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Akinboye AJ, Kim K, Choi S, Yang I, Lee JG. Alkaloids in food: a review of toxicity, analytical methods, occurrence and risk assessments. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1133-1158. [PMID: 37362815 PMCID: PMC10290023 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkaloids have been utilized by humans for years. They have diverse applications in pharmaceuticals. They have been proven to be effective in treating a number of diseases. They also form an important part of regular human diets, as they are present in food items, food supplements, diet ingredients and food contaminants. Despite their obvious importance, these alkaloids are toxic to humans. Their toxicity is dependent on a range of factors, such as specific dosage, exposure time and individual properties. Mild toxic effects include nausea, itching and vomiting while chronic effects include paralysis, teratogenicity and death. This review summarizes the published studies on the toxicity, analytical methods, occurrence and risk assessments of six major alkaloid groups that are present in food, namely, ergot, glycoalkaloids, purine, pyrrolizidine, quinolizidine and tropane alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebayo J. Akinboye
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315 Korea
| | - Kiyun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315 Korea
| | - Seyun Choi
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315 Korea
| | - Inho Yang
- Department of Convergence Study on the Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, 49112 Korea
| | - Joon-Goo Lee
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Dong-A University, Saha-gu, Busan, 49315 Korea
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Zhang Z, Fu F, Bian Y, Zhang H, Yao S, Zhou C, Ge Y, Luo H, Chen Y, Ji W, Tian K, Yue M, Du W, Jin H, Tong P, Wu C, Ruan H. α-Chaconine Facilitates Chondrocyte Pyroptosis and Nerve Ingrowth to Aggravate Osteoarthritis Progression by Activating NF-κB Signaling. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:5873-5888. [PMID: 36263144 PMCID: PMC9574566 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s382675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rapid growth of the elderly population, the incidence of osteoarthritis (OA) increases annually, which has attracted extensive attention in public health. The roles of dietary intake in controlling joint disorders are perhaps one of the most frequently posed questions by OA patients, while the information about the interaction between dietary intake and OA based on scientific research is limited. α-Chaconine is the richest glycoalkaloid in eggplants such as potatoes. Previous evidence suggests that α-Chaconine is a toxic compound to nervous and digestive systems with potentially severe and fatal consequences for humans and farm animals, but its effect on OA development remains obscure. OBJECTIVE To determine whether α-Chaconine deteriorates OA progression through sensory innervation and chondrocyte pyroptosis via regulating nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling, providing evidence for a possible linkage between α-Chaconine and OA progression. METHODS We established a mouse OA model by destabilization of medial meniscus (DMM) surgery and then intra-articular injection of 20 or 100 μM α-Chaconine into the OA mice for 8 and 12 weeks. The severity of OA progression was evaluated by histological staining and radiographic analyses. The expressions of matrix metabolic indicators, Col2, Mmp3, and Mmp13, as well as pyroptosis-related proteins, Nlrp3, Caspase-1, Gsdmd, IL-1β, IL-18, were determined by immunohistochemistry. And the changes in sensory nerve ingrowth and activity of NF-κB signaling were determined by immunofluorescence. RESULTS We found that α-Chaconine could exacerbate mouse OA progression, resulting in subchondral sclerosis, osteophyte formation, and higher OARSI scores. Specifically, α-Chaconine could augment cartilage matrix degradation and induce chondrocyte pyroptosis and nerve ingrowth. Mechanistical analysis revealed that α-Chaconine stimulated NF-κB signaling by promoting I-κB α phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings raise the possibility that α-Chaconine intake can boost chondrocyte pyroptosis and nerve ingrowth to potentiate OA progression by activating NF-κB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fangda Fu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yishan Bian
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihao Zhang
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sai Yao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengcong Zhou
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Ge
- The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuying Chen
- The Fourth Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Ji
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Tian
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yue
- Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weibin Du
- Research Institute of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Jiangnan Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Wu
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongfeng Ruan
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University (Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,The First Clinical Medical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Hongfeng Ruan; Chengliang Wu, Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China, Fax +86 571 86613684, Email ;
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Dirks ML, Seale JT, Collins JM, McDougal OM. Review: Veratrum californicum Alkaloids. Molecules 2021; 26:5934. [PMID: 34641477 PMCID: PMC8513088 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Veratrum spp. grow throughout the world and are especially prevalent in high mountain meadows of North America. All parts of Veratrum plants have been used for the treatment of ailments including injuries, hypertension, and rheumatic pain since as far back as the 1600s. Of the 17-45 Veratrum spp., Veratrum californicum alkaloids have been proven to possess favorable medicinal properties associated with inhibition of hedgehog (Hh) pathway signaling. Aberrant Hh signaling leads to proliferation of over 20 cancers, including basal cell carcinoma, prostate and colon among others. Six of the most well-studied V. californicum alkaloids are cyclopamine (1), veratramine (2), isorubijervine (3), muldamine (4), cycloposine (5), and veratrosine (6). Recent inspection of the ethanolic extract from V. californicum root and rhizome via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has detected up to five additional alkaloids that are proposed to be verazine (7), etioline (8), tetrahydrojervine (9), dihydrojervine (10), 22-keto-26-aminocholesterol (11). For each alkaloid identified or proposed in V. californicum, this review surveys literature precedents for extraction methods, isolation, identification, characterization and bioactivity to guide natural product drug discovery associated with this medicinal plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Dirks
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Jared T. Seale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Joseph M. Collins
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA;
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725, USA; (M.L.D.); (J.T.S.)
