a key to the 11 genera of the Monodoraeae and describe four new species to science: Uvariodendronkimbozaense Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov., Uvariodendronmossambicense Robson ex Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov., Uvariodendronpilosicarpum Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov. and Uvariopsisoligocarpa Dagallier & Couvreur, sp. nov., and provide provisional descriptions of three putatively new species. We also present lectotypifications and nomenclatural changes implying synonymies and new combinations (Uvariodendroncitriodorum (Le Thomas) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov., Uvariodendronfuscumvar.magnificum (Verdc.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov., Uvariopsiscongensisvar.angustifolia Dagallier & Couvreur, var. nov., Uvariopsisguineensisvar.globiflora (Keay) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov., and Uvariopsissolheidiivar.letestui (Pellegr.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. et stat. nov.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo-Paul M. J. Dagallier
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458, USA
| | - Frank M. Mbago
- The Herbarium, Botany Department, Box 35060, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Marie Couderc
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Gaudeul
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle-CNRS-SU-EPHE-UA, 57 rue Cuvier, CP 39, 75231 Paris, Cedex 05, France
| | - Aurélie Grall
- Herbaria Basel, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Herbarium, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AE, UK
| | - Caroline Loup
- DIADE, Université de Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jan J. Wieringa
- Herbier MPU, DCSPH – CC 99010, Université de Montpellier, 163 rue A. Broussonnet, F-34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, Netherlands
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Boiten G, Dekegel S, Tagg N, Willie J. Defaunation is known to have pervasive, negative effects on tropical forests, but this is not the whole story. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290717. [PMID: 37651368 PMCID: PMC10470957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem functioning and integrity are affected by the loss of large-bodied animals, and comprehending when and how ecosystems are affected is an important goal of defaunation ecology. Despite considerable investigation, our understanding is incomplete. Previous research is biased towards the study of seed dispersal in the Neotropics. This study examined whether and how defaunation affects stem density, species diversity, species composition, spatial distribution, and dispersal mode composition of young understorey plants in an Afrotropical setting. Rectangular plots along transects and wedge-shaped plots under focal trees of five mammal-dispersed species were used to compare three sites representing a defaunation gradient in the Dja faunal reserve in Cameroon. Results showed no change in stem density. Woody plant diversity was highest in the most defaunated site, and compositional differences were noted. Under focal trees, the overall abundance of both seedlings and juveniles was similar. The most defaunated site had the highest number of seedlings far from parent trees. More juvenile stems occurred near parent trees in the least defaunated site. This surprising trend might result from fruit dispersal by small, surviving animals and humans more easily collecting fruits, for food or medicinal purposes, in defaunated, more accessible sites. Negligible or no differences in the abundance of animal-dispersed species and other dispersal modes emerged. This study highlights the roles of extant taxa as surrogate providers of ecological services in defaunated Afrotropical forests. Hence, functional compensation is a serious possibility. Additionally, conceptual models of defaunation consequences that exclude the role of humans may not reflect real-world situations. Overall, these investigations suggest that tropical forests, especially those where ecological niches are less partitioned, may be more resilient to defaunation pressures than is often assumed. Effectively conserving extant, and perhaps less iconic, animal species provides hope for defaunated forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gust Boiten
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Steffi Dekegel
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Earth and Life Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Nikki Tagg
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Born Free Foundation, Horsham, United Kingdom
| | - Jacob Willie
- Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Casorso JG, DePasquale AN, Romero Morales S, Cheves Hernandez S, Lopez Navarro R, Hockings KJ, Carrigan MA, Melin AD. Seed dispersal syndrome predicts ethanol concentration of fruits in a tropical dry forest. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230804. [PMID: 37464751 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying fruit traits and their interactions with seed dispersers can improve how we interpret patterns of biodiversity, ecosystem function and evolution. Mounting evidence suggests that fruit ethanol is common and variable, and may exert selective pressures on seed dispersers. To test this, we comprehensively assess fruit ethanol content in a wild ecosystem and explore sources of variation. We hypothesize that both phylogeny and seed dispersal syndrome explain variation in ethanol levels, and we predict that fruits with mammalian dispersal traits will contain higher levels of ethanol than those with bird dispersal traits. We measured ripe fruit ethanol content in species with mammal- (n = 16), bird- (n = 14) or mixed-dispersal (n = 7) syndromes in a Costa Rican tropical dry forest. Seventy-eight per cent of fruit species yielded measurable ethanol concentrations. We detected a phylogenetic signal in maximum ethanol levels (Pagel's λ = 0.82). Controlling for phylogeny, we observed greater ethanol concentrations in mammal-dispersed fruits, indicating that dispersal syndrome helps explain variation in ethanol content, and that mammals may be more exposed to ethanol in their diets than birds. Our findings further our understanding of wild fruit ethanol and its potential role as a selective pressure on frugivore sensory systems and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Casorso
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Allegra N DePasquale
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Hazell RJ, Sam K, Sreekar R, Yama S, Koagouw W, Stewart AJA, Peck MR. Bird preferences for fruit size, but not color, vary in accordance with fruit traits along a tropical elevational gradient. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9835. [PMID: 36818525 PMCID: PMC9929344 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Birds constitute one of the most important seed dispersal agents globally, especially in the tropics. The feeding preferences of frugivorous birds are, therefore, potentially of great ecological importance. A number of laboratory-based and observational studies have attempted to ascertain the preferences of certain bird species for certain fruit traits. However, little attention has been paid to community-wide preferences of frugivorous birds and the impact this may have on fruit traits on a broader scale. Here, we used artificial fruits of different colors and sizes to investigate community-wide fruit trait preferences of birds at three sites along an elevational gradient in Papua New Guinea. We recorded attack rates on artificial fruits as visible impressions made by a bird's beak during a feeding attempt. We also measured the colors and sizes of real fruits at each site, and the gape widths of frugivorous birds, allowing for comparisons between bird feeding preferences and bird and fruit traits. Regardless of elevation, red and purple fruits were universally preferred to green and attacked at similar rates to one another, despite strong elevational patterns in real fruit color. However, elevation had a significant effect on fruit size preferences. A weak, non-significant preference for large fruits was recorded at 700 m, while medium fruits were strongly preferred at 1700 m and small fruits at 2700 m. These patterns mirror those of both real fruit size and frugivorous bird gape width along the gradient, suggesting the potential for selective pressure of birds on fruit size at different elevations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Hazell
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Katerina Sam
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic,Faculty of ScienceUniversity of South BohemiaCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Rachakonda Sreekar
- Biology Centre of Czech Academy of SciencesInstitute of EntomologyCeske BudejoviceCzech Republic
| | - Samson Yama
- New Guinea Binatang Research CentreMadangPapua New Guinea
| | - Wulan Koagouw
- National Research and Innovation AgencyCentral JakartaIndonesia
| | - Alan J. A. Stewart
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Mika R. Peck
- Department of Evolution, Behaviour and Environment, School of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
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Vollstädt MGR, Galetti M, Kaiser‐Bunbury CN, Simmons BI, Gonçalves F, Morales‐Pérez AL, Navarro L, Tarazona‐Tubens FL, Schubert S, Carlo T, Salazar J, Faife‐Cabrera M, Strong A, Madden H, Mitchell A, Dalsgaard B. Plant–frugivore interactions across the Caribbean islands: Modularity, invader complexes and the importance of generalist species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian G. R. Vollstädt
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Department of Biology University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
- Instituto de Biociências, Departamento de Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Rio Claro Brazil
| | - Christopher N. Kaiser‐Bunbury
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Penryn Campus University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Benno I. Simmons
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, Penryn Campus University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Fernando Gonçalves
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Luis Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ciencias del Suelo Universidad de Vigo Vigo Spain
| | | | - Spencer Schubert
