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Negash BM, Abaya SW, Abegaz T, Takele AK, Mekonnen WT, Negatu HB, Gintamo TT, Tamirat T, Koirita GK. Assessment of paper dust exposure and chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers in, Ethiopia; a comparative cross-sectional study. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:48. [PMID: 36726142 PMCID: PMC9890692 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers in pulp and paper factories are continuously exposed to paper dust. Excessive exposure to paper dust can cause respiratory disease. Information about the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and dust exposure levels among workers in pulp and paper factories is not available in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess personal total dust exposure levels, the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms and their associated risk factors among workers in Ethiopian pulp and paper factories. METHODS A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 40 dust measurements were carried out on 20 randomly selected workers. To assess chronic respiratory symptoms and associated factors, 434 workers from two paper factories and controls were interviewed using a standard questionnaire adapted from the American Thoracic Society (ATS). Gravimetric analyses of the filters were undertaken using a standard microbalance. Poisson regression was performed for comparing the prevalence of symptoms and risk factors for the two groups. Multivariable analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with chronic respiratory symptoms. RESULT The arithmetic mean (AM) and geometric mean (GM) of dust exposure levels among the paper factories workers were 11.3 (± 7.7) and 10.2 (± 1.4) mg/m3 respectively. This exposure level exceeded the threshold limit value recommended for total dust (10 mg/m3). The prevalence of having at least one chronic respiratory symptom was about 51% among the workers in paper factories. The prevalence ratio of having chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers was 5.6 times higher (PR = 6, 95% CI 3.5-10.3) than in the controls. Chronic respiratory symptoms were significantly associated with factors such as an educational status of less than grade 9, being employed in the work sections of the factories, having work experience of 5 years and above, working more than 8 h per day and having a past history of occupation and respiratory illnesses. CONCLUSION The dust concentration in the paper factories exceeded the acceptable recommended limit value of 10 mg/m3. The prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms among paper factory workers was higher than among controls. The main determining factors for chronic respiratory symptoms among the workers were the specific work section such as production section, low income, having past history of respiratory illnesses, the number of years of working and low educational status. This finding indicated the need for improving the working conditions in paper factories in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samson Wakuma Abaya
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Teferi Abegaz
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abera Kumie Takele
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Worku Tefera Mekonnen
- grid.7123.70000 0001 1250 5688Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hager Badima Negatu
- grid.463056.2Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Teshome Tamirat
- grid.463056.2Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gelaneh Kusse Koirita
- grid.460724.30000 0004 5373 1026St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Neitzel RL, Andersson M, Lohman S, Sällsten G, Torén K, Andersson E. Dust Exposures in Swedish Soft Tissue Paper Mills. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 66:14-26. [PMID: 34409426 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Paper dust has previously been linked to adverse health effects. However, a comprehensive dataset of paper dust exposures does not appear to have been published previously. Our study was intended to address this need by describing a large dataset of measurements made in Swedish soft tissue paper mills. METHODS We compiled personal and area total dust exposure measurements collected from a range of operations by our research staff at four soft tissue paper mills in Sweden. We also compiled measurements made by the occupational health staff at each mill and the Swedish Work Environment Authority. We analyzed these measurements to describe patterns and trends in exposures and used mixed-effects regression models to identify measurement characteristics that predicted exposure levels. RESULTS We compiled 1578 measurements from 1971 to 2009, of which 1026 (65%) were personal samples. Statistically significant differences were found between measurements made by research, mill, and Swedish Work Environment Authority staff, as well as between personal and area measurements. The measurement data suggest that, beginning in the 1980s, exposures declined at three of the four mills, but that overexposures were still common at the end of the period. Papermaking and converting operations had the highest observed dust exposures. One mill had significantly lower exposures than the others. Type of measurement (personal versus area) and source of measurement (research staff, company, or regulatory agency) were not significant predictors of measured total dust exposure after controlling for mill, operation, and time. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis of measured paper dust exposures may be useful for historical and contemporary exposure assessment in our own and other epidemiological studies. We have identified specific characteristics (i.e. papermaking operations and mill) and time trends that are important data features to consider, and documented continuing overexposure situations. Our results highlight the ongoing need for application of exposure controls to reduce paper dust exposures in the soft tissue paper industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Neitzel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marianne Andersson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Lohman
