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Hemala V, Kment P, Tihlaříková E, Neděla V, Malenovský I. External structures of the metathoracic scent gland efferent system in the true bug superfamily Pyrrhocoroidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomomorpha). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 63:101058. [PMID: 34034200 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrhocoroidea represents an important group of true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) which includes fire bugs, cotton stainers and other taxa widely used in experimental studies or known as pests. However, the morphology and phylogeny of Pyrrhocoroidea have been only poorly studied so far. Here, structures of the external scent efferent system of the metathoracic scent glands are examined in 64 out of 71 currently valid genera of Pyrrhocoroidea and scanning electron micrographs are provided for most taxa. Several characters are revealed which define each of the three higher taxa within Pyrrhocoroidea: Larginae (small auriculate peritreme lacking manubrium and median furrow; metathoracic spiracle never surrounded by evaporatorium), Physopeltinae (large, widely open ostiole; large peritremal disc with manubrium [new term], lacking median furrow; mace-like mycoid filter processes of equal shape and size on both anterior and posterior margins of metathoracic spiracle), and Pyrrhocoridae (elongate auriculate peritreme with deep median furrow). Within Pyrrhocoridae, three main types (A, B and C) of the external scent efferent system are distinguished, differring in the amount of reductions. The findings are interpreted in the context of phylogenetic hypotheses available for Pyrrhocoroidea and their close relatives, Coreoidea and Lygaeoidea. An updated identification key to the families and subfamilies of Pyrrhocoroidea applicable for both sexes is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Hemala
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kment
- Department of Entomology, National Museum, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00, Prague, Horní Počernice, Czech Republic.
| | - Eva Tihlaříková
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Institute of Scientific Instruments, Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 147, 612 64, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Igor Malenovský
- Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Havlikova M, Bosakova T, Petschenka G, Cabala R, Exnerova A, Bosakova Z. Analysis of defensive secretion of a milkweed bug Lygaeus equestris by 1D GC-MS and GC×GC-MS: sex differences and host-plant effect. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3092. [PMID: 32080314 PMCID: PMC7033152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60056-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of defensive secretion produced by metathoracic scent glands was analysed in males and females of the milkweed bug Lygaeus equestris (Heteroptera) using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS). The bugs were raised either on cardenolide-containing Adonis vernalis or on control sunflower seeds in order to determine whether the possibility to sequester cardenolides from their host plants would affect the composition of defensive scent-gland secretion. Profiles of the composition of defensive secretions of males and females raised on sunflower were closely similar, with predominant presence of (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-octen-1-ol, decanal and 3-octen-1-ol acetate. The secretion of bugs raised on A. vernalis was more sexually dimorphic, and some chemicals e.g. (E,E)-2,4-hexadienyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate were dominant in males, but absent in females. Compared to bugs from sunflower, the scent-gland secretion of bugs raised on A. vernalis was characterized by lower overall intensity of the peaks obtained for detected chemicals and by absence of some chemicals that have supposedly antipredatory function ((E)-2-hexenal, (E)-4-oxo-hex-2-enal, 2,4-octadienal). The results suggest that there might be a trade-off between the sequestration of defensive chemicals from host plants and their synthesis in metathoracic scent-glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Havlikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Georg Petschenka
- Department of Insect Biotechnology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Toxicology Department, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Exnerova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Krajicek J, Havlikova M, Bursova M, Ston M, Cabala R, Exnerova A, Stys P, Bosakova Z. Comparative Analysis of Volatile Defensive Secretions of Three Species of Pyrrhocoridae (Insecta: Heteroptera) by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric Method. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168827. [PMID: 27997627 PMCID: PMC5173376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The true bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have evolved a system of well-developed scent glands that produce diverse and frequently strongly odorous compounds that act mainly as chemical protection against predators. A new method of non-lethal sampling with subsequent separation using gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection was proposed for analysis of these volatile defensive secretions. Separation was performed on Rtx-200 column containing fluorinated polysiloxane stationary phase. Various mechanical irritation methods (ultrasonics, shaking, pressing bugs with plunger of syringe) were tested for secretion sampling with a special focus on non-lethal irritation. The preconcentration step was