- Department of Biological Sciences Old Dominion University Norfolk Virginia USA
| | - Tomas Carlo
- Biology Department & Ecology Program The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania USA
| | - Jackeline Salazar
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo (UASD) Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
- Grupo Jaragua Inc. Santo Domingo Dominican Republic
| | - Michel Faife‐Cabrera
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Centro de Estudios Jardín Botánico Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas Santa Clara Cuba
| | - Allan Strong
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources University of Vermont, Aiken Center Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Hannah Madden
- Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute (CNSI) Oranjestad The Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, and Utrecht University Den Burg The Netherlands
| | - Adam Mitchell
- Sint Eustatius National Parks Oranjestad Netherlands
| | - Bo Dalsgaard
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, GLOBE Institute University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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Kiffner C, Kioko J, Butynski TM, de Jong YA, Zinner D. Population dynamics of the Manyara monkey ( Cercopithecus mitis manyaraensis) and vervet monkey ( Chlorocebus pygerythrus) in Lake Manyara National Park, Tanzania. Primate Biol 2022; 9:33-43. [PMID: 36267696 PMCID: PMC9562685 DOI: 10.5194/pb-9-33-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Estimating population densities and their trends over time is essential for understanding primate ecology and for guiding conservation efforts. From 2011 through to 2019, we counted two guenon species during seasonal road transect surveys in Lake Manyara National Park: the Tanzania-endemic Manyara monkey Cercopithecus mitis manyaraensis (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN, Red List category of "endangered") and the vervet monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus (Red List category of "least concern"). To account for imperfect detectability, we analysed the data in a line distance sampling framework, fitted species-specific detection functions, and subsequently estimated seasonal densities. To test for seasonal differences and yearly trends in the species-specific density estimates, we fitted generalized additive models. Seasonal point density estimates fluctuated considerably during the 9 years (2011-2019) of our study, ranging from 3 to 29 individuals km - 2 for Manyara monkeys and from 19 to 83 individuals km - 2 for vervet monkeys. Densities of both taxa did not differ seasonally, and we did not detect marked directional population trends. Our study illustrates the utility and limitations of line distance sampling for long-term primate monitoring. Beyond informing primate ecology and management, our results highlight the conservation importance of Lake Manyara National Park for primate conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kiffner
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies, 23601, Karatu, Tanzania,Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck
Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Human–Wildlife Conflict & Coexistence in Agricultural Landscapes Group,
Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - John Kioko
- Center for Wildlife Management Studies, The School for Field Studies, 23601, Karatu, Tanzania
| | - Thomas M. Butynski
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki
10400, Kenya
| | - Yvonne A. de Jong
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program, Nanyuki
10400, Kenya
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany,Department of Primate Cognition, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, 37083
Göttingen, Germany,Leibniz Science Campus Primate Cognition, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Scalbert M, Vermeulen C, Breuer T, Doucet J. The challenging coexistence of forest elephants
Loxodonta cyclotis
and timber concessions in central Africa. Mamm Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Scalbert
- Université de Liège – Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech, Forest is Life, Terra Teaching and Research Centre Passage des Déportés 2 B‐5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Cédric Vermeulen
- Université de Liège – Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech, Forest is Life, Terra Teaching and Research Centre Passage des Déportés 2 B‐5030 Gembloux Belgium
| | - Thomas Breuer
- World Wide Fund for Nature Germany Reinhardstr. 18 10117 Berlin Germany
| | - Jean‐Louis Doucet
- Université de Liège – Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech, Forest is Life, Terra Teaching and Research Centre Passage des Déportés 2 B‐5030 Gembloux Belgium
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Couvreur TLP, Dagallier LPMJ, Crozier F, Ghogue JP, Hoekstra PH, Kamdem NG, Johnson DM, Murray NA, Sonké B. Flora of Cameroon - Annonaceae Vol 45. PHYTOKEYS 2022; 207:1-532. [PMID: 36760862 PMCID: PMC9849070 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.207.61432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Annonaceae is a major pantropical family with 113 genera and about 2550 species. Cameroon is one of the most biodiverse countries in Africa but its flora remains incompletely known. In this volume of the Flora of Cameroon, we describe 166 native taxa representing 163 species in 28 native genera within the family Annonaceae. A total of 22 species (about 13%) are endemic to the country. We provide keys to all native genera, species, and infraspecific taxa. For each species a detailed morphological description and a map of its distribution in Cameroon are provided. Distribution maps and diversity analyses are based on a taxonomically verified database of 2073 collections. Across Africa, Cameroon is a center of diversity for Annonaceae harboring one of the highest numbers of species and genera. For example, Cameroon harbors the highest number of African species for the only pantropical genus of Annonaceae, Xylopia. Annonaceae are found across all 10 administrative regions of Cameroon but diversity is concentrated within the tropical rain forest areas situated in the south and South-West. The areas around Bipindi and Mount Cameroon show the highest levels of diversity, but this is correlated with collection effort. Line drawings and/or photographs accompany most species. One species new to science Uvariopsisetugeana Dagallier & Couvreur sp. nov. is described. We also undertake a number of nomenclatural changes such as lectotypifications, six new synonymies and two new combinations (Uvariaanisotricha (Le Thomas) Couvreur, comb. nov.; Uvariodendronfuscumvar.giganteum (Engl.) Dagallier & Couvreur, comb. nov.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. P. Couvreur
- IRD, DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, CameroonUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Botany Section, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, NetherlandsUniversité de Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | | | - Francoise Crozier
- IRD, DIADE, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, FranceNaturalis Biodiversity CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Ghogue
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, CameroonUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Green Connexion, Environmental Group, siège face GP Mélen, à côté de l’immeuble Palais des verres. Yaoundé, CamerounGreen ConnexionYaoundéCameroon
| | - Paul H. Hoekstra
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Botany Section, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, NetherlandsUniversité de Yaoundé IYaoundéCameroon
| | - Narcisse G. Kamdem
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, CameroonUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - David M. Johnson
- Department of Botany-Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USAOhio Wesleyan UniversityDelawareUnited States of America
| | - Nancy A. Murray
- Department of Botany-Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USAOhio Wesleyan UniversityDelawareUnited States of America
| | - Bonaventure Sonké
- Université de Yaoundé I, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Laboratoire de Botanique systématique et d’Ecologie, B.P. 047, Yaoundé, CameroonUniv MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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11
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Foraging Strategies of Invasive Macaca fascicularis may Promote Plant Invasion in Mauritius. INT J PRIMATOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10764-022-00324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effectiveness of seed dispersal by frugivorous primates may vary between seasons and plant species, depending on foraging strategies. We investigated how foraging strategies of an invasive frugivorous primate (the long-tailed macaque, Macaca fascicularis) affect seed dispersal effectiveness (SDE) between native and invasive plants in Mauritius’ native remnant forests. By collecting behavioural data on a group of partially habituated macaques via scan sampling from December 2019 until December 2020 (mean 19.2 ± SD 7.3 hours per month), we investigated seasonal patterns in diet, home range, and fruit availability to identify foraging strategies and determine fruit preference. We simultaneously assessed SDE for invasive vs native plants by quantifying native and invasive fruits consumed or dropped intact by macaques during feeding bouts (n = 114). Macaques fed increasingly on ripe invasive fruits and less on other food items as fruit availability increased, due to preference for invasive fruits and disproportionate availability of invasive vs native fruits. When fruit became scarcer, macaques had larger home ranges, increasingly fed on scarce unripe native and invasive fruits, and expanded their diet by eating orchard crops, indicating use of energy-maximizing strategies. Macaques consumed more native than invasive fruits when unripe and commonly destroyed seeds of native fruits, indicating higher SDE for invasive vs native plants. Higher discard rates of unripe compared to ripe fruits further reinforced these differences in SDE. Our results highlight potential facilitation of plant invasion by an invasive primate, due to foraging strategies shaped by the availability of invasive fruits.
