1
|
Powis G, Meuillet EJ, Indarte M, Booher G, Kirkpatrick L. Pleckstrin Homology [PH] domain, structure, mechanism, and contribution to human disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115024. [PMID: 37399719 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleckstrin homology [PH] domain is a structural fold found in more than 250 proteins making it the 11th most common domain in the human proteome. 25% of family members have more than one PH domain and some PH domains are split by one, or several other, protein domains although still folding to give functioning PH domains. We review mechanisms of PH domain activity, the role PH domain mutation plays in human disease including cancer, hyperproliferation, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and infection, and discuss pharmacotherapeutic approaches to regulate PH domain activity for the treatment of human disease. Almost half PH domain family members bind phosphatidylinositols [PIs] that attach the host protein to cell membranes where they interact with other membrane proteins to give signaling complexes or cytoskeleton scaffold platforms. A PH domain in its native state may fold over other protein domains thereby preventing substrate access to a catalytic site or binding with other proteins. The resulting autoinhibition can be released by PI binding to the PH domain, or by protein phosphorylation thus providing fine tuning of the cellular control of PH domain protein activity. For many years the PH domain was thought to be undruggable until high-resolution structures of human PH domains allowed structure-based design of novel inhibitors that selectively bind the PH domain. Allosteric inhibitors of the Akt1 PH domain have already been tested in cancer patients and for proteus syndrome, with several other PH domain inhibitors in preclinical development for treatment of other human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garth Powis
- PHusis Therapeutics Inc., 6019 Folsom Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | | | - Martin Indarte
- PHusis Therapeutics Inc., 6019 Folsom Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Garrett Booher
- PHusis Therapeutics Inc., 6019 Folsom Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lynn Kirkpatrick
- PHusis Therapeutics Inc., 6019 Folsom Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Maffucci T, Falasca M. Inositol Polyphosphate-Based Compounds as Inhibitors of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-Dependent Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7198. [PMID: 33003448 PMCID: PMC7582811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways regulated by the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) enzymes have a well-established role in cancer development and progression. Over the past 30 years, the therapeutic potential of targeting this pathway has been well recognized, and this has led to the development of a multitude of drugs, some of which have progressed into clinical trials, with few of them currently approved for use in specific cancer settings. While many inhibitors compete with ATP, hence preventing the catalytic activity of the kinases directly, a deep understanding of the mechanisms of PI3K-dependent activation of its downstream effectors led to the development of additional strategies to prevent the initiation of this signaling pathway. This review summarizes previously published studies that led to the identification of inositol polyphosphates as promising parent molecules to design novel inhibitors of PI3K-dependent signals. We focus our attention on the inhibition of protein-membrane interactions mediated by binding of pleckstrin homology domains and phosphoinositides that we proposed 20 years ago as a novel therapeutic strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Maffucci
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ausmus AP, Hogue M, Snyder JL, Rundell SR, Bednarz KM, Banahene N, Swarts BM. Ferrier Carbocyclization-Mediated Synthesis of Enantiopure Azido Inositol Analogues. J Org Chem 2020; 85:3182-3191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex P. Ausmus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Maxwell Hogue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Justin L. Snyder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Sarah R. Rundell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Krestina M. Bednarz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Nicholas Banahene
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| | - Benjamin M. Swarts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, Michigan 48859, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Harit VK, Ramesh NG. A Chiron Approach to Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Aminocyclitols, (−)-Conduramine F-4 and Polyhydroxyaminoazepanes from a Common Precursor. J Org Chem 2016; 81:11574-11586. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vimal Kant Harit
