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Hervé P, Monic S, Bringaud F, Rivière L. Phospholipases A and Lysophospholipases in protozoan parasites. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2023; 10:204-216. [PMID: 37786811 PMCID: PMC10513453 DOI: 10.15698/mic2023.10.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Phospholipases (PLs) and Lysophospholipases (LysoPLs) are a diverse group of esterases responsible for phospholipid or lysophospholipid hydrolysis. They are involved in several biological processes, including lipid catabolism, modulation of the immune response and membrane maintenance. PLs are classified depending on their site of hydrolysis as PLA1, PLA2, PLC and PLD. In many pathogenic microorganisms, from bacteria to fungi, PLAs and LysoPLs have been described as critical virulence and/or pathogenicity factors. In protozoan parasites, a group containing major human and animal pathogens, growing literature show that PLAs and LysoPLs are also involved in the host infection. Their ubiquitous presence and role in host-pathogen interactions make them particularly interesting to study. In this review, we summarize the literature on PLAs and LysoPLs in several protozoan parasites of medical relevance, and discuss the growing interest for them as potential drug and vaccine targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Hervé
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sarah Monic
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Université de Bordeaux, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, CNRS UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
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Vitamin supplementation increases the virulence of Entamoeba histolytica grown axenically. Parasitology 2020; 147:501-505. [PMID: 31969197 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
As a consequence of axenic growth and the elimination of accompanying bacterial flora, Entamoeba histolytica virulence decreases rapidly, and pathogenicity is lost. This paper evaluated the impact of vitamin supplementation on the pathogenicity of E. histolytica. Growth of E. histolytica trophozoites, cultured axenically in PEHPS (a Spanish acronym for the main ingredients - casein peptone, liver, pancreas extract and bovine serum) medium, with or without vitamins, exhibited a similar growth rate. However, the vitamin-enriched PEHPS preparations expressed 2.65 times more haemolytic activity (at 60 min: 98 vs 48%, P < 0.05), 2.5 times more phospholipase A2 activity at 150 min of incubation and generated more hepatic abscesses (88 vs 60%, P = 0.05) than the preparations without vitamins. The haemolytic and phospholipase A2 activity for the PEHPS - V preparations were restored following vitamin supplementation with A and D. These data highlight, for the first time, that vitamins and specifically vitamin A and D were essential for the recovery of amoebic virulence, lost through axenic growth.
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Gastelum-Martínez A, León-Sicairos C, Plata-Guzmán L, Soto-Castro L, León-Sicairos N, de la Garza M. Iron-modulated virulence factors of Entamoeba histolytica. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1329-1341. [PMID: 30238768 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica is a human parasite that causes amoebiasis, a disease that affects the colon and liver and is prevalent worldwide. This protozoan requires a high concentration of iron to survive and reproduce. Iron modulates the expression of parasite virulence factors, including hemoglobinases, hemoglobin-binding proteins and cysteine proteases, as well as proteins related to the amoebic cytoskeleton. This review summarizes the virulence factors that are affected by iron, resulting in upregulation or downregulation of E. histolytica genes. This review also discusses the functionality of iron in the mechanisms of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Gastelum-Martínez
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Claudia León-Sicairos
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Laura Plata-Guzmán
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Liliana Soto-Castro
- Programa Regional del Noroeste para el Posgrado en Biotecnología de la Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. de las Américas y Josefa Ortiz (Cd. Universitaria) Culiacán 80030, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- CIASaP Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Cedros y Sauces Frac. Fresnos. Culiacán 80246, Sinaloa, México; Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Pediátrico de Sinaloa. Boulevard Constitución S/N, Col. Jorge Almada, Culiacán 80200, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Mireya de la Garza
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (CINVESTAV-IPN), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508, Colonia San Pedro Zacatenco 07360, CdMx, Mexico
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NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in THP-1 Target Cells Triggered by Pathogenic Naegleria fowleri. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2422-8. [PMID: 27297387 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00275-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Naegleria fowleri, known as the brain-eating amoeba, causes acute primary amoebic meningoencephalitis. During swimming and other recreational water activities, N. fowleri trophozoites penetrate the nasal mucosa and invade the olfactory bulbs, resulting in intense inflammatory reactions in the forebrain tissue. To investigate what kinds of inflammasome molecules are expressed in target cells due to N. fowleri infection, human macrophage cells (THP-1 cells) were cocultured with N. fowleri trophozoites in a noncontact system, and consequently, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production was estimated. Caspase-1 activation and IL-1β production from THP-1 cells by Western blotting and the culture supernatant by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis were observed at 3 h after cocultivation. In addition, the increased expression of ASC and NLRP3, which make up an inflammasome complex, was also observed at 3 h after cocultivation. To confirm the caspase-1 activation and IL-1β production via the NLRP3 inflammasome in THP-1 cells triggered by N. fowleri trophozoites, THP-1 cells were pretreated with several inhibitors. The inhibition assay showed that CA-074 (a cathepsin B inhibitor), glybenclamide (an NLRP3 molecule inhibitor), and N-benzyloxycarbony-Val-Ala-Asp(O-methyl)-fluoromethylketone (Z-VAD-FMK; a caspase-1 inhibitor) reduced the levels of caspase-1 activation and IL-1β production from THP-1 cells. This study suggests that N. fowleri infection induces the NLRP3 inflammasome, which activates caspase-1 and subsequently produces IL-1β, thus resulting in inflammation.
