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Tailoring and optimizing fatty acid production by oleaginous yeasts through the systematic exploration of their physiological fitness. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:228. [PMID: 36329440 PMCID: PMC9632096 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of palm oil for our current needs is unsustainable. Replacing palm oil with oils produced by microbes through the conversion of sustainable feedstocks is a promising alternative. However, there are major technical challenges that must be overcome to enable this transition. Foremost among these challenges is the stark increase in lipid accumulation and production of higher content of specific fatty acids. Therefore, there is a need for more in-depth knowledge and systematic exploration of the oil productivity of the oleaginous yeasts. In this study, we cultivated Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus and Yarrowia lipolytica at various C/N ratios and temperatures in a defined medium with glycerol as carbon source and urea as nitrogen source. We ascertained the synergistic effect between various C/N ratios of a defined medium at different temperatures with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and explored the variation in fatty acid composition through Principal Component Analysis. Results By applying RSM, we determined a temperature of 30 °C and a C/N ratio of 175 g/g to enable maximal oil production by C. oleaginosus and a temperature of 21 °C and a C/N ratio of 140 g/g for Y. lipolytica. We increased production by 71% and 66% respectively for each yeast compared to the average lipid accumulation in all tested conditions. Modulating temperature enabled us to steer the fatty acid compositions. Accordingly, switching from higher temperature to lower cultivation temperature shifted the production of oils from more saturated to unsaturated by 14% in C. oleaginosus and 31% in Y. lipolytica. Higher cultivation temperatures resulted in production of even longer saturated fatty acids, 3% in C. oleaginosus and 1.5% in Y. lipolytica. Conclusions In this study, we provided the optimum C/N ratio and temperature for C. oleaginosus and Y. lipolytica by RSM. Additionally, we demonstrated that lipid accumulation of both oleaginous yeasts was significantly affected by the C/N ratio and temperature. Furthermore, we systematically analyzed the variation in fatty acids composition and proved that changing the C/N ratio and temperature steer the composition. We have further established these oleaginous yeasts as platforms for production of tailored fatty acids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01956-5.
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Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus: A Versatile Whole-Cell Biocatalyst for the Production of Single-Cell Oil from Agro-Industrial Wastes. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus is an oleaginous yeast with several favourable qualities: It is fast growing, accumulates high amounts of lipids and has a very broad substrate spectrum. Its resistance to hydrolysis by-products makes it a promising biocatalyst for custom tailored microbial oils. C. oleaginosus can accumulate up to 60 wt.% of its biomass as lipids. This species is able to grow by using several compounds as a substrate, such as acetic acid, biodiesel-derived glycerol, N-acetylglucosamine, lignocellulosic hydrolysates, wastepaper and other agro-industrial wastes. This review is focused on state-of-the-art innovative and sustainable biorefinery schemes involving this promising yeast and second- and third-generation biomasses. Moreover, this review offers a comprehensive and updated summary of process strategies, biomass pretreatments and fermentation conditions for enhancing lipid production by C. oleaginosus as a whole-cell biocatalyst. Finally, an overview of the main industrial applications of single-cell oil is reported together with future perspectives.
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Chattopadhyay A, Maiti MK. Lipid production by oleaginous yeasts. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 116:1-98. [PMID: 34353502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial lipid production has been studied extensively for years; however, lipid metabolic engineering in many of the extraordinarily high lipid-accumulating yeasts was impeded by inadequate understanding of the metabolic pathways including regulatory mechanisms defining their oleaginicity and the limited genetic tools available. The aim of this review is to highlight the prominent oleaginous yeast genera, emphasizing their oleaginous characteristics, in conjunction with diverse other features such as cheap carbon source utilization, withstanding the effect of inhibitory compounds, commercially favorable fatty acid composition-all supporting their future development as economically viable lipid feedstock. The unique aspects of metabolism attributing to their oleaginicity are accentuated in the pretext of outlining the various strategies successfully implemented to improve the production of lipid and lipid-derived metabolites. A large number of in silico data generated on the lipid accumulation in certain oleaginous yeasts have been carefully curated, as suggestive evidences in line with the exceptional oleaginicity of these organisms. The different genetic elements developed in these yeasts to execute such strategies have been scrupulously inspected, underlining the major types of newly-found and synthetically constructed promoters, transcription terminators, and selection markers. Additionally, there is a plethora of advanced genetic toolboxes and techniques described, which have been successfully used in oleaginous yeasts in the recent years, promoting homologous recombination, genome editing, DNA assembly, and transformation at remarkable efficiencies. They can accelerate and effectively guide the rational designing of system-wide metabolic engineering approaches pinpointing the key targets for developing industrially suitable yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.