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Namakkal G. Ramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gurale BP, Shashidhar MS, Gonnade RG. Synthesis of the aminocyclitol units of (-)-hygromycin A and methoxyhygromycin from myo-inositol. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5801-7. [PMID: 22663090 DOI: 10.1021/jo300444b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Concise and efficient syntheses of the aminocyclitol cores of hygromycin A (HMA) and methoxyhygromycin (MHM) have been achieved starting from readily available myo-inositol. Reductive cleavage of myo-inositol orthoformate to the corresponding 1,3-acetal, stereospecific introduction of the amino group via the azide, and resolution of a racemic cyclitol derivative as its diastereomeric mandelate esters are the key steps in the synthesis. Synthesis of the aminocyclitol core of hygromycin A involved chromatography in half of the total number of steps, and the aminocyclitol core of methoxyhygromycin involved only one chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bharat P Gurale
- Division of Organic Chemistry, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homibhabha Road, Pune-411 008, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meuillet EJ. Novel inhibitors of AKT: assessment of a different approach targeting the pleckstrin homology domain. Curr Med Chem 2011; 18:2727-42. [PMID: 21649580 DOI: 10.2174/092986711796011292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase B/AKT plays a central role in cancer. The serine/threonine kinase is overexpressed or constitutively active in many cancers and has been validated as a therapeutic target for cancer treatment. However, targeting the kinase activity has revealed itself to be a challenge due to non-selectivity of the compounds towards other kinases. This review summarizes other approaches scientists have developed to inhibit the activity and function of AKT. They consist in targeting the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of AKT. Indeed, upon the generation of 3-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PI3Ps) by PI3-kinase (PI3K), AKT translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane and binds to the PI3Ps via its PH domain. Thus, several analogs of PI3Ps (PI Analogs or PIAs), alkylphospholipids (APLs), such as edelfosine or inositol phophates (IPs) have been described that inhibit the binding of the PH domain to PI3Ps. Recent allostertic inhibitors and small molecules that do not bind the kinase domain but affect the kinase activity of AKT, presumably by interacting with the PH domain, have been also identified. Finally, several drug screening studies spawned novel chemical scaffolds that bind the PH domain of AKT. Together, these approaches have been more or less sucessfull in vitro and to some extent translated in preclinical studies. Several of these new AKT PH domain inhibitors exhibit promising anti-tumor activity in mouse models and some of them show synergy with ionizing radiation and chemotherapy. Early clinical trials have started and results will attest to the validity and efficacy of such approaches in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E J Meuillet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mattmann ME, Stoops SL, Lindsley CW. Inhibition of Akt with small molecules and biologics: historical perspective and current status of the patent landscape. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2011; 21:1309-38. [PMID: 21635152 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2011.587959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Akt plays a pivotal role in cell survival and proliferation through a number of downstream effectors; unregulated activation of the PI3K/PTEN/Akt pathway is a prominent feature of many human cancers. Akt is considered an attractive target for cancer therapy by the inhibition of Akt alone or in combination with standard cancer chemotherapeutics. Both preclinical animal studies and clinical trials in humans have validated Akt as an important target of cancer drug discovery. AREA COVERED A historical perspective of Akt inhibitors, including PI analogs, ATP-competitive and allosteric Akt inhibitors, along with other inhibitory mechanisms are reviewed in this paper with a focus on issued patents, patent applications and a summary of clinical trial updates since the last review in 2007. EXPERT OPINION A vast diversity of inhibitors of Akt, both small molecule and biologic, have been developed in the past 5 years, with over a dozen in various phases of clinical development, and several displaying efficacy in humans. While it is not yet clear which mechanism of Akt inhibition will be optimal in humans, or which Akt isoforms to inhibit, or whether a small molecule or biologic agent will be best, data to all of these points will be available in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margrith E Mattmann
- Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Vanderbilt Program in Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmacology , Department of Chemistry , Nashville, TN 37232 , USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Du-Cuny L, Song Z, Moses S, Powis G, Mash EA, Meuillet EJ, Zhang S. Computational modeling of novel inhibitors targeting the Akt pleckstrin homology domain. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:6983-92. [PMID: 19734051 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Computational modeling continues to play an important role in novel therapeutics discovery and development. In this study, we have investigated the use of in silico approaches to develop inhibitors of the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain of AKT (protein kinase B). Various docking/scoring schemes have been evaluated, and the best combination was selected to study the system. Using this strategy, two hits were identified and their binding behaviors were investigated. Robust and predictive QSAR models were built using the k nearest neighbor (kNN) method to study their cellular permeability. Based on our in silico results, long flexible aliphatic tails were proposed to improve the Caco-2 penetration without affecting the binding mode. The modifications enhanced the AKT inhibitory activity of the compounds in cell-based assays, and increased their activity as in vivo antitumor testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Du-Cuny