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Rojas TN, Zampini IC, Isla MI, Blendinger PG. Fleshy fruit traits and seed dispersers: which traits define syndromes? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2022; 129:831-838. [PMID: 34918034 PMCID: PMC9292605 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fruit traits and their inter-relationships can affect foraging choices by frugivores, and hence the probability of mutualistic interactions. Certain combinations of fruit traits that determine the interaction with specific seed dispersers are known as dispersal syndromes. The dispersal syndrome hypothesis (DSH) states that seed dispersers influence the combination of fruit traits found in fruits. Therefore, fruit traits can predict the type of dispersers with which plant species interact. Here, we analysed whether relationships of fruit traits can be explained by the DSH. To do so, we estimated the inter-relationships between morphological, chemical and display groups of fruit traits. In addition, we tested the importance of each trait group defining seed dispersal syndromes. METHODS Using phylogenetically corrected fruit trait data and fruit-seed disperser networks, we tested the relationships among morphological, chemical and display fruit traits with Pearson's correlations and phenotypic integration indices. Then, we used perMANOVA to test if the fruit traits involved in the analysis supported the functional types of seed dispersers. KEY RESULTS Morphological traits showed strong intragroup relationships, in contrast to chemical and display traits whose intragroup trait relationships were weak or null. Accordingly, only the morphological group of traits supported three broad seed disperser functional types (birds, terrestrial mammals and bats), consistent with the DSH. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results give some support to the DSH. Here, the three groups of traits interacted in different ways with seed disperser biology. Broad functional types of seed dispersers would adjust fruit consumption to anatomical limitations imposed by fruit morphology. Once this anatomical filter is sovercome, seed dispersers use almost all the range of variation in chemical and display fruit traits. This suggests that the effect of seed dispersers on fruit traits is modulated by hierarchical decisions. First, morphological constraints define which interactions can actually occur; subsequently, display and composition determine fruit preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iris Catiana Zampini
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET, San Lorenzo 1469, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 2005, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María Inés Isla
- Instituto de Bioprospección y Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET, San Lorenzo 1469, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 2005, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Pedro G Blendinger
- Instituto de Ecología Regional, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán & CONICET, CC 34, 4107 Yerba Buena, Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel Lillo 2005, 4000 San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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13
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Génard M, Lescourret F, Bertin N, Vercambre G. Resource Translocation Modelling Highlights Density-Dependence Effects in Fruit Production at Various Levels of Organisation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:931297. [PMID: 35873998 PMCID: PMC9305715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.931297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The size of fruit cells, seeds and fruits depends on their number. Could this density-dependence effect result from sugar resource sharing and, if so, does it involve phloem sugar flow or the intensity of sugar unloading to the sink? A density-dependence model (DDM) describing these processes was designed and parameterised for six species at five levels of organisation: cells and seeds within fruits, fruits within clusters, fruits within plants and plants within plots. Sugar flow was driven by phloem conductance, determined by parameters α, governing the shape of its relationship to population size, and κ, its value for a population size of one. Sugar unloading followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with parameters Vm (maximal unloading rate) and Km (Michaelis constant). The DDM effectively reproduced the observed individual mass dynamics, the undercompensating density dependence observed in most species at all sub-plant levels and the undercompensating, exact and overcompensating density dependence observed at the plant level. Conductance (κ) was a scaling factor varying with the level of organisation. Vm was positively correlated with density dependence, and α was negatively correlated with density dependence only if the plant-within-plot level was not considered. Analysis of the model's behaviour indicates that density dependence of fruit growth could be a result of sugar sharing, and that both phloem sugar flow and sugar unloading contribute to these effects.
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Mandujano S, López-Tello E. Fruits of Cyrtocarpa procera Kunth (Anacardiaceae) as resource for medium to large-sized terrestrial mammals species in a tropical dry forest. STUDIES ON NEOTROPICAL FAUNA AND ENVIRONMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01650521.2022.2070097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Mandujano
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, México
| | - Eva López-Tello
- Red de Biología y Conservación de Vertebrados, Instituto de Ecología A.C, México
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15
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Wang B, Zelditch M, Badgley C. Geometric morphometrics of mandibles for dietary differentiation of Bovidae (Mammalia: Artiodactyla). Curr Zool 2022; 68:237-249. [PMID: 35592346 PMCID: PMC9113326 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian family Bovidae has been widely studied in ecomorphological research, with important applications to paleoecological and paleohabitat reconstructions. Most studies of bovid craniomandibular features in relation to diet have used linear measurements. In this study, we conduct landmark-based geometric-morphometric analyses to evaluate whether different dietary groups can be distinguished by mandibular morphology. Our analysis includes data for 100 species of extant bovids, covering all bovid tribes and 2 dietary classifications. For the first classification with 3 feeding categories, we found that browsers (including frugivores), mixed feeders, and grazers are moderately well separated using mandibular shape. A finer dietary classification (frugivore, browser, browser-grazer intermediate, generalist, variable grazer, and obligate grazer) proved to be more useful for differentiating dietary extremes (frugivores and obligate grazers) but performed equally or less well for other groups. Notably, frugivorous bovids, which belong in tribe Cephalophini, have a distinct mandibular shape that is readily distinguished from all other dietary groups, yielding a 100% correct classification rate from jackknife cross-validation. The main differences in mandibular shape found among dietary groups are related to the functional needs of species during forage prehension and mastication. Compared with browsers, both frugivores and grazers have mandibles that are adapted for higher biomechanical demand of chewing. Additionally, frugivore mandibles are adapted for selective cropping. Our results call for more work on the feeding ecology and functional morphology of frugivores and offer an approach for reconstructing the diet of extinct bovids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bian Wang
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1005, USA.,Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Miriam Zelditch
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Catherine Badgley
- Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
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16
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Vukeya LR, Mokotjomela TM, Malebo NJ, Saheed O. Seed dispersal phenology of encroaching woody species in the Free State National Botanical Garden, South Africa. Afr J Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Loyd R. Vukeya
- South Africa National Biodiversity Institute Free State National Botanical Garden Bloemfontein South Africa
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Science Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - Thabiso M. Mokotjomela
- Centre for Invasion Biology, South Africa National Biodiversity Institute Free State National Botanical Garden Bloemfontein South Africa
- School of Life Sciences University of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Ntsoaki J. Malebo
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Science Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
| | - Oke Saheed
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Science Central University of Technology Bloemfontein South Africa
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17
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DePasquale A, Hogan JD, Guadamuz Araya C, Dominy NJ, Melin AD. Aeroscapes and the Sensory Ecology of Olfaction in a Tropical Dry Forest. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.849281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeroscapes—dynamic patterns of air speed and direction—form a critical component of landscape ecology by shaping numerous animal behaviors, including movement, foraging, and social and/or reproductive interactions. Aeroecology is particularly critical for sensory ecology: air is the medium through which many sensory signals and cues propagate, inherently linking sensory perception to variables such as air speed and turbulence. Yet, aeroscapes are seldom explicitly considered in studies of sensory ecology and evolution. A key first step towards this goal is to describe the aeroscapes of habitats. Here, we quantify the variation in air movement in two successional stages (early and late) of a tropical dry forest in Costa Rica. We recorded air speeds every 10 seconds at five different heights simultaneously. Average air speeds and turbulence increased with height above the ground, generally peaked midday, and were higher overall at the early successional forest site. These patterns of lower air speed and turbulence at ground level and overnight have important implications for olfactory foraging niches, as chemotaxis is most reliable when air movement is low and steady. We discuss our results in the context of possible selective pressures and observed variation in the foraging ecology, behaviors, and associated morphologies of resident vertebrates, with a focus on mammals. However, these data also have relevance to researchers studying socioecology, invertebrate biology, plant evolution, community ecology and more. Further investigation into how animals use different forest types, canopy heights and partition activities across different times of day will further inform our understanding of how landscape and sensory ecology are interrelated. Finally, we emphasize the timeliness of monitoring aeroecology as global wind patterns shift with climate change and human disturbance alters forest structure, which may have important downstream consequences for biological conservation.
