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Kobus M, Friedrich T, Zorn E, Burmeister N, Maison W. Medicinal Chemistry of Drugs with N-Oxide Functionalities. J Med Chem 2024; 67:5168-5184. [PMID: 38549449 PMCID: PMC11017254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Molecules with N-oxide functionalities are omnipresent in nature and play an important role in Medicinal Chemistry. They are synthetic or biosynthetic intermediates, prodrugs, drugs, or polymers for applications in drug development and surface engineering. Typically, the N-oxide group is critical for biomedical applications of these molecules. It may provide water solubility or decrease membrane permeability or immunogenicity. In other cases, the N-oxide has a special redox reactivity which is important for drug targeting and/or cytotoxicity. Many of the underlying mechanisms have only recently been discovered, and the number of applications of N-oxides in the healthcare field is rapidly growing. This Perspective article gives a short summary of the properties of N-oxides and their synthesis. It also provides a discussion of current applications of N-oxides in the biomedical field and explains the basic molecular mechanisms responsible for their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Kobus
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Timo Friedrich
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eilika Zorn
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils Burmeister
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Maison
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Chemistry, Bundesstrasse 45, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Wiemann M, Vennemann A, Schuster TB, Nolde J, Krueger N. Surface Treatment With Hydrophobic Coating Reagents (Organosilanes) Strongly Reduces the Bioactivity of Synthetic Amorphous Silica in vitro. Front Public Health 2022; 10:902799. [PMID: 35801234 PMCID: PMC9253389 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.902799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is industrially relevant material whose bioactivity in vitro is strongly diminished, for example, by protein binding to the particle surface. Here, we investigated the in vitro bioactivity of fourteen SAS (pyrogenic, precipitated, or colloidal), nine of which were surface-treated with organosilanes, using alveolar macrophages as a highly sensitive test system. Dispersion of the hydrophobic SAS required pre-wetting with ethanol and extensive ultrasonic treatment in the presence of 0.05% BSA (Protocol 1). Hydrophilic SAS was suspended by moderate ultrasonic treatment (Protocol 2) and also by Protocol 1. The suspensions were administered to NR8383 alveolar macrophages under serum-free conditions for 16 h, and the release of LDH, GLU, H2O2, and TNFα was measured in cell culture supernatants. While seven surface-treated hydrophobic SAS exhibited virtually no bioactivity, two materials (AEROSIL® R 504 and AEROSIL® R 816) had minimal effects on NR8383 cells. In contrast, non-treated SAS elicited considerable increases in LDH, GLU, and TNFα, while the release of H2O2 was low except for CAB-O-SIL® S17D Fumed Silica. Dispersing hydrophilic SAS with Protocol 1 gradually reduced the bioactivity but did not abolish it. The results show that hydrophobic coating reagents, which bind covalently to the SAS surface, abrogate the bioactivity of SAS even under serum-free in vitro conditions. The results may have implications for the hazard assessment of hydrophobic surface-treated SAS in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, Münster, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martin Wiemann
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Riediker M, Zink D, Kreyling W, Oberdörster G, Elder A, Graham U, Lynch I, Duschl A, Ichihara G, Ichihara S, Kobayashi T, Hisanaga N, Umezawa M, Cheng TJ, Handy R, Gulumian M, Tinkle S, Cassee F. Particle toxicology and health - where are we? Part Fibre Toxicol 2019; 16:19. [PMID: 31014371 PMCID: PMC6480662 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-019-0302-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particles and fibres affect human health as a function of their properties such as chemical composition, size and shape but also depending on complex interactions in an organism that occur at various levels between particle uptake and target organ responses. While particulate pollution is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease, particles are also increasingly used for medical purposes. Over the past decades we have gained considerable experience in how particle properties and particle-bio interactions are linked to human health. This insight is useful for improved risk management in the case of unwanted health effects but also for developing novel medical therapies. The concepts that help us better understand particles' and fibres' risks include the fate of particles in the body; exposure, dosimetry and dose-metrics and the 5 Bs: bioavailability, biopersistence, bioprocessing, biomodification and bioclearance of (nano)particles. This includes the role of the biomolecule corona, immunity and systemic responses, non-specific effects in the lungs and other body parts, particle effects and the developing body, and the link from the natural environment to human health. The importance of these different concepts for the human health risk depends not only on the properties of the particles and fibres, but is also strongly influenced by production, use and disposal scenarios. CONCLUSIONS Lessons learned from the past can prove helpful for the future of the field, notably for understanding novel particles and fibres and for defining appropriate risk management and governance approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Riediker