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics-Unit 36, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Efficient syntheses of optically pure chiro- and allo-inositol derivatives, azidocyclitols and aminocyclitols from myo-inositol. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
11
|
Gonzalez-Bulnes P, Casas J, Delgado A, Llebaria A. Practical synthesis of (−)-1-amino-1-deoxy-myo-inositol from achiral precursors. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:1947-52. [PMID: 17524374 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2007] [Revised: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 04/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new synthesis of enantiomerically pure 1-amino-1-deoxy-myo-inositol is reported. The route described employs p-benzoquinone, an achiral compound, as the starting material to give conduritol B tetraacetate in three steps. Kinetic resolution of this compound using a palladium catalyst with a chiral ligand allows access to a conduritol B tetraester in high enantiomeric excess. This compound is transformed into tetrabenzyl conduritol B epoxide, which is regioselectively opened with azide to give the key azidocyclitol. Final transformation into (-)-1-amino-1-deoxy-myo-inositol hydrochloride is achieved in four synthetic steps. This sequence allows the synthesis of this compound in high enantiomeric purity in a semi-preparative scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gonzalez-Bulnes
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Departament de Química Orgànica Biològica, Institut d' Investigacions Químiques, i Ambientals de Barcelona (IIQAB-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Serrano P, Casas J, Zucco M, Emeric G, Egido-Gabás M, Llebaria A, Delgado A. Combinatorial Approach to N-Substituted Aminocyclitol Libraries by Solution-Phase Parallel Synthesis and Preliminary Evaluation as Glucocerebrosidase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 9:43-52. [PMID: 17206831 DOI: 10.1021/cc060080o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Libraries of N-substituted aminocyclitol derivatives of the scyllo and racemic chiro series by means of parallel solution-phase methodology with the help of robotic technology are described. Chemical diversity has been introduced by reaction of selected scaffolds with a set of aldehydes, acyl chlorides, sulfonyl chlorides, chloroformates, and amines to afford the corresponding amines, amides, sulfonamides, carbamates and ureas, respectively. The optimized methodology has proven excellent, in terms of overall purities of the resulting libraries, for the production of amides. Sulfonamides and carbamates have been obtained in slightly lower purities, while amines afforded modest results. Selected library members have been evaluated as inhibitors of recombinant glucocerebrosidase with K(i) values ranging in the low micromolar scale for the most active members.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Serrano
- Research Unit on Bioactive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Organic and Biological Chemistry, Chemical and Environmental Research Institute of Barcelona (IIQAB-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheng JQ, Lindsley CW, Cheng GZ, Yang H, Nicosia SV. The Akt/PKB pathway: molecular target for cancer drug discovery. Oncogene 2005; 24:7482-92. [PMID: 16288295 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt/PKB pathway presents an exciting new target for molecular therapeutics, as it functions as a cardinal nodal point for transducing extracellular (growth factor and insulin) and intracellular (receptor tyrosine kinases, Ras and Src) oncogenic signals. In addition, alterations of the Akt pathway have been detected in a number of human malignancies. Ectopic expression of Akt, especially constitutively activated Akt, is sufficient to induce oncogenic transformation of cells and tumor formation in transgenic mice as well as chemoresistance. Akt has a wide range of downstream targets that regulate tumor-associated cell processes such as cell growth, cell cycle progression, survival, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Blockage of Akt signaling results in apoptosis and growth inhibition of tumor cells with elevated Akt. The observed dependence of certain tumors on Akt signaling for survival and growth has wide implications for cancer therapy, offering the potential for preferential tumor cell killing. In the last several years, through combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput and virtual screening, and traditional medicinal chemistry, a number of inhibitors of the Akt pathway have been identified. This review focuses on ongoing translational efforts to therapeutically target the Akt pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Q Cheng