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sällsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kjell Torén
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Eriksson HP, Söderberg M, Neitzel RL, Torén K, Andersson E. Cardiovascular mortality in a Swedish cohort of female industrial workers exposed to noise and shift work. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:285-293. [PMID: 32892225 PMCID: PMC7873009 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim was to study mortality due to cardiovascular disease as well as total mortality, among female industrial workers, and the association to occupational noise and shift work. METHODS Women from cohorts of soft tissue paper mills (N = 3013) and pulp and paper mills (N = 1483) were merged into one cohort. Job exposure matrices were developed and used for classification of shift work and noise exposure. Every year was classified as shift work excluding nights or shift work including nights. Noise was classified into seven 5 dB(A) bins from < 75 to ≥ 100 dB(A). Mortality from cardiovascular diseases and total mortality during 1956-2013 was calculated as a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) using the female general population as a reference. RESULTS Fatal myocardial infarctions (N = 144) were increased in the total cohort, SMR 1.20 (95% CI 1.01-1.41) but not total mortality. The SMR for myocardial infarction for women exposed to noise ≥ 90 dB(A) for > 10 years was 1.41 (95% CI 1.02-1.89) and for those exposed to night shifts > 10 years, 1.33 (95% CI 0.91-1.89). Shift workers without nights ≤ 65 years, with noise exposure ≥ 90 dB(A), had SMR 2.41 (95% CI 1.20-4.31) from myocardial infarction. There was no increased mortality from cerebrovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS Female paper mill workers had an increased mortality from acute myocardial infarction, especially before retirement age, when exposed to noise ≥ 90 dB(A) and with long-time employment. Exposure to shift work and noise usually occurred concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena P Eriksson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden.
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, BOX 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Mia Söderberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, BOX 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Richard L Neitzel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kjell Torén
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, BOX 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, BOX 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
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Torén K, Neitzel R, Sallsten G, Andersson E. Occupational exposure to soft paper dust and mortality. Occup Environ Med 2020; 77:549-554. [PMID: 32241835 PMCID: PMC7402447 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-106394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Occupational exposure to soft paper dust is associated with impaired lung function. Whether there is an increased risk for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unclear. METHODS We studied 7870 workers from three Swedish soft paper mills, and defined high-exposed workers, as having been exposed to soft paper dust exceeding 5 mg/m3 for at least 5 years. The remaining workers were classified as 'low exposed'. Person-years at risk were calculated and stratified according to gender, age and calendar-year. The follow-up time was from 1960 to 2013. The expected numbers of deaths were calculated using the Swedish population as reference and standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) with 95% CIs were assessed. RESULTS There was an increased mortality due to obstructive lung disease (asthma and COPD), among high-exposed workers, SMR 1.89, 95% CI 1.20 to 2.83, based on 23 observed cases. High-exposed workers had an increased mortality from asthma, SMR 4.13, 95% CI 1.78 to 8.14, based on eight observed cases. The increased asthma mortality was also observed among high-exposed men, SMR 4.38, 95% CI 1.42 to 10.2, based on five observed cases. The asthma mortality among low-exposed workers, both men and women, was not increased. The COPD mortality was not clearly increased among high-exposed workers (SMR 1.52, 95% CI 0.85 to 2.50). CONCLUSION High occupational exposure to soft paper dust increases the mortality due to asthma, and the results suggest that soft paper dust levels in workplaces should be below 5 mg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Torén
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden .,Dept of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard Neitzel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Dept of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Dept of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Neitzel RL, Andersson M, Lohman S, Sällsten G, Torén K, Andersson E. A semi-quantitative job exposure matrix for dust exposures in Swedish soft tissue paper mills. Am J Ind Med 2020; 63:359-367. [PMID: 31953960 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Total paper dust exposure has been associated with respiratory problems among workers in the soft tissue paper industry. However, a comprehensive job exposure matrix (JEM) has not been developed for application to this industry. Our study was intended to address this need and to support further studies of mortality and morbidity in a cohort of Swedish workers from this industry. METHODS We evaluated four participating