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Ramalho MDO, Martins C, Morini MSC, Bueno OC. What Can the Bacterial Community of Atta sexdens (Linnaeus, 1758) Tell Us about the Habitats in Which This Ant Species Evolves? INSECTS 2020; 11:E332. [PMID: 32481532 PMCID: PMC7349130 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of bacterial communities can reveal the evolutionary significance of symbiotic interactions between hosts and their associated bacteria, as well as identify environmental factors that may influence host biology. Atta sexdens is an ant species native to Brazil that can act as an agricultural pest due to its intense behavior of cutting plants. Despite being extensively studied, certain aspects of the general biology of this species remain unclear, such as the evolutionary implications of the symbiotic relationships it forms with bacteria. Using high-throughput amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA genes, we compared for the first time the bacterial community of A. sexdens (whole ant workers) populations according to the habitat (natural versus agricultural) and geographical location. Our results revealed that the bacterial community associated with A. sexdens is mainly influenced by the geographical location, and secondarily by the differences in habitat. Also, the bacterial community associated with citrus differed significantly from the other communities due to the presence of Tsukamurella. In conclusion, our study suggests that environmental shifts may influence the bacterial diversity found in A. sexdens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela de Oliveira Ramalho
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais—CEIS, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil;
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, 129 Garden Ave, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Cintia Martins
- Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Av. São Sebastião, 2819, Parnaíba, Piauí 64202-020, Brazil;
| | - Maria Santina Castro Morini
- Núcleo de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido Xavier de Almeida e Souza, 200, Centro Cívico, Mogi das Cruzes 08780-911, SP, Brazil;
| | - Odair Correa Bueno
- Centro de Estudos de Insetos Sociais—CEIS, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Campus Rio Claro, Avenida 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil;
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de Almeida LG, de Moraes LAB, Trigo JR, Omoto C, Cônsoli FL. The gut microbiota of insecticide-resistant insects houses insecticide-degrading bacteria: A potential source for biotechnological exploitation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174754. [PMID: 28358907 PMCID: PMC5373613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploration of new niches for microorganisms capable of degrading recalcitrant molecules is still required. We hypothesized the gut microbiota associated with insect-resistant lines carry pesticide degrading bacteria, and predicted they carry bacteria selected to degrade pesticides they were resistant to. We isolated and accessed the pesticide-degrading capacity of gut bacteria from the gut of fifth instars of Spodoptera frugiperda strains resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos ethyl, spinosad and lufenuron, using insecticide-selective media. Sixteen isolates belonging to 10 phylotypes were obtained, from which four were also associated with the susceptible strain. However, growth of gut bacteria associated with larvae from the susceptible strain was not obtained in any of the insecticide-based selective media tested. Growth of isolates was affected by the concentration of insecticides in the media, and all grew well up to 40 μg/ml. The insecticide-degrading capacity of selected isolates was assessed by GC or LC-MS/MS analyses. In conclusion, resistant strains of S. frugiperda are an excellent reservoir of insecticide-degrading bacteria with bioremediation potential. Moreover, gut-associated bacteria are subjected to the selection pressure imposed by insecticides on their hosts and may influence the metabolization of pesticides in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gustavo de Almeida
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Departamento de Química, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - José Roberto Trigo
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituo de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Celso Omoto
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Fernando Luis Cônsoli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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3
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Evans TA, Gleeson PV. Direct measurement of ant predation of weed seeds in wheat cropping. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A. Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Western Australia; Perth WA 6009 Australia
| | - Patrick V. Gleeson
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship; Black Mountain Laboratories; Canberra ACT 2602 Australia
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Buckingham S, Murphy N, Gibb H. The effects of fire severity on macroinvertebrate detritivores and leaf litter decomposition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124556. [PMID: 25880062 PMCID: PMC4399839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
