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Bouwer MC, Scheepers LM, Slippers B, Rohwer ER, Allison JD. The Sex Pheromone of the Pine Brown-Tail Moth, Euproctis terminalis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:732-739. [PMID: 34347234 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The pine brown tail moth, Euproctis terminalis (Walker 1855), is a periodic pest in pine plantations in South Africa. The larvae feed on pine needles and can cause severe defoliation when population densities are high. Population densities fluctuate temporally and spatially, complicating the prediction of potential growth loss and tree mortality. The aim of this study was to identify the sex pheromone of the pine brown tail moth to provide stakeholders with a tool for monitoring it. Gas chromatography-electroantennogram detection and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analyses of female pheromone gland extracts identified the major component as (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19-docosatetraen-1-ol isobutyrate. Traps baited with (Z,Z,Z,Z)-7,13,16,19-docosatetraen-1-ol isobutyrate caught more males than unbaited traps. A delta trap was shown to be a superior design compared to a bucket funnel trap. This pheromone can now be used for monitoring E. terminalis in pine plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Clement Bouwer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Insect Science (Pty) Ltd, 9 Industria Street, New Industrial Area, Tzaneen, 0850, Limpopo Province, South Africa
| | - Luki-Marie Scheepers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Egmont Richard Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
- Center for Chromatography, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jeremy D Allison
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa.
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, Gauteng, South Africa.
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Sault Ste Marie, ON, P6A 2E5, Canada.
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Li J, Lv Q, Han HL, Zhang AB. The complete mitochondrial genome of a tussock moth: Euproctis seitzi (Lepidoptera: Erebidae, Lymantriinae). Mitochondrial DNA B Resour 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23802359.2020.1734493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing Lv
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hui-lin Han
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, P. R. China
| | - Ai-bing Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Wang HL, Brattström O, Brakefield PM, Francke W, Löfstedt C. Identification and biosynthesis of novel male specific esters in the wings of the tropical butterfly, Bicyclus martius sanaos. J Chem Ecol 2014; 40:549-59. [PMID: 24894159 PMCID: PMC4090810 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-014-0452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Representatives of the highly speciose tropical butterfly genus Bicyclus (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) are characterized by morphological differences in the male androconia, a set of scales and hair pencils located on the surface of the wings. These androconia are assumed to be associated with the release of courtship pheromones. In the present study, we report the identification and biosynthetic pathways of several novel esters from the wings of male B. martius sanaos. We found that the volatile compounds in this male butterfly were similar to female-produced moth sex pheromones. Components associated with the male wing androconial areas were identified as ethyl, isobutyl and 2-phenylethyl hexadecanoates and (11Z)-11-hexadecenoates, among which the latter are novel natural products. By topical application of deuterium-labelled fatty acid and amino acid precursors, we found these pheromone candidates to be produced in patches located on the forewings of the males. Deuterium labels from hexadecanoic acid were incorporated into (11Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid, providing experimental evidence of a Δ11-desaturase being active in butterflies. This unusual desaturase was found previously to be involved in the biosynthesis of female-produced sex pheromones of moths. In the male butterflies, both hexadecanoic acid and (11Z)-11-hexadecenoic acid were then enzymatically esterified to form the ethyl, isobutyl and 2-phenylethyl esters, incorporating ethanol, isobutanol, and 2-phenylethanol, derived from the corresponding amino acids L-alanine, L-valine, and L-phenylalanine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Lei Wang
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62, Lund, Sweden,
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Khrimian A, Lance DR, Schwarz M, Leonhardt BA, Mastro VC. Sex pheromone of browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhea (L.): synthesis and field deployment. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:2452-2456. [PMID: 18333615 DOI: 10.1021/jf073161w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The browntail moth, Euproctis chrysorrhea (L.), is native to Eurasia, where periodic outbreaks result in defoliation of forest, shade, and ornamental trees. In addition to the damage caused by defoliation, human contact with larval urticating hairs often results in severe dermatitis. Hence, tools for monitoring and controlling the moth populations are desirable. The female-produced sex pheromone of the browntail moth was identified previously, but the synthesis had not been published. This paper reports the synthesis of the pheromone of the browntail moth, (7Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-docosatetraenyl isobutyrate, using in a key step a Wittig olefination of (6Z)-13-(tetrahydo-2H-pyran-2-yloxy)tridecenal. Field trapping studies were conducted with rubber septa and string formulations of the pheromone and included dose-response, pheromone purity, and dispenser-aging trials. It was found that traps baited with 250 microg of pheromone of 91-94% isomeric purity (main impurity presumably being the 13E isomer) on rubber septa are suitable for monitoring moth populations during the entire flight season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashot Khrimian
- Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