soft tissue paper mills in Sweden. We combined information on process and equipment status from the mills with knowledge of the mills obtained through research efforts and paper dust measurements made at all four mills to develop a semi-quantitative JEM with seven dust exposure levels. The JEM was targeted at workers enrolled into a soft tissue paper mill cohort and working any time between 1960 and 2009. RESULTS The JEM includes a total of 14 421 cells, with each cell corresponding to the exposure for a job title, department, or work location for a one-year period. Exposure levels in the JEM were estimated to decline at three of the four mills from 1971 to 2009, but overexposures (ie, exceedances of the relevant occupational exposure limits) remained common at the end of the period. CONCLUSIONS The JEM results highlight the need for ongoing exposure control efforts in the soft tissue paper industry, and will inform ongoing epidemiological studies of the health effects of exposure to paper dust in Sweden. It is freely available for use by other researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L. Neitzel
- Department of Environmental Health SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor Michigan
| | - Marianne Andersson
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg Sweden
| | - Susanna Lohman
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg Sweden
| | - Gerd Sällsten
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg Sweden
| | - Kjell Torén
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental MedicineSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburg Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburg Sweden
- Occupational and Environmental MedicineSahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburg Sweden
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Andersson E, Sällsten G, Lohman S, Neitzel R, Torén K. Lung function and paper dust exposure among workers in a soft tissue paper mill. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2019; 93:105-110. [PMID: 31451924 PMCID: PMC6989582 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-019-01469-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To study respiratory effects of exposure to soft paper dust exposure, a relationship that is rarely studied. Methods Soft tissue paper mill workers at a Swedish paper mill were investigated using a questionnaire and lung function and atopy screening. Spirometry without bronchodilation was performed with a dry wedge spirometer, and forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) were obtained and expressed as percent predicted. Exposure to soft paper dust was assessed from historical stationary and personal measurements of total dust, in addition to historical information about the work, department, and production. The impact of high exposure to soft paper dust (> 5 mg/m3) vs. lower exposure ≤ 5 mg/m3, as well as cumulative exposure, was analyzed using multiple linear regression models. Multivariate models were adjusted for smoking, atopy, gender, and body mass index. Results One hundred ninety-eight current workers (124 male and 74 female) were included. There were significant associations between both cumulative exposure and years of high exposure to soft paper dust and impaired lung function. Each year of high exposure to soft paper dust was associated with a 0.87% decrease in FEV1 [95% confidence interval (CI) − 1.39 to − 0.35] and decreased FVC (− 0.54%, 95% CI − 1.00 to − 0.08) compared to the lower exposed workers. Conclusions The present study shows that occupational exposure to soft paper dust (years exceeding 5 mg/m3 total dust) is associated with lung function impairment and increased prevalence of obstructive lung function impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Andersson
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sällsten
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Lohman
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Richard Neitzel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kjell Torén
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Box 414, 405 30, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Neitzel RL, Andersson M, Eriksson H, Torén K, Andersson E. Development of a Job Exposure Matrix for Noise in the Swedish Soft Tissue Paper Industry. Ann Work Expo Health 2017; 62:195-209. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxx095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Noise exposure is a common occupational hazard, but has not been sufficiently characterized in paper mills. We developed a job-exposure matrix (JEM) for noise exposure for use in estimating exposures among Swedish soft tissue paper mill workers.
Methods
We used a combination of area and personal dosimetry noise exposure measurements made at four soft tissue paper mills by industry and research staff between 1977 and 2013 to estimate noise exposures by department, location, and job title. We then utilized these estimates, in conjunction with information on process and facility changes and use of hearing protection collected via focus groups, to create a seven-category, semi-quantitative JEM for all departments, locations, and job titles spanning the years 1940–2010.
Results
The results of the 1157 area and personal dosimetry noise measurements indicated that noise levels have generally declined in Swedish paper mills over time, though these changes have been neither uniform nor monotonic within or across the four mills. Focus group results indicated that use of hearing protection has generally increased over time. The noise JEM totals 1917 cells, with each cell representing a unique combination of operation, job title, and single year. We estimated that ~50% of workers at the four mills assessed were exposed at or above the Swedish 8-h average noise exposure limit of an 85 dBA at the conclusion of the study period in 2010.