High severity wildfire events are a feature of forests globally and are likely to be more prevalent with climate change. As a disturbance process, fire has the potential to change important ecological functions, such as decomposition, through its impact on biodiversity. Despite the recognised importance of decomposition in terms of fuel loads and energy flow, little is known about the post-fire effects of fire severity on decomposition by litter-dwelling macroinvertebrate detritivores. We tested the hypotheses that: 1) increasing fire severity is associated with decreased rates of leaf litter decomposition by macroinvertebrate detritivores; and 2) the abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrate detritivores decreases with increasing fire severity, while body size increases. We used a litterbag experiment at long-unburnt, ground-burnt and crown-burnt sites (n = 7 for all treatments) to test the effect of fire severity on: a) macroinvertebrate-driven break-down of litter fuel loads; and b) the size and abundance of macroinvertebrate detritivores three years after fire. Microhabitat conditions differed among fire severity classes. Macroinvertebrate exclusion reduced litter decomposition by 34.7%. Macroinvertebrate detritivores were larger and less abundant following higher severity fires, possibly as a result of fire-induced changes in habitat structure. Opposing effects of fire severity on macroinvertebrate abundance and body size resulted in both similar detritivore biomass and, most interestingly, no differences in leaf litter decomposition under different fire severities. This suggests that the diversity of macroinvertebrates enhances functional resilience of litter decomposition to fire and that litter-breakdown is not inhibited within three years following a high severity fire in this forest type and where recolonisation sources are readily available. We found no support for the hypothesis that high severity fires reduce litter decomposition and therefore increase the likelihood of future fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Buckingham
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nick Murphy
- Department of Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Heloise Gibb
- Department of Zoology, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
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Farghaly MFM, Zayed SMAD, Soliman SM. Deltamethrin degradation and effects on soil microbial activity. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:575-581. [PMID: 23581690 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.774900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin [(S)-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-cis-(1R,3R)-2,2-dimethyl) cyclo-propane carboxylate),1] labelled at gem-dimethyl groups of the cyclopropane ring was applied on two Egyptian soils at a level of 10 mg/kg soil for a laboratory incubation experiment under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. A steady decrease of soil extractable ¹⁴C-residues, accompanied by a corresponding increase of non- extractable bound ¹⁴C-residues was observed over a 90-day incubation period. The percentage of evolved ¹⁴CO₂ increased with time under aerobic and anaerobic conditions in both soils. The effect of deltamethrin on soil microorganisms as well as the counter effect of microorganisms on the insecticide was also investigated. As the incubation period increased, the inhibitory effect of the insecticide on the microorganisms decreased and the evolution of carbon dioxide depended on the applied dose. The nature of soil methanol soluble residues was determined by chromatographic analysis which revealed the presence of the parent insecticide as the main product in addition to four metabolites: 3-(2',2'-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (II); 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (III); 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (IV); 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol (V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha F M Farghaly
- Department of Applied Organic Chemistry, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Evans TA, Dawes TZ, Ward PR, Lo N. Ants and termites increase crop yield in a dry climate. Nat Commun 2011; 2:262. [PMID: 21448161 PMCID: PMC3072065 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural intensification has increased crop yields, but at high economic and environmental cost. Harnessing ecosystem services of naturally occurring organisms is a cheaper but under-appreciated approach, because the functional roles of organisms are not linked to crop yields, especially outside the northern temperate zone. Ecosystem services in soil come from earthworms in these cooler and wetter latitudes; what may fulfill their functional role in agriculture in warmer and drier habitats, where they are absent, is unproven. Here we show in a field experiment that ants and termites increase wheat yield by 36% from increased soil water infiltration due to their tunnels and improved soil nitrogen. Our results suggest that ants and termites have similar functional roles to earthworms, and that they may provide valuable ecosystem services in dryland agriculture, which may become increasingly important for agricultural sustainability in arid climates. The presence of earthworms is known to enhance the quality and moisture of soil in cool and wet climates. Evans et al. show that termites and ants can improve soil quality in warmer and drier climates—their presence results in elevated water infiltration and nitrogen content, leading to increased wheat yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore A Evans
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2600, Australia.