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18
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Wong ST, Ng CKC. What drives food security for wildlife in logged and intact forests of tropical Borneo? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2022; 66:753-767. [PMID: 35059819 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Timber extraction is often cited as detrimental to wildlife ecology. Little information, however, in particular from the Southeast Asian tropics, is available on how exactly logging affects wildlife food security. To address the gap, this paper presents the first high-resolution comparison of fruit production between logged and intact forests in lowland Borneo. In the period of 2004-2008, dry weight of fruit litter was assessed as a proxy for food security of wildlife. The pheno-phases of 1,054 trees in 14 sampling plots were monitored for 54 months. A total of 143,184 fruits from 50 tree families were collected from six sampling transects totalling 810 km in 34 months. Surprisingly, logged forest (mean = 23.3 kg ha-1, SD = 48.9) produced more fruit litter than intact forest (mean = 16.7 kg ha-1, SD = 23.3), although the difference is not significant based on Student's t test; t(66) = 0.702, p = 0.485. Pheno-phases could not be entirely explained by rainfall and temperature variables. Some evidence, however, indicates tree species composition, stand structure and sunlight exposure were likely determinants of flowering and fruit litter intensity. All things being equal, results imply selective logging if considerately practiced may increase food security for wildlife. The findings, however, should be interpreted with caution since tropical forest phenology and fruit productivity are also driven by a suite of small-scale edaphic attributes and large-scale spatio-temporal meteorological forcing. Although this research deals mainly with Borneo, the principles discussed and insights offered herein are valuable for furthering conversation around sustainable forestry in tropical Asia and elsewhere globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Te Wong
- Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre, PPM 219, Elopura, 90000, Sandakan, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Casey Keat-Chuan Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Georgetown, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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19
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Non-visual senses in fruit selection by the mantled howler monkey (Alouatta palliata). Primates 2022; 63:293-303. [PMID: 35289382 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-00984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
There is extensive knowledge about the visual system and the implications of the evolution of trichromatic color vision in howler monkeys (genus Alouatta) related to food selection; however, information about the other sensory systems is limited. In this study we assessed the use of touch, sniffing, and taste in fruit evaluation by 20 adult mantled howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata) on Agaltepec Island, Mexico. During 9 months of observation, we recorded the frequency that each monkey used touch, sniffing, and taste in evaluating cryptic fruits (that remain green during their ripening process) and conspicuous fruits (with red, yellow, or orange colorations when they are ripe). Sucrose content and hardness measurements were made to establish the degree of ripeness of the fruits. We found that mantled howler monkeys used long behavioral sequences during conspicuous fruit investigations. Sniffing was used infrequently, but significantly more often in the evaluation of conspicuous-ripe and unripe fruits compared to cryptic-ripe and unripe fruits. During the evaluation of cryptic-ripe fruits, mantled howler monkeys increased the use of touch compared to evaluating cryptic-unripe fruits. We did not find significant differences in the use of taste in the evaluation of cryptic and conspicuous fruits (both ripe and unripe). Our results suggest that the non-visual senses play an essential role in fruit selection by howler monkeys, with differences in the behavioral strategy according to the fruit's conspicuity. The multimodal signals of ripe and unripe fruits allow the howler monkeys to assess their palatability before being consumed.
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20
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Ross AC, Bryer MA, Chapman CA, Rothman JM, Nevo O, Valenta K. Why eat flowers? Symphonia globulifera flowers provide a fatty resource for red-tailed monkeys. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.1163/14219980-20211003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Flowers are ubiquitous in primate environments, yet their nutritional advantages are underexamined. Symphonia globulifera is a widely distributed tree exploited by a variety of animals in Africa and the Americas. We collected S. globulifera flower samples consumed by red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius) and compared them nutritionally to flower samples from other plant species in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Flowers were assayed for three fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, lignin), fat, crude protein, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN), ash, and soluble sugars. We estimated available protein, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), and metabolizable energy (ME). We calculated the mean and standard deviation for all nutrient categories and applied nutritional geometry to illustrate the balance among the energetic gains from available protein, fat, fiber, and TNC across flower species. Our results suggest that S. globulifera flowers provide an unusually high fat resource (14.82% ± 1.41%) relative to other flowers (1.38% ± 5.79%) and other foods exploited in the same habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C. Ross
- Department of Anthropology, Rock Valley College, 3301 N. Mulford Road, Rockford, IL 61114, USA
| | - Margaret A.H. Bryer
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California- Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
- Wilson Center, Environmental Change and Security Program, Washington, DC 20004, USA
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Omer Nevo
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kim Valenta
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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21
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Oliveira PD, Benevides CR, Greco AV, Leão LCS, Rodarte ATDA, Lima HAD. Fruiting phenology and dispersal syndromes in a sandy coastal plain in southeastern Brazil. RODRIGUÉSIA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202273047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Fruits have a wide variety of morphological and phenological characteristics that have been related to environmental conditions and seed dispersal mode. In this paper, we describe the fruit morphology, the fruiting phenology and infer dispersal patterns of 52 species from restinga of Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, in order to understand the richness and temporal variation of these resources in the community. Fleshy, indehiscent, and colored fruits, typical of zoochory, predominate in the restinga (77.8%). Anemochoric fruits represent 13.3%. In 42% of zoochoric species, fruits go through three to five colors until maturity, and different stages of ripeness can be observed on the same plant. A constant supply of zoochoric and anemochoric fruits was observed throughout the year. Unlike flowering, there were no significant correlations between fruiting activity and intensity and abiotic factors. For the community studied, the fruiting pattern observed also contrasts with flowering, due to the lower seasonality, and intensity suggesting that biotic factors, such as seed dispersers (in the case of zoochoric fruits) may have relevance in determining fruit ripening and seed dispersal periods in coastal environments.
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22
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Raji IA, Downs CT. Ficus-frugivore interactions, especially in areas of land-use change, in Africa: A systematic review. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2021.103774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Teodosio-Faustino IA, Chávez-González E, Ruelas Inzunza E. In a Neotropical Periurban Park, Fruit Consumption by Birds Seems to Be a Random Process. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.630150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Frugivory interactions between birds and fruit-bearing plants are shaped by the abundance of its interacting species, their temporal overlap, the matching of their morphologies, as well as fruit and seed characteristics. Our study evaluates the role of seven factors of fruits and plants in determining the frequency of whole-fruit consumption by birds. We studied the frugivory network of a Neotropical periurban park in Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, and quantified relative abundance and phenology of birds and fruit, as well as fruit morphology, chromatic and achromatic contrast, and nutritional content. Using a maximum likelihood approach, we compared the observed interaction network with 62 single- and multiple-variable probabilistic models. Our network is composed of 11 plants and 17 birds involved in 81 frugivory interactions. This network is nested, modular, and relatively specialized. However, the frequency of pairwise interactions is not explained by the variables examined in our probabilistic models and found the null model has the best performance. This indicates that no single predictor or combination of them is better at explaining the observed frequency of pairwise interactions than the null model. The subsequent four top-ranking models, with ΔAIC values < 100, are single-variable ones: carbohydrate content, lipid content, chromatic contrast, and morphology. Two- and three-variable models show the poorest fit to observed data. The lack of a deterministic pattern does not support any of our predictions nor neutral- or niche-based processes shaping the observed pattern of fruit consumption in our interaction network. It may also mean that fruit consumption by birds in this periurban park is a random process. Although our study failed to find a pattern, our work exemplifies how investigations done in urban settings, poor in species and interactions, can help us understand the role of disturbance in the organization of frugivory networks and the processes governing their structure.
