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Hara S, Nishikawa K, Matsui M, Yoshimura M. Morphological differentiation in giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus, A. davidianus, and their hybrids (Urodela, Cryptobranchidae), and its taxonomic implications. Zootaxa 2023; 5369:42-56. [PMID: 38220727 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5369.1.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
For a long time, it has been debated whether the two giant salamanders, Andrias japonicus from Japan and A. davidianus from China, are conspecific or heterospecific. Morphological information about their diagnostic characteristics has been limited, without considering sexual dimorphism and/or body size variation. Recently, A. davidianus, which was introduced into Japan sometime in the past, has been found to hybridize with A. japonicus in situ. Taxonomic identification of individuals involved in this unusual breeding is made based on mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses. This identification method is time-consuming and costly. Thus, developing easier methods of identification, such as utilizing external morphological characteristics, is urgently needed. In this study, we verify previous descriptions showing that A. davidianus has a longer relative tail length than A. japonicus, and the tubercles on the lower jaw and throat were present in both sexes of A. davidianus. In addition, many head characteristics were found to be relatively larger in A. davidianus than in A. japonicus, which were new distinguishing characters. These morphological differences help support the idea that these are heterospecific lineages. In hybrids, relative values of head width and tail length were larger than those of A. japonicus, and the tubercles on their lower jaw and throat were present as in A. davidianus, suggesting that the hybrids and A. davidianus are distinguishable from A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Hara
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies; Kyoto University; Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho; Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8501; JAPAN.
| | - Kanto Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies; Kyoto University; Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho; Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8501; JAPAN; Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies; Kyoto University; Yoshida Hon-machi; Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8501; JAPAN.
| | - Masafumi Matsui
- Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies; Kyoto University; Yoshida Nihonmatsu-cho; Sakyo-ku; Kyoto 606-8501; JAPAN.
| | - Masako Yoshimura
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life; Hiroshima University; Higashihiroshima; 739-8526; JAPAN.
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Cytogenetic Analysis of the Bimodal Karyotype of the Common European Adder, Vipera berus (Viperidae). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12243563. [PMID: 36552484 PMCID: PMC9774092 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vipera berus is the species with the largest range of snakes on Earth and one of the largest among reptiles in general. It is also the only snake species found in the Arctic Circle. Vipera berus is the most involved species of the genus Vipera in the process of interspecific hybridization in nature. The taxonomy of the genus Vipera is based on molecular markers and morphology and requires clarification using SC-karyotyping. This work is a detailed comparative study of the somatic and meiotic karyotypes of V. berus, with special attention to DNA and protein markers associated with synaptonemal complexes. The karyotype of V. berus is a remarkable example of a bimodal karyotype containing both 16 large macrochromosomes and 20 microchromosomes. We traced the stages of the asynchronous assembly of both types of bivalents. The number of crossing-over sites per pachytene nucleus, the localization of the nucleolar organizer, and the unique heterochromatin block on the autosomal bivalent 6-an important marker-were determined. Our results show that the average number of crossing-over sites per pachytene nucleus is 49.5, and the number of MLH1 sites per bivalent 1 reached 11, which is comparable to several species of agamas.
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Srikulnath K, Ahmad SF, Singchat W, Panthum T. Why Do Some Vertebrates Have Microchromosomes? Cells 2021; 10:2182. [PMID: 34571831 PMCID: PMC8466491 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 70,000 living species, vertebrates have a huge impact on the field of biology and research, including karyotype evolution. One prominent aspect of many vertebrate karyotypes is the enigmatic occurrence of tiny and often cytogenetically indistinguishable microchromosomes, which possess distinctive features compared to macrochromosomes. Why certain vertebrate species carry these microchromosomes in some lineages while others do not, and how they evolve remain open questions. New studies have shown that microchromosomes exhibit certain unique characteristics of genome structure and organization, such as high gene densities, low heterochromatin levels, and high rates of recombination. Our review focuses on recent concepts to expand current knowledge on the dynamic nature of karyotype evolution in vertebrates, raising important questions regarding the evolutionary origins and ramifications of microchromosomes. We introduce the basic karyotypic features to clarify the size, shape, and morphology of macro- and microchromosomes and report their distribution across different lineages. Finally, we characterize the mechanisms of different evolutionary forces underlying the origin and evolution of microchromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornsorn Srikulnath
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.F.A.); (W.S.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- The International Undergraduate Program in Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Amphibian Research Center, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8526, Japan
| | - Syed Farhan Ahmad
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.F.A.); (W.S.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- The International Undergraduate Program in Bioscience and Technology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Worapong Singchat
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.F.A.); (W.S.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Thitipong Panthum
- Animal Genomics and Bioresource Research Center (AGB Research Center), Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (S.F.A.); (W.S.); (T.P.)