performed by sorption on solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers with different polarity. For optimization of sampling procedure, Pyrrhocoris apterus was selected. The entire multi-parameter optimization procedure of secretion sampling was performed using response surface methodology. The irritation of bugs by pressing them with a plunger of syringe was shown to be the most suitable. The developed method was applied to analysis of secretions produced by adult males and females of Pyrrhocoris apterus, Pyrrhocoris tibialis and Scantius aegyptius (all Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). The chemical composition of secretion, particularly that of alcohols, aldehydes and esters, is species-specific in all three pyrrhocorid species studied. The sexual dimorphism in occurrence of particular compounds is largely limited to alcohols and suggests their epigamic intraspecific function. The phenetic overall similarities in composition of secretion do not reflect either relationship of species or similarities in antipredatory color pattern. The similarities of secretions may be linked with antipredatory strategies. The proposed method requires only a few individuals which remain alive after the procedure. Thus secretions of a number of species including even the rare ones can be analyzed and broadly conceived comparative studies can be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Krajicek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Havlikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Bursova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Toxicology Department, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ston
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radomir Cabala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Toxicology Department, Institute of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Exnerova
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Stys
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (ZB); (PS)
| | - Zuzana Bosakova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (ZB); (PS)
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De novo analysis of the Adelphocoris suturalis Jakovlev metathoracic scent glands transcriptome and expression patterns of pheromone biosynthesis-related genes. Gene 2014; 551:271-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Zhang Z, Luo J, Wang Y, Chen L, Chen L, Lei C. Morphology and chemical analysis of the metathoracic scent glands system in Adelphocoris suturalis (Hemiptera: Miridae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2014; 14:ieu155. [PMID: 25527598 PMCID: PMC5657900 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The morphological structure of the metathoracic scent glands (MTGs) in Adelphocoris suturalis was observed by utilizing scanning electron microscope (SEM). Also, the secretions of MTGs in male and female were analyzed by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that the MTGs comprised a reservoir and paired lateral glands, which are connected to a reservoir by duct. The MTGs belong to the diastomian type. A usually depressed channel extends from opening downward the middle of metathorax, a tongue-like structure was covered by bristles and mushroom-shaped cuticular structures, known as evaporative area. In GC-MS investigation, differences were found in quantitative or qualitative compositions of the substances between the two sexes. In our study, hexyl butyrate was the most abundant compound in the MTGs of A. suturalis, comprising ∼85% of total secretions in both female and male, respectively. 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal (5.22%) was the second most abundant compound in female MTGs secretions, whereas octacosane (2.42%) followed hexyl butyrate in male MTGs secretions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Zhang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Longjia Chen
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Chaoliang Lei
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
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Veselý P, Veselá S, Fuchs R. The responses of Central European avian predators to an allopatric aposematic true bug. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2013.798351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gonzaga-Segura J, Valdez-Carrasco J, Castrejón-Gómez VR. The metathoracic scent gland of the leaf-footed bug, Leptoglossus zonatus. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2013; 13:149. [PMID: 24773315 PMCID: PMC4015393 DOI: 10.1673/031.013.14901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The metathoracic scent gland of 25-day-old adults of both sexes of the leaf-footed bug, Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Coreidae), are described based on optical microscopy analysis. No sexual dimorphism was observed in the glandular composition of this species. The gland is located in the anteroventral corner of the metathoracic pleura between the middle and posterior coxal pits. The opening to the outside of the gland is very wide and permanently open as it lacks a protective membrane. In the internal part, there is a pair of metathoracic glands that consist of piles of intertwined and occasionally bifurcated cellular tubes or columns. These glands discharge their pheromonal contents into the reservoir through a narrow cuticular tube. The reservoir connects with the vestibule via two opposite and assembled cuticular folds that can separate muscularly in order to allow the flow of liquid away from the insect. The external part consists of an ostiole from which the pheromone is emitted. The ostiole is surrounded by a peritreme, a structure that aids optimum pheromone dispersion. The described gland is of the omphalien type.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gonzaga-Segura