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Latif MA, Razzaque MA, Rahman MM. Impact of some selected insecticides application on soil microbial respiration. Pak J Biol Sci 2008; 11:2018-2022. [PMID: 19266909 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.2018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to investigate the impact of selected insecticides used for controlling brinjal shoot and fruit borer on soil microorganisms and to find out the insecticides or nontoxic to soil microorganism the impact of nine selected insecticides on soil microbial respiration was studied in the laboratory. After injection of different insecticides solutions, the soil was incubated in the laboratory at room temperature for 32 days. The amount of CO2 evolved due to soil microbial respiration was determined at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 and 32 days of incubation. Flubendiamide, nimbicidine, lambda-cyhalothrin, abamectin and thiodicarb had stimulatory effect on microbial respiration during the initial period of incubation. Chlorpyriphos, cartap and carbosulfan had inhibitory effect on microbial respiration and cypermethrin had no remarkable effect during the early stage of incubation. The negative effect of chlorpyriphos, cartap and carbosulfan was temporary, which was disappeared after 4 days of insecticides application. No effect of the selected insecticides on soil microorganisms was observed after 24 or 32 days of incubation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Latif
- Department of Entomology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Vig K, Singh DK, Agarwal HC, Dhawan AK, Dureja P. Soil microorganisms in cotton fields sequentially treated with insecticides. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2008; 69:263-76. [PMID: 17298846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A crop protection system consisting of sequential treatments by six insecticides--dimethoate, monocrotophos, deltamethrin, endosulfan, cypermethrin, and triazophos--at recommended dosages in cotton fields in Punjab, India was investigated for its effects on nontarget soil microorganisms and their activities. Successive applications of the insecticides caused only short-lived adverse effects on the soil microorganisms. None of the insecticides used had any adverse effects on soil fungi as reflected by their total numbers. Significant change in Azotobacter numbers were observed after dimethoate, triazophos, and endosulfan treatment in 1998 soil. An increase of up to 71% in actinomycetes numbers was observed after deltamethrin treatment in the treated fields in 1995. Few short-term changes in iron-reduction capacity were observed after endosulfan and cypermethrin treatments. No adverse effect was observed on the soil respiration during all the experimental periods. The amount of residues detected in soil ranged from 8.5 to 42.0 ng g(-1)dry wt. soil for organophosphorus insecticides and from nondetectable to 5.55 ng g (-1)dry wt. soil for synthetic pyrethroids. It ranged between 7.3 and 35.6 ng g(-1)dry wt. soil for endosulfan. On many occasions two or three insecticide residues were detected together; therefore, the effect observed on soil microorganisms and their activities was a multiresidue effect. In 1998, crop soil amounts of insecticide residues were generally more than those in 1995 and 1996. Persistence and dissipation patterns in soils with a history of exposure to the insecticides compared to the non-history soils were similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Vig
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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Griffiths BS, Caul S, Thompson J, Birch ANE, Scrimgeour C, Cortet J, Foggo A, Hackett CA, Krogh PH. Soil microbial and faunal community responses to bt maize and insecticide in two soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2006; 35:734-41. [PMID: 16585615 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of maize (Zea mays L.), genetically modified to express the Cry1Ab protein (Bt), and an insecticide on soil microbial and faunal communities were assessed in a glasshouse experiment. Soil for the experiment was taken from field sites where the same maize cultivars were grown to allow comparison between results under glasshouse conditions with those from field trials. Plants were grown in contrasting sandy loam and clay loam soils, half were sprayed with a pyrethroid insecticide (deltamethrin) and soil samples taken at the five-leaf stage, flowering, and maturity. The main effect on all measured parameters was that of soil type and there were no effects of Bt trait or insecticide on plant growth. The Bt trait resulted in more soil nematodes and protozoa (amoebae), whereas insecticide application increased plant Bt concentration and altered nematode community structure. The only significant effects on soil microbial community structure, microarthropods, and larvae of a nontarget root-feeding Dipteran, were due to soil type and plant growth stage. The results indicate that, although there were statistically significant effects of the Bt trait on soil populations, they were small. The relative magnitude of the effect could best be judged by comparison with the insecticide treatment, which was representative of current best practice. The Bt trait had no greater effect than the insecticide treatment. Results from this glasshouse experiment were in broad agreement with conclusions from field experiments using the same plant material grown in the same soils.
