1
|
Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Viral Disease: Implications for Viral Vaccine Development. BioDrugs 2021; 35:505-515. [PMID: 34499320 PMCID: PMC8427162 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine-associated enhanced disease (VAED) is a serious barrier to attaining successful virus vaccines in human and veterinary medicine. VAED occurs as two different immunopathologies, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and vaccine-associated hypersensitivity (VAH). ADE contributes to the pathology of disease caused by four dengue viruses (DENV) through control of the intensity of cellular infection. Products of virus-infected cells are toxic. A partially protective yellow fever chimeric tetravalent DENV vaccine sensitized seronegative children to ADE breakthrough infections. A live-attenuated tetravalent whole virus vaccine in phase III testing appears to avoid ADE by providing durable protection against the four DENV. VAH sensitization by viral vaccines occurred historically. Children given formalin-inactivated measles or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines experienced severe disease during breakthrough infections. Tissue responses demonstrated that VAH not ADE caused these vaccine safety problems. Subsequently, measles was successfully and safely contained by a live-attenuated virus vaccine. The difficulty in formulating a safe and effective RSV vaccine is troublesome evidence that avoiding VAH is a major research challenge. VAH-like tissue responses were observed during breakthrough homologous virus infections in monkeys given severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) vaccines.
Collapse
|
2
|
Milczarek M, Czopowicz M, Szaluś-Jordanow O, Witkowski L, Nalbert T, Markowska-Daniel I, Bagnicka E, Puchała R, Kosieradzka I, Kaba J. Metabolomic profile of young male goats seropositive to small ruminant lentivirus – A longitudinal study. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
3
|
de Pablo-Maiso L, Doménech A, Echeverría I, Gómez-Arrebola C, de Andrés D, Rosati S, Gómez-Lucia E, Reina R. Prospects in Innate Immune Responses as Potential Control Strategies against Non-Primate Lentiviruses. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080435. [PMID: 30126090 PMCID: PMC6116218 DOI: 10.3390/v10080435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lentiviruses are infectious agents of a number of animal species, including sheep, goats, horses, monkeys, cows, and cats, in addition to humans. As in the human case, the host immune response fails to control the establishment of chronic persistent infection that finally leads to a specific disease development. Despite intensive research on the development of lentivirus vaccines, it is still not clear which immune responses can protect against infection. Viral mutations resulting in escape from T-cell or antibody-mediated responses are the basis of the immune failure to control the infection. The innate immune response provides the first line of defense against viral infections in an antigen-independent manner. Antiviral innate responses are conducted by dendritic cells, macrophages, and natural killer cells, often targeted by lentiviruses, and intrinsic antiviral mechanisms exerted by all cells. Intrinsic responses depend on the recognition of the viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), and the signaling cascades leading to an antiviral state by inducing the expression of antiviral proteins, including restriction factors. This review describes the latest advances on innate immunity related to the infection by animal lentiviruses, centered on small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), and feline (FIV) and bovine immunodeficiency viruses (BIV), specifically focusing on the antiviral role of the major restriction factors described thus far.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cats
- Cattle
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/virology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Goats
- Horses
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/pathogenicity
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline/pathogenicity
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/immunology
- Infectious Anemia Virus, Equine/pathogenicity
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factors/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lentivirus Infections/genetics
- Lentivirus Infections/immunology
- Lentivirus Infections/virology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/virology
- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Molecules/immunology
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/genetics
- Receptors, Pattern Recognition/immunology
- Sheep
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorena de Pablo-Maiso
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Ana Doménech
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Irache Echeverría
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Carmen Gómez-Arrebola
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Damián de Andrés
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| | - Sergio Rosati
- Malattie Infettive degli Animali Domestici, Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Torino 10095, Italy.