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Pham N, Reijnders M, Suarez-Diez M, Nijsse B, Springer J, Eggink G, Schaap PJ. Genome-scale metabolic modeling underscores the potential of Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus ATCC 20509 as a cell factory for biofuel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:2. [PMID: 33407779 PMCID: PMC7788717 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01838-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus ATCC 20509 is a fast-growing oleaginous basidiomycete yeast that is able to grow in a wide range of low-cost carbon sources including crude glycerol, a byproduct of biodiesel production. When glycerol is used as a carbon source, this yeast can accumulate more than 50% lipids (w/w) with high concentrations of mono-unsaturated fatty acids. RESULTS To increase our understanding of this yeast and to provide a knowledge base for further industrial use, a FAIR re-annotated genome was used to build a genome-scale, constraint-based metabolic model containing 1553 reactions involving 1373 metabolites in 11 compartments. A new description of the biomass synthesis reaction was introduced to account for massive lipid accumulation in conditions with high carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio in the media. This condition-specific biomass objective function is shown to better predict conditions with high lipid accumulation using glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, and glycerol as sole carbon source. CONCLUSION Contributing to the economic viability of biodiesel as renewable fuel, C. oleaginosus ATCC 20509 can effectively convert crude glycerol waste streams in lipids as a potential bioenergy source. Performance simulations are essential to identify optimal production conditions and to develop and fine tune a cost-effective production process. Our model suggests ATP-citrate lyase as a possible target to further improve lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Pham
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Reijnders
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Suarez-Diez
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Nijsse
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Springer
- Food and Biobased Research and AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Eggink
- Food and Biobased Research and AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Bioprocess Engineering and AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schaap
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Sanya DRA, Onesime D, Kunze G, Neuveglise C, Crutz-Le Coq AM. The native acyltransferase-coding genes DGA1 and DGA2 affect lipid accumulation in Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans differently when overexpressed. FEMS Yeast Res 2020; 20:5989697. [PMID: 33206977 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Blastobotrys raffinosifermentans is an ascomycetous yeast with biotechnological applications, recently shown to be an oleaginous yeast accumulating lipids under nitrogen limitation. Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGATs) act in the lipid storage pathway, in the last step of triacylglycerol biosynthesis. Two DGAT families are widespread in eukaryotes. We first checked that B. raffinosifermentans strain LS3 possessed both types of DGAT, and we then overexpressed the native DGAT-encoding genes, DGA1 and DGA2, separately or together. DGA2 (from the DGAT1 family) overexpression was sufficient to increase lipid content significantly in LS3, to up to 26.5% of dry cell weight (DCW), 1.6 times the lipid content of the parental strain (16.90% of DCW) in glucose medium under nitrogen limitation. By contrast, DGA1 (of the DGAT2 type) overexpression led to a large increase (up to 140-fold) in the amount of the corresponding transcript, but had no effect on overall lipid content relative to the parental strain. Analysis of the expression of the native genes over time in the parental strain revealed that DGA2 transcript levels quadrupled between 8 and 24 h in the N-limited lipogenic medium, whereas DGA1 transcript levels remained stable. This survey highlights the predominant role of the DGAT1 family in lipid accumulation and demonstrates the suitability of B. raffinosifermentans for engineering for lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ruben Akiola Sanya
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute,Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Djamila Onesime
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute,Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Gotthard Kunze
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Correnstr. 3, Gatersleben 06466, Germany
| | - Cécile Neuveglise
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute,Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - Anne-Marie Crutz-Le Coq
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute,Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
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Diamantopoulou P, Stoforos NG, Xenopoulos E, Sarris D, Psarianos D, Philippoussis A, Papanikolaou S. Lipid production by Cryptococcus curvatus growing on commercial xylose and subsequent valorization of fermentation waste-waters for the production of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Biochem Eng J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tasselli G, Filippucci S, D'Antonio S, Cavalaglio G, Turchetti B, Cotana F, Buzzini P. Optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic fraction obtained from stranded driftwood feedstocks for lipid production by Solicoccozyma terricola. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:e00367. [PMID: 31453116 PMCID: PMC6704348 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Stranded driftwood feedstocks (SD) were steam exploded and hydrolyzed. The enzymatic hydrolysis was optimized using a multivariate approach (RSM). The conversion of carbohydrates into lipids by S. terricola was high (YL = 25.26%). The fatty acid profile achieved was similar to that reported for palm oil. SD feedstocks resulted a cheap C-source for biofuels and biochemicals production.
Stranded driftwood feedstocks may represent, after pretreatment with steam explosion and enzymatic hydrolysis, a cheap C-source for producing biochemicals and biofuels using oleaginous yeasts. The hydrolysis was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM). The solid loading (SL) and the dosage of enzyme cocktail (ED) were variated following a central composite design (CCD) aimed at optimizing the conversion of carbohydrates into lipids (YL) by the yeast Solicoccozyma terricola DBVPG 5870. A second-order polynomial equation was computed for describing the effect of ED and SL on YL. The best combination (ED = 3.10%; SL = 22.07%) for releasing the optimal concentration of carbohydrates which gave the highest predicted YL (27.32%) was then validated by a new hydrolysis. The resulting value of YL (25.26%) was close to the theoretical maximum value. Interestingly, fatty acid profile achieved under the optimized conditions was similar to that reported for palm oil.