- Department of Pathology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, 33612, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Serrano P, Llebaria A, Delgado A. Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of Aminoinositols and 1,2-Diaminoinositols from Conduritol B Epoxide. J Org Chem 2005; 70:7829-40. [PMID: 16277302 DOI: 10.1021/jo050521a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Chemical reaction: See text] A systematic approach to the regio- and stereoselective synthesis of aminoinositols and 1,2-diaminoinositols arising from tetra-O-benzylconduritol B epoxide (9) and its aziridine analogue 22, respectively, is described. In all cases, the synthetic methodologies rely on the regio- and stereocontrolled azidolysis of the starting precursors to give the corresponding trans regioadducts. Subsequent functional group manipulation under strict configurational control affords the isomeric cis adducts. Chemoselective functionalization of the diamine moiety in 1,2-diaminoinositol derivatives can be achieved by the proper design of the reaction sequence and choice of reagents. The described protocols allow efficient access to each of the eight possible configurations of the 1,2-diamino and 1,2-amino alcohol moieties from chemical modifications of the epoxide moiety on the common precursor 9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Serrano
- Unidad de Química Farmacéutica (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Barcelona, Avda. Juan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gills JJ, Dennis PA. The development of phosphatidylinositol ether lipid analogues as inhibitors of the serine/threonine kinase, Akt. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 13:787-97. [PMID: 15212619 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.13.7.787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt is a component of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/Akt signal transduction pathway that is activated by receptor tyrosine kinases, activated Ras and integrins. As Akt regulates many processes crucial to carcinogenesis, and Akt activation has been observed in human cancers, intense efforts are underway to develop Akt inhibitors as cancer therapeutics. Towards this aim, phosphatidylinositol ether lipid analogues (PIAs), which are structurally similar to the products of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, have been synthesised. PIAs inhibit Akt translocation, phosphorylation and kinase activity. Furthermore, they selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cell lines that depend on Akt for survival. This review will trace the development of PIAs, cover the biological activities of PIAs and discuss future steps and challenges in their development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joell J Gills
- Cancer Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Resolution of synthetically useful myo-inositol derivatives using the chiral auxiliary O-acetylmandelic acid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Sureshan KM, Ikeda K, Asano N, Watanabe Y. Efficient routes to optically active azido-, amino-, di-azido- and di-amino-cyclitols with chiro- and allo-configuration from myo-inositol. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
Schedler DJA, Baker DC. Fluorinated cyclitols as useful biological probes of phosphatidylinositol metabolism. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:1585-95. [PMID: 15183732 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2003] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A number of deoxyfluoro cyclitols have been synthesized and evaluated as probes of the phosphatidylinositol pathway (PtdIns pathway), most notably 5-deoxy-5-fluoro-myo-inositol, which is incorporated into the pathway at about 25% the level of myo-inositol itself. Unfortunately, none of the cyclitols have proved effective in limiting cell proliferation, as the cells are able to 'synthesize around' the fraudulent cyclitols using natural myo-inositol as substrate. Inhibitors for 3-phosphatidylinositol kinase, which has importance in a number of pathological conditions, including cancer, have been intensively investigated. 3-Deoxy-3-fluoro-myo-inositol is incorporated into the PtdIns pathway; however, only related phosphatidyl derivatives, for example, a methyl ether derivative of the 3-deoxy inositol, showed significant antiproliferative activity. Synthesis of the deoxyfluoro analogues most often has been accomplished by DAST fluoro-de-hydroxylation of the appropriate cyclitol, generally leading to products of inversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J A Schedler
- Department of Chemistry, Birmingham-Southern College, Birmingham, AL 35254, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mongan TP, Ganapasam S, Hobbs SB, Seyfang A. Substrate specificity of the Leishmania donovani myo-inositol transporter: critical role of inositol C-2, C-3 and C-5 hydroxyl groups. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2004; 135:133-41. [PMID: 15287594 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Inositol is an essential precursor for the formation of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchors found in the majority of surface molecules in trypanosomatids, in addition to its requirement for phoshatidylinositol signal transduction pathways. In Leishmania donovani, high-affinity inositol transport is catalyzed by the active myo-inositol/H+ transporter MIT, which is driven by a proton gradient across the parasite membrane. We have characterized the substrate specificity and pharmacology of L. donovani MIT in vitro and in promastigote cultures. High substrate specificity of myo-inositol transport was shown in competition studies with 14 different monosaccharides and MIT function was unaffected by the structurally similar pentose sugars or hexoses. L-Fucose and D-xylose, both inhibitors of the Na+-dependent inositol transport system in the human host, did not affect MIT transport function in the parasite. Competition studies with eight different inositol isomers revealed that proton bonds between the C-2, C-3 and C-5 hydroxyl groups of myo-inositol and the transporter protein played a critical role for substrate recognition, and the C-3 hydroxyl oxygen appears to act as an electron donor to form an H-bond with a positive charge of the MIT permease. The cytotoxic inositol analogue 3-fluoro-myo-inositol was recognized by MIT with similar affinity as myo-inositol and showed an IC50 value of 42 +/- 8 microM in L. donovani cultures. Finally, substrate affinities of MIT revealed apparent Km values of 84 +/- 8 microM for myo-inositol and 5.4 +/- 0.9 nM for H+, equal pH 8.27 + 0.08, suggesting that the L. donovani myo-inositol/H+ symporter is fully activated at physiological pH in the sandfly midgut or macrophage phagolysosome. We conclude that Leishmania MIT constitutes an attractive target for delivery of cytotoxic inositol analogues and differs significantly from the sodium-coupled myo-inositol transport system of the human host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler P Mongan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912-2100, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sureshan KM, Watanabe Y. An efficient route to optically active inositol derivatives via the resolution of myo-inositol 1,3,5-orthoformate: a short synthesis of d-myo-inositol-4-phosphate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
21
|
Jin JH, Seyfang A. High-affinity myo-inositol transport in Candida albicans: substrate specificity and pharmacology. Microbiology (Reading) 2003; 149:3371-3381. [PMID: 14663071 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Inositol is considered a growth factor in yeast cells and it plays an important role inCandidaas an essential precursor for phospholipomannan, a glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycolipid on the cell surface ofCandidawhich is involved in the pathogenicity of this opportunistic fungus and which binds to and stimulates human macrophages. In addition, inositol plays an essential role in the phosphatidylinositol signal transduction pathway, which controls many cell cycle events. Here, high-affinitymyo-inositol uptake inCandida albicanshas been characterized, with an apparentKmvalue of 240±15 μM, which appears to be active and energy-dependent as revealed by inhibition with azide and protonophores (FCCP, dinitrophenol).Candida myo-inositol transport was sodium-independent but proton-coupled with an apparentKmvalue of 11·0±1·1 nM for H+, equal pH 7·96±0·05, suggesting that theC. albicansmyo-inositol–H+transporter is fully activated at physiological pH.C. albicansinositol transport was not affected by cytochalasin B, phloretin or phlorizin, an inhibitor of mammalian sodium-dependent inositol transport. Furthermore,myo-inositol transport showed high substrate specificity for inositol and was not significantly affected by hexose or pentose sugars as competitors, despite their structural similarity. Transport kinetics in the presence of eight different inositol isomers as competitors revealed that proton bonds between the C-2, C-3 and C-4 hydroxyl groups ofmyo-inositol and the transporter protein play a critical role for substrate recognition and binding. It is concluded thatC. albicansmyo-inositol–H+transport differs kinetically and pharmacologically from the human sodium-dependentmyo-inositol transport system and constitutes an attractive target for delivery of cytotoxic inositol analogues in this pathogenic fungus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Huaqian Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912-2100, USA
| | - Andreas Seyfang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912-2100, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Serrano P, Llebaria A, Delgado A. An unexpected chelation-controlled Yb(OTf)(3)-catalyzed aminolysis and azidolysis of cyclitol epoxides. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7165-7. [PMID: 12354019 DOI: 10.1021/jo0261146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A chelation-controlled aminolysis and azidolysis of cyclitol epoxides with Yb(OTf)(3) has been disclosed. The presence of a free OH group able to direct the coordination with the lanthanide seems essential for an efficient regiocontrol of the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Serrano
- Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Farmàcia, Unitat de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat Associada al CSIC), Avgda. Joan XXIII, s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ravikumar K, Farquhar D. Facile selective cleavage of a myo-inositol trans-isopropylidene acetal in the presence of a cis-isopropylidene acetal. Tetrahedron Lett 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(01)02382-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
25
|
