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Van Bocxlaer K, Croft SL. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis - challenges and opportunities. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:472-482. [PMID: 34041488 PMCID: PMC8128043 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological efficacy is obtained when adequate concentrations of a potent drug reach the target site. In cutaneous leishmaniasis, a heterogeneous disease characterised by a variety of skin manifestations from simple nodules, skin discoloration, plaques to extensive disseminated forms, the parasites are found in the dermal layers of the skin. Treatment thus involves the release of the active compound from the formulation (administered either topically or systemically), it's permeation into the skin, accumulation by the local macrophages and further transport into the phagolysosome of the macrophage. The pharmacodynamic activity of a drug against the parasite is relatively straight forward to evaluate both in vivo and in vitro. The pharmacokinetic processes taking place inside the skin are more complex to elucidate due to the multi-lamellar structure of the skin, heterogeneous distribution of drugs within the tissue, the difficulty of accessing the site of infection complicating sampling and the lack of surrogate markers reflecting the activity of a drug in the skin. This review will discuss the difficulties encountered when investigating drug distribution, PK PD relationships and efficacy in the skin with a focus on cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien Van Bocxlaer
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York York YO10 5DD UK +44 (0) 19 0432 8855
| | - Simon L Croft
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine London WC1E 7HT UK
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Sundar S, Agrawal N, Singh B. Exploiting knowledge on pharmacodynamics-pharmacokinetics for accelerated anti-leishmanial drug discovery/development. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:595-612. [PMID: 31174439 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1629417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Being on the top list of neglected tropical diseases, leishmaniasis has been marked for elimination by 2020. In the light of small armamentarium of drugs and their associated drawbacks, the understanding of pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics becomes a priority to achieve and sustain disease elimination. Areas covered: The authors have looked into pharmacological aspects of existing and emerging drugs for treatment of leishmaniasis. An in-depth understanding of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics (PKPD) provides a rationale for drug designing and optimizing the treatment strategies. It forms a key to prevent drug resistance and avoid drug-associated adverse effects. The authors have compiled the researches on the PKPD of different anti-leishmanial formulations that have the potential for improved and/or effective disease intervention. Expert opinion: Understanding the pharmacological aspects of drugs forms the basis for the clinical application of novel drugs. Tailoring drug dosage and individualized treatment can avoid the adverse events and bridge gap between the in vitro models and their clinical application. An integrated approach, with pragmatic use of technological advances can improve phenotypic screening and physiochemical properties of novel drugs. Concomitantly, this can serve to improve clinical efficacies, reduce the incidence of relapse and accelerate the drug discovery/development process for leishmaniasis elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Sundar
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India
| | - Neha Agrawal
- b Hepatology , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Bhawana Singh
- a Department of Medicine , Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University , Varanasi , India.,c Department of Pathology , Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
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Aulner N, Danckaert A, Rouault-Hardoin E, Desrivot J, Helynck O, Commere PH, Munier-Lehmann H, Späth GF, Shorte SL, Milon G, Prina E. High content analysis of primary macrophages hosting proliferating Leishmania amastigotes: application to anti-leishmanial drug discovery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2154. [PMID: 23593521 PMCID: PMC3617141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Human leishmaniases are parasitic diseases causing severe morbidity and mortality. No vaccine is available and numerous factors limit the use of current therapies. There is thus an urgent need for innovative initiatives to identify new chemotypes displaying selective activity against intracellular Leishmania amastigotes that develop and proliferate inside macrophages, thereby causing the pathology of leishmaniasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have developed a biologically sound High Content Analysis assay, based on the use of homogeneous populations of primary mouse macrophages hosting Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. In contrast to classical promastigote-based screens, our assay more closely mimics the environment where intracellular amastigotes are growing within acidic parasitophorous vacuoles of their host cells. This multi-parametric assay provides quantitative data that accurately monitors the parasitic load of amastigotes-hosting macrophage cultures for the discovery of leishmanicidal compounds, but also their potential toxic effect on host macrophages. We validated our approach by using a small set of compounds of leishmanicidal drugs and recently published chemical entities. Based on their intramacrophagic leishmanicidal activity and their toxicity against host cells, compounds were classified as irrelevant or relevant for entering the next step in the drug discovery pipeline. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our assay represents a new screening platform that overcomes several limitations in anti-leishmanial drug discovery. First, the ability to detect toxicity on primary macrophages allows for discovery of compounds able to cross the membranes of macrophage, vacuole and amastigote, thereby accelerating the hit to lead development process for compounds selectively targeting intracellular parasites. Second, our assay allows discovery of anti-leishmanials that interfere with biological functions of the macrophage required for parasite development and growth, such as organelle trafficking/acidification or production of microbicidal effectors. These data thus validate a novel phenotypic screening assay using virulent Leishmania amastigotes growing inside primary macrophage to identify new chemical entities with bona fide drug potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eline Rouault-Hardoin