- Becario COFAA. Laboratorio de Ecología Química de Insectos. Departamento de Interacciones Planta-Insecto. Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Carretera Yautepec, Jojutla, Km. 6 Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, C.P. 62731
| | - J. Valdez-Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Morfología de Insectos. Colegio de Posgraduados en Ciencias Agrícolas Campus Montecillo. Carretera México-Texcoco km 36.5, Montecillo, Texcoco, Estado de México, C.P. 56230
| | - V. R. Castrejón-Gómez
- Becario COFAA. Laboratorio de Ecología Química de Insectos. Departamento de Interacciones Planta-Insecto. Centro de Desarrollo de Productos Bióticos del Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Carretera Yautepec, Jojutla, Km. 6 Calle CEPROBI No. 8, Col. San Isidro, Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, C.P. 62731
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Niogret J, Montgomery WS, Kendra PE, Heath RR, Epsky ND. Attraction and electroantennogram responses of male Mediterranean fruit fly to volatile chemicals from Persea, Litchi and Ficus wood. J Chem Ecol 2011; 37:483-91. [PMID: 21526361 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-9953-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trimedlure is the most effective male-targeted lure for the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). A similar response is elicited by plant substances that contain α-copaene, a naturally-occurring sesquiterpene. α-Copaene is a complex, highly-volatile, widely-distributed plant compound, and male C. capitata respond to material from both hosts (e.g., Litchi chinensis) and non-hosts (e.g., Ficus benjamina) that contain α-copaene. Avocado, Persea americana, recently was found to contain varying amounts of α-copaene in the bark and underlying cambial tissue. Short-range attraction bioassays and electroantennography (EAG) were used to quantify responses of sterile male C. capitata to samples of rasped wood from four avocado genotypes, L. chinensis, and F. benjamina. Gas chromatography-mass spectral (GC-MS) analysis was used to identify and quantify the major sesquiterpenes. Attraction and EAG amplitude were correlated, with L. chinensis eliciting the highest and F. benjamina the lowest responses. Responses to the avocado genotypes were intermediate, but varied among the four types. GC-MS identified 13 sesquiterpenes, including α-copaene, from all samples. Amounts of α-copaene in volatile collections from samples (3 g) ranged from 11.8 μg in L. chinensis to 0.09 μg in F. benjamina, which correlated with short-range attraction and EAG response. α-Copaene ranged from 8.0 to 0.8 μg in the avocado genotypes, but attraction and EAG responses were not correlated with the amount of α-copaene. Differences in enantiomeric structure of the α-copaene in the different genotypes and/or presence of additional sesquiterpenes may be responsible for the variation in male response. EAG responses were correlated with the amount of several other sesquiterpenes including α-humulene, and this compound elicited a strong antennal response when tested alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Niogret
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, Miami, FL 33158-1857, USA
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Flachsbarth B, Fritzsche M, Weldon PJ, Schulz S. Composition of the cloacal gland secretion of tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus. Chem Biodivers 2009; 6:1-37. [PMID: 19180453 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The lipophilic content of the cloacal gland secretion of the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) was investigated. GC/EI-MS Analysis of CH2Cl2 extracts of the secretions revealed triacylglycerols as major glandular constituents. Twelve major medium-chain fatty acids were found to be conjugated to glycerol in different combinations, resulting in complex mixtures. These acids were identified by transesterification and subsequent derivatization of natural samples, and their structures were verified by synthesis. The natural glycerides contain predominantly three of the following acids: octanoic (A), (E)- and (Z)-oct-4-enoic (B and C, resp.), (4E,6Z)-octa-4,6-dienoic (tuataric acid; D), (R)-2,6-dimethylheptanoic (E), (R)-2,6-dimethylhept-5-enoic (F), (Z)-dec-4-enoic (G), (4Z,7Z)-deca-4,7-dienoic (H), (R)-3,7-dimethyloct-6-enoic (I), (R)-4,8-dimethylnon-7-enoic (J), (2R,6S)-2,6,10-trimethylundec-9-enoic (K), and (2R,5E)-2,6,10-trimethylundeca-5,9-dienoic acids (L). Several additional acids, occurring in trace amounts only, were tentatively identified by MS. The elucidation of the absolute configuration of the acids was performed by GC on chiral phases. Individual tuatara show specific mixtures of glycerides with up to 100 components. The individual mixtures may permit individual recognition because the bouquets seem to be stable over years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Flachsbarth
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, D-38106 Braunschweig