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González-Salazar F, Garza-González JN, Hernandez-Luna CE, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Carranza-Rosales P, Castro-Garza JE, Hernández-García ME, Vargas-Villarreal J. Sphingomyelinase activity of Trichomonas vaginalis extract and subfractions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:679365. [PMID: 24024206 PMCID: PMC3760288 DOI: 10.1155/2013/679365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Trichomoniasis is one of the most common acute sexually transmitted curable diseases, and it is disseminated worldwide generating more than 170 million cases annually. Trichomonas vaginalis is the parasite that causes trichomoniasis and has the ability to destroy cell monolayers of the vaginal mucosa in vitro. Sphingomyelinases (SMase) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin into ceramide and phosphorylcholine. Ceramide appears to be a second messenger lipid in programmed apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation. Sphingomyelinase is probably a major source of ceramide in cells. Signal transduction mediated by ceramide leads cells to produce cytokine induced apoptosis during several inflammatory responses. SMase are also relevant toxins in several microorganisms. The main objective of this research is to identify SMase activity of T. vaginalis in the total extract (TE), P30, and S30 subfractions from brooked trophozoites. It was found that these fractions of T. vaginalis have SMase activity, which comes principally from P30 subfraction and was mainly type C. Enzymatic activity of SMase increased linearly with time and is pH dependent with two peaks by pH 5.5 and pH 7.5. The addition of manganese to the reaction mixture increased the SMase activity by 1.97.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco González-Salazar
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Administración de Correo No. 4, 2 de abril 501 Colonia Independencia, 64720 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, División de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Monterrey, Avenida Morones Prieto 4500 Pte, 66238 San Pedro Garza García, NL, Mexico
| | - Jesús N. Garza-González
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Administración de Correo No. 4, 2 de abril 501 Colonia Independencia, 64720 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, 66451 San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Carlos E. Hernandez-Luna
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, UANL, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Benito David Mata-Cárdenas
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Avenida Manuel L Barragán S/N, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, Mexico
| | - Pilar Carranza-Rosales
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Administración de Correo No. 4, 2 de abril 501 Colonia Independencia, 64720 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Jorge Enrique Castro-Garza
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Administración de Correo No. 4, 2 de abril 501 Colonia Independencia, 64720 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Magda Elizabeth Hernández-García
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Administración de Correo No. 4, 2 de abril 501 Colonia Independencia, 64720 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Javier Vargas-Villarreal
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Administración de Correo No. 4, 2 de abril 501 Colonia Independencia, 64720 Monterrey, NL, Mexico
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Proteases from Entamoeba spp. and Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae as Virulence Factors. J Trop Med 2013; 2013:890603. [PMID: 23476670 PMCID: PMC3582061 DOI: 10.1155/2013/890603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The standard reference for pathogenic and nonpathogenic amoebae is the human parasite Entamoeba histolytica; a direct correlation between virulence and protease expression has been demonstrated for this amoeba. Traditionally, proteases are considered virulence factors, including those that produce cytopathic effects in the host or that have been implicated in manipulating the immune response. Here, we expand the scope to other amoebae, including less-pathogenic Entamoeba species and highly pathogenic free-living amoebae. In this paper, proteases that affect mucin, extracellular matrix, immune system components, and diverse tissues and cells are included, based on studies in amoebic cultures and animal models. We also include proteases used by amoebae to degrade iron-containing proteins because iron scavenger capacity is currently considered a virulence factor for pathogens. In addition, proteases that have a role in adhesion and encystation, which are essential for establishing and transmitting infection, are discussed. The study of proteases and their specific inhibitors is relevant to the search for new therapeutic targets and to increase the power of drugs used to treat the diseases caused by these complex microorganisms.
