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Holtum JAM. Klaus Winter - the indefatigable CAM experimentalist. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:563-575. [PMID: 37010384 PMCID: PMC10799999 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In January 1972, Klaus Winter submitted his first paper on crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) whilst still an undergraduate student in Darmstadt. During the subsequent half-century, he passed his Staatsexamensarbeit, obtained his Dr. rer. nat. summa cum laude and Dr. rer. nat. habil., won a Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Prize and a Heisenberg Fellowship, and has occupied positions in Germany, Australia, the USA and Panama. Now a doyen in CAM circles, and a Senior Staff Scientist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI), he has published over 300 articles, of which about 44 % are about CAM. SCOPE I document Winter's career, attempting to place his CAM-related scientific output and evolution in the context of factors that have influenced him as he and his science progressed from the 1970s to the 2020s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A M Holtum
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Jardim AMDRF, Santos HRB, Alves HKMN, Ferreira-Silva SL, Souza LSBD, Araújo Júnior GDN, Souza MDS, Araújo GGLD, Souza CAAD, Silva TGFD. Genotypic differences relative photochemical activity, inorganic and organic solutes and yield performance in clones of the forage cactus under semi-arid environment. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:421-430. [PMID: 33740681 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plants with the crassulacean acid metabolism commonly present good adaptation to arid and semi-arid environments, but it highly depends on the type of species. In this study, chlorophyll fluorescence, the concentration of inorganic and organic solutes and the productive performance were evaluated along with their relationships in different clones of the genera Opuntia and Nopalea. The experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2018. Four clones of genus Opuntia were evaluated: 'Orelha de Elefante Mexicana' (OEM), 'Orelha de Elefante Africana' (OEA), V19 and F8; and two clones of genus Nopalea: 'IPA Sertânia' and 'Miúda'. The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design, with six treatments and three replications. The following parameters were measured when harvesting: initial, maximum and variable fluorescence; the quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm); light-induction curves of the photochemical parameters (ΔF/Fm', qP, NPQ and ETR); the chlorophyll and carotenoid content; carbohydrates; the sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) content; morphometry; and dry matter accumulation. The values for the effective quantum yield of PSII (ΔF/Fm') and the alterations in photochemical quenching were higher in the OEM clone (P < 0.05). There was a difference between clones for non-photochemical quenching, with the F8 clone having the highest values. The Fv/Fm was 0.87 for the OEM. 'IPA Sertânia' obtained the greatest Chl a/b, and the highest values for carbohydrate concentration were found in the OEA clone. The OEM clone showed the greatest accumulation of K+, in addition to a higher cladode area index and greater dry matter accumulation. The results of this study show the high physiological tolerance of the forage cactus to a semi-arid environment, which varies according to the clone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Maniçoba da Rosa Ferraz Jardim
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros avenue, s/n, 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Plant Production, Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, 56909-535, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Rafael Bentzen Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Plant Production, Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, 56909-535, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Hygor Kristoph Muniz Nunes Alves
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros avenue, s/n, 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Sérgio Luiz Ferreira-Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Plant Production, Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, 56909-535, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Sandra Bastos de Souza
- Postgraduate Program in Plant Production, Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, 56909-535, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - George do Nascimento Araújo Júnior
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros avenue, s/n, 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Marcondes de Sá Souza
- Department of Agronomy, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros avenue, s/n, 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, EMBRAPA Semiarid, Highway BR-428, Km 152, s/n, Countryside, 56302-970, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Carlos André Alves de Souza
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros avenue, s/n, 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Thieres George Freire da Silva