Conclusions
Our results highlight the continuing need for hearing loss prevention and noise control efforts at these and similar mills, and the completed JEM now represents a tool for use in epidemiological studies of noise-related health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lee Neitzel
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marianne Andersson
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Helena Eriksson
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kjell Torén
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eva Andersson
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Shvedova AA, Kisin ER, Yanamala N, Farcas MT, Menas AL, Williams A, Fournier PM, Reynolds JS, Gutkin DW, Star A, Reiner RS, Halappanavar S, Kagan VE. Gender differences in murine pulmonary responses elicited by cellulose nanocrystals. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:28. [PMID: 27278671 PMCID: PMC4898310 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0140-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cellulose-based materials have been used for centuries to manufacture different goods derived from forestry and agricultural sources. In the growing field of nanocellulose applications, its uniquely engineered properties are instrumental for inventive products coming to competitive markets. Due to their high aspect ratio and stiffness, it is speculated that cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) may cause similar pulmonary toxicity as carbon nanotubes and asbestos, thus posing a potential negative impact on public health and the environment. Methods The present study was undertaken to investigate the pulmonary outcomes induced by repeated exposure to respirable CNC. C57BL/6 female and male mice were exposed by pharyngeal aspiration to CNC (40 μg/mouse) 2 times a week for 3 weeks. Several biochemical endpoints and pathophysiological outcomes along with gene expression changes were evaluated and compared in the lungs of male and female mice. Results Exposure to respirable CNC caused pulmonary inflammation and damage, induced oxidative stress, elevated TGF-β and collagen levels in lung, and impaired pulmonary functions. Notably, these effects were markedly more pronounced in females compared to male mice. Moreover, sex differences in responses to pulmonary exposure to CNC were also detected at the level of global mRNA expression as well as in inflammatory cytokine/chemokine activity. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that there are considerable differences in responses to respirable CNC based on gender with a higher pulmonary toxicity observed in female mice. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0140-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna A Shvedova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA. .,Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, School of Medicine/WVU, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Elena R Kisin
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Mariana T Farcas
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Autumn L Menas
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, NIOSH, Exposure Assessment Branch, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0 K9, Canada
| | - Philip M Fournier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Reynolds
- Engineering and Controls Technology Branch, NIOSH/CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Dmitriy W Gutkin
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alexander Star
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard S Reiner
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0 K9, Canada
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Free Radical Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Holm M, Dahlman-Höglund A, Torén K. Respiratory health effects and exposure to superabsorbent polymer and paper dust - an epidemiological study. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:557. [PMID: 21752269 PMCID: PMC3155498 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The primary aim of the present study was to investigate if exposure to dust from absorbent hygiene products containing superabsorbent polymer is related to symptoms from the airways and from the eyes. The secondary aim was to estimate the current exposure to superabsorbent polymer among production and maintenance workers in a plant producing hygiene products. Methods The cohort comprised 1043 workers of whom 689 were exposed to super absorbent polymer and 804 were exposed to paper dust (overlapping groups). There was 186 workers not exposed to either superabsorbent polymer or to paper dust They were investigated with a comprehensive questionnaire about exposure, asthma, rhinitis and symptoms from eyes and airways. The results were analyzed with logistic regression models adjusting for sex, age, atopy and smoking habits. An aerosol sampler equipped with a polytetrafluoroethylene filter with 1 μm pore size was used for personal samplings in order to measure inhalable dust and superabsorbent polymer. Results The prevalence of nasal crusts (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.01-2.0) and nose-bleeding (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.4) was increased among the paper dust exposed workers (adjusted for superabsorbent polymer exposure). There were no significant effects associated with exposure to superabsorbent polymer (adjusted for paper dust exposure). The average exposure to inhalable levels of total dust (paper dust) varied between 0.40 and 1.37 mg/m3. For superabsorbent polymer dust the average exposure varied between 0.02 and 0.81 mg/m3. Conclusions In conclusion, our study shows that workers manufacturing diapers in the hygiene industry have an increased prevalence of symptoms from the nose, especially nose-bleeding. There was no relation between exposure to superabsorbent polymer and symptoms from eyes, nose or respiratory tract, but exposure to paper dust was associated with nose-bleeding and nasal crusts. This group of workers had also a considerable exposure to superabsorbent polymer dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Holm
- Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Korhonen K, Liukkonen T, Ahrens W, Astrakianakis G, Boffetta P, Burdorf A, Heederik D, Kauppinen T, Kogevinas M, Osvoll P, Rix BA, Saalo A, Sunyer J, Szadkowska-Stanczyk I, Teschke K, Westberg H, Widerkiewicz K. Occupational exposure to chemical agents in the paper industry. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2004; 77:451-60. [PMID: 15368059 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-004-0530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
As part of an International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) international epidemiological study of workers in the pulp and paper industry, previously unpublished exposure measurements were assembled in a database. This article summarizes the results of 3,873 measurements carried out in the production departments of paper and paperboard mills and recycling plants in 12 countries. In the paper and paperboard mills, most of the agents were measured in the pulping and refining departments and in on-machine coating and winding of paper/paperboard. Exposures to asbestos, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria, nitrogen dioxide, minerals dusts, paper dust, sulphuric acid and different solvents sometimes exceeded exposure limit values. In the re-pulping and de-inking departments of recycling plants high exposures to formaldehyde, fungal spores, bacteria and paper dust were observed. High exposures to asbestos, bioaerosols, carbon monoxide and paper dust were found in many departments; ammonia, formaldehyde, mineral and paper dust and solvents were found in coating machines; and diphenyl and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) were found in some special circumstances. Measurements in the newsprint and uncoated paper machine departments revealed only a few elevated exposures. In nearly all departments, measurements of epichlorohydrin, PCBs, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide and mercaptans tended to be low, often even below their detection limits. In spite of some uncertainties in the measurement data, the study provides new insights into the level and variation of occupational exposures of production workers in the paper and paperboard industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Korhonen
- Lappeenranta Regional Institute of Occupational Health, Laserkatu 6, 53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
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Kraus T, Pfahlberg A, Zöbelein P, Gefeller O, Raithel HJ. Lung function among workers in the soft tissue paper-producing industry. Chest 2004; 125:731-6. [PMID: 14769758 DOI: 10.1378/chest.125.2.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe lung function in correlation with information on exposure to dust and fibers in soft tissue paper-producing factories in Germany. METHODS Ambient monitoring was performed for inhalable, respirable dust and fibers in nine soft tissue paper-producing factories. In a study group of 1,047 workers (189 control subjects, 240 workers with moderate exposure, and 618 workers with high exposure), spirometry (FVC, FEV(1)) was performed. Information on occupational history, duration of exposure, workshop within the company, former occupational exposures, and smoking habits were collected. By employing multiple linear regression modeling, the potentially confounding effects of age, sex, body mass index, smoking habits, and factory were incorporated into the analysis of FVC, FEV(1), and FEV(1) in percent of FVC (FEV(1)%FVC). By employing a logistic regression model, odds ratios were calculated for FVC < 80% predicted in different exposure subgroups. RESULTS The mean concentrations for inhalable, respirable, and fibrous dusts were 12.4 mg/m(3), 0.28 mg/m(3), and 420,000 fibers per cubic meter. With relation to cumulative dust and fiber exposure, a decrease of FVC from 105.4% predicted to 96.9% predicted (dust) and 97.1% predicted (fibers) in the subgroup with highest cumulative exposure was observed. For FEV(1), a decrease from 107.3% predicted to 103.0% predicted (dust) and 102.8% predicted (fibers) was found. The parameter estimates show dose-response relationships that are more pronounced for FVC compared to FEV(1). FEV(1)%FVC did not change significantly with increasing cumulative exposure, indicating a restrictive pattern of the findings. CONCLUSIONS Due to high ambient dust concentrations and the observed adverse effects on lung function, a reduction of dust exposure and secondary preventive measures is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kraus