| | - Esperanza Gómez-Lucia
- Dpto. Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Ramsés Reina
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (IdAB), UPNA-CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Navarra 31192, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khandia R, Munjal A, Dhama K, Karthik K, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK, Chaicumpa W. Modulation of Dengue/Zika Virus Pathogenicity by Antibody-Dependent Enhancement and Strategies to Protect Against Enhancement in Zika Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:597. [PMID: 29740424 PMCID: PMC5925603 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon in which preexisting poorly neutralizing antibodies leads to enhanced infection. It is a serious concern with mosquito-borne flaviviruses such as Dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). In vitro experimental evidences have indicated the preventive, as well as a pathogenicity-enhancing role, of preexisting DENV antibodies in ZIKV infections. ADE has been confirmed in DENV but not ZIKV infections. Principally, the Fc region of the anti-DENV antibody binds with the fragment crystallizable gamma receptor (FcγR), and subsequent C1q interactions and immune effector functions are responsible for the ADE. In contrast to normal DENV infections, with ADE in DENV infections, inhibition of STAT1 phosphorylation and a reduction in IRF-1 gene expression, NOS2 levels, and RIG-1 and MDA-5 expression levels occurs. FcγRIIA is the most permissive FcγR for DENV-ADE, and under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha transcriptionally enhances expression levels of FcγRIIA, which further enhances ADE. To produce therapeutic antibodies with broad reactivity to different DENV serotypes, as well as to ZIKV, bispecific antibodies, Fc region mutants, modified Fc regions, and anti-idiotypic antibodies may be engineered. An in-depth understanding of the immunological and molecular mechanisms of DENV-ADE of ZIKV pathogenicity will be useful for the design of common and safe therapeutics and prophylactics against both viral pathogens. The present review discusses the role of DENV antibodies in modulating DENV/ZIKV pathogenicity/infection and strategies to counter ADE to protect against Zika infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Khandia
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Munjal
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Uttar Pradesh Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalaya Evam Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | | | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine SIriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lopes T, Costa J, Ribeiro R, Passos J, Soares M, Alves Filho J, Cunha E, van den Hurk R, Pinheiro A, Silva J. Influence of caprine arthritis encephalitis on expression of ovulation related genes and activation of primordial follicles cultured in presence of phytohemagglutinin, epidermal growth factor or both. Small Rumin Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
6
|
Huang J, Sun Y, Liu Y, Xiao H, Zhuang S. Development of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for rapid detection of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus proviral DNA. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1463-9. [PMID: 22566005 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid detection assay based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has been developed for detecting caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAEV) proviral DNA. The LAMP assay utilized a set of five primers designed against highly conserved sequences located within the p25 gene region. The assay successfully detected CAEV proviral DNA in total DNA extracts originating from cell culture, whole blood samples and separated PBMCs. There was no cross-reaction with the negative control. Amplification was monitored using a Loopamp real-time turbidimeter; turbidity and the corresponding time were recorded. Amplification from CAEV-Shanxi DNA was detected as early as 17 min, with a maximum sensitivity of 0.0001 TCID(50), reached at 32 min. Sixty-eight animal blood samples were tested using AGID, PCR and LAMP assay, and the positive rates were 30.9 %, 33.8 % and 47.1 %, respectively. Whole blood can be used directly, eliminating the need for separation of PBMCs and nucleic acid extraction, reducing the overall procedure time to approximately 80 min. Therefore, the LAMP assay provides a specific and sensitive means for detecting CAEV proviral DNA in a simple, fast, and cost-effective manner and should be useful in eradication programs and epidemiological studies. Furthermore, the LAMP assay can be performed in less-well-equipped laboratories as well as in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhai Huang
- School of Chemical engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Patton KM, Bildfell RJ, Anderson ML, Cebra CK, Valentine BA. Fatal Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus–like infection in 4 Rocky Mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 24:392-6. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638711435503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 3.5-year period, 4 Rocky Mountain goats ( Oreamnos americanus), housed at a single facility, developed clinical disease attributed to infection by Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV). Ages ranged from 1 to 10 years. Three of the goats, a 1-year-old female, a 2-year-old male, and a 5-year-old male, had been fed raw domestic goat milk from a single source that was later found to have CAEV on the premises. The fourth animal, a 10-year-old male, had not ingested domestic goat milk but had been housed with the other 3 Rocky Mountain goats. All 4 animals had clinical signs of pneumonia prior to death. At necropsy, findings in lungs included marked diffuse interstitial pneumonia characterized histologically by severe lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates with massive alveolar proteinosis, interstitial fibrosis, and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. One animal also developed left-sided hemiparesis, and locally extensive lymphoplasmacytic myeloencephalitis was present in the cranial cervical spinal cord. Two animals had joint effusions, as well as severe lymphoplasmacytic and ulcerative synovitis. Immunohistochemical staining of fixed sections of lung tissue from all 4 goats, as well as spinal cord in 1 affected animal, and synovium from 2 affected animals were positive for CAEV antigen. Serology testing for anti-CAEV antibodies was positive in the 2 goats tested. The cases suggest that Rocky Mountain goats are susceptible to naturally occurring CAEV infection, that CAEV from domestic goats can be transmitted to this species through infected milk and by horizontal transmission, and that viral infection can result in clinically severe multisystemic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M. Patton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| | - Robert J. Bildfell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| | - Mark L. Anderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| | - Christopher K. Cebra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| | - Beth A. Valentine