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Dom Manoel de Medeiros avenue, s/n, 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Plant Production, Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Gregório Ferraz Nogueira avenue, s/n, 56909-535, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Zheng L, Ceusters J, Van Labeke MC. Light quality affects light harvesting and carbon sequestration during the diel cycle of crassulacean acid metabolism in Phalaenopsis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2019; 141:195-207. [PMID: 30756292 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a specialized photosynthetic pathway present in a variety of genera including many epiphytic orchids. CAM is under circadian control and can be subdivided into four discrete phases during a diel cycle. Inherent to this specific mode of metabolism, carbohydrate availability is a limiting factor for nocturnal CO2 uptake and biomass production. To evaluate the effects of light quality on the photosynthetic performance and diel changes in carbohydrates during the CAM cycle. Phalaenopsis plants were grown under four different light qualities (red, blue, red + blue and full spectrum white light) at a fluence of 100 µmol m-2 s-1 and a photoperiod of 12 h for 8 weeks. In contrast to monochromatic blue light, plants grown under monochromatic red light showed already a significant decline of the quantum efficiency (ΦPSII) after 5 days and of the maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) after 10 days under this treatment. This was also reflected in a compromised chlorophyll and carotenoid content and total diel CO2 uptake under red light in comparison with monochromatic blue and full spectrum white light. In particular, CO2 uptake during nocturnal phase I was affected under red illumination resulting in a reduced amount of vacuolar malate. In addition, red light caused the rate of decarboxylation of malate during the day to be consistently lower and malic acid breakdown persisted until 4 h after dusk. Because the intrinsic activity of PEPC was not affected, the restricted availability of storage carbohydrates such as starch was likely to cause these adverse effects under red light. Addition of blue to the red light spectrum restored the diel fluxes of carbohydrates and malate and resulted in a significant enhancement of the daily CO2 uptake, pigment concentration and biomass formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- Department of Plants and Crops, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Water Resource and Civil Engineering, China Agricultural University, Qinghua east road 17, Beijing, 10083, People's Republic of China
| | - Johan Ceusters
- Department of Biosystems, Division of Crop Biotechnics, Research group for Sustainable Crop Production & Protection, KU Leuven, Campus Geel, Kleinhoefstraat 4, 2440, Geel, Belgium
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Environmental Biology, UHasselt, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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Ecophysiological Responses of Three Tree Species to a High-Altitude Environment in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Herppich M, Herppich WB, VON Willert DJ. Influence of Drought, Rain and Artificial Irrigation on Photosynthesis, Gas Exchange and Water Relations of the Fynbos PlantProtea acaulos(L.) Reich at the End of the Dry Season. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1994.tb00819.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Adams WW, Demmig-Adams B. Lessons from Nature: A Personal Perspective. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9032-1_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Energy Dissipation and Photoinhibition: A Continuum of Photoprotection. PHOTOPROTECTION, PHOTOINHIBITION, GENE REGULATION, AND ENVIRONMENT 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/1-4020-3579-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW, Ebbert V, Logan BA. Ecophysiology of the Xanthophyll Cycle. ADVANCES IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RESPIRATION 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/0-306-48209-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Is crassulacean acid metabolism activity in sympatric species of hemi-epiphytic stranglers such as Clusia related to carbon cycling as a photoprotective process? Oecologia 1996; 106:28-38. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00334404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1995] [Accepted: 10/16/1995] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Variations in the Phases of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism and Regulation of Carboxylation Patterns Determined by Carbon-Isotope-Discrimination Techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79060-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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Determination of the quantum efficiency of photosystem II and of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence in the field. Oecologia 1995; 102:425-432. [PMID: 28306885 DOI: 10.1007/bf00341354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/1994] [Accepted: 01/14/1995] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A newly developed portable chlorophyll fluorometer in combination with a special leaf clip holder was used for assessing photosynthetic activity of attached sun leaves of Fagus sylvatica and Cucurbita pepo under field conditions. During diurnal time courses, fluorescence yield, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) incident on the leaf plane, and leaf temperature were measured and quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PS II), apparent relative electron transport rates, and non-photochemical fluorescence quenching (NPQ) calculated. In both species, quantum efficiency followed closely the incident PPFD and no hysteresis could be observed during the day. Apparent electron transport rate showed light saturation above a PPFD of 700 μmol m-2 s-1 in F. sylvatica, while in C. pepo no saturation was visible up to 1400 μmol m-2 s-1. NPQ was closely correlated to excessive PPFD calculated from the PS II quantum yield. Maximal NPQ observed was 3.3 Although the beech leaf was exposed for a considerable time to PPFD values of 1400-1500 μmol m-2 s-1 and leaf temperatures between 30 and 35°C, no obvious signs for sustained photodamage could be observed. The data demonstrate the potential of chlorophyll fluorescence measurements to analyse photosynthetic performance under field conditions with minimal disturbance of the plant. Potential error sources due to the geometry of the leaf clip holder used are discussed.