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Key Words
- A600, absorbance at 600 nm
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- C/N, carbon/nitrogen
- C10:0, capric acid (decanoic acid)
- C12:0, lauric acid (dodecanoic acid)
- C14:0, myristic acid (tetradecanoic acid)
- C16:0, palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid)
- C18:0, stearic acid (octadecanoic acid)
- C20:0, arachic acid (eicosanoic acid)
- C22:0, behenic acid (docosanoic acid)
- C24:0, lignoceric acid (tetracosanoic acid)
- C5, carbohydrates with five carbon atoms
- C6, carbohydrates with six carbon atoms
- C8:0, caprylic acid (octanoic acid)
- CBU, cellobiase unit
- CCD, Central Composite Design
- DW, dry weight
- ED, enzyme dosage
- Enzymatic hydrolysis
- Eq, equation
- F.A.M.E., fatty acid methyl ester
- FA, fatty acid
- FPU, filterpaper unit
- GC, Gas Chromatography
- GC-FID, Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector
- HLF, hydrolyzed liquid fraction
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- LF, liquid fraction
- NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
- PL, total lipid production
- PL/DW, % of total intracellular lipid on cellbiomass
- PL/d, lipid production per day
- RI, refractive index
- RSM, response surface methodology
- Response surface methodology
- Rpm, revolutions per minute
- SD, stranded driftwood
- SE, steam explosion
- SFA, saturated fatty acid
- SL, solid loading
- Solicoccozyma terricola
- Stranded driftwood feedstocks
- TAGs, Tryacylglicerols
- UFA, unsaturated fatty acid
- UI, unsaturation index
- WIS, water insoluble substrate
- XG, Xilose and Galactose
- YL, lipid yied
- YPD, Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose
- Yeast biochemicals and biofuels
- Yoleic, oleic acid yield
- g, gravity force
- h, hours
- min, minutes
- p, p-value
- v/v, concentration in volume/volume percent
- Δ13C22:1, erucic acid [(13Z)-docos-13-enoic acid]
- Δ9,12,15C18:3, linolenic acid [(9Z,12Z,15Z)-9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid]
- Δ9,12C18:2, linoleic acid [(9Z,12Z)-9,12-octadecadienoic acid]
- Δ9C16:1, palmitoleic acid [(9Z)-hexadec-9-enoic acid]
- Δ9C18:1, oleic acid [(9E9Z)-octadec-9-enoic acid]
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Tasselli
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Italy.,CIRIAF - Biomass Research Centre, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Filippucci
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Cavalaglio
- CIRIAF - Biomass Research Centre, University of Perugia, Italy.,Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Turchetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Franco Cotana
- CIRIAF - Biomass Research Centre, University of Perugia, Italy.,Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Pietro Buzzini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, Industrial Yeasts Collection DBVPG, University of Perugia, Italy.,CIRIAF - Biomass Research Centre, University of Perugia, Italy
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Robles-Rodríguez CE, Muñoz-Tamayo R, Bideaux C, Gorret N, Guillouet SE, Molina-Jouve C, Roux G, Aceves-Lara CA. Modeling and optimization of lipid accumulation by Yarrowia lipolytica from glucose under nitrogen depletion conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1137-1151. [PMID: 29288574 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Oleaginous yeasts have been seen as a feasible alternative to produce the precursors of biodiesel due to their capacity to accumulate lipids as triacylglycerol having profiles with high content of unsaturated fatty acids. The yeast Yarrowia lipolytica is a promising microorganism that can produce lipids under nitrogen depletion conditions and excess of the carbon source. However, under these conditions, this yeast also produces citric acid (overflow metabolism) decreasing lipid productivity. This work presents two mathematical models for lipid production by Y. lipolytica from glucose. The first model is based on Monod and inhibition kinetics, and the second one is based on the Droop quota model approach, which is extended to yeast. The two models showed good agreements with the experimental data used for calibration and validation. The quota based model presented a better description of the dynamics of nitrogen and glucose dynamics leading to a good management of N/C ratio which makes this model interesting for control purposes. Then, quota model was used to evaluate, by means of simulation, a scenario for optimizing lipid productivity and lipid content. For that, a control strategy was designed by approximating the flow rates of glucose and nitrogen with piecewise linear functions. Simulation results achieved productivity of 0.95 g L-1 hr-1 and lipid content fraction of 0.23 g g-1 , which indicates that this strategy is a promising alternative for the optimization of lipid production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carine Bideaux
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Nathalie Gorret
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Gilles Roux
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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Bracharz F, Beukhout T, Mehlmer N, Brück T. Opportunities and challenges in the development of Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus ATCC 20509 as a new cell factory for custom tailored microbial oils. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:178. [PMID: 29070039 PMCID: PMC5657120 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0791-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus ATCC 20509, previously known as Trichosporon oleaginosus, Cryptococcus curvatus, Apiotrichum curvatum or Candida curvata D is an oleaginous yeast with several favorable qualities: it is fast growing, accumulates high amounts of lipid and has a very broad substrate spectrum. Its resistance to hydrolysis byproducts and genetic accessibility make it a promising cell factory for custom tailored microbial oils. However, literature about this organism is of varying degree of quality. Moreover, due to numerous changes of the species name, reports are highly scattered and poorly cited. This led to a poor integration of the findings into a unified body of knowledge. Particularly, errors in strain name usage and consequently citation are found even in most recent literature. To simplify future work, this review provides an overview of published studies and main findings regarding the metabolic capacities of C. oleaginosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bracharz