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Vargas-Villarreal J, Palacios-Corona R, Hernández-Luna C, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Torres de la Cruz VM, Cortés-Gutiérrez EI, González-Salazar F, Garza-González JN, Escobedo-Guajardo BL, Said-Fernández S. Entamoeba histolytica: Soluble and membrane-associated neutral sphingomyelinase-C and other unidentified esterase activity. Exp Parasitol 2010; 125:394-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Ackers
- Department of Medical Parasitology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT
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Use and endocytosis of iron-containing proteins by Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 9:1038-50. [PMID: 19539057 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential for nearly all organisms; in mammals, it is part of proteins such as haemoglobin, and it is captured by transferrin and lactoferrin. Transferrin is present in serum, and lactoferrin is secreted by the mucosa and by neutrophils at infection sites, as a host iron-withholding response, sequestering iron away from invading microorganisms. Additionally, all cells contain ferritin, which sequesters iron when its intracellular levels are increased, detoxifying and preventing damage. Liver ferritin contains 50% of iron corporal reserves. During evolution, pathogens have evolved diverse strategies to obtain iron from their hosts in order to survive. The protozoan Entamoeba histolytica invades the intestinal mucosa, causing dysentery, and the trophozoites often travel to the liver producing hepatic abscesses; thus, intestine and liver proteins could be important iron supplies for E. histolytica. We found that E. histolytica trophozoites can grow in both ferrous and ferric iron, and that they can use haemoglobin, holo-transferrin, holo-lactoferrin, and ferritin as in vitro iron sources. These proteins supported the amoeba growth throughout consecutive passages, similarly to ferric citrate. By confocal microscopy and immunoblotting, iron-binding proteins were observed specifically bound to the amoeba surface, and they were endocytosed, trafficked through the endosomal/lysosomal route, and degraded by neutral and acidic cysteine-proteases. Transferrin and ferritin were mainly internalized through clathrin-coated vesicles, and holo-lactoferrin was mainly internalized by caveola-like structures. In contrast, apo-lactoferrin bound to membrane lipids and cholesterol, inducing cell death. The results suggest that in vivo trophozoites secrete products that can destroy enterocytes, erythrocytes, and hepatocytes, releasing transferrin, haemoglobin, ferritin, and other iron-containing proteins, which, together with lactoferrin derived from neutrophils and acinar cells, could be used as abundant iron supplies by amoebas.
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Vargas-Villarreal J, Escobedo-Guajardo BL, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Palacios-Corona R, Cortes-Gutiérrez E, Morales-Vallarta M, Sampayo-Reyes A, Said-Fernández S. Activity of intracellular phospholipase A1 and A2 in Giardia lamblia. J Parasitol 2008; 93:979-84. [PMID: 18163329 DOI: 10.1645/ge-1038r3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neither phospholipase A1 (PLA A1) nor phospholipase A2 (PLA A2), nor their respective genes, have been identified in Giardia lamblia, even though they are essential for lipid metabolism in this parasite. A method to identify, isolate, and characterize these enzymes is needed. The activities of PLA A1 and PLA A2 were analyzed in a total extract (TE) and in vesicular (P30) and soluble (S30) subcellular fractions of G. lamblia trophozoites; the effects of several chemical and physicochemical factors on their activities were investigated. The assays were performed using substrate labeled with 14C, and the mass of the 14C-product was quantified. PLA A1 and PLA A2 activity was present in the TE and the P30 and S30 fractions, and it was dependent on pH and the concentrations of protein and Ca2+. In all trophozoite preparations, PLA A1 and PLA A2 activities were inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and Rosenthal's inhibitor. These results suggest that G. lamblia possesses several PLA A1 and PLA A2 isoforms that may be soluble or associated with membranes. In addition to participating in G. lamblia phospholipid metabolism, PLA A1 and PLA A2 could play important roles in the cytopathogenicity of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vargas-Villarreal
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social
