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Hohmann S, Hohm E, Treutlein J, Blomeyer D, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Laucht M. Association of norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) genotype with ADHD-related phenotypes: findings of a longitudinal study from birth to adolescence. Psychiatry Res 2015; 226:425-33. [PMID: 25724484 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Variation in the gene encoding for the norepinephrine transporter (NET, SLC6A2) has repeatedly been linked with ADHD, although there is some inconsistency regarding the association with specific genes. The variants for which most consistent association has been found are the NET variants rs3785157 and rs28386840. Here, we tested for their association with ADHD diagnosis and ADHD-related phenotypes during development in a longitudinal German community sample. Children were followed from age 4 to age 15, using diagnostic interviews to assess ADHD. Between the ages of 8 and 15 years, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was administered to the primary caregivers. The continuous performance task (CPT) was performed at age 15. Controlling for possible confounders, we found that homozygous carriers of the major A allele of the functional promoter variant rs28386840 displayed a higher rate of ADHD lifetime diagnosis. Moreover, homozygous carriers of the minor T allele of rs3785157 were more likely to develop ADHD and showed higher scores on the CBCL externalizing behavior scales. Additionally, we found that individuals heterozygous for rs3785157 made fewer omission errors in the CPT than homozygotes. This is the first longitudinal study to report associations between specific NET variants and ADHD-related phenotypes during the course of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Erika Hohm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jens Treutlein
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Jennen-Steinmetz
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin H Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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Pitzer M, Esser G, Schmidt MH, Laucht M. Early predictors of antisocial developmental pathways among boys and girls. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121:52-64. [PMID: 19489749 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01411.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated in a high-risk sample the differential impact of biological and psychosocial risk factors on antisocial behaviour pathways. METHOD One hundred and thirty-eight boys and 155 girls born at differing degrees of obstetric and psychosocial risk were examined from birth until adolescence. Childhood temperament was assessed by a highly-structured parent-interview and standardized behavioural observations, adolescent temperament was measured by self-report. Neurodevelopmental variables were assessed by age-specific developmental tests. Emotional and behaviour problems were measured at the ages of 8 and 15 by the Achenbach scales. RESULTS In both genders, psychosocial adversity and early self-control temperament were strongly associated with early-onset persistent (EOP) antisocial behaviour. Psychosocial adversity and more severe externalizing problems differentiated the EOP from childhood-limited (CL) pathway. In girls, adolescent-onset (AO) antisocial behaviour was strongly associated with novelty seeking at 15 years. CONCLUSION Our findings emphasize the need for early support and intervention in psychosocially disadvantaged families.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pitzer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
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Pitzer M, Esser G, Schmidt MH, Laucht M. Temperamental predictors of externalizing problems among boys and girls: a longitudinal study in a high-risk sample from ages 3 months to 15 years. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009; 259:445-58. [PMID: 19387718 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-009-0009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In a high-risk community sample, we examined the role of regulative temperament and emotionality as well as the extent of gender specificity in the development of externalizing problems. 151 boys and 157 girls born at differing degrees of obstetric and psychosocial risk were followed from birth into adolescence. In infancy and childhood, NYLS-derived temperamental characteristics were assessed by a highly structured parent interview and standardized behavioral observations. At age 15 years, externalizing problems were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. As revealed by multiple linear regression and logistic regression, low regulative abilities predicted adolescent behavioral and attentional problems over and above obstetric and psychosocial risks. Gender specificity was found in the strength of the association rather than in the kind with a stronger long-term prediction from infant and toddler temperament in girls. Compared to regulative abilities, temperament factors describing aspects of mood and fear/withdrawal versus approach tendencies played a minor role in the development of externalizing problems. Findings are discussed in terms of gender-specific risk factors and possible differential developmental trajectories to subtypes of disruptive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pitzer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany.