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Patton, Bildfell, Valentine)
- Department of Clinical Sciences (Cebra), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
- California Animal Heath & Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA (Anderson)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Halstead SB, Mahalingam S, Marovich MA, Ubol S, Mosser DM. Intrinsic antibody-dependent enhancement of microbial infection in macrophages: disease regulation by immune complexes. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010; 10:712-22. [PMID: 20883967 PMCID: PMC3057165 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70166-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of microorganisms can replicate in macrophages, and cell entry of these pathogens via non-neutralising IgG antibody complexes can result in increased intracellular infection through idiosyncratic Fcγ-receptor signalling. The activation of Fcγ receptors usually leads to phagocytosis. Paradoxically, the ligation of monocyte or macrophage Fcγ receptors by IgG immune complexes, rather than aiding host defences, can suppress innate immunity, increase production of interleukin 10, and bias T-helper-1 (Th1) responses to Th2 responses, leading to increased infectious output by infected cells. This intrinsic antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection modulates the severity of diseases as disparate as dengue haemorrhagic fever and leishmaniasis. Intrinsic ADE is distinct from extrinsic ADE, whereby complexes of infectious agents with non-neutralising antibodies lead to an increased number of infected cells. Intrinsic ADE might be involved in many protozoan, bacterial, and viral infections. We review insights into intracellular mechanisms and implications of enhanced pathogenesis after ligation of macrophage Fcγ receptors by infectious immune complexes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Ponti W, Paape M, Bronzo V, Pisoni G, Pollera C, Moroni P. Phenotypic alteration of blood and milk leukocytes in goats naturally infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV). Small Rumin Res 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2008.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
10
|
Localization of a TNF-activated transcription site and interactions with the gamma activated site within the CAEV U3 70 base pair repeat. Virology 2007; 364:196-207. [PMID: 17382987 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Revised: 01/31/2007] [Accepted: 02/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The cytokines TNFalpha and IFNgamma have previously been shown to activate caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV) transcription. Increased viral titers correlate with increased lesion severity. Therefore, TNFalpha and IFNgamma may augment the caprine arthritis lesion by increasing viral titers. CAEV transcription is under the control of the viral promoter within the U3 region of the long terminal repeat. A set of U3 deletion mutants was generated and used to establish stably integrated, U937-based cell lines. These cell lines were utilized to define the required promoter sequences for cytokine-induced transcriptional activation. Here we have identified a novel 17 nucleotide TNF-activated site within the U3 region 70 bp repeat which is both required and sufficient in a minimal construct for TNFalpha-induced CAEV transcriptional activation. In contrast to the results of previous studies with IFNgamma, we found that multiple sequences within the U3 region 70 bp repeat were required for IFNgamma-activation of the CAEV promoter. The results identify previously unrecognized complexity in the CAEV promoter that may be relevant to viral replication and disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Murphy BG, Hötzel I, Jasmer DP, Davis WC, Knowles D. TNFα and GM-CSF-induced activation of the CAEV promoter is independent of AP-1. Virology 2006; 352:188-99. [PMID: 16716376 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus transcription is under the control of the viral promoter within the long terminal repeat. Previous studies with the closely related maedi visna lentivirus have indicated that viral transcription is dependent upon the AP-1 transcription factor. Other studies have indicated a potential role for the cytokines TNFalpha and GM-CSF in CAEV pathogenesis by increasing viral loads in infected tissues. The hypotheses that AP-1 transcription factors are necessary for transcriptional activation of the CAEV promoter and that CAEV transcriptional activation results from treatment with the cytokines GM-CSF and TNFalpha were tested with a stably transduced U937 cell line. Here, we found that TNFalpha and GM-CSF activated CAEV transcription in U937 cells. However, this activation effect was not blocked by SP600125, an inhibitor of Jun N-terminal kinase. SP600125 effectively prevented Jun phosphorylation in cells subsequently treated with cytokines. The cytokines TNFalpha and GM-CSF therefore activate CAEV transcription, and this effect occurs independently of AP-1. A set of progressive deletion mutants was utilized to show that TNFalpha-induced expression depends on an element or elements within the U3 70-bp repeat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Murphy
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-0001, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Callado AKC, Castro RSD, Teixeira MFDS. Lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (CAEV e Maedi-Visna): revisão e perspectivas. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2001000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Os lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (SRLV), cujos protótipos são os vírus da Artrite-Encefalite Caprina (CAEV) e Maedi-Visna, são patógenos amplamente distribuidos, os quais causam doenças degenerativas progressivas lentas em caprinos e ovinos, determinando importantes perdas econômicas. Estes vírus causam infecções persistentes com período de incubação longo e causam inflamatórias e degenerativas. As lesões são induzidas em tecidos específicos do hospedeiro como articulações, pulmões, CNS e glandulas mamárias devido à replicação viral em células da linhagem monocítico-fagocitária que são as principais células-alvo. A infecção ocorre principalmente durante os primeiros meses de vida, através da ingestão de vírus no leite ou colostro de cabras ou ovelhas infectadas. A indução da resposta imunológica é variável e não protege contra a infecção. O diagnóstico é baseado primariamente na detecção de anticorpos para SRLV, geralmente por imunodifusão em gel de agar (AGID) e enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). O diagnóstico e separação ou descarte dos animais soropositivos associado ao uso de certas práticas de manejo, especialmente das crias, são os principais meios implementados para prevenir a disseminação de SRLV, uma vez que ainda não existe vacina contra o vírus. As estratégias adotadas pelos SRLV para enfrentar o sistema imune dificultam o diagnóstico da infecção, controle ou prevenção da disseminação de SRLV. Esta revisão apresenta alguns aspectos das lentivíroses de pequenos ruminantes baseadas em estudos filogenéticos de amostras isoladas, aspectos clínicos e imunopatológicos.
Collapse
|