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Fruit traits of tree species in lower montane rainforest at Doi Suthep–Pui, northern Thailand. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467421000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractFruits are a major food resource for wildlifes and have evolved different traits which attract specific frugivores and facilitate seed dispersal. This study examines the quantity of the frequency of fruit tree species, distribution amongst fruit traits and estimates the potential availability of the fruit resource for frugivores in a 16-ha permanent forest plot at Doi Suthep–Pui, Thailand. The similarity amongst traits for fleshy fruited species was explored using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Fleshy fruited species comprised 122 of 208 tree species >2 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) recorded in the permanent plot. Amongst fleshy fruited species, small fruits (length <20 mm) were most common (63.16% of species) while large fruits were rare (4.1%). Black was the most common fruit colour (43.4%). Principal Component Analysis of fruit traits explained 57% of total variance on the first three axes, and allowed identification of three species groups. Litsea martabanica and Persea gamblei are the greatest density and represented the major PCA group; black, small-sized and thin husk indehiscent fruits. These fruiting trees scattered throughout the permanent plot and were of good regeneration status. Indicating fleshy fruit can be a food resource for frugivores especially small-sized fruit. Furthermore, large-fruited species such as Madhuca floribunda is low density but important to preserve for food resource of large frugivores. This finding is very important not only for forest protection policy but also for wildlife conservation as food resources.
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Rehling F, Jaroszewicz B, Braasch LV, Albrecht J, Jordano P, Schlautmann J, Farwig N, Schabo DG. Within-Species Trait Variation Can Lead to Size Limitations in Seed Dispersal of Small-Fruited Plants. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.698885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability of small-gaped animals to consume very large fruits may limit seed dispersal of the respective plants. This has often been shown for large-fruited plant species that remain poorly dispersed when large-gaped animal species are lost due to anthropogenic pressure. Little is known about whether gape-size limitations similarly influence seed dispersal of small-fruited plant species that can show a large variation in fruit size within species. In this study, fruit sizes of 15 plant species were compared with the gape sizes of their 41 animal dispersers in the temperate, old-growth Białowieża Forest, Poland. The effect of gape-size limitations on fruit consumption was assessed at the plant species level, and for a subset of nine plant species, also at the individual level, and subindividual level (i.e., fruits of the same plant individual). In addition, for the species subset, fruit-seed trait relationships were investigated to determine whether a restricted access of small-gaped animals to large fruits results in the dispersal of fewer or smaller seeds per fruit. Fruit sizes widely varied among plant species (74.2%), considerably at the subindividual level (17.1%), and to the smallest extent among plant individuals (8.7%). Key disperser species should be able to consume fruits of all plant species and all individuals (except those of the largest-fruited plant species), even if they are able to consume only 28-55% of available fruits. Fruit and seed traits were positively correlated in eight out of nine plant species, indicating that gape size limitations will result in 49% fewer (in one) or 16–21% smaller seeds (in three plant species) dispersed per fruit by small-gaped than by large-gaped main dispersers, respectively. Our results show that a large subindividual variation in fruit size is characteristic for small-fruited plant species, and increases their connectedness with frugivores at the level of plants species and individuals. Simultaneously, however, the large variation in fruit size leads to gape-size limitations that may induce selective pressures on fruit size if large-gaped dispersers become extinct. This study emphasizes the mechanisms by which gape-size limitation at the species, individual and subindividual level shape plant-frugivore interactions and the co-evolution of small-fruited plants.
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Kasi KS, Ramasubbu R. Phenological patterns, fruit predation, and seed dispersal in two Endangered trees (Elaeocarpus spp.) of Southern Western Ghats, India. JOURNAL OF ASIA-PACIFIC BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japb.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Fruit and seed traits of native and invasive plant species in Hawai‘i: implications for seed dispersal by non-native birds. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02473-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Resource partitioning and niche overlap between hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) and other frugivorous vertebrates in a tropical semi-evergreen forest. Primates 2021; 62:331-342. [PMID: 33534009 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-021-00888-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how niche differences evolve in ecologically similar species and how these differences are maintained is a fundamental question in ecology. We studied resource partitioning and niche overlap between the hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock) and other frugivorous vertebrates from April 2016 to January 2018 in Satchari National Park, Sylhet, Bangladesh. We examined the differences in their diet, niche breadth, niche overlap, and characterization of patch use. We recorded feeding events of gibbons and other frugivorous vertebrates using ad libitum sampling. Gibbons consumed 76 plant species including 32 non-fig fruits and 14 figs. Twenty-one competing frugivorous vertebrate species shared 10-70% of their food species with hoolocks. Competition for fruits was intense among gibbons, macaques, and hornbills, as fruits comprised more than 50% of their diet. The niche breadth of the gibbons varied across seasons. It was lowest during the rainy season (BA = 0.39) when fruits were more readily available, and highest in winter (BA = 0.58) when gibbons were less selective due to food scarcity. The niche overlap was highest between gibbons and northern pig-tailed macaques (Ojk = 0.70), followed by gibbons and hornbills (Ojk = 0.68). Feeding heights and substrate used varied significantly between gibbons and competitors. Gibbons may minimize competition by specializing on various food resources and using different forest patches.
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Stevenson PR, Cardona L, Cárdenas S, Link A. Oilbirds disperse large seeds at longer distance than extinct megafauna. Sci Rep 2021; 11:420. [PMID: 33431959 PMCID: PMC7801487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79280-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The extinction of megafauna in the Neotropics is thought to have reduced the potential of large seeds to be dispersed over long distances by endozoochory (ingestion by animals), but some seed dispersal systems have not been considered. We describe the role of oilbirds (Steatornis caripensis) as seed dispersers, in terms of seed width and dispersal distance (using GPS tracking devices), and we compare with data reported for other animals. Oilbirds dispersed seeds up to 29 mm wide, with a mean dispersal distance of 10.1 km (range 0–47.6 km). Some components of seed dispersal by oilbirds are outliers compared to that of other frugivores, such as the relationship between maximum seed width and body weight (however, few other extant specialized frugivores are also outliers). Estimates of mean dispersal distance by oilbirds are the largest reported, and we confirm that some living frugivores currently fulfil roles of seed dispersers and ecosystem services previously assumed to be only performed by extinct species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo R Stevenson
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales Y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Laura Cardona
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales Y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sasha Cárdenas
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales Y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andrés Link
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Bosques Tropicales Y Primatología, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Carrera 1 No. 18A-10, Bogotá, Colombia
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Ramírez N, Barrios Y, Briceño H. Correlations between morphological fruit types, fruit and seed colors, and functional groups. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2021-1238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: The associations between morphological fruit types, fruit and seed colors, and functional plant traits: life forms, epiphytism, physiology, nutritional relationships, fruit phenology, and successional stage, were determined for 1,139 plant species from contrasting plant communities. Texture and dehiscence were closely related. Dehiscence is largely associated with dry tissues; indehiscence, however, is an attribute of both dry and fleshy fruits. The number of morphological fruit types was 28 or 55 for Gray's and Spjut's classifications, respectively. Fruits were predominantly dark in color (brown, purple-black, black or green), whilst seeds had both dark and light colors (brown, beige, or black). The most representative associations were mainly found between the more abundant fruit types and the colors most common. Asymmetries in the level of specialization, whereby less common fruit and seed colors tended to be associated with the most common fruit types, were also found. Fleshy fruits showed more variation as regards their coloration, and only drupes and berries showed a tendency towards a specific color: purple-black. The relationships among fruit type and color, seed color, and functional plant traits revealed the following trends: trees produced both fleshy and dry fruits; shrubs produced fleshy fruits; and herbaceous species, dry fruits. Woody species tended to have dark or bright colors, depending on their seed dispersal mechanisms and phylogenetic relations. Epiphytes were associated with dry-dehiscent fruits and brown seeds, and parasitic-hemiparasitic species had predominantly fleshy-indehiscent fruits. Pioneer species were more likely to have dry fruits, whereas fleshy fruits tended to be more frequent in late successional stage species. The C4 species, mostly herbs, had mainly one-seeded dry fruits, but multi-seeded fruits in succulent-CAM species showed morphologically diverse fruit types. Unripe and ripe fruits showed seasonal changes, especially during the rainy-dry transition period for the most abundant morphological fruit types, dry fruits during the dry period and fleshy fruited species was positively associated with the rainy season. All these trends are discussed with regard to their environmental significance and the relationships between fruit morphology, colors and functional groups. .