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Mikkelsen TN, Ro-Poulsen H. Exposure of Norway spruce to ozone increases the sensitivity of current year needles to photoinhibition and desiccation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1994; 128:153-163. [PMID: 33874532 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb03998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Physiological effects of ozone exposure over three consecutive growing seasons on current year needles of Norway spruce were studied in open-top chambers, during daily Fumigation cycles in the summer, and after the termination of ozone fumigation in autumn 1990. The trees were exposed to two levels of ozone: charcoal filtered air and non-filtered air to which 30 nl I-1 of ozone was added in three consecutive years from 1988 to 1990, daily from May to September (8 hours a day). Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and chlorophyll fluorescence were studied on selected days. Significant decreases in net photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence (FN /FM ) were found during periods with co-occurrence of high ozone concentrations And high light intensities, indicating interactions between effects of ozone and photoinhibition. After termination of fumigation enhanced rates of photosynthesis were seen in the trees which had been exposed to ozone. A significant decrease in FN /FM was found for twigs from ozone treated trees when exposed to severe desiccation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant Ecology, Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øuter Farimagsgade 2D, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - H Ro-Poulsen
- Department of Plant Ecology, Botanical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øuter Farimagsgade 2D, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
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SMIRNOFF NICHOLAS. The role of active oxygen in the response of plants to water deficit and desiccation. NEW PHYTOLOGIST 1993; 125:27-58. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- NICHOLAS SMIRNOFF
- University of Exeter, Department of Biological Sciences, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
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Diurnal changes in chlorophylla fluorescence and carotenoid composition inOpuntia ficus-indica, a CAM plant, and in three C 3 species in Portugal during summer. Oecologia 1992; 91:505-510. [PMID: 28313502 DOI: 10.1007/bf00650323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/1992] [Accepted: 05/17/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diurnal changes in chlorophylla fluorescence were determined in four species, differing in life form, in Portugal during the summer of 1989. These includedOpuntia ficus-indica, a CAM plant, andHelianthus annuus, Ficus carica andArbutus unedo, three C3 species. Steady state fluorescence yield,F S, and maximum fluorescence yield,F M', were determined at different times of the day. Using the model of Genty et al. (1989), the photon use efficiency of photosystem II electron transport,φ e, was calculated from (F M'-F S)/F M'. Diurnal changes in relative rate of non-cyclic electron transport through photosystem II,J e, were derived by multiplyingφ e by the incident photon flux density (PFD). WhenJ e, determined for each species for various points in time throughout the day, was plotted against corresponding values of PFD, the light response curves obtained showed thatJ e was linearly dependent on PFD in low light and approached saturation in high light. The highest values ofJ e were observed inHelianthus annuus, followed byOpuntia ficus-indica, Ficus carica andArbutus unedo. The proportion of the xanthophyll zeaxanthin to total carotenoids, determined around noon, was inversely related to maximum rates ofJ e.
