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Mengarda AC, Silva TC, Silva AS, Roquini DB, Fernandes JPS, de Moraes J. Toward anthelmintic drug candidates for toxocariasis: Challenges and recent developments. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 251:115268. [PMID: 36921525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by parasitic helminths rank among the most prevalent infections of humans and animals. Toxocariasis, caused by nematodes of the genus Toxocara, is one of the most widespread and economically important zoonotic parasitic infections that humans share with dogs and cats. Despite the completion of the Toxocara canis draft genome project, which has been an important step towards advancing the understanding of this parasite and the search for drug targets, the treatment of toxocariasis has been dependent on a limited set of drugs, necessitating the search for novel anthelmintic agents, specially against Toxocara larvae in tissues. Given that research, development, and innovation are crucial to finding appropriate solutions in the fight against helminthiasis, this paper reviews the progress made in the discovery of anthelmintic drug candidates for toxocariasis. The main compounds reported in the recent years regards on analogues of albendazole, reactive quinone derivatives and natural produts and its analogues. Nanoparticles and formulations were also reviewed. The in vitro and/or in vivo anthelmintic properties of such alternatives are herein discussed as well as the opportunities and challenges for treatment of human toxocariasis. The performed review clarify that the scarcity of validated molecular targets and limited chemical space explored are the main bottlenecks for advancing in the field of anti-Toxocara agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Mengarda
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tais C Silva
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Aline S Silva
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Daniel B Roquini
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
| | - João Paulo S Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, campus Diadema, Rua São Nicolau 210, 09913-030, Diadema, SP, Brazil.
| | - Josué de Moraes
- Research Center on Neglected Diseases, Guarulhos University, Praça Tereza Cristina 229, 07023-070, Guarulhos, SP, Brazil.
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Tripathi HN, Singh KV, Shukla NP. Culture Filtrate Activity of Dermatophytes against Nematospiroides dubius Larvae/Über die Wirkung von Kulturfiltraten von Dermatophyten gegen Larven von Nematospiroides dubius. Mycoses 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0507.1983.tb03245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fujiwara RT, Geiger SM, Bethony J, Mendez S. Comparative immunology of human and animal models of hookworm infection. Parasite Immunol 2006; 28:285-93. [PMID: 16842265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2006.00821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Hookworm infection is a major cause of disease burden for animals and humans. Over the past years, the use of animal models in hookworm infections has been driven by the search of new anthelminthic therapies and, especially, vaccine development. These studies also contributed to the advance of knowledge on immunity to hookworms, offering new insights to understand the nature of this parasitic infection. In this article, we will summarize the essential features of the immune response in the two major animal models of hookworm infections (dog and hamster) and then consider its implication for the human immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Fujiwara
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Salicylanilides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-7208(97)80031-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Gupta S, Katiyar JC, Dogra RK, Khanna S, Shanker R. The effect of histamine on the immune response of hamsters to infection with Ancylostoma ceylanicum. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1990; 84:393-9. [PMID: 2260904 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1990.11812485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The role of histamine in modulating the immune response of hamsters infected with Ancylostoma ceylanicum (hookworm) was investigated. Histamine administration (20 mg base/hamster x 6 ip) made the immune hamsters susceptible to challenge infection, and on assay the humoral as well as the cell-mediated responses were found to be suppressed. An adverse effect of histamine was observed on lymphocytes but the macrophage function remained unaltered, since the latter lack histamine receptors. These findings provide definite evidence that histamine suppresses specific immune responses, and that contrary to earlier reports this neurotransmitter does not play a direct role in the 'self-cure' phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Mohan S, Kaushal NA, Misra A, Kaushal DC, Katiyar JC, Ghatak S. Ancylostoma ceylanicum: I. Protein and antigenic composition of adult and larval stages. Immunol Invest 1988; 17:295-307. [PMID: 3182019 DOI: 10.3109/08820138809041418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The protein and antigenic composition of adult and larval stages of Ancylostoma ceylanicum, a human hookworm maintained in golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus), was studied employing immunochemical techniques. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of 47 and 43 protein bands in adult worms and infective larvae respectively in the molecular weight range of 10-170 kD. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis, using immune rabbit sera, showed the presence of 32 antigenic peaks in adults and 19 in infective larval stage. Most of the antigens were common between adult and larval stage as evidenced by cross-line immunoelectrophoresis, although some stage specific antigens were also identified. These studies also demonstrate the complex nature of adult worms as compared to larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mohan
- Division of Biochemistry, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Gupta S, Srivastava JK, Katiyar JC. Ancylostoma ceylanicum: migratory behaviour in golden hamsters after oral and parenteral infection. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1987; 81:421-8. [PMID: 3328567 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1987.11812139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The infectivity and migratory pattern of Ancylostoma ceylanicum infective larvae (L3) were investigated in hamsters infected by various routes. Following oral administration 40-70% of L3 attained maturity and there was no tissue migration. Following subcutaneous inoculation a small number (1-1.2%) of L3 attained maturity in the intestine after completing the broncho-oesophageal journey. Larvae which penetrated the skin also became adult in the intestine. Most of the larvae entering parenterally remained at the site of infection and in the tracheal region for more than 100 days without undergoing any development, other than desheathment. Those transmitted orally to naive hamsters developed in the normal way. Larvae inoculated parenterally into female hamsters were able to infect offspring in milk, but could not cross the placental barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gupta
- Division of Parasitology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Sharma S. Treatment of helminth diseases--challenges and achievements. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 1987; 31:9-100. [PMID: 3326037 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-9289-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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9
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Tsizin YS, Bronshtein AM. Advances in the development of new anthelminthics (review). Pharm Chem J 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00763776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Visen PK, Katiyar JC, Sen AB. Studies on infectivity, longevity and fecundity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum in golden hamsters. J Helminthol 1984; 58:159-63. [PMID: 6747259 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00028698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a new introduction as an experimental hookworm model. Information on the biology of this parasite in its laboratory host--the golden hamster, is meagre. Its infectivity, longevity and fecundity were studied to obtain relevant information especially on vulnerable points in the maintenance and continuation of the infection. 100% infectivity was obtained with an inoculum of 60 larvae per animal. Maximum numbers of parasites were harboured from day 15 to day 18 after infection and thereafter gradually declined. Approximately 10% of the worms were still present at the end of the third month of infection. The in vitro release of eggs in a 24-hour period by one female nematode peaked from day 25 to day 39, a second rise occurred in day 70 after infection.
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Gupta S, Katiyar JC, Sharma S, Sen AB. 3,5-dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanato salicylanilide in the control of Hymenolepis nana in rats--a pilot study. J Helminthol 1984; 58:7-11. [PMID: 6715862 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x00027966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of a new anticestode compound, 3,5-dibromo-2'-chloro-4'-isothiocyanato salicylanilide (GUPTA et al. 1980) for mass eradication of hymenolepiasis from rat colonies was assessed in a pilot study. The drug was administered with milk or food. For effective eradication, depending on the size of animals, single or multiple doses of 100 to 500 mg of the drug/kg body-weight, mixed in milk, or 50 mg/kg in feed were necessary. Better results were obtained when the compound was given in feed as it ensured effective consumption irrespective of the seasonal variations. The efficacy of the compound was also assessed on cysticercoids in intermediate hosts (Tribolium confusum) by feeding them on flour medicated at 5%, 1% and 0.1% levels. None of the concentrations killed the larvae or arrested their development.
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