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Glória CMD, Tozetti AM. Bird visits and resource use in Butia odorata (Arecaceae) palm groves in southern Brazil. IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4766e2021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We evaluated avian use of a palm grove of Butia odorata (Barb. Rodr.) Noblick in the Brazilian Pampa. We recorded bird species richness, frequency of visits, and feeding behavior in palms trees with different flower and fruit availability. From January 2018 to February 2019, we observed 1,094 bird visits in 347 palm trees and identified 53 species. The most frequent visitors were Sicalis flaveola (Linnaeus, 1766), Myiopsitta monachus (Boddaert, 1783) and Zonotrichia capensis (Statius Muller, 1776). Perching was the most frequent use of palm trees by the birds (79%). Our hypothesis that an increase in the availability of flowers and fruits will be followed by a larger number of visits by insectivorous and frugivorous birds was not corroborated. In addition, there was a higher number of species visiting palm trees with no resources. The species composition and the number of guilds of visiting birds varied seasonally, but independently from resources availability. Bird richness, number of visits, and time length of visits did not vary between flowering/fruiting and resourceless palm trees. Based on this we argue that the main contribution of Butia odorata to the establishment of bird assemblages in palm groves is their role in offering perching, sheltering, and nesting sites.
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Individualistic evolutionary responses of Central African rain forest plants to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:32509-32518. [PMID: 33277432 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001018117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the evolutionary dynamics of genetic diversity is fundamental for species conservation in the face of climate change, particularly in hyper-diverse biomes. Species in a region may respond similarly to climate change, leading to comparable evolutionary dynamics, or individualistically, resulting in dissimilar patterns. The second-largest expanse of continuous tropical rain forest (TRF) in the world is found in Central Africa. Here, present-day patterns of genetic structure are thought to be dictated by repeated expansion and contraction of TRFs into and out of refugia during Pleistocene climatic fluctuations. This refugia model implies a common response to past climate change. However, given the unrivalled diversity of TRFs, species could respond differently because of distinct environmental requirements or ecological characteristics. To test this, we generated genome-wide sequence data for >700 individuals of seven codistributed plants from Lower Guinea in Central Africa. We inferred species' evolutionary and demographic histories within a comparative phylogeographic framework. Levels of genetic structure varied among species and emerged primarily during the Pleistocene, but divergence events were rarely concordant. Demographic trends ranged from repeated contraction and expansion to continuous growth. Furthermore, patterns in genetic variation were linked to disparate environmental factors, including climate, soil, and habitat stability. Using a strict refugia model to explain past TRF dynamics is too simplistic. Instead, individualistic evolutionary responses to Pleistocene climatic fluctuations have shaped patterns in genetic diversity. Predicting the future dynamics of TRFs under climate change will be challenging, and more emphasis is needed on species ecology to better conserve TRFs worldwide.
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Hopson RM, Wilcox RC, Tarwater CE. Frugivores vary in their response to neighborhood effects in a novel ecosystem. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tongkok S, He X, Alcantara MJM, Saralamba C, Nathalang A, Chanthorn W, Brockelman WY, Lin L. Composition of frugivores of Baccaurea ramiflora (Phyllanthaceae) and effects of environmental factors on frugivory in two tropical forests of China and Thailand. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Akkawi P, Villar N, Mendes CP, Galetti M. Dominance hierarchy on palm resource partitioning among Neotropical frugivorous mammals. J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In tropical forests, the diets of many frugivorous mammals overlap, yet how hyper-diverse assemblages of consumers exploit resources and coexist remains poorly understood. We evaluated competitive interactions among three species of terrestrial frugivorous mammals, the ungulate Tayassu pecari (white-lipped peccary), its close relative Pecari tajacu (collared peccary), and a large rodent (Dasyprocta azarae, agouti), in their exploitation strategies of palm resources of different quality. We conducted the study in a large isolated fragment at the tropical Atlantic Forest of Brazil, where these mammal species show high spatial and temporal overlap. We evaluated if body mass and foraging group size define a hierarchy in exploitation of preferentially richer palm resources. We used camera traps and two-species occupancy models to examine patterns of co-occurrence and variable interaction strength between these consumers and three species of palms. Our analyses supported the hypothesis of partial resource overlap but no competition among frugivores, and a body mass dominance hierarchical exploitation of resources. The larger frugivore (white-lipped peccary) dominated patches of the lipid-rich palm Euterpe edulis, where the smallest frugivore (agouti) was absent. Instead, the smallest frugivore concentrated its foraging in areas with the poorest palm resource, Syagrus oleracea. Collared peccaries preferred areas of high abundance of Syagrus romanzoffiana when the other two mammal species were rarely detected or absent, strongly avoided patches of E. edulis, and showed higher average detection probabilities when agoutis were present. Our study highlights the important role of behavioral plasticity in promoting coexistence and indicates that through context-dependent interactions and hierarchical partitioning of resources, consumers can avoid strong competition, even under conditions of high spatial and temporal overlap and high levels of habitat fragmentation and isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Akkawi
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nacho Villar
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Calebe P Mendes
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Galetti
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, USA
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Deng JY, van Noort S, Compton SG, Chen Y, Greeff JM. The genetic consequences of habitat specificity for fig trees in southern African fragmented forests. ACTA OECOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2019.103506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Huang YT, Lee YF, Kuo YM, Chang SY, Wu CL. Fruiting phenology and nutrient content variation among sympatric figs and the ecological correlates. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:27. [PMID: 31728663 PMCID: PMC6856236 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Figs are key resources for tropical frugivores and display unique fruiting patterns. While monoecious figs support both seeds and wasp rearing, dioecious plants perform the tasks separately and produce seeded figs in smaller asynchronous crops. Thus dioecious females, compared to monoecious figs, may afford to invest more efforts to maximize seediness, or increase fruit pulp, water content, and nutrient rewards to attract frugivores for better seed dispersal. Yet size variation among and within fig species in either breeding system may lead to complicated resource allocation. We assessed fruiting phenology, measured fig morphological traits, and analyzed fig nutrient contents of the monoecious Ficus caulocarpa and F. subpisocarpa and the dioecious F. ampelas and F. irisana in a sympatric tropical forest to investigate species differences and size effects on fig functional traits and their ecological correlates. RESULTS All four species fruited nearly year-round. Monoecious figs' inter-tree asynchronous crops had high peak mature crop sizes over much shorter fruiting periods than dioecious figs. Among trees, F. subpisocarpa and F. irisana were greater in fig-size and size variation, F. caulocarpa and F. ampelas comparatively displayed large variation in fig compositions. As fig size increased, water contents gradually increased in large-fig species, but seediness with a decreasing trend in small-fig species. Dioecious figs had lower pulp-seed ratio but tended to have higher water contents than monoecious figs, particularly within a similar size range. Dioecious figs also had higher carbohydrates, whereas monoecious figs contained higher fiber and lipid contents. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed species differences in certain fig functional traits that were correlated with fig size or their breeding systems, with substantial inter-tree variation. This partially supported the predictions regarding their fruiting strategies of aiding seed dispersal by frugivores, yet suggests a fruiting plasticity of individual trees subject to environmental constraints and their biotic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fu Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Min Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sing-Yi Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan
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Kiepiel I, Johnson SD. Spit it out: Monkeys disperse the unorthodox and toxic seeds of
Clivia miniata
(Amaryllidaceae). Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kiepiel