- Institute and Outpatient-Clinic for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital, Aachen University of Technology, Pauwelsstrasse 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Kraus T, Pfahlberg A, Gefeller O, Raithel HJ. Respiratory symptoms and diseases among workers in the soft tissue producing industry. Occup Environ Med 2002; 59:830-5. [PMID: 12468750 PMCID: PMC1763608 DOI: 10.1136/oem.59.12.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To correlate the prevalence of respiratory tract symptoms and diseases with dust and fibre exposure in the soft tissue industry in Germany. METHODS Ambient monitoring was performed for inhalable, respirable dust and fibres in seven soft tissue producing factories. In 441 workers (72 controls, 90 moderate, 279 high exposure) a standardised questionnaire on respiratory symptoms, diseases, occupational history, and smoking habits was used. Crude differences in the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and diseases were assessed. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relation between the respiratory symptoms/diseases and the cumulative dust and fibre exposure, respectively, while adjusting for age, gender, smoking habits, and factory. The effects of exposure intensity and duration were differentiated by categorising dust/fibre concentrations and years of exposure separately and setting up logistic regression models. RESULTS The mean concentrations for inhalable, respirable, and fibrous dusts were 10.3 mg/m(3), 0.22 mg/m(3), and 415,000 fibres/m(3). Adjusted odds ratios (OR) with relation to cumulative dust exposure intensity were significantly raised for blocked nose (18.2), mucosal irritation (6.5), dry nose (8.9), cough (3.5), phlegm (7.5), exercise induced dyspnoea (2.6), hoarseness (11.3), and sneezing attacks (7.9) (ORs for highest exposure categories). Cumulative dust or fibre exposure had no significant effects on the prevalence of respiratory diseases. For all symptoms with significantly raised ORs, combined effects of intensity and duration of exposure were found. CONCLUSIONS Because of the high prevalence of respiratory symptoms a reduction of dust exposures is recommended. Chronic exposure effects could not be found in this study, however, a healthy worker effect has to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kraus
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational Medicine, University Hospital, Aachen University of Technology, Germany.
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Hellgren J, Lillienberg L, Jarlstedt J, Karlsson G, Torén K. Population-based study of non-infectious rhinitis in relation to occupational exposure, age, sex, and smoking. Am J Ind Med 2002; 42:23-8. [PMID: 12111687 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.10083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many types of occupational exposure are associated with the risk of non-infectious rhinitis. We investigate the risk factors for this association. METHODS A random population of 2,044 subjects (aged 21-51) answered a questionnaire that was comprised of detailed questions on occupational exposure, nasal complaints, and smoking. NIR was defined as the sensation of nasal blockage and/or attacks of sneezing without having a cold. The incidence rates for NIR among exposed and unexposed were calculated. In the different exposed groups, only NIR with onset after the start of exposure was regarded as exposed. If a subject reported NIR before the relevant exposure started, he/she was excluded from that analysis. Relative risks (RR) were calculated as incidence rate ratios. Odds ratios controlling for smoking, age, and atopy were also calculated. RESULTS The incidence rate for NIR was 13.5/1,000 person-years. Males exposed to fire fumes (RR 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-4.1), women exposed to paper dust (RR 2.0, 95% CI 1.5-2.9), and male cleaners (RR 3.1, 95% CI 1.9-5.1) displayed an increased risk of developing NIR. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of NIR for both sexes. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to several occupational irritants is associated with a higher risk of developing NIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Hellgren
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Zuskin E, Mustajbegovic J, Schachter EN, Kanceljak B, Kern J, Macan J, Ebling Z. Respiratory function and immunological status in paper-recycling workers. J Occup Environ Med 1998; 40:986-93. [PMID: 9830606 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-199811000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory function and immunological status of workers employed in the paper recycling industry were studied. The mean age of the 101 studied workers was 41 years, and the mean duration of their exposure was 17 years. A group of 87 unexposed workers of similar age, duration of employment, and smoking history was studied for the prevalence of chronic respiratory symptoms. Lung function in the paper workers was measured by recording maximum expiratory flow volume (MEFV) curves and recording forced vital capacity (FVC), 1-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1), and maximum expiratory flow rates at 50% and the last 25% of the FVC (FEF50, FEF25). Immunological studies were performed in all 101 paper workers and in 37 control workers (volunteers). These included skin-prick tests with paper-dust extracts and other nonoccupational allergens, as well as the measurement of total serum immunoglobulin E. Significantly higher prevalences of all chronic respiratory symptoms were found in paper compared with control workers (P < 0.01). The highest prevalences were found for chronic cough (36.6%), chronic phlegm (34.7%), chronic bronchitis (33.7%), sinusitis (31.7%), and dyspnea (18.8%). Occupational asthma was diagnosed in four (4.0%) of the paper workers. A logistic regression analysis performed on chronic respiratory symptoms of paper workers indicated significant effects of smoking and exposure, with the smoking effect being the most