- Technische Universität München, Division of Industrial Biocatalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Teun Beukhout
- Westerdijk Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Technische Universität München, Division of Industrial Biocatalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Brück
- Technische Universität München, Division of Industrial Biocatalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Jiru TM, Groenewald M, Pohl C, Steyn L, Kiggundu N, Abate D. Optimization of cultivation conditions for biotechnological production of lipid by Rhodotorula kratochvilovae (syn, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae) SY89 for biodiesel preparation. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:145. [PMID: 28597157 PMCID: PMC5465050 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0769-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodotorula kratochvilovae (syn, Rhodosporidium kratochvilovae) SY89, an oleaginous yeast, isolated from Ethiopian soil, was grown under nitrogen-limited media. The capacity this with respect to biomass production, lipid yield and lipid content was evaluated. The influence of inoculum size, carbon sources, variations in glucose concentration, nitrogen sources, C/N ratio, pH, temperature, agitation, and aeration rate and incubation period were investigated. Inoculum size of 10% v/v, glucose as a carbon source at 50 g/L glucose, 0.50 g/L yeast extract and 0.31 g/L (NH4)2SO4, C/N ratio of 120, pH 5.5, incubation temperature of 30 °C, 225 rpm, 0.2 as aeration ratio and 144 h of incubation were found to be optimum conditions for lipid production. Then the yeast was grown in a batch bioreactor by combining the different optimized parameters together. Under the optimized conditions, the yeast gave maximum biomass (15.34 ± 1.47 g/L), lipid yield (8.60 ± 0.81 g/L) and lipid content (56.06 ± 1.70%). The dominant fatty acids exhibited in order of their relative abundance (%w/w), were oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic, linolenic and palmitoleic acids. The concentration of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids adds up 78.63 ± 2.19%. This suggests that this strain could be used as a good feedstock for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamene Milkessa Jiru
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Marizeth Groenewald
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Carolina Pohl
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Laurinda Steyn
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, P.O. Box 339, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Nicholas Kiggundu
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems-Engineering, School of Food Technology, Nutrition and Bio-Engineering, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dawit Abate
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, College of Natural Science, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Robles-Rodriguez CE, Bideaux C, Guillouet SE, Gorret N, Cescut J, Uribelarrea JL, Molina-Jouve C, Roux G, Aceves-Lara CA. Dynamic metabolic modeling of lipid accumulation and citric acid production by Yarrowia lipolytica. Comput Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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Meo A, Priebe XL, Weuster-Botz D. Lipid production with Trichosporon oleaginosus in a membrane bioreactor using microalgae hydrolysate. J Biotechnol 2017; 241:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Production of Palmitoleic and Linoleic Acid in Oleaginous and Nonoleaginous Yeast Biomass. Int J Anal Chem 2016; 2016:7583684. [PMID: 27022398 PMCID: PMC4789058 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7583684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the possibility of utilizing both oleaginous yeast species accumulating large amounts of lipids (Yarrowia lipolytica, Rhodotorula glutinis, Trichosporon cutaneum, and Candida sp.) and traditional biotechnological nonoleaginous ones (Kluyveromyces polysporus, Torulaspora delbrueckii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as potential producers of dietetically important major fatty acids. The main objective was to examine the cultivation conditions that would induce a high ratio of dietary fatty acids and biomass. Though genus-dependent, the type of nitrogen source had a higher influence on biomass yield than the C/N ratio. The nitrogen source leading to the highest lipid accumulation was potassium nitrate, followed by ammonium sulfate, which is an ideal nitrogen source supporting, in both oleaginous and nonoleaginous species, sufficient biomass growth with concomitantly increased lipid accumulation. All yeast strains displayed high (70–90%) content of unsaturated fatty acids in total cell lipids. The content of dietary fatty acids of interest, namely, palmitoleic acid and linoleic acid, reached in Kluyveromyces and Trichosporon strains over 50% of total fatty acids and the highest yield, over 280 mg per g of dry cell weight of these fatty acids, was observed in Trichosporon with ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source at C/N ratio 70.