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brimer L, Cottrill B, Dusemund B, Mulder P, Vollmer G, Binaglia M, Ramos Bordajandi L, Riolo F, Roldán‐Torres R, Grasl‐Kraupp B. Risk assessment of glycoalkaloids in feed and food, in particular in potatoes and potato-derived products. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06222. [PMID: 32788943 PMCID: PMC7417869 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of glycoalkaloids (GAs) in feed and food. This risk assessment covers edible parts of potato plants and other food plants containing GAs, in particular, tomato and aubergine. In humans, acute toxic effects of potato GAs (α-solanine and α-chaconine) include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. For these effects, the CONTAM Panel identified a lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of 1 mg total potato GAs/kg body weight (bw) per day as a reference point for the risk characterisation following acute exposure. In humans, no evidence of health problems associated with repeated or long-term intake of GAs via potatoes has been identified. No reference point for chronic exposure could be identified from the experimental animal studies. Occurrence data were available only for α-solanine and α-chaconine, mostly for potatoes. The acute dietary exposure to potato GAs was estimated using a probabilistic approach and applying processing factors for food. Due to the limited data available, a margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. The MOEs for the younger age groups indicate a health concern for the food consumption surveys with the highest mean exposure, as well as for the P95 exposure in all surveys. For adult age groups, the MOEs indicate a health concern only for the food consumption surveys with the highest P95 exposures. For tomato and aubergine GAs, the risk to human health could not be characterised due to the lack of occurrence data and the limited toxicity data. For horses, farm and companion animals, no risk characterisation for potato GAs could be performed due to insufficient data on occurrence in feed and on potential adverse effects of GAs in these species.
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Cavalcanti ÉB, Félix MB, Scotti L, Scotti MT. Virtual Screening of Natural Products to Select Compounds with Potential Anticancer Activity. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:154-171. [DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181119110934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the main cause of death, so the search for active agents to be used in the therapy of this
disease, is necessary. According to studies conducted, substances derived from natural products have shown to
be promising in this endeavor. To these researches, one can associate with the aid of computational chemistry,
which is increasingly gaining popularity, due to the possibility of developing alternative strategies that could
help in choosing an appropriate set of compounds, avoiding unnecessary expenses with resources that would
generate unwanted substance. Thus, the objective of this study was to carry out an approach to several studies
that apply different methods of virtual screening to select natural products with potential anticancer activity.
This review presents reports of studies conducted with some natural products, such as coumarin, quinone, tannins,
alkaloids, flavonoids and terpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élida B.V.S. Cavalcanti
- Program of Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Mayara B. Félix
- Program of Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Luciana Scotti
- Program of Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
| | - Marcus T. Scotti
- Program of Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products (PgPNSB), Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900, João Pessoa-PB, Brazil
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Medina JM, Rodrigues JCF, Moreira OC, Atella G, Souza WD, Barrabin H. Mechanisms of growth inhibition of Phytomonas serpens by the alkaloids tomatine and tomatidine. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:48-55. [PMID: 25742263 PMCID: PMC4371217 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytomonas serpens are flagellates in the family Trypanosomatidae that parasitise the
tomato plant (Solanum lycopersicum L.), which results in fruits with low commercial
value. The tomato glycoalkaloid tomatine and its aglycone tomatidine inhibit the
growth of P. serpens in axenic cultures. Tomatine, like many other saponins, induces
permeabilisation of the cell membrane and a loss of cell content, including the
cytosolic enzyme pyruvate kinase. In contrast, tomatidine does not cause
permeabilisation of membranes, but instead provokes morphological changes, including
vacuolisation. Phytomonas treated with tomatidine show an increased accumulation of
labelled neutral lipids (BODYPY-palmitic), a notable decrease in the amount of
C24-alkylated sterols and an increase in zymosterol content. These
results are consistent with the inhibition of 24-sterol methyltransferase (SMT),
which is an important enzyme that is responsible for the methylation of sterols at
the 24 position. We propose that the main target of tomatidine is the sterols
biosynthetic pathway, specifically, inhibition of the 24-SMT. Altogether, the results
obtained in the present paper suggest a more general effect of alkaloids in
trypanosomatids, which opens potential therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of