- Swiss Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (SCOEH), Binzhofstrasse 87, CH-8404 Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Daniele Zink
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wolfgang Kreyling
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich – German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Munich Germany
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | - Alison Elder
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY USA
| | | | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department of Biosciences, Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Richard Handy
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sally Tinkle
- Science and Technology Policy Institute, Washington, DC USA
| | - Flemming Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Studies (IRAS), Utrrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wang H, Fan Y, Wang Y. Thermodynamic Association Behaviors of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (SDS) with Poly(4-vinylpyridine N-oxide) (PVPNO) at Different pH Values and Ionic Strengths. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11743-017-1939-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Shinto H, Fukasawa T, Yoshisue K, Tezuka M, Orita M. Cell membrane disruption induced by amorphous silica nanoparticles in erythrocytes, lymphocytes, malignant melanocytes, and macrophages. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gulumian M. An update on the detoxification processes for silica particles and asbestos fibers: successess and limitations. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2005; 8:453-83. [PMID: 16188731 DOI: 10.1080/10937400590952547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of asbestos fibers and crystalline silica produces a number of diseases including fibrosis and cancer. Investigations into the mechanisms involved in mineral particle-induced toxicity indicated the importance of their surfaces in the pathological consequences. Masking of the surface sites has therefore featured prominently in a number of detoxification processes that have been investigated. The majority of the detoxification processes were, however, conducted to elucidate the involvement of a particular surface site in the toxicity of a specific mineral. Others were investigated with the aim of large industrial applications to be applied during mining, handling, processing, transporting, and disposing of minerals. It can be concluded that, to date, there is no single detoxification process that could be applied universally to all different types of mineral particles. Those that have shown some success could not completely abolish all adverse effects. Further elucidation of mechanisms of particle-induced toxicity may open new possibilities for detoxification processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gulumian
- National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH) and Department of Hematology and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Schins RPF, Duffin R, Höhr D, Knaapen AM, Shi T, Weishaupt C, Stone V, Donaldson K, Borm PJA. Surface modification of quartz inhibits toxicity, particle uptake, and oxidative DNA damage in human lung epithelial cells. Chem Res Toxicol 2002; 15:1166-73. [PMID: 12230410 DOI: 10.1021/tx025558u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Quartz (crystalline silica) is not consistently carcinogenic across different industries where similar quartz exposure occurs. In addition, there are reports that surface modification of quartz affects its cytotoxicity, inflammogenicity, and fibrogenicity. Taken together, these data suggest that the carcinogenicity of quartz is also related to particle surface characteristics, and so we determined the genotoxic effects of DQ12 quartz particles versus DQ12 whose surface was modified by treating with either aluminum lactate or polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide (PVNO). The different particle preparations were characterized for hydroxyl-radical generation using electron spin resonance (ESR). DNA damage was determined by immunocytochemical analysis of 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and the alkaline comet-assay using A549 human lung epithelial cells. Cytotoxicity was measured using the LDH- and MTT-assays, and particle uptake by the A549 cells was quantified by light microscopy, using digital light imaging evaluation of 800 nm sections. The ability of quartz to generate hydroxyl-radicals in the presence of hydrogen peroxide was markedly reduced upon surface modification with aluminum lactate or PVNO. DNA strand breakage and 8-OHdG formation, as produced by quartz at nontoxic concentrations, could be completely prevented by both coating materials. Particle uptake into A549 cells appeared to be significantly inhibited by the PVNO-coating, and to a lesser extent by the aluminum-lactate coating. Our data demonstrate that respirable quartz particles induce oxidative DNA damage in human lung epithelial cells and indicates that surface properties of the quartz as well as particle uptake by these target cells are important in the cytotoxic and the genotoxic effects of quartz in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel P F Schins
- Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, D-40225, Germany.