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Vargas-Villarreal J, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Palacios-Corona R, González-Salazar F, Cortes-Gutierrez EI, Martínez-Rodríguez HG, Said-Fernández S. TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS: IDENTIFICATION OF SOLUBLE AND MEMBRANE-ASSOCIATED PHOSPHOLIPASE A1AND A2ACTIVITIES WITH DIRECT AND INDIRECT HEMOLYTIC EFFECTS. J Parasitol 2005; 91:5-11. [PMID: 15856864 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct hemolytic activity, dependent on phospholipase A (PLA) activity, was located in the particulate subcellular fraction (P30) of Trichomonas vaginalis. We identified soluble direct and indirect hemolytic activities in the spent medium and soluble fraction (S30) of T. vaginalis strain GT-13. Spent medium showed the highest specific indirect hemolytic activity (SIHA) at pH 6.0 (91 indirect hemolytic units [HU]/mg/hr). Spent medium and P30, but not S30, showed direct hemolytic activity. PLA activity was protein dose dependent and time dependent. The highest PLA activity was observed at pH 6.0. All trichomonad preparations showed phospholipase A1 (PLA A1) and phospholipase A2 (PLA A2) activities. Indirect and direct hemolytic activity and PLA A1 and PLA A2 diminished at pH 6.0 and 8.0 with increasing concentrations of Rosenthal's inhibitor. The greatest effect was observed with 80 microM at pH 6.0 on the SIHA of S30 (83% reduction) and the lowest at pH 8.0, also on the SIHA of S30 (26% reduction). In conclusion, T. vaginalis contains particulate and soluble acidic, and alkaline direct and indirect hemolytic activities, which are partially dependent on alkaline or acidic PLA A1 and PLA A2 enzymes. These could be responsible for the contact-dependent and -independent hemolytic and cytolytic activities of T. vaginalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vargas-Villarreal
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigacíon Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Administración de correo No. 4, Apartado postal 020-E, Colonia Independencia, Monterrey, CP 64720, Nuevo León, México
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Vargas-Villarreal J, Mata-Cárdenas BD, González-Salazar F, Lozano-Garza HG, Cortes-Gutierrez EI, Palaclos-Corona R, Martínez-Rodríguez HG, Ramírez-Bon E, Said-Fernández S. Trichomonas vaginalis: identification of a phospholipase A-dependent hemolytic activity in a vesicular subcellular fraction. J Parasitol 2003; 89:105-12. [PMID: 12659311 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2003)089[0105:tvioap]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichomonad total extracts (TTE), or vesicular (P30) and soluble (530) subcellular fractions from 3 pathogenic Trichomonas vaginalis strains (GT-3. GT-13. and GT-15), lysed both human and Sprague-Dawley rat erythrocytes in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The entire hemolytic activity of TTE was located in P30, showing 2 peaks of maximum activity, one at pH 6.0 and another at pH 8.0. in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+. Hemolytic activity on rat erythrocytes was greater at pH 6.0 16.71 +/- 0.33 hemolytic units IHU]/mg/hr to 11.60 +/- 0.24 HU/mg/hr) than at pH 8.0 (3.81 +/- 0.30 HU/mg/hr to 5.75 +/- 0.65 HU/mg/hr). and it was greater than that on human red blood cells at pH 6.0 (2.67 +/- 0.19 HU/mg/hr to 4.08 +/- 0.15 HU/mg/hr) or pH 8.0 (2.24 +/- 0.0 9 HU/mg/hr to 2.81 +/- 0.06 HU/mg/hr). The alkaline and acidic hemolytic activity diminished (60-93% at pH 6.0 and 78-93% at pH 8.0) by the effect of 80 microM Rosenthal's inhibitor, which also inhibited 27-45% and 29-54% trichomonad alkaline and acidic phospholipase A activities, respectively. Vesicles, vacuoles, and hydrogenosomes were rich in P30. Trichomonas vaginalis has a hemolytic PLA, which could be involved in its cytopathogenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Vargas-Villarreal
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Administración de Correos No. 4, Apartado Postal 020-E, Colonia Independencia, Monterrey, CP 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico
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González-Garza MT, Castro-Garza J, Cruz-Vega DE, Vargas-Villarreal J, Carranza-Rosales P, Mata-Cárdenas BD, Siller-Campos L, Said-Fernández S. Entamoeba histolytica: diminution of erythrophagocytosis, phospholipase A(2), and hemolytic activities is related to virulence impairment in long-term axenic cultures. Exp Parasitol 2000; 96:116-9. [PMID: 11052870 DOI: 10.1006/expr.2000.4554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M T González-Garza
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, IMSS, Administración de Correos, No. 4, Apartado Postal 20, CP 64720, Monterrey, N.L., México
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14
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Vargas-Villarreal J, Martínez-Rodríguez H, Castro-Garza J, Mata-Cárdenas BD, González-Garza MT, Said-Fernández S. Identification of Entamoeba histolytica intracellular phospholipase A and lysophospholipase L1 activities. Parasitol Res 1995; 81:320-3. [PMID: 7624291 DOI: 10.1007/bf00931538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica phospholipase A and lysophospholipase activities from a vesicular subcellular fraction (P30) were analyzed. The products, obtained using specific substrates labeled with 14C or 3H, indicated the presence of phospholipase A1 and A2 as well as lysophospholipase L1 activities. The enzymes detected could participate in phospholipid metabolism and the alkaline phospholipase A2 may contribute to E. histolytica cytopathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vargas-Villarreal