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Comparative Genomics (ACCG), Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Special Research Unit for Wildlife Genomics (SRUWG), Department of Forest Biology, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngamwongwan, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Liu W, Xu J, Ma J, LaPatra SE, Meng Y, Fan Y, Zhou Y, Yang X, Zeng L. Immunological responses and protection in Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus immunized with inactivated iridovirus. Vet Microbiol 2014; 174:382-390. [PMID: 25465180 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chinese giant salamander hemorrhage is a newly emerged infectious disease in China and has caused huge economic losses. The causative pathogen has been identified as the giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV). In this study, the immunological responses and protection in Chinese giant salamander immunized with β-propiolactone inactivated GSIV are reported. Red and white blood cell counting and classification, phagocytic activity, neutralizing antibody titration, immune-related gene expression and determination of the relative percent survival were evaluated after vaccination. The red and white blood cell counts showed that the numbers of erythrocytes and leukocytes in the peripheral blood of immunized Chinese giant salamanders increased significantly on days 4 and 7 post-injection (P<0.01). Additionally, the differential leukocyte count of monocytes and neutrophils were significantly different compared to the control group (P<0.01); the percentage of lymphocytes was 70.45±7.52% at day 21. The phagocytic percentage and phagocytic index was 38.78±4.33% and 3.75±0.52, respectively, at day 4 post-immunization which were both significantly different compared to the control group (P<0.01). The serum neutralizing antibody titer increased at day 14 post-immunization and reached the highest titer (341±9.52) at day 21. The quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the immunization significantly up-regulated the expression of immune related genes TLR-9 and MyD88 the first two weeks after immunization. The challenge test conducted at day 30 post-injection demonstrated that the immunized group produced a relative survival of 72%. These results indicate that the inactivated GSIV could elicit significant non-specific and specific immunological responses in Chinese giant salamander that resulted in significant protection against GSIV induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Jin Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Scott E LaPatra
- Research Division, Clear Springs Foods, Inc., P.O. Box 712, Buhl, ID 83316, USA
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Fisheries, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Lingbing Zeng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Pinthong K, Tanomtong A, Getlekha N, Sangpadee W, Sangpakdee K, Sanoamuang LO. First Cytogenetic Study of Puff-Faced Water Snake, Homalopsis buccata (Squamata, Colubridae) by Conventional Staining, Ag-NOR Banding and GTG-Banding Techniques. CYTOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.78.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krit Pinthong
- Biology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Surindra Rajabhat University
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Applied Taxonomic Research Center (ATRC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
| | - Nuntaporn Getlekha
- Applied Taxonomic Research Center (ATRC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
| | - Wiwat Sangpadee
- Biology Program, Faculty of Science, Udon-Thani Rajabhat University
| | | | - La-orsri Sanoamuang
- Applied Taxonomic Research Center (ATRC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
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Kaewmad P, Tanomtong A, Kaewboribut T, Wonkaonoi W, Khunsook S, Sianoamuang LO. First Karyological Analysis of Black the Crowned Crane ( Balearica pavonina) and the Scaly-Breasted Munia ( Lonchura punctulata). CYTOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.78.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puntivar Kaewmad
- Major of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mahasarakham Rajabhat University
| | - Alongklod Tanomtong
- Applied Taxonomic Research Center (ATRC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
| | - Thanawhat Kaewboribut
- Applied Taxonomic Research Center (ATRC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
| | - Weeranuch Wonkaonoi
- Major of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Mahasarakham Rajabhat University
| | - Sumpars Khunsook
