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Jansson HB, Thiman L. A Preliminary Study of Chemotaxis of Zoospores of the Nematode-Parasitic Fungus Catenaria Anguillulae. Mycologia 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.1992.12026111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Börje Jansson
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Lund University, Helgonavägen 5, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lena Thiman
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Lund University, Helgonavägen 5, S-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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2
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Syeda SS, Carlson EJ, Miller MR, Francis R, Clapham DE, Lishko PV, Hawkinson JE, Hook D, Georg GI. The Fungal Sexual Pheromone Sirenin Activates the Human CatSper Channel Complex. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:452-9. [PMID: 26674547 PMCID: PMC4761407 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The basal fungus Allomyces macrogynus (A. macrogynus) produces motile male gametes displaying well-studied chemotaxis toward their female counterparts. This chemotaxis is driven by sirenin, a sexual pheromone released by the female gametes. The pheromone evokes a large calcium influx in the motile gametes, which could proceed through the cation channel of sperm (CatSper) complex. Herein, we report the total synthesis of sirenin in 10 steps and 8% overall yield and show that the synthetic pheromone activates the CatSper channel complex, indicated by a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular calcium in human sperm. Sirenin activation of the CatSper channel was confirmed using whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology with human sperm. Based on this proficient synthetic route and confirmed activation of CatSper, analogues of sirenin can be designed as blockers of the CatSper channel that could provide male contraceptive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameem Sultana Syeda
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and
Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Erick J. Carlson
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and
Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Melissa R. Miller
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department
of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Rawle Francis
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and
Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - David E. Clapham
- Department
of Cardiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department
of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Polina V. Lishko
- Department
of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jon E. Hawkinson
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and
Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Derek Hook
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and
Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Gunda I. Georg
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and
Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
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Brunet T, Arendt D. From damage response to action potentials: early evolution of neural and contractile modules in stem eukaryotes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150043. [PMID: 26598726 PMCID: PMC4685582 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells convert external stimuli into membrane depolarization, which in turn triggers effector responses such as secretion and contraction. Here, we put forward an evolutionary hypothesis for the origin of the depolarization-contraction-secretion (DCS) coupling, the functional core of animal neuromuscular circuits. We propose that DCS coupling evolved in unicellular stem eukaryotes as part of an 'emergency response' to calcium influx upon membrane rupture. We detail how this initial response was subsequently modified into an ancient mechanosensory-effector arc, present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, which enabled contractile amoeboid movement that is widespread in extant eukaryotes. Elaborating on calcium-triggered membrane depolarization, we reason that the first action potentials evolved alongside the membrane of sensory-motile cilia, with the first voltage-sensitive sodium/calcium channels (Nav/Cav) enabling a fast and coordinated response of the entire cilium to mechanosensory stimuli. From the cilium, action potentials then spread across the entire cell, enabling global cellular responses such as concerted contraction in several independent eukaryote lineages. In animals, this process led to the invention of mechanosensory contractile cells. These gave rise to mechanosensory receptor cells, neurons and muscle cells by division of labour and can be regarded as the founder cell type of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut Brunet
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69012, Germany
| | - Detlev Arendt
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Developmental Biology Unit, Heidelberg 69012, Germany
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Cai X, Wang X, Patel S, Clapham DE. Insights into the early evolution of animal calcium signaling machinery: a unicellular point of view. Cell Calcium 2014; 57:166-73. [PMID: 25498309 PMCID: PMC4355082 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The basic principles of Ca(2+) regulation emerged early in prokaryotes. Ca(2+) signaling acquired more extensive and varied functions when life evolved into multicellular eukaryotes with intracellular organelles. Animals, fungi and plants display differences in the mechanisms that control cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations. The aim of this review is to examine recent findings from comparative genomics of Ca(2+) signaling molecules in close unicellular relatives of animals and in common unicellular ancestors of animals and fungi. Also discussed are the evolution and origins of the sperm-specific CatSper channel complex, cation/Ca(2+) exchangers and four-domain voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Newly identified evolutionary evidence suggests that the distinct Ca(2+) signaling machineries in animals, plants and fungi likely originated from an ancient Ca(2+) signaling machinery prior to early eukaryotic radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cai
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