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Okamoto Y, Kwei TK, Vyprachtický D. Fluorescence, Metal Ion Binding, and Viscosity Properties of Poly[2- and 4-vinylpyridine N-oxide]s in Aqueous Solution. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980497l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshi Okamoto
- Polymer Research Institute, Polytechnic University, Six MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - T. K. Kwei
- Polymer Research Institute, Polytechnic University, Six MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
| | - Drahomír Vyprachtický
- Polymer Research Institute, Polytechnic University, Six MetroTech Center, Brooklyn, New York 11201
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Englen MD, Taylor SM, Laegreid WW, Silflow RM, Leid RW. Diminished arachidonic acid metabolite release by bovine alveolar macrophages exposed to surface-modified silica. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1992; 6:527-34. [PMID: 1316133 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb/6.5.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of the silica surface has been shown to reduce its cytotoxicity in vitro and its fibrogenic activity in vivo. We have shown silica to be a potent stimulator of arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in bovine alveolar macrophages (BAM). To determine the effect of surface-modified silica on AA metabolism in BAM, we exposed BAM in vitro to silica treated with aluminum lactate or polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide (PVPNO). BAM were prelabeled with [3H]AA and incubated with 3 and 5 mg of silica. Unmodified silica at these doses elicited maximal AA metabolite release from BAM. AA metabolites were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Lactate dehydrogenase release was quantitated to determine the cytotoxicity of treated and untreated silica on BAM. Treating silica with aluminum lactate or PVPNO significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduced 5-lipoxygenase metabolite release and significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) increased cyclooxygenase metabolite release. These changes in AA metabolite release were accompanied by a significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) reduction in the cytotoxicities of the treated silicas compared with untreated silica. Our results suggest that the reduced inflammatory and fibrogenic activity of surface-modified silica may in part be due to reduced AA metabolite release from exposed macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Englen
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-7040
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12
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Hasirci N, Kamel I, Hasirci V. Mode of crosslinking of degradable poly(vinylpyridine N-oxide) gels. POLYMER 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(90)90329-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Morozova LV, Minakova TT, Tizenberg GM, Kuznetsov IG, Trofimov BA. Antisilicotic activity of fractions of the copolymer of ethylene glycol vinyl glycidyl ether and N-vinylpyrrolidone. Pharm Chem J 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01145812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Biodegradable polymers for medical purposes. II. Regions of application and an assessment of ability for resorption (review). Pharm Chem J 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00766657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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Heppleston AG. Pulmonary toxicology of silica, coal and asbestos. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1984; 55:111-27. [PMID: 6329672 PMCID: PMC1568357 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8455111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Mineral particles are customarily inhaled as mixtures, though one component may predominate and determine the response. Although the lesions often possess a characteristic structure, according to the main type of particle deposited, morphology affords little indication of pathogenesis. Being a major element in the evolution of dust lesions, macrophage behavior has been examined extensively in vitro after treatment with mineral particles, attention being directed to membrane and biochemical changes; however, no clear lead to the origin of the lesions has emerged. Pulmonary fibrosis, as one of the ultimate consequences of dust accumulation, required a direct in vitro approach in which the products of the macrophage-particle interaction were utilized to provoke collagen formation by fibroblasts in a two-phase system. By this means, silica and asbestos stimulated connective tissue formation and application of the technique to coal dusts appears promising. Coal workers may develop a peculiar type of emphysema in relation to lesions whose fibrous content is comparatively small. Type II alveolar epithelium is also stimulated by inhaled particles and lipid accumulation follows. Alveolar lipidosis interferes with the fibrotic response by preventing contact between macrophage and particles. This phenomenon may account in part for anomalies, apparent in coal workers, between epidemiological findings and dust composition. Carcinogenesis is a well-recognized feature of asbestos exposure, but, as with fibrosis, risk prediction on the basis of in vitro tests of cytotoxicity is premature and may not be valid.
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16
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Morozova LV, Minakova TT, Tizenberg GM, Kuznetsov IG, Voronkov MG, Trofimov BA. Synthesis and antisilicotic activity of copolymers of N-vinylpyrrolidone with ethylene glycol vinyl glycidyl ether. Pharm Chem J 1984. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00765083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Hahon N, Booth JA, Wheeler R. Activity of diesel engine emission particulates on the interferon system. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1982; 28:443-455. [PMID: 6180893 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(82)90141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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18
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Wilflingseder P, Hoinkes G, Hussl H, Papp C, Mikuz G, Propst A. Silicon radiation measurements around mammary type implants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00269873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Nolan RP, Langer AM, Harington JS, Oster G, Selikoff IJ. Quartz hemolysis as related to its surface functionalities. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1981; 26:503-520. [PMID: 6274633 DOI: 10.1016/0013-9351(81)90226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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20
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Synthesis and antisilicosis properties of poly-1,2-ethylenepiperidine N-oxides. Pharm Chem J 1981. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00762894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Harington JS, Allison AC. Tissue and Cellular Reactions to Particles, Fibers, and Aerosols Retained after Inhalation. Compr Physiol 1977. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp090117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hahon N, Booth JA, Eckert HL. Antagonistic activity of poly (4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide) to the inhibition of viral interferon induction by asbestos fibres. BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 1977; 34:119-25. [PMID: 871442 PMCID: PMC1008192 DOI: 10.1136/oem.34.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The depressive activity of both serpentine (Canadian and Rhodesian chrysotiles) and amphibole (amosite, crocidolite, and anthophyllite) asbestos fibres on interferon induction by influenza virus was significantly diminished or abolished completely when either asbestos fibres or LLC-MK2 cell monolayers were pretreated with poly(4-vinylpyridine-N-oxide). Maximal antagonistic activity of the polymer was time and concentration dependent. Pretreating asbestos fibres with the polymer was more rapid and effective in encouraging viral interferon synthesis than pretreating cell monolayers. Virus multiplication in the presence of asbestos fibre-treated cell monolayers attained a twofold higher level than that noted in normal cell monolayers or those containing polymer-pretreated asbestos fibres. These findings were related to the suppression of interferon production.