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Gong Z, Shen H, Zhou W, Wang Y, Yang X, Zhao ZK. Efficient conversion of acetate into lipids by the oleaginous yeast Cryptococcus curvatus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:189. [PMID: 26609324 PMCID: PMC4658814 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acetic acid is routinely generated during lignocelluloses degradation, syngas fermentation, dark hydrogen fermentation and other anaerobic bioprocesses. Acetate stream is commonly regarded as a by-product and detrimental to microbial cell growth. Conversion of acetate into lipids by oleaginous yeasts may be a good choice to turn the by-product into treasure. RESULTS Ten well-known oleaginous yeasts were evaluated for lipid production on acetate under flask culture conditions. It was found that all of those yeasts could use acetate for microbial lipid production. In particular, Cryptococcus curvatus accumulated lipids up to 73.4 % of its dry cell mass weight. When the culture was held in a 3-L stirred-tank bioreactor, cell mass, lipid content, lipid yield and acetate consumption rate were 8.1 g/L, 49.9 %, 0.15 g/g and 0.64 g/L/h, respectively. The fatty acid compositional profiles of the acetate-derived lipids were similar to those of vegetable oil, suggesting their potential for biodiesel production. Continuous cultivation of C. curvatus was conducted under nitrogen-rich condition at a dilution rate of 0.04 h(-1), the maximal lipid content and lipid yield were 56.7 % and 0.18 g/g, respectively. The specific lipid formation rate, lipid content and lipid yield were all higher under nitrogen-rich conditions than those obtained under nitrogen-limited conditions at the same dilution rates. Effective lipid production by C. curvatus was observed on corn stover hydrolysates containing 15.9 g/L acetate. CONCLUSIONS Acetate is an effective carbon source for microbial lipid production by oleaginous yeasts. Continuous cultivation of C. curvatus on acetate was promising for lipid production under both nitrogen-rich and nitrogen-limited conditions. These results provide valuable information for developing and designing more efficient acetate-into-lipids bioprocess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Gong
- />College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan, 430081 People’s Republic of China
- />Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Shen
- />Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wengting Zhou
- />College of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947 Heping Road, Wuhan, 430081 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yandan Wang
- />Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Yang
- />Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongbao K. Zhao
- />Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023 People’s Republic of China
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Rakicka M, Lazar Z, Dulermo T, Fickers P, Nicaud JM. Lipid production by the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica using industrial by-products under different culture conditions. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:104. [PMID: 26213570 PMCID: PMC4513389 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial lipid production using renewable feedstock shows great promise for the biodiesel industry. RESULTS In this study, the ability of a lipid-engineered Yarrowia lipolytica strain JMY4086 to produce lipids using molasses and crude glycerol under different oxygenation conditions and at different inoculum densities was evaluated in fed-batch cultures. The greatest lipid content, 31% of CDW, was obtained using a low-density inoculum, a constant agitation rate of 800 rpm, and an oxygenation rate of 1.5 L/min. When the strain was cultured for 450 h in a chemostat containing a nitrogen-limited medium (dilution rate of 0.01 h(-1); 250 g/L crude glycerol), volumetric lipid productivity was 0.43 g/L/h and biomass yield was 60 g CDW/L. The coefficient of lipid yield to glycerol consumption (Y L/gly) and the coefficient of lipid yield to biomass yield (Y L/X ) were equal to 0.1 and 0.4, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that lipids may be produced using renewable feedstock, thus providing a means of decreasing the cost of biodiesel production. Furthermore, using molasses for biomass production and recycling glycerol from the biodiesel industry should allow biolipids to be sustainably produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Rakicka
- />INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
- />Institut Micalis, INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1319, Team BIMLip: Biologie Intégrative du Métabolisme Lipidique, CBAI, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Zbigniew Lazar
- />INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Str. 37/41, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Thierry Dulermo
- />INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Patrick Fickers
- />Microbial Processes and Interactions, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, Université de Liège, Passage des Déportés, 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Jean Marc Nicaud
- />INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- />Institut Micalis, INRA-AgroParisTech, UMR1319, Team BIMLip: Biologie Intégrative du Métabolisme Lipidique, CBAI, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Tchakouteu SS, Chatzifragkou A, Kalantzi O, Koutinas AA, Aggelis G, Papanikolaou S. Oleaginous yeastCryptococcus curvatusexhibits interplay between biosynthesis of intracellular sugars and lipids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Afroditi Chatzifragkou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Ourania Kalantzi
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - Apostolis A. Koutinas
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - George Aggelis
- Unit of Microbiology; Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Cell and Development Biology, University of Patras; Patras Greece
- Department of Biological Sciences; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
| | - Seraphim Papanikolaou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition; Agricultural University of Athens; Athens Greece