important. Multivariate analysis of lung-function parameters indicate significant effects of exposure. For paper workers, the measured FEF50 and FEF25 were significantly decreased, compared with predicted values, suggesting obstructive changes located primarily in smaller airways. Among 101 tested paper workers, 16 (15.8%) had positive skin-prick tests to at least one of the paper extracts; none of the control workers reacted to these extracts. Increased serum IgE levels were found in 21% of the paper workers and in 5% of control workers (P < 0.05). Paper workers with positive skin-prick tests to any of the paper and/or other tested extracts had higher prevalences of chronic respiratory symptoms and lower measured lung-function tests compared with predicted than did those with negative skin-prick tests, but the differences were not statistically significant. The measured concentrations of total and respirable dust in this industry were higher than those recommended by Croatian standards. Our study suggests that work in the paper-recycling industry is associated with respiratory impairment and that sensitive workers employed in this industry may be at particular risk of developing chronic respiratory abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zuskin
- Andrija Stampar School of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
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Torén K, Järvholm B, Sällsten G, Thiringer G. Respiratory symptoms and asthma among workers exposed to paper dust: a cohort study. Am J Ind Med 1994; 26:489-96. [PMID: 7810547 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700260406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present cohort study was to investigate whether exposure to paper dust causes increased risk for respiratory symptoms or asthma. The cohort included all workers at a soft paper mill who had worked there for more than 1 year 1960-1986 (n = 1,697). Randomly selected inhabitants of the mill town (n = 781) were used as unexposed referents. Both groups were investigated using a postal questionnaire. From the paper mill cohort, workers with high cumulative exposure (n = 313), with medium cumulative exposure (n = 321), and with low cumulative exposure (n = 338) to paper dust were selected. In the 1960s and 1970s, the dust levels were between 5 and 10 mg/m3. After adjustment for smoking and gender, paper dust exposure resulted in elevated prevalence ratios for chronic cough, chronic phlegm, wheeze, and breathlessness. The prevalence ratios ranged from 1.3 to 2.5. No significantly increased risk of asthma was found among the exposed, incidence rate ratio 1.4 (95% confidence interval 0.93-1.8). Among the exposed, there was an insignificantly increasing incidence rate ratio, 1.0, 1.4, 2.1, with increasing cumulative exposure. In conclusion, an increased risk for respiratory symptoms was observed among workers exposed to paper dust, but the study does not permit any definite conclusions regarding asthma and paper dust exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Torén
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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16
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Meding B, Torén K, Karlberg AT, Hagberg S, Wass K. Evaluation of skin symptoms among workers at a Swedish paper mill. Am J Ind Med 1993; 23:721-8. [PMID: 8506850 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700230506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Process and office workers at a Swedish paper mill (n = 274) and dairy workers (n = 45) were investigated with questionnaires regarding skin symptoms. In the second part of the study, subjects reporting skin symptoms and a random sample of subjects without symptoms were examined and investigated with patch testing. Pruritus and skin irritation probably related to exposure to dust were found. The results do not indicate an increased prevalence of contact allergy. In two cases, positive patch test reactions to paper size (rosin) and a slimicide, mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), were noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Meding
- Department of Occupational Dermatology, National Institute of Occupational Health, Solna, Sweden
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Abstract
Lung function deterioration has been reported among workers exposed to heavy exposure to paper dust (greater than 5 mg/m3). This pilot study was undertaken in order to evaluate the health effects of low exposure to paper dust (less than or equal to 1 mg/m3) in bookbinders. The study population consisted of 20 exposed subjects and 18 local office subjects. They were studied during identical conditions by means of dynamic and static spirometry, single breath wash-out with nitrogen (N2) and carbon monoxide (CO). The 90th percentile for daily average values of total dust was 0.6 mg/m3. Non-smoking exposed subjects had on the average an increase in FEV% (forced expiratory volume in one second in percentage of vital capacity) when compared to non-smoking local control subjects. We found a weak correlation between the increase in FEV% and daily average values of total dust (probably reflecting a higher exposure in the past). The results suggest that a low exposure to paper dust in bookbinders with a time of employment more than 10 years might cause a slight lung function deterioration without a clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dahlqvist
- Department of Work Science, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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