Lee YI, Kang-Park S, Do SI, Lee YI. The hepatitis B virus-X protein activates a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent survival signaling cascade. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:16969-77. [PMID: 11278872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011263200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus-X (HBx) protein is known as a multifunctional protein that not only coactivates transcription of viral and cellular genes but coordinates the balance between proliferation and programmed cell death, by inducing or blocking apoptosis. In this study the role of the HBx protein in activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) was investigated as a possible cause of anti-apoptosis in liver cells. HBx relieved serum deprivation-induced and pro-apoptic stimuli-induced apoptosis in Chang liver (CHL) cells. Treatment with 1-d-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-myo-inositol, an antagonist to PI3K, which blocks the formation of 3'-phosphorylated phosphatidyl inositol in CHL cells transformed by HBx (CHL-X) but not normal Chang liver (CHL) cells, showed a marked loss of viability with evidence of apoptosis. Similarly, treatment with wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, stimulated apoptosis in HBx-transformed CHL cells but not in normal cells, confirming that HBx blocks apoptosis through the PI3K pathway. The serine 47 threonine kinase, Akt, one of the downstream effectors of PI3K-dependent survival signaling was 2-fold higher in HBx-transformed CHL (CHL-X) cells than CHL cells. Phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 and Bad at serine 136 were induced by HBx, which were specifically blocked by wortmannin and dominant negative mutants of Akt and Bad, respectively. We also demonstrated that HBx inhibits caspase 3 activity and HBx down-regulation of caspase 3 activity was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor. Regions required for PI3K phosphorylation on the HBx protein overlap with the known transactivation domains. HBx blocks apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal in CHL cells in a p53-independent manner. The results indicate that, unlike other DNA tumor viruses that block apoptosis by inactivating p53, the hepatitis B virus achieves protection from apoptotic death through a HBx-PI3K-Akt-Bad pathway and by inactivating caspase 3 activity that is at least partially p53-independent in liver cells. Moreover, these data suggest that modulation of the PI3K activity may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the occurrence of apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y I Lee
- Liver Cell Signal Transduction Research Unit, Animal Cell and Medical Glycobiology Research Unit, Bioscience Research Division, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, P. O. Box 115, Yusong, Taejon 305-600, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Alves Benı́cio AA, Da Silva AD, De Almeida MV, Da Silva MM, Dov Gero S. Stereoselective synthesis of 2,6-dideoxy; 3,6-dideoxy; 2,3,6-trideoxy-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 6-deoxy-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate analogues from 6-deoxy- d -inositol precursors. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
27
|
Stereoselective synthesis of inositol mono, bis and trisphosphate analogues from 6-deoxy- d -inositol precursors. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)00365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
28
|
Convenient access to both enantiomers of new azido- and aminoinositols via a chemoenzymatic route. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
29
|
Dahl J, Jurczak A, Cheng LA, Baker DC, Benjamin TL. Evidence of a role for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation in the blocking of apoptosis by polyomavirus middle T antigen. J Virol 1998; 72:3221-6. [PMID: 9525648 PMCID: PMC109788 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.4.3221-3226.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A polyomavirus mutant (315YF) blocked in binding phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase) has previously been shown to be partially deficient in transformation and to induce fewer tumors and with a significant delay compared to wild-type virus. The role of polyomavirus middle T antigen-activated PI 3-kinase in apoptosis was investigated as a possible cause of this behavior. When grown in medium containing 1D-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-myo-inositol to block formation of 3'-phosphorylated phosphatidylinositols, F111 rat fibroblasts transformed by wild-type polyomavirus (PyF), but not normal F111 cells, showed a marked loss of viability with evidence of apoptosis. Similarly, treatment with wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI 3-kinase, stimulated apoptosis in PyF cells but not in normal cells. Activation of Akt, a serine/threonine kinase whose activity has been correlated with regulation of apoptosis, was roughly twofold higher in F111 cells transformed by either wild-type virus or mutant 250YS blocked in binding Shc compared to cells transformed by mutant 315YF. In the same cells, levels of apoptosis were inversely correlated with Akt activity. Apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal in Rat-1 cells expressing a temperature-sensitive p53 was shown to be at least partially p53 independent. Expression of either wild-type or 250YS middle T antigen inhibited apoptosis in serum-starved Rat-1 cells at both permissive and restrictive temperatures for p53. Mutant 315YF middle T antigen was partially defective for inhibition of apoptosis in these cells. The results indicate that unlike other DNA tumor viruses which block apoptosis by inactivation of p53, polyomavirus achieves protection from apoptotic death through a middle T antigen-PI 3-kinase-Akt pathway that is at least partially p53 independent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dahl