- Centre for Functional BiodiversitySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
| | - Steven D. Johnson
- Centre for Functional BiodiversitySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu‐Natal Pietermaritzburg South Africa
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Bogoni JA, Navarro AB, Graipel ME, Peroni N. Modeling the frugivory of a plant with inconstant productivity and solid interaction with relictual vertebrate biota. Ecol Modell 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ripperger SP, Rehse S, Wacker S, Kalko EKV, Schulz S, Rodriguez-Herrera B, Ayasse M. Nocturnal scent in a 'bird-fig': A cue to attract bats as additional dispersers? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220461. [PMID: 31415602 PMCID: PMC6695144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant genus Ficus is a keystone resource in tropical ecoystems. One of the unique features of figs is the diversity of fruit traits, which in many cases match their various dispersers, the so-called fruit syndromes. The classic example of this is the strong phenotypic differences found between figs with bat and bird dispersers (color, size, presentation, and scent). The 'bird-fig' Ficus colubrinae represents an exception to this trend since it attracts the small frugivorous bat species Ectophylla alba at night, but during the day it attracts bird visitors. Here we investigate day to night changes in fruit scent as a possible mechanism by which this 'bird-fig' could attract bats despite its fruit traits, which should appeal solely to birds. Analyses of odor bouquets from the bat- and bird-dispersal phases (i.e. day and night) differed significantly in their composition of volatiles. We observed a significant increase in relative amounts of sesquiterpene and aromatic compounds at night while relative amounts of two compounds of the fatty acid pathway were significantly higher during day. This finding raises the question whether Ficus colubrinae, a phenotypically classic 'bird-fig', might be able to attract bat dispersers by an olfactory signal at night. Preliminary observations from feeding experiments which indicate that Ectophylla alba is capable of finding ripe figs by scent alone point in this direction. However, additional behavioral experiments on whether bats prefer the 'night-bouquet' over the 'day-bouquet' will be needed to unequivocally answer this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Ripperger
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Invalidenstraße, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saskia Rehse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefanie Wacker
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
| | - Elisabeth K. V. Kalko
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig, Hagenring, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee, Ulm, Germany
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How to build a fruit: Transcriptomics of a novel fruit type in the Brassiceae. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209535. [PMID: 31318861 PMCID: PMC6638736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative gene expression studies are invaluable for predicting how existing genetic pathways may be modified or redeployed to produce novel and variable phenotypes. Fruits are ecologically important organs because of their impact on plant fitness and seed dispersal, modifications in which results in morphological variation across species. A novel fruit type in the Brassicaceae known as heteroarthrocarpy enables distinct dispersal methods in a single fruit through segmentation via a lateral joint and variable dehiscence at maturity. Given the close relationship to Arabidopsis, species that exhibit heteroarthrocarpy are powerful models to elucidate how differences in gene expression of a fruit patterning pathway may result in novel fruit types. Transcriptomes of distal, joint, and proximal regions from Erucaria erucarioides and Cakile lanceolata were analyzed to elucidate within fruit and between species differences in whole transcriptome, gene ontology, and fruit patterning expression profiles. Whole transcriptome expression profiles vary between fruit regions in patterns that are consistent with fruit anatomy. These transcriptomic variances do not correlate with changes in gene ontology, as they remain generally stable within and between both species. Upstream regulators in the fruit patterning pathway, FILAMENTOUS FLOWER and YABBY3, are expressed in the distal and proximal regions of E. erucarioides, but not in the joint, implicating alterations in the pathway in heteroarthrocarpic fruits. Downstream gene, INDEHISCENT, is significantly upregulated in the abscissing joint region of C. lanceolata, which suggests repurposing of valve margin genes for novel joint disarticulation in an otherwise indehiscent fruit. In summary, these data are consistent with modifications in fruit patterning genes producing heteroarthrocarpic fruits through different components of the pathway relative to other indehiscent, non-heteroarthrocarpic, species within the family. Our understanding of fruit development in Arabidopsis is now extended to atypical siliques within the Brassicaceae, facilitating future studies on seed shattering in important Brassicaceous crops and pernicious weeds.
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Delibes M, Castañeda I, Fedriani JM. Spitting Seeds From the Cud: A Review of an Endozoochory Exclusive to Ruminants. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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How complementary are large frugivores for tree seedling recruitment? A case study in the Congo Basin. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s026646741900018x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractLarge frugivores provide critical seed dispersal services for many plant species and their extirpation from forested ecosystems can cause compositional shifts in regenerating plant cohorts. Yet, we still poorly understand whether large seed-dispersers have complementary or redundant roles for forest regeneration. Here, to assess the functional complementarity of large-bodied frugivores in forest regeneration, we quantified the effects of varying abundance of hornbills, primates and the forest elephant on the density, species richness and the mean weighted seed length of animal-dispersed tree species among seedlings in five sites in a forest–savanna mosaic in D. R. Congo, while accounting for percentage forest cover and the local presence of fruiting trees. We found that the abundance of primates was positively associated with species richness of seedlings, while percentage forest cover was negatively associated (R2 = 0.19). The abundance of hornbills, the presence of elephants and percentage forest cover were positively associated with mean seed length of the regenerating cohort (R2 = 0.13). Spatially explicit analysis indicated that some additional processes have an important influence on these response indices. Primates would seem to have a preponderant role for maintaining relatively high species richness, while hornbills and elephant would seem to be predominantly responsible for the recruitment of large-seeded trees. Our results could indicate that these taxa of frugivores play complementary functional roles for forest regeneration. This suggests that the extirpation of one or more of these dispersers would likely not be functionally compensated for by the remaining taxa, hence possibly cascading into compositional shifts.
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Melin AD, Nevo O, Shirasu M, Williamson RE, Garrett EC, Endo M, Sakurai K, Matsushita Y, Touhara K, Kawamura S. Fruit scent and observer colour vision shape food-selection strategies in wild capuchin monkeys. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2407. [PMID: 31160592 PMCID: PMC6546703 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10250-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The senses play critical roles in helping animals evaluate foods, including fruits that can change both in colour and scent during ripening to attract frugivores. Although numerous studies have assessed the impact of colour on fruit selection, comparatively little is known about fruit scent and how olfactory and visual data are integrated during foraging. We combine 25 months of behavioural data on 75 wild, white-faced capuchins (Cebus imitator) with measurements of fruit colours and scents from 18 dietary plant species. We show that frequency of fruit-directed olfactory behaviour is positively correlated with increases in the volume of fruit odours produced during ripening. Monkeys with red-green colour blindness sniffed fruits more often, indicating that increased reliance on olfaction is a behavioural strategy that mitigates decreased capacity to detect red-green colour contrast. These results demonstrate a complex interaction among fruit traits, sensory capacities and foraging strategies, which help explain variation in primate behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D Melin
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- Department of Medical Genetics and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mika Shirasu
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Rachel E Williamson
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Eva C Garrett
- Department of Anthropology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mizuki Endo
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kodama Sakurai
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsushita
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kazushige Touhara
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
- ERATO Touhara Chemosensory Signal Project, JST, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shoji Kawamura
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan.