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Julie Desrivot
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Chimie et Biocatalyse, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
| | | | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Chimie et Biocatalyse, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2581, Paris, France
| | | | - Geneviève Milon
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Eric Prina
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2581, Paris, France
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Turner TL, Nguyen VH, McLauchlan CC, Dymon Z, Dorsey BM, Hooker JD, Jones MA. Inhibitory effects of decavanadate on several enzymes and Leishmania tarentolae in vitro. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 108:96-104. [PMID: 22005446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies report apparent effects of vanadium on various systems in vivo and in vitro. Vanadium species may be possible deterrents for the growth of the Leishmania parasite, which causes the sometimes deadly diseases known as leishmaniasis. The current studies focus specifically on decavanadate V(10)O(28)(6-) (V10), which has a potential to be a potent effector for disease treatment. The X-ray structure of a new solvate salt of V10, namely (NH(4))(6)V(10)O(28)·5H(2)O, is also reported. Other vanadium complexes with imidazole carboxylate, anthranilate, or picolinate were also evaluated. The yellow-orange oxoanion, used as the (NH(4))(6)V(10)O(28)·6H(2)O salt, was tested (at 1-100 μM) directly with two strains of Leishmania tarentolae promastigotes in culture to evaluate the effect on cell viability. Vanadium coordination complexes are known effective inhibitors of phosphatases. Using the artificial phosphatase substrate para-nitrophenylphosphate in the presence of a bovine calf intestine alkaline phosphatase enzyme, V10 (from 5 to 100 μM) was shown to be a mixed inhibitor for this enzyme and decreased the activity of the other two phosphatases tested. The effect of V10 and the other vanadium complexes on the activity of phosphoglycerate mutase B (PGAM), an important enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, was also evaluated. At 10 μM, V10 was the most potent inhibitor of PGAM, with an apparent reduction of about 50%. Taken together, we speculate that V10 could have a role in treating Leishmania diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Turner
- Illinois State University, Department of Chemistry, Normal, IL 61790–4160, USA
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Weinrauch L, Cawich F, Craig P, Sosa JX, el-On J. Topical treatment of New World cutaneous leishmaniasis in Belize: a clinical study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993; 29:443-6. [PMID: 8349861 DOI: 10.1016/0190-9622(93)70209-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have been performed during the past decade to find an effective topical therapy for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to evaluate the effect of paromomycin ointment (P-ointment) containing 15% paromomycin sulfate and 12% methylbenzethonium chloride on Belizean patients with New World CL. METHODS Fifty-three patients were treated twice daily for 14 to 21 days with P-ointment. RESULTS Sixty-eight percent of the patients healed, 6% had a delayed cure, and 26% did not respond. No toxic effects from the ointment were observed. CONCLUSION Topical paromomycin is as efficacious in the treatment of New World CL as other currently accepted modalities that are potentially more toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Weinrauch
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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Diseases Caused by Protozoa. Dermatology 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-00181-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Weinrauch L, Katz M, el-On J. Leishmania aethiopica: topical treatment with paromomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride ointment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987; 16:1268-70. [PMID: 3597872 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(87)80033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Dedet J, Japet P, Esterre P, Ghipponi P, Genin C, Lalande C, Gay F. Echec du kétoconazole dans le traitement de la leishmaniose cutanée à Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis en Guyane française. Med Mal Infect 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(87)80132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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El-On J, Livshin R, Even-Paz Z, Hamburger D, Weinrauch L. Topical treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. J Invest Dermatol 1986; 87:284-8. [PMID: 3734476 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12696697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sixty-seven patients, 19 females and 48 males, 4-66 years old, suffering from lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis were treated topically with an ointment comprising 15% paromomycin sulfate and 12% methylbenzethonium chloride in white soft paraffin (P-ointment, U.K. patent GB117237A). After 10 days of treatment, twice daily, the lesions in 72% of the treated patients were free of parasites, 15% became free within an additional 20 days, without further treatment, and 13% failed to respond. Pigmentation developed in 18% of the treated lesions and inflammation of varying degree was associated with the treatment. These developments did not affect the clinical healing process which was generally completed in a period of 10-30 days after termination of treatment. In addition, 94% of the treated lesions healed with little or no scarring. No adverse clinical or laboratory side effects were observed except for a burning sensation at the site of treatment. Parasites isolated from patients who failed to respond to topical treatment were found to be susceptible to PR-MBCl in both in vitro infected macrophages and in vivo in experimentally infected BALB/c mice.
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Wells F. Misleading guidelines on oxygen treatment in asthma. West J Med 1985. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.291.6504.1281-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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el-On J, Weinrauch L, Livshin R, Even-Paz Z, Jacobs GP. Topical treatment of recurrent cutaneous leishmaniasis with ointment containing paromomycin and methylbenzethonium chloride. BMJ : BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL 1985; 291:704-5. [PMID: 3929905 PMCID: PMC1416671 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.291.6497.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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