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Gries R, Khaskin G, Tan ZX, Zhao BG, Skip King GG, Miroshnychenko A, Lin GQ, Rhainds M, Gries G. (1S)-1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl 3,13-dimethylpentadecanoate: major sex pheromone component of Paulownia bagworm, Clania variegata. J Chem Ecol 2006; 32:1673-85. [PMID: 16900424 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-006-9101-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The Paulownia bagworm, Clania variegata Snell. (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), is one of the most significant forest defoliators in China. In gas chromatographic (GC)-electroantennographic detection analyses of pheromone gland extracts of female C. variegata on three GC columns (DB-5, DB-23, DB-210), two compounds (A and B) elicited strong responses from male antennae. The more abundant component B was isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography and identified as 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl 3,13-dimethylpentadecanoate by transesterification, GC-mass spectrometry (MS), and comparison of its spectral and GC retention characteristics with those of synthetic compounds. In field trapping experiments in China, racemic and (1S)-1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl 3,13-dimethylpentadecanoate [but not the (1R)-stereoisomer] attracted male C. variegata. The absolute configuration of B (a molecule with three chiral centers) and the structure of component A remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Gries
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, British Columbia, Canada
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Byers JA. Chemical constraints on the evolution of olfactory communication channels of moths. J Theor Biol 2005; 235:199-206. [PMID: 15862589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2005.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 01/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated there are over 100,000 moth species (Lepidoptera) that produce sex pheromones comprising communication channels used in specific-mate-recognition systems (SMRS) involved in pre-zygotic mating isolation and speciation. About 1572 moth species have been found to use 377 pheromone components, the majority being alcohols, aldehydes or acetate esters of olefinic chains of 10-22 carbons. Since there are limited numbers of possible unsaturated (double bonded) E- and Z-configured isomers of these chains, there may be constraints on incipient species evolving new pheromone components, especially if they are utilized by existing species. Here I develop algorithms that count and name all possible structures of chains with or without a functional group. The results show that for acetate esters there are only seven or nine monounsaturated isomers of six or seven carbon chains, respectively, suggesting use of these compounds could limit the number of communication channels available for radiation of new species (no moths use these short chains). For commonly used 14-carbon chains with an acetate ester functional group, and 1-3 unsaturations, there are 1039 isomers. A total of 2,096,883 isomers were counted from all multiply unsaturated 10-22-carbon chain acetate esters. The number of possible signals quickly extends into millions when considering pheromone blends of 2-4 components used by most species. There should be little chemical constraint on evolution of new communication channels based on compounds of 10 or more carbons, even for closely related species (e.g. ermine moths, Yponomeuta).
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Byers
- Western Cotton Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 4135 East Broadway Road, Phoenix, AZ 85040-8830, USA.
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Abstract
An Internet web page is described for organizing and analyzing information about lepidopteran sex pheromone components. Hypertext markup language (HTML) with JavaScript program code is used to draw moth pheromone analogs by combining GIF bitmap images for viewing by web browsers such as Netscape or Microsoft Intemet Explorer. Straight-chain hydrocarbons of 5-22 carbons with epoxides or unsaturated positions of E or Z geometrical configuration with several altemative functional groups can be drawn by simply checking menu bars or checkboxes representing chain length, E/Z unsaturation points, epoxide position and chirality, and optional functional groups. The functional group can be an aldehyde, alcohol, or ester of formate, acetate, propionate, or butyrate. The program is capable of drawing several million structures and naming them [e.g., (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol and abbreviated as E8E10-12:OH]. A Java applet program run from the same page searches forthe presently drawn structure in an intemal database compiled from the Pherolist, and if the component is found, provides a textarea display of the families and species using the component. Links are automatically specified for drawn components if found in the Pherolist web site (maintained by H. Am). Windowed links can also be made to two other JavaScript programs that allow searches of a web site database with over 5900 research citations on lepidopteran semiochemicals and a calculator of vapor pressures of some moth sex pheromone analogs at a specified temperature. Various evolutionary and biosynthetic aspects are discussed in regard to the diversity of moth sex pheromone components.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Byers
- Department of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp.
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Abstract
Polyene hydrocarbons and epoxides are used as pheromone components and sex attractants by four macrolepidopteran families: the Geometridae, Noctuidae, Arctiidae, and Lymantriidae. They constitute a second major class of lepidopteran pheromones, different from the C10-C18 acetates, alcohols, and aldehydes commonly found in other species. They are biosynthesized from diet-derived linoleic or linolenic acids and are characterized by C17-C23 straight chains, 1-3 cis double bonds separated by methylene groups, and 0, 1, or 2 epoxide functions. Pheromone blends are created from components with different chain lengths, numbers of double bonds, and functional groups, or from mixtures of epoxide regioisomers or enantiomers, with several examples of synergism between enantiomers. Behavioral antagonists also limit interspecific attraction, with numerous examples of antagonism by enantiomers. This review summarizes the taxonomic distribution, mechanisms used to generate unique pheromone blends, and the identification, synthesis, and biosynthesis of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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Yasuda T, Wakamura S, Arakaki N. Identification of sex attractant pheromone components of the tussock moth,Euproctis taiwana (Shiraki) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J Chem Ecol 1995; 21:1813-22. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02033678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/1995] [Accepted: 07/13/1995] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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