the diseases caused by these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Chandler CM, McDougal OM. Medicinal history of North American Veratrum.. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2014; 13:671-694. [PMID: 25379034 PMCID: PMC4217314 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-013-9328-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants belonging to the genus Veratrum have been used throughout history for their medicinal properties. During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, phytochemical investigations revealed a host of steroidal alkaloids in Veratrum species, some of which are potent bioactives. This review discusses Veratrum species that grow in North America with a focus on the medicinal history of these plants and the steroidal alkaloids they contain. While significant reviews have been devoted to singularly describing the plant species within the genus Veratrum (botany), the staggering breadth of alkaloids isolated from these and related plants (phytochemistry), and the intricacies of how the various alkaloids act on their biological targets (physiology and biochemistry), this review will straddle the margins of the aforementioned disciplines in an attempt to provide a unified, coherent picture of the Veratrum plants of North America and the medicinal uses of their bioactive steroidal alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Chandler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State, University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-1520, USA
| | - Owen M. McDougal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Boise State, University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725-1520, USA
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Caprioli G, Logrippo S, Cahill MG, James KJ. High-performance liquid chromatography LTQ-Orbitrap mass spectrometry method for tomatidine and non-target metabolites quantification in organic and normal tomatoes. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 65:942-7. [PMID: 25156359 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.950205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Caprioli G, Cahill MG, James KJ. Mass Fragmentation Studies of α-Tomatine and Validation of a Liquid Chromatography LTQ Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry Method for Its Quantification in Tomatoes. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-013-9771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Khanfar MA, El Sayed KA. The Veratrum alkaloids jervine, veratramine, and their analogues as prostate cancer migration and proliferation inhibitors: biological evaluation and pharmacophore modeling. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Molyneux RJ, Panter KE. Alkaloids toxic to livestock. THE ALKALOIDS. CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2009; 67:143-216. [PMID: 19827367 DOI: 10.1016/s1099-4831(09)06703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Russell J Molyneux
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Albany, California, USA.
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Gaffield W, Keeler RF. Steroidal Alkaloid Teratogens: Molecular Probes for Investigation of Craniofacial Malformations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/15569549609064085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Friedman M. Potato glycoalkaloids and metabolites: roles in the plant and in the diet. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:8655-81. [PMID: 17090106 DOI: 10.1021/jf061471t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Potatoes, members of the Solanaceae plant family, serve as major, inexpensive low-fat food sources providing energy (starch), high-quality protein, fiber, and vitamins. Potatoes also produce biologically active secondary metabolites, which may have both adverse and beneficial effects in the diet. These include glycoalkaloids, calystegine alkaloids, protease inhibitors, lectins, phenolic compounds, and chlorophyll. Because glycoalkaloids are reported to be involved in host-plant resistance and to have a variety of adverse as well as beneficial effects in cells, animals, and humans, a need exists to develop a clearer understanding of their roles both in the plant and in the diet. To contribute to this effort, this integrated review presents data on the (a) history of glycoalkaloids; (b) glycoalkaloid content in different parts of the potato plant, in processed potato products, and in wild, transgenic, and organic potatoes; (c) biosynthesis, inheritance, plant molecular biology, and glycoalkaloid-plant phytopathogen relationships; (d) dietary significance with special focus on the chemistry, analysis, and nutritional quality of low-glycoalkaloid potato protein; (e) pharmacology and toxicology of the potato glycoalkaloids comprising alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine and their hydrolysis products (metabolites); (f) anticarcinogenic and other beneficial effects; and (g) possible dietary consequences of concurrent consumption of glycoalkaloids and other biologically active compounds present in fresh and processed potatoes. An enhanced understanding of the multiple and overlapping aspects of glycoalkaloids in the plant and in the diet will benefit producers and consumers of potatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Albany, California 94710, USA
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Friedman M, Henika PR, Mackey BE. Effect of feeding solanidine, solasodine and tomatidine to non-pregnant and pregnant mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2003; 41:61-71. [PMID: 12453729 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(02)00205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aglycone forms of three steroidal glycoalkaloids-solanidine (derived by hydrolytic removal of the carbohydrate side chain from the potato glycoalkaloids alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine), solasodine (derived from solasonine in eggplants) and tomatidine (derived from alpha-tomatine in tomatoes)-were evaluated for their effects on liver weight increase (hepatomegaly) in non-pregnant and pregnant mice and on fecundity in pregnant mice fed for 14 days on a diet containing 2.4 mmol/kg of aglycone. In non-pregnant mice, observed ratios of % liver weights to body weights (%LW/BWs) were significantly greater than those of the control values as follows (all values in % vs matched controls+/-S.D.): solanidine, 25.5+/-13.2; solasodine 16.8+/-12.0; and tomatidine, 6.0+/-7.1. The corresponding increases in pregnant mice were: solanidine, 5.3+/-10.7; solasodine, 33.1+/-15.1; tomatidine, 8.4+/-9.1. For pregnant mice (a) body weight gains were less with the algycones than with controls: solanidine, -36.1+/-14.5; solasodine, -17.9+/-14.3; tomatidine, -11.9+/-18.1; (b) litter weights were less than controls: solanidine, -27.0+/-17.1; solasodine, -15.5+/-16.8; tomatidine, no difference; (c) the %LTW/BW ratio was less than that of the controls and was significant only for solasodine, -8.7+/-13.7; and (d) the average weight of the fetuses was less than the controls: solanidine, -11.2+/-15.2; solasodine, -11.4+/-9.4; tomatidine, no difference. Abortion of fetuses occurred in five of 24 pregnant mice on the solanidine and none on the other diets. To obtain evidence for possible mechanisms of the observed in vivo effects, the four glycoalkaloids (alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, solasonine and alpha-tomatine) mentioned above and the aglycones solanidine and tomatidine were also evaluated in in vitro assays for estrogenic activity. Only solanidine at 10 microM concentration exhibited an increase in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell proliferation assay. Generally, the biological effects of solanidine differ from those of the parent potato glycoalkaloids. Possible mechanisms of these effects and the implication of the results for food safety and plant physiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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El Sayed KA, Halim AF, Zaghloul AM, Dunbar DC, McChesney JD. Transformation of jervine by Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 9245. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2000; 55:19-22. [PMID: 11021639 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9422(00)00202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Preparative-scale fermentation of the known C-nor-D-homosteroidal jerveratrum alkaloid jervine with Cunninghamella elegans (ATCC 9245) has resulted in the isolation of (-)-jervinone as the major metabolite. In addition, C. elegans ATCC 9245 was able to epimerize C-3 of jervine, producing 3-epi-jervine. This epimerization reaction was similar to that reported for tomatidine, the known spirosolane-type Solanum alkaloid. The structure elucidation of both metabolites was based primarily on 1D- and 2D-NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A El Sayed
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Mansoura University, Egypt.
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Incardona JP, Gaffield W, Lange Y, Cooney A, Pentchev PG, Liu S, Watson JA, Kapur RP, Roelink H. Cyclopamine inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signal transduction is not mediated through effects on cholesterol transport. Dev Biol 2000; 224:440-52. [PMID: 10926779 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2000.9775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclopamine is a teratogenic steroidal alkaloid that causes cyclopia by blocking Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signal transduction. We have tested whether this activity of cyclopamine is related to disruption of cellular cholesterol transport and putative secondary effects on the Shh receptor, Patched (Ptc). First, we report that the potent antagonism of Shh signaling by cyclopamine is not a general property of steroidal alkaloids with similar structure. The structural features of steroidal alkaloids previously associated with the induction of holoprosencephaly in whole animals are also associated with inhibition of Shh signaling in vitro. Second, by comparing the effects of cyclopamine on Shh signaling with those of compounds known to block cholesterol transport, we show that the action of cyclopamine cannot be explained by inhibition of intracellular cholesterol transport. However, compounds that block cholesterol transport by affecting the vesicular trafficking of the Niemann-Pick C1 protein (NPC1), which is structurally similar to Ptc, are weak Shh antagonists. Rather than supporting a direct link between cholesterol homeostasis and Shh signaling, our findings suggest that the functions of both NPC1 and Ptc involve a common vesicular transport pathway. Consistent with this model, we find that Ptc and NPC1 colocalize extensively in a vesicular compartment in cotransfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Incardona
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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The veratrum alkaloids: Natural tools for studying embryonic development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1572-5995(00)80138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Friedman M, McDonald GM, Filadelfi-Keszi M. Potato Glycoalkaloids: Chemistry, Analysis, Safety, and Plant Physiology. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 1997. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1080/07352689709701946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- a Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 800 Buchanan St., Albany , CA , 94710 , USA
| | - Gary M. McDonald
- a Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture , 800 Buchanan St., Albany , CA , 94710 , USA
| | - MaryAnn Filadelfi-Keszi
- b Department of Food Science and Technology , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , 2052 , Australia
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Schneider MJ. Chapter Two Pyridine and piperidine alkaloids: An update. ALKALOIDS: CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-8210(96)80026-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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