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Leaf orientation and the response of the xanthophyll cycle to incident light. Oecologia 1992; 90:404-410. [PMID: 28313528 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/1991] [Accepted: 01/09/1992] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Leaves from two species, Euonymus kiautschovicus and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, with a variety of different orientations and exposures, were examined in the field with regard to the xanthophyll cycle (the interconversion of three carotenoids in the chloroplast thylakoid membranes). East-, south-, and west-facing leaves of E. kiautschovicus were sampled throughout the day and all exhibited a pronounced and progressive conversion of violaxanthin to zeaxanthin, followed by a reconversion of zeaxanthin to violaxanthin later in the day. Maximal levels of zeaxanthin and minimal levels of violaxanthin were observed at the time when each leaf (orientation) received the maximum incident light, which was in the morning in east-facing, midday in southfacing, and in the afternoon in west-facing leaves. A very slight degree of hysteresis in the removal of zeaxanthin compared to its formation with regard to incident light was observed. Leaves with a broader range of orientations were sampled from A. uva-ursi prior to sunrise and at midday. All of the examined pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) increased somewhat per unit leaf area with increasing total daily photon receipt. The sum of the carotenoids involved in the xanthophyll cycle, violaxanthin + antheraxanthin + zeaxanthin, increased more strongly with increasing growth light than any other pigment. In addition, the amounts of zeaxanthin present at midday also increased markedly with increasing total daily photon receipt. The percentage of the xanthophyll cycle that was converted to zeaxanthin (and antheraxanthin) at peak irradiance was very large (approximately 80%) in the leaves of both E. kiautschovicus and A. uva-ursi. The daily changes in the components of the xanthophyll cycle that paralleled the daily changes in incident light in the leaves of E. kiautschovicus, and the increasing levels of the xanthophyll cycle components with total daily photon receipt in the leaves of A. uva-ursi, are both consistent with the involvement of zeaxanthin (i.e. the xanthophyll cycle) in the photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus against damage due to excessive light.
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Henley WJ, Lindley ST, Levavasseur G, Osmond CB, Ramus J. Photosynthetic response of Ulva rotundata to light and temperature during emersion on an intertidal sand flat. Oecologia 1992; 89:516-523. [PMID: 28311882 DOI: 10.1007/bf00317158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/1991] [Accepted: 10/10/1991] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the diurnal response of photosynthesis and variable photosystem II (PSII) chlorophyll fluorescence at 77 K for thalli of the chlorophyte macroalga, Ulva rotundata, grown in outdoor culture and transplanted to an intertidal sand flat in different seasons. The physiological response in summer indicated synergistic effects of high PFD and aerial exposure, the latter probably attributable to temperature, which usually increased by 8 to 10° C during midday emersion. Except at extreme emersed temperatures in summer (38° C), the light-saturated photosynthesis rate (Pm) did not decline at midday. In contrast, light-limited quantum yield of photosynthetic O2 exchange (τ) and the ratio of variable to maximum fluorescence yield (Fv/Fm) reversibly declined during midday low tides in all seasons. Shade-grown thalli exhibited a fluorescence response suggestive of greater photodamage to PSII, whereas sun-grown thalli had greater photoprotective capacity. The fluorescence decline was smaller when high tide occurred at midday, and was delayed during morning cloudiness. These results suggest that the diurnal response to PFD in this shallow water species is modified by tidal and meteorological factors. U. rotundata has a great capacity for photoprotection which allows it to tolerate and even thrive in the harsh intertidal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Henley
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, 28516, Beaufort, NC, USA
| | - S T Lindley
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, 28516, Beaufort, NC, USA.,Department of Botany, Duke University, 27706, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Levavasseur
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, 28516, Beaufort, NC, USA.,Station Biologique, CNRS, 29680, Roscoff, France.,Université Paris VI, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - C B Osmond
- Department of Botany, Duke University, 27706, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J Ramus
- Duke University Marine Laboratory, 28516, Beaufort, NC, USA.,Department of Botany, Duke University, 27706, Durham, NC, USA