- División de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Monterrey, N.L. México
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Young JDE, Lowrey DM. Biochemical and Functional Characterization of a Membrane-associated Pore-forming Protein from the Pathogenic Ameboflagellate Naegleria fowleri. J Biol Chem 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)85056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Keller F, Walter C, Löhden U, Hanke W, Bakker-Grunwald T, Trissl D. Pathogenic and non-pathogenic Entamoeba: pore formation and hemolytic activity. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1988; 35:359-65. [PMID: 2460621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1988.tb04107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming activity in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes of extracts from differentially pathogenic Entamoeba and the capacity of trophozoites and subcellular fractions to lyse human red blood cells (hrbc) were investigated. In all amebas studied, the two activities paralleled each other. They were high in E. histolytica irrespective of the virulence of the particular strain, but low in non-pathogenic E. histolytica-like amebas of human origin as well as in E. invadens, which is pathogenic for reptiles, and in E. moshkovskii isolated from sewage. We conclude that the capacities to insert pores and to lyse are not sufficient for virulence although they may be necessary. The subcellular distribution of the hemolytic activity of E. histolytica and its sensitivity to a variety of inhibitors and activators differ from those of other known amebic cytotoxic activities including pore formation. Therefore, there may be an additional constituent of E. histolytica involved in the cytotoxicity of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Keller
- Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Osnabrück, Federal Republic of Germany
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Valadez-Salazar A, López-Revilla R. Stimulation of DNA synthesis on animal cell microcultures by a heat-stable cytoplasmic factor of Entamoeba histolytica. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1986; 72:133-6. [PMID: 2870593 DOI: 10.1007/bf00927744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Lowrey DM, McLaughlin J. A multicomponent hemolytic system in the pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri. Infect Immun 1984; 45:731-6. [PMID: 6469359 PMCID: PMC263358 DOI: 10.1128/iai.45.3.731-736.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A hemolytic activity associated with postnuclear supernatant fractions of Naegleria fowleri has been partially characterized in an attempt to isolate cytolytic molecules that may participate in naeglerial cytopathogenicity. Hemolysis by naeglerial postnuclear supernatant fractions was sensitive to heat and trypsin hydrolysis, and was inhibited by divalent cations. The majority of the hemolytic activity was nonlatent and associated with a particle fraction sedimenting at 48,000 X g (maximum) for 1 h. This particle-associated hemolytic activity appears to be membrane associated, as high salt concentration, chelating agents, and pH extremes were ineffective in solubilizing the hemolytic activity, whereas treatment with 0.15% Zwittergent 3-12, a dipolar ionic detergent, results in 98% release of the sedimentable hemolysin. The sigmoidal nature of the progress curve of postnuclear supernatant hemolysis, as well as synergistic interactions between fractions of amoebal whole cell extracts, suggests that the hemolytic activity has a multicomponent nature, with at least two and possibly three components participating in the hemolytic event. The significance of these findings in the context of naeglerial cytopathogenicity is discussed.
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Said-Fernández S, López-Revilla R. Latency and heterogeneity of Entamoeba histolytica hemolysins. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1983; 69:435-8. [PMID: 6312705 DOI: 10.1007/bf00927699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have found that the hemolytic potency of P30 - a subcellular fraction that contains most of the hemolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites--increased up to 100 times by preincubation for 36 h at 36 degrees C. This remarkable increase in potency was due to the in vitro generation of heat-labile as well as heat-stable hemolytic components and could be prevented if P30 was preincubated at 4 degrees C or subjected to either heating at 90 degrees C or to repeated freeze-thawing cycles before preincubation at 36 degrees C. The major hemolytic activity of E. histolytica thus appears to depend on latent, heat-labile and heat-stable hemolysins that are probably unmasked through the action of endogenous amebal enzymes.
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