- Applied Taxonomic Research Center (ATRC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
| | - La-Oarsri Sianoamuang
- Applied Taxonomic Research Center (ATRC), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University
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Fuma S, Watanabe Y, Kawaguchi I, Takata T, Kubota Y, Ban-Nai T, Yoshida S. Derivation of hazardous doses for amphibians acutely exposed to ionising radiation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2012; 103:15-19. [PMID: 22036153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Derivation of effect benchmark values for each taxonomic group, which has been difficult due to lack of experimental effects data, is required for more adequate protection of the environment from ionising radiation. Estimation of effects doses from nuclear DNA mass and subsequent species sensitivity distribution (SSD) analysis were proposed as a method for such a derivation in acute irradiation situations for assumed nuclear accident scenarios. As a case study, 5% hazardous doses (HD₅s), at which only 5% of species are acutely affected at 50% or higher lethality, were estimated on a global scale. After nuclear DNA mass data were obtained from a database, 50% lethal doses (LD₅₀s) for 4.8 and 36% of the global Anura and Caudata species, respectively, were estimated by correlative equations between nuclear DNA mass and LD₅₀s. Differences between estimated and experimental LD₅₀s were within a factor of three. The HD₅s obtained by the SSD analysis of these estimated LD₅₀s data were 5.0 and 3.1 Gy for Anura and Caudata, respectively. This approach was also applied to the derivation of regional HD₅s. The respective HD₅s were 6.5 and 3.2 Gy for Anura and Caudata inhabiting Japan. This HD₅ value for the Japanese Anura was significantly higher than the global value, while Caudata had no significant difference in global and Japanese HD₅s. These results suggest that this approach is also useful for derivation of regional benchmark values, some of which are likely different from the global values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoichi Fuma
- Research Center for Radiation Protection, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan.
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Zhu B, Feng Z, Qu A, Gao H, Zhang Y, Sun D, Song W, Saura A. Brief report. The karyotype of the caudate amphibian Andrias davidianus. Hereditas 2002; 136:85-8. [PMID: 12184494 DOI: 10.1034/j.1601-5223.2002.1360112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bicai Zhu
- Department of Biology, Xuzhou Normal University, PR China
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Iizuka K, Kezer J, Seto T. Karyotypes of two rare species of hynobiid salamanders from Taiwan, Hynobius sonani (Maki) and Hynobius formosanus Maki (Urodela). Genetica 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00058841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cytogenetics of the chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus (Blanchard): the evolutionary significance of cryptobranchoid karyotypes. Chromosoma 1982. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00292262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Birstein VJ. Structural characteristics of genome organization in amphibians: differential staining of chromosomes and DNA structure. J Mol Evol 1982; 18:73-91. [PMID: 7047753 DOI: 10.1007/bf01810826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sessions SK. Evidence for a highly differentiated sex chromosome heteromorphism in the salamander Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque). Chromosoma 1980. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00329541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Morescalchi A, Odierna G, Olmo E. Karyology of the primitive salamanders, family Hynobiidae. EXPERIENTIA 1979; 35:1434-6. [PMID: 510468 DOI: 10.1007/bf01962768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Karyotypes have been studied in 3 species of Hynobius and in 1 species each of the remaining genera of Hynobiids (Ranodon, Batrachuperus, Salamandrella and Onychodactylus). All species have large diploid numbers, between 56 and 66, and asymmetrical and bimodal karyotypes. DNA contents (2C) were found to vary between 33 and 51 pg. Determination was not possible in Onychodactylus where higher values may be suspected. Some of the karyotypes investigated are similar to those of Cryptobranchids. Phylogenetic implications are discussed.
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Morescalchi A. New developments in vertebrate cytotaxonomy I. cytotaxonomy of the amphibians. Genetica 1979. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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