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Adams WW, Demmig-Adams B. Operation of the xanthophyll cycle in higher plants in response to diurnal changes in incident sunlight. PLANTA 1992; 186:390-8. [PMID: 24186736 DOI: 10.1007/bf00195320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/04/1991] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the carotenoid composition of leaves in response to diurnal changes in sunlight were determined in the crop species Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower), Cucurbita pepo L. (pumpkin), and Cucumls sativus L. (cucumber), in the diaheliotropic mesophyte Malva neglecta Wallr., and in the perennial shrub Euonymus kiautschovicus Loesner. Large daily changes were observed in the relative proportions of the components of the xanthophyll cycle, violaxanthin (V), antheraxanthin (A), and zeaxanthin (Z) in plants grown in full sunlight. In all leaves large amounts of Z were formed at peak irradiance, with the changes in Z content closely following changes in incident photon flux density (PFD) over the course of the day. All leaves also contained large total pools of the three xanthophyll-cycle components. However, the extent to which the V pool present at dawn became de-epoxidized during the day varied widely among leaves, from a 27% decrease in M. neglecta to a 90% decrease in E. kiautschovicus. The largest amounts of Z and the lowest amounts of V at peak irradiance (full sunlight) were observed in the species with the lower rates of photosynthesis (particularly in E. kiautschovicus and pumpkin), and smaller amounts of Z and a lesser decrease in V content were found at peak irradiance in those species with the higher rates of photosynthesis (particularly in M. neglecta and sunflower). In all species some Z was present in the leaves prior to sunrise. Furthermore, in individuals of sunflower, pumpkin, and cucumber grown at 85% of full sunlight and transferred to full sunlight, a further increase in the already large pool of the xanthophyll-cycle pigments occurred over the course of 1 d.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Adams
- Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Campus Box 334, 80309-0334, Boulder, CO, USA
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Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW, Green TGA, Czygan FC, Lange OL. Differences in the susceptibility to light stress in two lichens forming a phycosymbiodeme, one partner possessing and one lacking the xanthophyll cycle. Oecologia 1990; 84:451-456. [PMID: 28312959 DOI: 10.1007/bf00328159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/1990] [Accepted: 06/06/1990] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effect of high light levels on the two partners of a Pseudocyphellaria phycosymbiodeme (Pseudocyphellaria rufovirescens, with a green phycobiont, and P. murrayi with a blue-green phycobiont), which naturally occurs in deep shade, was examined and found to differ between the partners. Green algae can rapidly accumulate zeaxanthin, which we suggest is involved in photoprotection, through the xanthophyll cycle. Blue-green algae lack this cycle, and P. murrayi did not contain or form any zeaxanthin under our experimental conditions. Upon illumination, the thallus lobes with green algae exhibited strong nonphotochemical fluorescence quenching indicative of the radiationless dissipation of excess excitation energy, whereas thallus lobes with blue-green algae did not possess this capacity. The reduction state of photosystem II was higher by approximately 30% at each PFD beyond the light-limiting range in the blue-green algal partner compared with the green algal partner. Furthermore, a 2-h exposure to high light levels resulted in large reductions in the efficiency of photosynthetic energy conversion which were rapidly reversible in the lichen with green algae, but were long-lasting in the lichen with blue-green algae. Changes in fluorescence characteristics indicated that the cause of the depression in photosynthetic energy conversion was a reversible increase in radiationless dissipation in the green algal partner and "photoinhibitory damage" in the blue-green algal partner. These findings represent further evidence that zeaxanthin is involved in the photoprotective dissipation of excessive excitation energy in photosynthetic membranes. The difference in the capacity for rapid zeaxanthin formation between the two partners of the Pseudocyphellaria phycosymbiodeme may be important in the habitat selection of the two species when living separate from one another.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Demmig-Adams
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, 80309-0334, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - W W Adams
- Department of Environmental, Population and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, 80309-0334, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - T G A Green
- Biological Sciences, Waikato University, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - F -C Czygan
- Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - O L Lange