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Fine structure and chemical analysis of the metathoracic scent gland secretion in Graphosoma lineatum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). C R Biol 2009; 332:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 10/13/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Durak D. Morphology and chemical composition of metathoracic scent glands in Dolycoris baccarum (Linnaeus, 1758) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2007.00313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pareja M, Borges M, Laumann RA, Moraes MCB. Inter- and intraspecific variation in defensive compounds produced by five neotropical stink bug species (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2007; 53:639-48. [PMID: 17574569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2007.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The differences in composition of defensive secretions between nymphs, adult males and adult females of Chinavia impicticornis (=Acrosternum impicticorne), Chinavia ubica (=Acrosternum ubicum), Euschistus heros, Dichelops melacanthus and Piezodorus guildinii (Hemiptera, Pentatomidae) were analysed within and between species using compositional log-ratio statistics and canonical variates analysis. Differences in composition between nymphs, males and females were found for all species, as well as when all species were pooled. In particular, tetradecanal appears to be a predominantly nymphal compound in D. melacanthus, E. heros and P. guildinii. In the two Chinavia species 4-oxo-(E)-2-hexenal and an unknown compound were more dominant in nymphs. The interspecific analysis revealed a good separation of defensive compounds according to their taxonomic relationship. Thus, the two Chinavia species grouped together, with (E)-2-decenal and (E)-2-hexenyl acetate, contributing to this separation. The other three species also differed from each other, with (E)-2-octenal associated to D. melacanthus, (E)-2-hexenal to P. guildinii and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal and tetradecanal to E. heros. The pooled analysis of stage ignoring species revealed tetradecanal and 4-oxo-(E)-2-decenal (tentative identification) strongly associated to nymphs. Thus, there are predictable differences between stages, and many of the differences are conserved between species. Consideration of these differences could prove to be important in understanding stink bug-natural enemy interactions, and in optimising biocontrol efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Pareja
- NTCB, EMBRAPA Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Cx. Postal 02372, CEP 70849-970, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Staples JK, Krall BS, Bartelt RJ, Whitman DW. Chemical defense in the plant bug Lopidea robiniae (Uhler). J Chem Ecol 2002; 28:601-15. [PMID: 11944836 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014552414580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Secretions from the metathoracic glands (MTG) of the black locust bug, Lopidea robiniae (Uhler) (Heteroptera: Miridae) contained six major compounds, including (E)-2-hexenal, (E)-2-hexen-1-ol, (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-octen-1-ol (E)-2-heptenal, and (Z)-3-octen-1-ol. Males and females did not differ significantly in the relative compositions of identified compounds. In feeding trials, six bird species [robin (Turdus migratorious), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), brown thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), killdeer (Charadrius vociferus), starling (Sturnus vulgaris), and house wren (Troglodytes aedon)] demonstrated feeding aversions towards L. robiniae implying that black locust bugs are chemically defended. Bugs discharged the liquid contents of their MTG when attacked, thereby producing a strong and distinct odor. Some birds immediately ejected bugs out of their mouth after biting them, suggesting that the MTG secretion was a deterrent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Staples
- Behavior Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics Section, Illinois State University, Normal 61790, USA
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Stránský K, Valterová I, Ubik K, Čejka J, Křeček J. Volatiles from Stink Bug,Graphosoma lineatum (L.), and from Green Shield Bug,Palomena prasina (L.), (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4168(19980801)21:8<475::aid-jhrc475>3.0.co;2-s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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16
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Behavioral correlates for minor volatile compounds from stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). J Chem Ecol 1995; 21:1907-20. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02033851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/1995] [Accepted: 07/21/1995] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dorsal abdominal glands in nymphs of southern green stink bug,Nezara viridula (L.) (heteroptera: Pentatomidae): Chemistry of secretions of five instars and role of (E)-4-oxo-2-decenal, compound specific to first instars. J Chem Ecol 1994; 20:2213-27. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02033198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/1993] [Accepted: 04/19/1994] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Farine JP, Everaerts C, Brossut R, Le Quére JL. Defensive secretions of nymphs and adults of five species of Pyrrhocoridae (Insecta: Heteroptera). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(93)90027-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Chemistry of defensive secretions in nymphs and adults of fire bug,Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Heteroptera, Pyrrhocoridae). J Chem Ecol 1992; 18:1673-82. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02751094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/1992] [Accepted: 05/14/1992] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Instar-specific defensive secretions of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02118429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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