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Dubreuil D, Cleophax J, de Almeida MV, Verre-Sebrié C, Liaigre J, Vass G, Gero SD. Stereoselective synthesis of 6-deoxy and 3,6-dideoxy-D-myo-inositol precursors of deoxy-myo-inositol phosphate analogues from D-galactose. Tetrahedron 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(97)10101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
31
|
Liu C, Potter BV. Synthesis of 3-Position-Modified Analogues of myo-Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate, Tools for Investigation of the Polyphosphoinositide Pathway of Cellular Signaling. J Org Chem 1997; 62:8335-40. [PMID: 11671970 DOI: 10.1021/jo970926y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the synthesis of 3-O-(carboxymethyl)- and 3-O-alkylated myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphates in racemic form from myo-inositol have been devised. For DL-3-O-(carboxymethyl)-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, an analogue of myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate, DL-3-O-allyl-2,6-di-O-benzyl-1-O-(p-methoxybenzyl)-4,5-O-isopropylidene-myo-inositol (14) was prepared from myo-inositol in seven steps. The triol DL-3-O-allyl-2,6-di-O-benzyl-myo-inositol (26), which was obtained after treatment of 14 with acid, was phosphitylated and the product oxidized to give the fully protected trisphosphate 27. The efficient oxidative cleavage of the 3-O-allyl ether of 27 in the presence of the cyanoethyl-protected phosphate triesters was achieved by treatment of 27 with NaIO(4)/RuCl(3).hydrate to afford the fully protected 3-O-(carboxymethyl) trisphosphate 28. After deblocking, DL-3-O-(carboxymethyl) trisphosphate 6 was obtained. For DL-3-O-alkylated myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate analogues, the fully protected 14 was isomerized to the cis-prop-1-enyl derivative 15. The propenyl group was removed to give DL-2,6-di-O-benzyl-1-O-(p-methoxybenzyl)-4,5-isopropylidene-myo-inositol (16). The 3-O-methyl ether 17, 3-O-ethyl ether 18, and 3-O-n-propyl ether 19 derivatives were synthesized by treatment of the anion of 16 with methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, or n-propyl iodide, respectively. Removal of the isopropylidene and p-methoxybenzyl groups afforded 3-O-alkylated triols 20, 21, or 22, which were phosphitylated and the products oxidized to give the respective fully protected 3-O-alkylated trisphosphates 23-25. Deprotection furnished 3-O-methyl- (3), 3-O-ethyl- (4), or 3-O-n-propyl-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (5). These compounds will be useful pharmacological tools to explore the interaction of myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate with its receptor and metabolic enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Grunicke HH, Maly K, Uberall F, Schubert C, Kindler E, Stekar J, Brachwitz H. Cellular signalling as a target in cancer chemotherapy. Phospholipid analogues as inhibitors of mitogenic signal transduction. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1996; 36:385-407. [PMID: 8869757 DOI: 10.1016/0065-2571(95)00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mitogenic signalling mechanisms emerged as novel targets for tumor chemotherapy. Current strategies for pharmacological interventions are briefly discussed. Phospholipid analogues are treated in greater detail. It is shown here that this new class of antitumor agents acts as inhibitors of mitogenic signal transduction. The common target of all phospholipid analogues studied so far is the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-specific phospholipase C (PLC). This results in an attenuated formation of inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). The reduction in IP3-levels leads to a depressed release of Ca2+ from internal stores, and the reduced formation of DAG interferes with the growth factor-induced activation of protein-kinase C (PKC). In addition to the effect on PI-specific PLC, most phospholipid analogues inhibit PKC directly by interacting with the regulatory domain of the enzyme. This effect, however, is not observed with all phospholipid analogues. Some potent growth inhibitory representatives from this group like hexadecylphosphoserine or hexadecylphosphonoserine do not affect PKC in cell-free extracts. It is concluded, therefore, that the direct inhibition of PKC is not required for the growth-inhibitory activity of these agents. The ability of phospholipid analogues to interact with PKC was also not found to be correlated the occurrence of unwanted side effects. Phospholipid analogues have also been found to act as inhibitors of phospholipase D (PLD). However, in this case the correlation to the growth inhibitory potency of various phospholipid analogues was less clear, so that the contribution of the PLD inhibition to the growth inhibitory effect of these agents still remains to be established. The inhibition of the thrombin-induced rise in cytosolic free Ca2+ by phospholipid analogues is reversible by washing the cells in phospholipid-free medium. These findings suggest that phospholipid analogues do not cause persistent membrane damage and may act as cytostatic rather than cytotoxic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H H Grunicke