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Klaus KV, Matzke NJ. Statistical Comparison of Trait-Dependent Biogeographical Models Indicates That Podocarpaceae Dispersal Is Influenced by Both Seed Cone Traits and Geographical Distance. Syst Biol 2019; 69:61-75. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syz034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The ability of lineages to disperse long distances over evolutionary timescales may be influenced by the gain or loss of traits adapted to enhance local, ecological dispersal. For example, some species in the southern conifer family Podocarpaceae have fleshy cones that encourage bird dispersal, but it is unknown how this trait has influenced the clade’s historical biogeography, or its importance compared with other predictors of dispersal such as the geographic distance between regions. We answer these questions quantitatively by using a dated phylogeny of 197 species of southern conifers (Podocarpaceae and their sister family Araucariaceae) to statistically compare standard, trait-independent biogeography models with new BioGeoBEARS models where an evolving trait can influence dispersal probability, and trait history, biogeographical history, and model parameters are jointly inferred. We validate the method with simulation-inference experiments. Comparing all models, those that include trait-dependent dispersal accrue 87.5% of the corrected Akaike Information Criterion (AICc) model weight. Averaged across all models, lineages with nonfleshy cones had a dispersal probability multiplier of 0.49 compared with lineages with fleshy cones. Distance is included as a predictor of dispersal in all credible models (100% model weight). However, models with changing geography earned only 22.0% of the model weight, and models submerging New Caledonia/New Zealand earned only 0.01%. The importance of traits and distance suggests that long-distance dispersal over macroevolutionary timespans should not be thought of as a highly unpredictable chance event. Instead, long-distance dispersal can be modeled, allowing statistical model comparison to quantify support for different hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina V Klaus
- Department of Evolution and Biodiversity of Plants, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Matzke
- Moritz Laboratory, Division of Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Biodiversity Analysis, Research School of Biology, RN Robertson Bldg, Level 2, West Wing (W208), 46 Sullivans Creek Rd, Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, 3A Symonds Street, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Avian frugivory and seed dispersal of an exotic palm Ptychosperma macarthurii (H. Wendl. ex H. J. Veitch) H. Wendl. ex Hook. f. Trop Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-019-00014-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nuñez CL, Clark JS, Clark CJ, Poulsen JR. Low-intensity logging and hunting have long-term effects on seed dispersal but not fecundity in Afrotropical forests. AOB PLANTS 2019; 11:ply074. [PMID: 30697404 PMCID: PMC6346634 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/ply074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hunting and logging, ubiquitous human disturbances in tropical forests, have the potential to alter the ecological processes that govern population recruitment and community composition. Hunting-induced declines in populations of seed-dispersing animals are expected to reduce dispersal of the tree species that rely on them, resulting in potentially greater distance- and density-dependent mortality. At the same time, selective logging may alter competitive interactions among tree species, releasing remaining trees from light, nutrient or space limitations. Taken together, these disturbances may alter the community composition of tropical forests, with implications for carbon storage, biodiversity conservation and ecosystem function. To evaluate the effects of hunting and logging on tree fecundity and seed dispersal, we use 3 years of seed rain data from a large-scale observational experiment in previously logged, hunted and protected forests in northern Republic of Congo (Brazzaville). We find that low-intensity logging had a meaningful long-term effect on species-specific seed dispersal distances, though the direction and magnitude varied and was not congruent within dispersal vector. Tree fecundity increased with tree diameter, but did not differ appreciably across disturbance regimes. The species-specific dispersal responses to logging in this study point towards the long-lasting toll of disturbance on ecological function and highlight the necessity of conserving intact forest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase L Nuñez
- University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Corresponding author’s e-mail address:
| | - James S Clark
- University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - Connie J Clark
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
| | - John R Poulsen
- University Program in Ecology, Duke University, Durham, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, USA
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Dahl C, Ctvrtecka R, Gripenberg S, Lewis OT, Segar ST, Klimes P, Sam K, Rinan D, Filip J, Lilip R, Kongnoo P, Panmeng M, Putnaul S, Reungaew M, Rivera M, Barrios H, Davies SJ, Bunyavejchewin S, Wright JS, Weiblen GD, Novotny V, Basset Y. The insect-focused classification of fruit syndromes in tropical rain forests: An inter-continental comparison. Biotropica 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Dahl
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská Czech Republic
| | - Richard Ctvrtecka
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Gripenberg
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of Zoology; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská Czech Republic
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences; Harper Adams University; Newport UK
| | - Petr Klimes
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Sam
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská Czech Republic
| | - Dominic Rinan
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center; Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Jonah Filip
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center; Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Roll Lilip
- New Guinea Binatang Research Center; Madang Papua New Guinea
| | - Pitoon Kongnoo
- ForestGEO Arthropod Laboratory; Khao Chong Botanical Garden; Nayoung Thailand
| | - Montarika Panmeng
- ForestGEO Arthropod Laboratory; Khao Chong Botanical Garden; Nayoung Thailand
| | - Sutipun Putnaul
- ForestGEO Arthropod Laboratory; Khao Chong Botanical Garden; Nayoung Thailand
| | - Manat Reungaew
- ForestGEO Arthropod Laboratory; Khao Chong Botanical Garden; Nayoung Thailand
| | - Marleny Rivera
- Maestria de Entomologia; Universidad de Panama; Panama City Panama
| | - Hector Barrios
- Maestria de Entomologia; Universidad de Panama; Panama City Panama
| | - Stuart J. Davies
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Washington District of Columbia
| | | | - Joseph S. Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panama City Republic of Panama
| | - George D. Weiblen
- Bell Museum and Department of Plant Biology; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul Minnesota
| | - Vojtech Novotny
- Faculty of Science; University of South Bohemia; Ceske Budejovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská Czech Republic
| | - Yves Basset
- Institute of Entomology; Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences; Branišovská Czech Republic
- Maestria de Entomologia; Universidad de Panama; Panama City Panama
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute; Panama City Republic of Panama
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Pirie MD, Chatrou LW, Maas PJM. A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Cremastosperma (Annonaceae), including five new species. PHYTOKEYS 2018; 112:1-141. [PMID: 30524186 PMCID: PMC6277488 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.112.24897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a taxonomic revision of Cremastosperma, a genus of Neotropical Annonaceae occurring in lowland to premontane wet forest, mostly in areas surrounding the Andean mountain chain. We recognise 34 species, describing five as new here: from east of the Andes, C.brachypodum Pirie & Chatrou, sp. nov. and C.dolichopodum Pirie & Maas, sp. nov., endemic to Peru; C.confusum Pirie, sp. nov., from southern Peru and adjacent Bolivia and Brazil; and C.alticola Pirie & Chatrou, sp. nov., at higher elevations in northern Peru and Ecuador; and from west of the Andes, C.osicola Pirie & Chatrou, sp. nov. endemic to Costa Rica, the most northerly distributed species of the genus. We provide an identification key, document diagnostic characters and distributions and provide illustrations and extensive lists of specimens, also presenting the latter in the form of mapping data with embedded links to images available online. Of the 34 species, 22 are regional endemics. On the basis of the extent of occurrence and area of occupancy of species estimated from the distribution data, we designate IUCN threat categries for all species. Fourteen species proved to be endangered (EN) and a further one critically endangered (CR), reflecting their rarity and narrow known distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Pirie
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Anselm-Franz-von-Bentzelweg 9a, 55099 Mainz, GermanyJohannes Gutenberg-UniversitätMainzGermany
| | - Lars W. Chatrou
- Wageningen University and Research, Biosystematics Group, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The NetherlandsWageningen UniversityWageningenNetherlands
- Ghent University, Systematic and Evolutionary Botany lab, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, BelgiumGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Paul J. M. Maas
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, section Botany, P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden, The NetherlandsNaturalis Biodiversity CenterWageningenNetherlands
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50
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Contributions of precipitation and temperature to the large scale geographic distribution of fleshy-fruited plant species: Growth form matters. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17017. [PMID: 30451937 PMCID: PMC6243012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35436-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit type, an important reproductive trait, is closely related to reproduction strategy, community dynamics and biotic interactions. However, limited research has explored the geographic distribution of fruit type and the underlying abiotic factors influencing this on a large scale. Here we aim to study large-scale distribution patterns of fleshy-fruited plant species and the most important environmental drivers for different growth forms in utilizing the fruit type and distribution data for over 27000 plant species in China. Results indicated that the proportion of fleshy-fruited species was higher in southeast China, and this pattern was consistent between different growth forms. Overall, the proportion of fleshy-fruited species was higher in wet, warm, and stable environments. Notably, mean annual precipitation had the greatest predictive contribution to woody fleshy-fruited species distributions, but mean annual temperature best predicted the herbaceous fleshy-fruited species distributions. We provide the first map of a large-scale distribution of fleshy-fruited plant species for different growth forms in the northern hemisphere and show that these geographic patterns are mainly determined by contrasting climatic gradients. Recognizing that climate factors have different relationships with different growth forms of fleshy-fruited species advances our knowledge about fruit type and environment. This work contributes to predictions of the global distribution of fleshy-fruited species under future climate change scenarios and provides a reference for continued research on the complex interactions between plants, frugivores and the environment.
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