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Graft-Versus-Host-Reactions. Transplantation 1977. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-66392-5_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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24
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Hasirci VN, Holt PF. Poly (2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide) in silicosis therapy: effective molecular weight. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1977; 38:177-88. [PMID: 832913 DOI: 10.1007/bf00378355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dobreva M, Dancheva N, Holt PF. Adsorption of syndiotactic and isotactic poly(2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide) on quartz surface. BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 1975; 32:224-7. [PMID: 168917 PMCID: PMC1008063 DOI: 10.1136/oem.32.3.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Poly(2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide) inhibits the cytotoxic effects of quartz in cell cultures but the syndiotactic polymer behaves differently from the isotactic and atactic polymers. In each case approximately 1-0 mg/m2 of the polymer represents the adsorption maximum. No difference has been found between the adsorption isotherms of the stereoisomeric polymers or the stability of the adsorbed layers. The layers are not removed by repeated washing. The observations do not support the theory that the poly(2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide) is active because it coats the quartz surface.
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Harington JS, Allison AC, Badami DV. Mineral fibers: chemical, physicochemical, and biological properties. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY AND CHEMOTHERAPY 1975; 12:291-402. [PMID: 1098431 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Schlipköter H, Grünspan M, Dehnen W, Mallner B. [Clinical studies on the elimination of hydroxyproline during treatment of silicosis in man with polyvinyl-pyridine-N-oxide (author's transl)]. Infection 1974; 2:25-8. [PMID: 4598261 DOI: 10.1007/bf01642220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Weller W. Über die erhöhte Tumorhäufigkeit nach Inhalation von Poly-2-vinylpyridin-N-Oxid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02047461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Ringewaldt K, Liefl�nder M, Stalder K. Zur Verteilung, Speicherung und Ausscheidung von tritiummarkiertem Poly-2-vinylpyridin-N-oxid. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1971. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00539604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Schlipköter HW. Possibilities of causal prophylaxis and therapy of pneumoconiosis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1970; 21:181-91. [PMID: 5430005 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1970.10667218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Der Abbau von Kollagen bei der experimentellen Silikose nach Behandlung mit Polyvinylpyridin-N-oxid in Abhängigkeit von der Dosis. Lung 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02136753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Holt PF, Lindsay H, Beck EG. Some derivatives of polyvinylpyridine 1-oxides and their effect on the cytotoxicity of quartz in macrophage cultures. Br J Pharmacol 1970; 38:192-201. [PMID: 4312930 PMCID: PMC1702635 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb10347.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Poly(2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide) counteracts the pathogenic effects normally produced when quartz is injected into or inhaled by animals and the cytotoxic effects when quartz is added to macrophage cultures. The protective action of this polymer has been attributed variously to the formation of an adsorbed layer on the quartz particles, complex formation with monosilicic acid produced by the dissolution of quartz, and strengthening of the membranes or microstructures of the cells.2. Stereoregular forms of poly(2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), some alkyl derivatives of poly(2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), poly(3-vinylpyridine 1-oxide) and poly(4-vinylpyridine 1-oxide), a copolymer of 2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide and 2-n-propenylpyridine 1-oxide, some poly(1-methyl-2-vinylpyridinium) quaternary salts, and poly(1-methoxy-2-vinylpyridinium iodide), which had previously been synthesized and studied with respect to their viscosities and interaction with silicic acid, were tested for their ability to counteract the cytotoxic effects of quartz in macrophage cultures. The tests were effected both by pretreating the quartz with polymers, and by pretreating the cells.3. Every polymer proved active in one or other of these conditions, but several were active in one test but inactive in the other. Some polymer quaternary salts, which do not contain the N-oxide group, were found to be active. A remarkable difference in activity was found between the two stereoregular forms of poly(2-vinylpyridine 1-oxide). Pretreatment of the quartz with some of the polymers increased its cytotoxicity significantly.4. Most of the results could be interpreted on the hypothesis that the polymers form an adsorbed layer on the quartz surface, but it is difficult to apply this explanation to two polymers which are inactive when used to pretreat the macrophages but are active when adsorbed on quartz.
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Polyvinylpyridin-N-oxid und die Entwicklung der Silikose bei Ratten nach Inhalationen des Quarzstaubes aus einer Stahlgu�putzerei. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1970. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00539788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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