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Shen H, Gong Z, Yang X, Jin G, Bai F, Zhao ZK. Kinetics of continuous cultivation of the oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides. J Biotechnol 2013; 168:85-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bellou S, Moustogianni A, Makri A, Aggelis G. Lipids containing polyunsaturated fatty acids synthesized by zygomycetes grown on glycerol. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 166:146-58. [PMID: 22057906 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9411-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Several strains of Zygomycetes cultivated on glycerol produced mycelia rich in lipids containing higher amounts of neutral lipids (NL) than glycolipids plus sphingolipids and phospholipids (P), while biosynthesis of P in Mortierella ramanniana, Mucor sp., and Cunninghamella echinulata occurred though NL accumulation process was in progress. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) concentration gradually decreased in all lipid fractions of M. ramanniana during growth. In contrast, in C. echinulata concentration of both linoleic and γ-linolenic acids increased with time, especially in P. Taking for granted that the main function of PUFA is associated to their participation in mycelial membranes, we could suppose that biosynthesis of these fatty acids is associated to mycelial growth. However, this is accurate only for some Zygomycetes, e.g., M. ramanniana. On the contrary, PUFA biosynthesis in C. echinulata persists after growth cessation, suggesting that in this species biosynthetic ability is not a strictly growth-associated process. Phosphatidyl-inositol and phosphatidyl-choline were the major P classes in C. echinulata and M. ramanniana, respectively. In M. ramanniana, a decrease of PUFA concentration was noticed even when mycelia were incubated in low temperature (conditions that normally favor PUFA biosynthesis), indicating that PUFA biosynthesis in this fungus is associated to primary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stamatia Bellou
- Unit of Microbiology, Division of Genetics, Cell and Development Biology, Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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20
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Economou CN, Vasiliadou IA, Aggelis G, Pavlou S, Vayenas DV. Modeling of oleaginous fungal biofilm developed on semi-solid media. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9697-9704. [PMID: 21880483 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An oleaginous fungus, Mortierella isabellina, able to transform efficiently sugar to storage lipid, was used as a model microorganism which develops a biofilm structure during the semi-solid fermentation process for the production of biodiesel from sweet sorghum. A mathematical model was developed to describe the fungal oil production in M. isabellina biofilm. The model describes diffusion and consumption of sugars and nitrogen of sweet sorghum and single cell oil production in a biofilm, which grows according to the kinetics of double-substrate limitation (sugars and nitrogen) with sugar inhibition. Experimental data from a previous experimental study were used to determine the kinetic parameters of the model. Maximum biofilm thickness and the percentage of lipid inside the biofilm were estimated using the model at 1892 μm and 15%, respectively. The proposed mathematical model could prove a useful tool for designing semi-solid fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch N Economou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, G. Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
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21
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Meeuwse P, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Modeling lipid accumulation in oleaginous fungi in chemostat cultures: I. Development and validation of a chemostat model for Umbelopsis isabellina. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:939-49. [PMID: 21538015 PMCID: PMC3171664 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0545-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-accumulating fungi may be able to produce biodiesel precursors from agricultural wastes. As a first step in understanding and evaluating their potential, a mathematical model was developed to describe growth, lipid accumulation and substrate consumption of the oleaginous fungus Umbelopsis isabellina (also known as Mortierella isabellina) in submerged chemostat cultures. Key points of the model are: (1) if the C-source supply rate is limited, maintenance has a higher priority than growth, which has a higher priority than lipid production; (2) the maximum specific lipid production rate of the fungus is independent of the actual specific growth rate. Model parameters were obtained from chemostat cultures of U. isabellina grown on mineral media with glucose and NH(4) (+). The model describes the results of chemostat cultures well for D > 0.04 h(-1), but it has not been validated for lower dilution rates because of practical problems with the filamentous fungus. Further validation using literature data for oleaginous yeasts is described in part II of this paper. Our model shows that not only the C/N-ratio of the feed, but also the dilution rate highly influences the lipid yield in chemostat cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Meeuwse
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Tramper
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Rinzema
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Economou CN, Aggelis G, Pavlou S, Vayenas DV. Single cell oil production from rice hulls hydrolysate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:9737-42. [PMID: 21875786 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Rice hull hydrolysate was used as feedstock for microbial lipids production using the oleaginous fungus Mortierella isabellina. Kinetic experiments were conducted in C/N ratios 35, 44 and 57 and the oil accumulation into fungal biomass was 36%, 51.2% and 64.3%, respectively. A detailed mathematical model was used in order to describe the lipid accumulation process. This model was able to predict reducing sugar and nitrogen consumption, fat-free biomass synthesis and lipid accumulation. Neutral lipids constitute the predominant lipid fraction, while the major fatty acids were oleic, palmitic and linoleic acid. Fatty acids of long aliphatic chain were not detected, thus the microbial oil produced is a promising feedstock for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch N Economou