- Institute of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Potter BVL, Lampe D. Die Chemie der Inositlipid-vermittelten zellulären Signalübertragung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19951071804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
34
|
Tagliaferri F, Johnson SC, Seiple TF, Baker DC. 1L-2,3:4,5-bis-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1,3-diyl)-chiro-inositol: a useful intermediate for the preparation of several novel cyclitols. Carbohydr Res 1995; 266:301-7. [PMID: 7697660 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(94)00267-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Tagliaferri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-1600
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Intracellular signalling pathways mediating the effects of oncogenes on cell growth and transformation offer novel targets for the development of anticancer drugs. With this approach it may be sufficient to target a component of the signalling pathway activated by the oncogene rather than the oncogene product itself. Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) is a key component of two growth factor signalling pathways. It acts as a substrate for PtdIns specific phospholipase C (PtdInsPLC) and for PtdIns-3-kinase. In this review the antiproliferative properties of some inhibitors of PtdInsPLC and PtdIns-3-kinase are considered. There are some compounds already in clinical trial as anticancer drugs that may act by inhibiting PtdIns signalling, as well as several compounds in preclinical development. Some problems that may be encountered in developing this new class of anticancer drugs are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Powis
- Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Tucson 85724
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Brunn G, Fauq AH, Chow S, Kozikowski AP, Gallegos A, Powis G. Cellular pharmacology of D-3-azido-3-deoxy-myo-inositol, an inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol signaling having antiproliferative activity. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; 35:71-9. [PMID: 7987980 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
D-3-Azido-3-deoxy-myo-inositol (3AMI) is an inhibitor of the growth of v-sis-transformed NIH 3T3 cells but not of wild-type NIH 3T3 cells, whose effects may be mediated through the phosphatidylinositol-3'-kinase pathway. We studied some properties of the cellular pharmacology of 3AMI using high-specific-activity [3H]-3AMI. The uptake of [3H]-3AMI by wild-type NIH 3T3 and v-sis NIH 3T3 cells was similar. [3H]-3AMI was a substrate for phosphatidylinositol synthetase, with the maximal velocity (Vmax) being 1.0 nmol min-1 mg-1 and the Michaelis constant (Km) being 23 mM. Corresponding values obtained for [3H]-myo-inositol as a substrate were 5.5 nmol min-1 mg-1 and 3.2 mM. [3H]-3AMI was incorporated into the cellular inositol lipids of v-sis NIH 3T3 cells to a similar extent as that observed for [3H]-myo-inositol but was not incorporated into the inositol lipids of wild-type NIH 3T3 cells. The [3H]-3AMI incorporated by the v-sis NIH 3T3 cells was present in the phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol phosphate fractions but not in bisphosphorylated phosphatidylinositol. myo-Inositol antagonized the growth-inhibitory effects of 3AMI. The v-sis NIH 3T3 cells were found to be more sensitive than the wild-type NIH 3T3 cells to growth inhibition (without 3AMI) caused by the removal of myo-inositol from the medium. The results of the study suggest that 3AMI is an antimetabolite of myo-inositol. The relative sensitivity of v-sis NIH 3T3 and some other cells to 3AMI may be a reflection of increased myo-inositol requirements for the growth of these cells as compared with wild-type NIH 3T3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Brunn
- Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- R J Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Johnson SC, Tagliaferri F, Baker DC. Synthesis of the 3-deoxy-3-C-(phosphonomethyl) analogue of 1D-myo-inositol 3-(dihydrogenphosphate). Carbohydr Res 1993; 250:315-21. [PMID: 8131161 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(93)84009-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S C Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996-1600
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Guidot JP, Gall TL. Highly regioselective functionalization of a cis-1,2-diol in the myo-inositol series. Application to the synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-mercapto-myo-inositol. Tetrahedron Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)60646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
40
|
Kozikowski AP, Powis G, Gallegos A, Tückmantel W. Synthesis of D-3-deoxy-3-phosphonomethyl-myo-inositol and its dimethyl ester - compounds of use in studying the ptdins-3′-kinase signalling pathway. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
41
|
Brunton VG, Workman P. Cell-signaling targets for antitumour drug development. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 32:1-19. [PMID: 8384936 DOI: 10.1007/bf00685870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V G Brunton
- CRC Department of Medical Oncology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Kozikowski AP, Tückmantel W, Powis G. Synthese und biologische Aktivität vonD-3-Desoxy-3-fluorphosphatidylinosit, ein neuer Weg zu nicht auf DNA zielenden Cytostatica. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.19921041032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|