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Esser G, Fischer S, Wyschkon A, Laucht M, Schmidt MH. Vorboten hyperkinetischer Störungen - Früherkennung bereits im Säuglingsalter möglich? ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2007; 35:179-88. [PMID: 17695770 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917.35.3.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Lassen sich auf der Grundlage der im Säuglingsalter erhobenen organischen und pyschosozialen Risikobelastung, der psychopathologischen Symptomatik, des kognitiven, motorischen und neurologischen Entwicklungsstandes sowie der Erziehungsbedingungen Kinder voneinander unterscheiden, die mit acht Jahren eine hyperkinetische Störung aufweisen bzw. unauffällig sind? Sind solche Vorboten hyperkinetischer Störungen für diese Störungsgruppe spezifisch? Methodik: Die 26 Grundschüler mit hyperkinetischen Störungen wurden 241 unauffälligen Grundschülern sowie 25 Kindern mit emotionalen Störungen und 30 Kindern mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens gegenübergestellt und mit diesen im Hinblick auf Auffälligkeiten im Säuglingsalter verglichen. Ergebnisse: Als bedeutsamste Prädiktoren für spätere hyperkinetische Störungen erwiesen sich ein geringes Geburtsgewicht, die Herkunft der Mutter aus zerrütteten Verhältnissen, frühe Kontaktstörungen der Kinder sowie die Vernachlässigung der Säuglinge durch die Mutter. Schlussfolgerungen: Insgesamt bleibt die Vorhersage hyperkinetischer Grundschulkinder aus Auffälligkeiten im Säuglingsalter eher unbefriedigend und unspezifisch.
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Esser G, Fischer S, Wyschkon A, Laucht M, Schmidt MH. Vorboten hyperkinetischer Störungen - Früherkennung im Kleinkindalter. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2007; 35:127-36. [PMID: 17608282 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917.35.2.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Im Rahmen der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie wurde die Entwicklung von Kleinkindern bis ins Grundschulalter prospektiv verfolgt. Lassen sich auf der Grundlage der im Alter von zwei Jahren erhobenen psychopathologischen Symptomatik, des kognitiven, motorischen und neurologischen Entwicklungsstandes sowie der Erziehungsbedingungen Kinder voneinander unterscheiden, die mit acht Jahren eine hyperkinetische Störung aufweisen bzw. unauffällig sind? Sind solche Vorboten hyperkinetischer Störungen für diese Störungsgruppe spezifisch? Methode: Die 26 Grundschüler mit hyperkinetischen Störungen wurden 241 unauffälligen Grundschülern sowie 25 Kindern mit emotionalen Störungen und 30 Kindern mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens gegenübergestellt und mit diesen im Hinblick auf Auffälligkeiten im Kleinkindalter verglichen. Ergebnisse: Als bedeutsamste Prädiktorkombination erwies sich die erhöhte motorische Unruhe und Irritierbarkeit sowie das verringerte Sprachverständnis der Zweijährigen mit hyperkinetischen Störungen im Grundschulalter. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Vorhersage hyperkinetischer Grundschulkinder gelingt im Kleinkindalter wie erwartet sicherer als im Säuglingsalter, ist jedoch in großen Teilen nicht spezifisch für hyperkinetische Auffälligkeiten.