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Ioannina, G. Seferi 2, 30100 Agrinio, Greece
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23
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Modeling growth, lipid accumulation and lipid turnover in submerged batch cultures of Umbelopsis isabellina. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 35:591-603. [PMID: 21959583 PMCID: PMC3327837 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The production of lipids by oleaginous yeast and fungi becomes more important because these lipids can be used for biodiesel production. To understand the process of lipid production better, we developed a model for growth, lipid production and lipid turnover in submerged batch fermentation. This model describes three subsequent phases: exponential growth when both a C-source and an N-source are available, carbohydrate and lipid production when the N-source is exhausted and turnover of accumulated lipids when the C-source is exhausted. The model was validated with submerged batch cultures of the fungus Umbelopsis isabellina (formerly known as Mortierella isabellina) with two different initial C/N-ratios. Comparison with chemostat cultures with the same strain showed a significant difference in lipid production: in batch cultures, the initial specific lipid production rate was almost four times higher than in chemostat cultures but it decreased exponentially in time, while the maximum specific lipid production rate in chemostat cultures was independent of residence time. This indicates that different mechanisms for lipid production are active in batch and chemostat cultures. The model could also describe data for submerged batch cultures from literature well.
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24
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Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G. Lipids of oleaginous yeasts. Part II: Technology and potential applications. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Meeuwse P, Tramper J, Rinzema A. Modeling lipid accumulation in oleaginous fungi in chemostat cultures. II: Validation of the chemostat model using yeast culture data from literature. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 34:951-61. [PMID: 21516366 PMCID: PMC3171657 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A model that predicts cell growth, lipid accumulation and substrate consumption of oleaginous fungi in chemostat cultures (Meeuwse et al. in Bioproc Biosyst Eng. doi:10.1007/s00449-011-0545-8, 2011) was validated using 12 published data sets for chemostat cultures of oleaginous yeasts and one published data set for a poly-hydroxyalkanoate accumulating bacterial species. The model could describe all data sets well with only minor modifications that do not affect the key assumptions, i.e. (1) oleaginous yeasts and fungi give the highest priority to C-source utilization for maintenance, second priority to growth and third priority to lipid accumulation, and (2) oleaginous yeasts and fungi have a growth rate independent maximum specific lipid production rate. The analysis of all data showed that the maximum specific lipid production rate is in most cases very close to the specific production rate of membrane and other functional lipids for cells growing at their maximum specific growth rate. The limiting factor suggested by Ykema et al. (in Biotechnol Bioeng 34:1268–1276, 1989), i.e. the maximum glucose uptake rate, did not give good predictions of the maximum lipid production rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Meeuwse
- Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, PO Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Beopoulos A, Nicaud JM, Gaillardin C. An overview of lipid metabolism in yeasts and its impact on biotechnological processes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1193-206. [PMID: 21452033 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
High energy prices, depletion of crude oil supplies, and price imbalance created by the increasing demand of plant oils or animal fat for biodiesel and specific lipid derivatives such as lubricants, adhesives, and plastics have given rise to heated debates on land-use practices and to environmental concerns about oil production strategies. However, commercialization of microbial oils with similar composition and energy value to plant and animal oils could have many advantages, such as being non-competitive with food, having shorter process cycle and being independent of season and climate factors. This review focuses on the ongoing research on different oleaginous yeasts producing high added value lipids and on the prospects of such microbial oils to be used in different biotechnological processes and applications. It covers the basic biochemical mechanisms of lipid synthesis and accumulation in these organisms, along with the latest insights on the metabolic processes involved. The key elements of lipid accumulation, the mechanisms suspected to confer the oleaginous character of the cell, and the potential metabolic routes enhancing lipid production are also extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Beopoulos