- Institut für Botanik und Pharmazeutische Biologie, Universität Würzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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Carotenoids and photoprotection in plants: A role for the xanthophyll zeaxanthin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(90)90088-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1117] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Demmig-Adams B, Adams WW. The carotenoid zeaxanthin and 'high-energy-state quenching' of chlorophyll fluorescence. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1990; 25:187-197. [PMID: 24420349 DOI: 10.1007/bf00033160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/1989] [Accepted: 05/08/1990] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The possibility that zeaxanthin mediates the dissipation of an excess of excitation energy in the antenna chlorophyll of the photochemical apparatus has been tested through the use of an inhibitor of violaxanthin de-epoxidation, dithiothreitol (DTT), as well as through the comparison of two closely related organisms (green and blue-green algal lichens), one of which (blue-green algal lichen) naturally lacks the xanthophyll cycle. In spinach leaves, DTT inhibited a major component of the rapidly relaxing high-energy-state quenching' of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was associated with a quenching of the level of initial fluorescence (F'0) and exhibited a close correlation with the zeaxanthin content of leaves when fluorescence quenching was expressed as the rate constant for radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll. Green algal lichens, which possess the xanthophyll cycle, exhibited the same type of fluorescence quenching as that observed in leaves. Two groups of blue-green algal lichens were used for a comparison with these green algal lichens. A group of zeaxanthin-free blue-green algal lichens did not exhibit the type of chlorophyll fluorescence quenching indicative of energy dissipation in the pigment bed. In contrast, a group of blue-green algal lichens which had formed zeaxanthin slowly through reactions other than the xanthophyll cycle, did show a very similar response to that of leaves and green algal lichens. Fluorescence quenching indicative of radiationless energy dissipation in the antenna chlorophyll was the predominant component of 'high-energy-state quenching' in spinach leaves under conditions allowing for high rates of steady-state photosynthesis. A second, but distinctly different type of 'high-energy-state quenching' of chlorophyll fluorescence, which was not inhibited by DTT (i.e., it was zeaxanthin independent) and which is possibly associated with the photosystem II reaction center, occurred in addition to that associated with zeaxanthin in leaves under a range of conditions which were less favorable for linear photosynthetic electron flow. In intact chloroplasts isolated from (zeaxanthin-free) spinach leaves a combination of these two types of rapidly reversible fluorescence quenching occurred under all conditions examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Demmig-Adams
- Department of Environmental, Population, and Organismic Biology, University of Colorado, Campus Box 334, 80309, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Demmig-Adams B, Máguas C, Adams WW, Meyer A, Kilian E, Lange OL. Effect of high light on the efficiency of photochemical energy conversion in a variety of lichen species with green and blue-green phycobionts. PLANTA 1990; 180:400-409. [PMID: 24202019 DOI: 10.1007/bf00198792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/1989] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to high light induced a quantitatively similar decrease in the rate of photosynthesis at limiting photon flux density (PFD) and of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency, FV/FM, in both green and blue-green algal lichens which were fully hydrated. Such depressions in the efficiency of photochemical energy conversion were generally reversible in green algal lichens but rather sustained in blue-green algal lichens. This greater susceptibility of blue-green algal lichens to sustained photoinhibition was not related to differences in the capacity to utilize light in photosynthesis, since the light-and CO2-saturated rates of photosynthetic O2 evolution were similar in the two groups. These reductions of PSII photochemical efficiency were, however, largely prevented in lichen thalli which were fully desiccated prior to exposure to high PFD. Thalli of green algal lichens which were allowed to desiccate during the exposure to high light exhibited similar recovery kinetics to those which were kept fully hydrated, whereas bluegreen algal lichens which became desiccated during a similar exposure exhibited greatly accelerated recovery compared to those which were kept fully hydrated. Thus, green algal lichens were able to recover from exposure to excessive PFDs when thalli were in either the hydrated or desiccated state during such an exposure, whereas in blue-green algal lichens the decrease in photochemical efficiency was reversible in thalli illuminated in the desiccated state but rather sustained subsequent to illumination of thalli in the hydrated state.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Demmig-Adams
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik II, Universität Würzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, Germany
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Monson RK. On the Evolutionary Pathways Resulting in C4 Photosynthesis and Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM). ADV ECOL RES 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60157-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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