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Brisch KH, Bechinger D, Betzler S, Heinemann H. Early preventive attachment-oriented psychotherapeutic intervention program with parents of a very low birthweight premature infant: results of attachment and neurological development. Attach Hum Dev 2003; 5:120-35. [PMID: 12791563 DOI: 10.1080/1461673031000108504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The birth of a very small preterm infant (< or = 1500 grams) can be a traumatizing experience for many parents. A developmental risk model is presented that is the background to an early attachment-oriented preventive psychotherapeutic intervention. This comprehensive parent-centered intervention program is composed of supportive group psychotherapy, attachment-oriented focal individual psychotherapy, a home visit and video-based sensitivity training. The intervention aims at improving parental coping, the process of attachment and parent-infant interaction. In a prospective longitudinal design mothers were randomly assigned to a control (N = 44) and an intervention group (N = 43) after preterm delivery. Results show that the percentage of secure (control vs. intervention group: 77.8% vs. 59.4%) and insecure (control vs. intervention group: 8.3% vs. 31.3% avoidant, 13.9% vs. 9.4% ambivalent) attachment quality in high-risk preterm infants is comparable to results from studies with term infants. There was no significant statistical difference in terms of quality of attachment of the preterm infants between the control group and the intervention group. However, only in the control group, impaired neurological development corresponded significantly with an insecure quality of attachment, but not in the intervention group, although there were significantly more neurologically impaired infants in the intervention group. This result is discussed as an effect of the intervention program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Heinz Brisch
- Department of Pediatric Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Dr. von Haunersches Kinderspital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
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Laucht M, Schmidt M, Esser G. Motorische, kognitive und sozial-emotionale Entwicklung von 11-Jährigen mit frühkindlichen Risikobelastungen: späte Folgen. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER-UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2002. [DOI: 10.1024//1422-4917.30.1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Untersuchung der Auswirkungen frühkindlicher Risiken auf das Entwicklungsniveau im Alter von 11 Jahren. Methode: In einer prospektiven Längsschnittstudie von der Geburt bis zur späten Kindheit an einer Stichprobe von 362 Kindern mit unterschiedlichen frühkindlichen Risikobelastungen wurde der Verlauf von Entwicklungs- und Verhaltensstörungen untersucht. Organische (prä- und perinatale Komplikationen) und psychosoziale Risiken (familiäre Belastungen) wurden in einem zwei-faktoriellen Design systematisch variiert. Im Alter von 11 Jahren wurden Kennwerte der motorischen, kognitiven und sozial-emotionalen Entwicklung von 341 Kindern (168 Jungen, 173 Mädchen, entsprechend 94,2% der Ausgangsstichprobe) erfasst. Die vorausgegangenen Erhebungen waren im Alter von 3 Monaten, 2, 4½ und 8 Jahren durchgeführt worden. Ergebnisse: Die Auswirkungen früher Entwicklungsrisiken bestanden bis in die späte Kindheit fort. Mit Risiken hoch belastete Kinder waren bis zu dreimal häufiger in ihrer Entwicklung beeinträchtigt als unbelastete Kinder. Sowohl organische als auch psychosoziale Risiken trugen zu einer ungünstigen Prognose bei. Während prä- und perinatale Komplikationen vor allem motorische und kognitive Funktionen beeinträchtigten, konzentrierten sich die Auswirkungen belasteter familiärer Lebensverhältnisse auf die sozial-emotionale Entwicklung. Spätschäden von Schwangerschafts- und Geburtskomplikationen manifestierten sich insbesondere im Bereich kognitiver Funktionen und schulischer Leistungen. Auch im Schulalter ließ sich der kumulative Einfluss beider Risikobereiche am besten durch eine Addition der Einzeleffekte erklären. Schlussfolgerungen: Frühkindliche Entwicklungsrisiken haben spezifische und langfristige Auswirkungen, die sich später in ungünstigen schulischen Entwicklungen niederschlagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Laucht
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit in Mannheim (Ärztlicher Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. M.H. Schmidt)
| | - M.H. Schmidt
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit in Mannheim (Ärztlicher Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. M.H. Schmidt)
| | - G. Esser
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit in Mannheim (Ärztlicher Direktor: Prof. Dr. Dr. M.H. Schmidt)
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Laucht M, Esser G, Schmidt MH. Längsschnittforschung zur Entwicklungsepidemiologie psychischer Störungen: Zielsetzung, Konzeption und zentrale Befunde der Mannheimer Risikokinderstudie. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KLINISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2000. [DOI: 10.1026//0084-5345.29.4.246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Zur Erforschung der Entwicklungsepidemiologie psychischer Störungen gilt die prospektive Untersuchung von Risikogruppen als Königsweg. Fragestellung: Beschreibung der Entwicklungsmuster von Kindern mit frühen Belastungen, Ermittlung von Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren für unterschiedliche Entwicklungsresultate und Identifikation von Mechanismen, die differentiellen Verläufen zugrunde liegen. Methode: In einer prospektiven Längsschnittstudie (mit Erhebungswellen im Alter von 0;3, 2, 4 ½, 8 und 11 Jahren) wurden die Entstehung und der Verlauf von Entwicklungs- und Verhaltensstörungen bei 384 Kindern untersucht. Organische (prä- und perinatale Komplikationen) und psychosoziale Risiken (familiäre Belastungen) wurden in einem zwei-faktoriellen Design variiert. Ergebnisse: Die negativen Folgen früher Risiken waren bis zum Schulalter nachweisbar. Während organische Risiken vor allem die motorische und kognitive Entwicklung beeinträchtigten, konzentrierten sich die Auswirkungen psychosozialer Belastungen auf kognitive und sozial-emotionale Funktionen. Beide Risiken addierten sich in ihren negativen Konsequenzen. Schlussfolgerungen: Frühkindliche Risiken haben spezifische und langfristige Auswirkungen. Kinder mit multiplen Risikobelastungen sind in ihrer Entwicklung am stärksten gefährdet.