- AgroParisTech, UMR1319, Micalis, Centre de Biotechnologie Agro-Industrielle, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Economou C, Aggelis G, Pavlou S, Vayenas D. Modeling of single-cell oil production under nitrogen-limited and substrate inhibition conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010; 108:1049-55. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.23026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Beopoulos A, Cescut J, Haddouche R, Uribelarrea JL, Molina-Jouve C, Nicaud JM. Yarrowia lipolytica as a model for bio-oil production. Prog Lipid Res 2009; 48:375-87. [PMID: 19720081 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2009] [Accepted: 08/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The yeast Yarrowialipolytica has developed very efficient mechanisms for breaking down and using hydrophobic substrates. It is considered an oleaginous yeast, based on its ability to accumulate large amounts of lipids. Completion of the sequencing of the Y.lipolytica genome and the existence of suitable tools for genetic manipulation have made it possible to use the metabolic function of this species for biotechnological applications. In this review, we describe the coordinated pathways of lipid metabolism, storage and mobilization in this yeast, focusing in particular on the roles and regulation of the various enzymes and organelles involved in these processes. The physiological responses of Y.lipolytica to hydrophobic substrates include surface-mediated and direct interfacial transport processes, the production of biosurfactants, hydrophobization of the cytoplasmic membrane and the formation of protrusions. We also discuss culture conditions, including the mode of culture control and the culture medium, as these conditions can be modified to enhance the accumulation of lipids with a specific composition and to identify links between various biological processes occurring in the cells of this yeast. Examples are presented demonstrating the potential use of Y.lipolytica in fatty-acid bioconversion, substrate valorization and single-cell oil production. Finally, this review also discusses recent progress in our understanding of the metabolic fate of hydrophobic compounds within the cell: their terminal oxidation, further degradation or accumulation in the form of intracellular lipid bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Beopoulos
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetic Laboratory, CNRS UMR2585, INRA UMR1238, AgroParisTech, INRA centre de Versailles-Grignon BP 01, F-78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Papanikolaou S, Aggelis G. Lipid production by Yarrowia lipolytica growing on industrial glycerol in a single-stage continuous culture. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2002; 82:43-9. [PMID: 11848376 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(01)00149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Yarrowia lipolytica LGAM S(7)1 presented remarkable growth on industrial glycerol used as sole carbon substrate. Nitrogen-limited flask cultures were accompanied by restricted synthesis of reserve lipid, whilst amounts of citric acid were produced extracellularly. On the contrary, high amounts of reserve lipid (up to 3.5 g/l, 43% w/w of lipids in dry biomass) were produced in highly aerated continuous cultures. Lipid production was favoured at low specific dilution rates whilst fat-free material yield increased over the whole range of D (h(-1)). The maximum volumetric productivity obtained was 0.12 g lipid/1 h. Storage lipid composition did not present remarkable changes in the specific dilution rates tested. Oleate and linoleate were the dominant cellular fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraphim Papanikolaou
- Laboratory of General and Agricultural Microbiology, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Agricultural University of Athens, Votanikos, Greece
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Ratledge C, Kanagachandran K, Anderson AJ, Grantham DJ, Stephenson JC. Production of docosahexaenoic acid by Crypthecodinium cohnii grown in a pH-auxostat culture with acetic acid as principal carbon source. Lipids 2001; 36:1241-6. [PMID: 11795857 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-001-0838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Crypthecodinium cohnii, a marine alga used for the commercial production of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was cultivated in medium containing sodium acetate as principal carbon source; the pH was maintained at a constant value by addition of acetic acid, which also provided an additional carbon source in a controlled manner. The accumulation of lipid by C. cohnii in this pH-auxostat culture was significantly greater than previously reported for batch cultures using glucose as principal carbon source. Of six strains tested in pH-auxostat cultures, C. cohnii ATCC 30772 was the best, with the cells reaching 20 to 30 g dry weight per liter after 98 to 144 h and containing in excess of 40% (w/w) total lipid, with DHA representing approximately half of the total fatty acids in the triacylglycerol fraction. A productivity of 36 mg DHA L(-1) h(-1) was achieved during cultivation for 98 h using a 5% (vol/vol) inoculum, and DHA production was in excess of 3 g per liter of culture. Most of the DHA was present in neutral lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ratledge
- Lipid Research Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Hull, United Kingdom.
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AKHTAR P, GRAY JI, ASGHAR A. SYNTHESIS OF LIPIDS BY CERTAIN YEAST STRAINS GROWN ON WHEY PERMEATE. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.1998.tb00125.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Granger LM, Perlot P, Goma G, Pareilleux A. Efficiency of fatty acid synthesis by oleaginous yeasts: Prediction of yield and fatty acid cell content from consumed C/N ratio by a simple method. Biotechnol Bioeng 1993; 42:1151-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260421004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Karanth NG, Sattur AP. Mathematical modeling of production of microbial lipids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00369716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ykema A, Bakels RHA, Verwoert IIGS, Smit H, van Verseveld HW. Growth yield, maintenance requirements, and lipid formation in the oleaginous yeastApiotrichum curvatum. Biotechnol Bioeng 1989; 34:1268-76. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.260341005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Ykema A, Verbree EC, Kater MM, Smit H. Optimization of lipid production in the oleaginous yeastApiotrichum curvatum in wheypermeate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01982904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ykema A, Verbree EC, Kater MM, Smit H. Optimization of lipid production in the oleaginous yeast Apiotrichum curvatum in wheypermeate. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00251704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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