| | - Xiangbing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Sandip Patel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David E Clapham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Cai X, Wang X, Clapham DE. Early evolution of the eukaryotic Ca2+ signaling machinery: conservation of the CatSper channel complex. Mol Biol Evol 2014; 31:2735-40. [PMID: 25063443 PMCID: PMC4169769 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msu218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium signaling is one of the most extensively employed signal transduction mechanisms in life. As life evolved into increasingly complex organisms, Ca(2+) acquired more extensive and varied functions. Here, we compare genes encoding proteins that govern Ca(2+) entry and exit across cells or organelles within organisms of early eukaryotic evolution into fungi, plants, and animals. Recent phylogenomics analyses reveal a complex Ca(2+) signaling machinery in the apusozoan protist Thecamonas trahens, a putative unicellular progenitor of Opisthokonta. We compare T. trahens Ca(2+) signaling to that in a marine bikont protist, Aurantiochytrium limacinum, and demonstrate the conservation of key Ca(2+) signaling molecules in the basally diverging alga Cyanophora paradoxa. Particularly, our findings reveal the conservation of the CatSper channel complex in Au. limacinum and C. paradoxa, suggesting that the CatSper complex likely originated from an ancestral Ca(2+) signaling machinery at the root of early eukaryotic evolution prior to the unikont/bikont split.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cai
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - Xiangbing Wang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ
| | - David E Clapham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Maier I, Calenberg M. Effect of Extracellular Ca2+and Ca2+-Antagonists on the Movement and Chemoorientation of Male Gametes ofEctocarpus siliculosus(Phaeophyceae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1994.tb00820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nieuwenhuis BPS, Aanen DK. Sexual selection in fungi. J Evol Biol 2013; 25:2397-411. [PMID: 23163326 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The significance of sexual selection, the component of natural selection associated with variation in mating success, is well established for the evolution of animals and plants, but not for the evolution of fungi. Even though fungi do not have separate sexes, most filamentous fungi mate in a hermaphroditic fashion, with distinct sex roles, that is, investment in large gametes (female role) and fertilization by other small gametes (male role). Fungi compete to fertilize, analogous to 'male-male' competition, whereas they can be selective when being fertilized, analogous to female choice. Mating types, which determine genetic compatibility among fungal gametes, are important for sexual selection in two respects. First, genes at the mating-type loci regulate different aspects of mating and thus can be subject to sexual selection. Second, for sexual selection, not only the two sexes (or sex roles) but also the mating types can form the classes, the members of which compete for access to members of the other class. This is significant if mating-type gene products are costly, thus signalling genetic quality according to Zahavi's handicap principle. We propose that sexual selection explains various fungal characteristics such as the observed high redundancy of pheromones at the B mating-type locus of Agaricomycotina, the occurrence of multiple types of spores in Ascomycotina or the strong pheromone signalling in yeasts. Furthermore, we argue that fungi are good model systems to experimentally study fundamental aspects of sexual selection, due to their fast generation times and high diversity of life cycles and mating systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P S Nieuwenhuis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Cai X, Clapham DE. Ancestral Ca2+ signaling machinery in early animal and fungal evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2011; 29:91-100. [PMID: 21680871 PMCID: PMC4037924 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msr149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals and fungi diverged from a common unicellular ancestor of Opisthokonta, yet they exhibit significant differences in their components of Ca2+ signaling pathways. Many Ca2+ signaling molecules appear to be either animal-specific or fungal-specific, which is generally believed to result from lineage-specific adaptations to distinct physiological requirements. Here, by analyzing the genomic data from several close relatives of animals and fungi, we demonstrate that many components of animal and fungal Ca2+ signaling machineries are present in the apusozoan protist Thecamonas trahens, which belongs to the putative unicellular sister group to Opisthokonta. We also identify the conserved portion of Ca2+ signaling molecules in early evolution of animals and fungi following their divergence. Furthermore, our results reveal the lineage-specific expansion of Ca2+ channels and transporters in the unicellular ancestors of animals and in basal fungi. These findings provide novel insights into the evolution and regulation of Ca2+ signaling critical for animal and fungal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiang Cai
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, NY, USA.
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Lee SC, Ni M, Li W, Shertz C, Heitman J. The evolution of sex: a perspective from the fungal kingdom. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2010; 74:298-340. [PMID: 20508251 PMCID: PMC2884414 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00005-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex is shrouded in mystery. Not only does it preferentially occur in the dark for both fungi and many animals, but evolutionary biologists continue to debate its benefits given costs in light of its pervasive nature. Experimental studies of the benefits and costs of sexual reproduction with fungi as model systems have begun to provide evidence that the balance between sexual and asexual reproduction shifts in response to selective pressures. Given their unique evolutionary history as opisthokonts, along with metazoans, fungi serve as exceptional models for the evolution of sex and sex-determining regions of the genome (the mating type locus) and for transitions that commonly occur between outcrossing/self-sterile and inbreeding/self-fertile modes of reproduction. We review here the state of the understanding of sex and its evolution in the fungal kingdom and also areas where the field has contributed and will continue to contribute to illuminating general principles and paradigms of sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Chan Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Min Ni
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Cecelia Shertz
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Joseph Heitman
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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