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Abstract
The significance of prenatal and perinatal complications (biological risk) and of family adversity (psychosocial risk) on early child development was examined in a prospective study. Developmental outcome of 350 infants was assessed by measures of motor, cognitive, and social-emotional functioning at 3, 24, and 54 months. Results indicated a differential impact of risk factors on specific outcomes. Whereas psychosocial risks became more prominent with growing age and were related to poorer child outcome in all areas of functioning, biological risks decreased in influence and predominantly resulted in poorer motor development. The contributions of biological and psychosocial risks on outcomes were additive. A number of individual risk factors emerged as significant predictors of later maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laucht
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
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Wadsby M, Sydsjö G, Svedin CG. Children of psychosocial risk-mothers: life events, social interaction, and behaviour problems at the age of 8 years. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL MEDICINE 1996; 24:227-36. [PMID: 8983093 DOI: 10.1177/140349489602400402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The number of stressful life events experienced as measured on the modified Swedish version of Coddington's questionnaire, and the presence of behaviour problems assessed by Achenbach's Child Behavior Check List (CBCL) were studied in 45 eight-year-old children of identified psychosocial risk-mothers. The mothers' social network was estimated using the Swedish version of Undén and Orth-Gomér's Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). These mothers had been identified during early pregnancy. A control group of 57 children of the same age and their mothers without the presence of psychosocial risk-criteria was used as reference. The results indicated that the index children had experienced significantly more life events, and displayed significantly more behaviour problems than the reference children. The mothers in the index group had a significantly poorer social network than the mothers in the reference group. The study suggests that children of mothers, identified early on psychosocial risk criteria develop suboptimally. Therefore, early interventions are of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wadsby
- Dept. of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden
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Abstract
In a prospective longitudinal study of 354 parents and their first-born infants the association between parental psychopathology and risk for maladjustment in the offspring was investigated. At age two infants of disturbed parents displayed significantly poorer language performance and had higher scores of behaviour problems as compared to infants of healthy parents. While maternal disorder affected both cognitive and social-emotional outcome, the impact of paternal disorder was confined to cognitive functioning. The poorest outcome was found in infants of mothers with a personality disorder or with alcohol abuse. The relationship was maintained even after accounting for a number of family risk factors associated with parental psychopathology. One mediating factor between maternal disorder and infant maladjustment was found in disturbed mother-infant interaction. Maternal mental health did not only affect infant outcome, but was itself influenced by infant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Laucht
- Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrische Klinik, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, P.O. Box 122120, 68072, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrische Klinik, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, P.O. Box 122120, 68072, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin H Schmidt
- Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrische Klinik, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, P.O. Box 122120, 68072, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
The predictive power of early visual attention in terms of later cognitive functioning was compared to standard developmental test scores and further early predictors of later development. In a longitudinal study of 226 infants at risk visual attention in a habituation-dishabituation paradigm was assessed at 3 months and cognitive development was measured at 3, 24 and 54 months. The results indicated that response decrement and response recovery measures are related to cognitive outcome in later childhood, but failed to support their superiority over standard developmental test scores or early biological and psychosocial predictors of later IQ. Methodological shortcomings of previous studies and theoretical weaknesses of the habituation concept were discussed as a possible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laucht
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mannheim, Germany
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