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Stratton GW, Corke CT. Comparative fungitoxicity of the insecticide permethrin and ten degradation products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ps.2780130615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Knapp CW, Caquet T, Hanson ML, Lagadic L, Graham DW. Response of water column microbial communities to sudden exposure to deltamethrin in aquatic mesocosms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2005; 54:157-65. [PMID: 16329981 DOI: 10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden exposure of an aquatic system to an insecticide can have significant effects on populations other than susceptible organisms. Although this is intuitively obvious, little is actually known about how such exposure might affect bacterial communities and their relative metabolic activity in ecosystems. Here, we assessed small sub-unit (ssu)-RNA levels in open and shaded 9 m(3) aquatic mesocosms (16 units - 2 x 2 factorial design in quadruplicate) to examine the effects of sudden addition of deltamethrin to the units. When deltamethrin was added, a cascade of bacterial then phytoplankton "blooms" occurred over time. The bacterial bloom, which most likely included organisms from the plastid/cyanobacterial phylogenetic guild, was almost immediate (within hours), whereas the phytoplankton (algal) bloom lagged by about 4 days. This sequential response can be explained by an apparent sudden release of nutrients consequent to arthropod death that triggered a series of responses in the microbial loop. Interestingly, bacterial blooms were noted in both open and shaded mesocosms, whereas the algal bloom was only seen in open units, suggesting that both deltamethrin addition (and presumptive nutrient release) and an adequate light supply was required for the phytoplankton response. Overall, this work shows that microbial activities as reflected by ssu-rRNA levels can respond dramatically via apparently indirect effects following insecticide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Knapp
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, 4112 Learned Hall, University of Kansas, Lawrence, 66045, USA
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Gundi VAKB, Narasimha G, Reddy BR. Interaction effects of insecticides on microbial populations and dehydrogenase activity in a black clay soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2005; 40:269-283. [PMID: 15825682 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-200045550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three insecticides, monocrotophos, quinalphos, and cypermethrin, were applied at 0, 5, 10, and 25 microg g(-1) either singly or in combination to a black clay soil to investigate their effects on the soil microflora and dehydrogenase activity. All three insecticides significantly enhanced the proliferation of bacteria and fungi and the soil dehydrogenase activity even at the highest level of 25 microg g(-1). Monocrotophos or quinalphos in combination with cypermethrin at tested levels interacted significantly to yield additive, synergistic, and antagonistic responses toward bacteria and fungi and dehydrogenase activity in soil. Antagonistic interactions were more pronounced toward soil microflora and dehydrogenase activity when the two (monocrotophos or quinalphos + cypermethrin) insecticides were present together in the soil at highest level (25 + 25 microg g(-1)), whereas synergistic or additive responses occurred at lower level with the same combination of insecticides in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay A K B Gundi
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ismail BS, Kalithasan K. Adsorption, desorption, and mobility of permethrin in Malaysian soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2004; 39:419-429. [PMID: 15186031 DOI: 10.1081/pfc-120035927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption, desorption, and mobility of permethrin in six tropical soils was determined under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The six soils were selected from vegetable growing areas in Malaysia. Soil organic matter (OM) was positively correlated (r2 = 0.97) with the adsorption of permethrin. The two soils, namely, Teringkap 1 and Lating series with the highest OM (3.2 and 2.9%) released 32.5 and 30.8% of the adsorbed permethrin after four consecutive repetitions of the desorption process, respectively, compared to approximately 75.4% of the Gunung Berinchang soil with the lowest OM (1.0%) under the same conditions. The mobility of permethrin down the soil column was inversely correlated to the organic matter content of the soil. Permethrin residue penetrated only to the 10-15 cm zone in the Teringkap 1 soil with 3.2% OM but penetrated to a depth of more than 20 cm in the other soils. The Berinchang series soil with the lowest OM (1.0%) yielded leachate with 14.8% permethrin, the highest level in leachates from all the soils tested. Therefore, the possibility for permethrin to contaminate underground water may be greater in the presence of low organic matter content, which subsequently allows a higher percentage of permethrin to move downwards through the soil column.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Ismail
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Megharaj M, Kantachote D, Singleton I, Naidu R. Effects of long-term contamination of DDT on soil microflora with special reference to soil algae and algal transformation of DDT. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2000; 109:35-42. [PMID: 15092910 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/1999] [Accepted: 08/04/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
DDT (1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) and its principle metabolites, DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene) and DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane) are widespread environmental contaminants but little information is available concerning their effects on non-target microflora (especially microalgae and cyanobacteria) and their activities in long-term contaminated soils. For this reason a long-term DDT-contaminated soil was screened for DDT residues and toxicity to microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae), microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity. Also, five pure cultures isolated from various sites (two unicellular green algae and three dinitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria) were tested for their ability to metabolise DDT. Viable counts of bacteria and algae declined with increasing DDT contamination while fungal counts, microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity increased in medium-level contaminated soil (27 mg DDT residues kg(-1) soil). All the tested parameters were greatly inhibited in high-level contaminated soil (34 mg DDT residues kg(-1) soil). Species composition of algae and cyanobacteria was altered in contaminated soils and sensitive species were eliminated in the medium and high contaminated soils suggesting that these organisms could be useful as bioindicators of pollution. Microbial biomass and dehydrogenase activity may not serve as good bioindicators of pollution since these parameters were potentially influenced by the increase in fungal (probably DDT resistant) counts. All the tested algal species metabolised DDT to DDE and DDD; however, transformation to DDD was more significant in the case of dinitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Megharaj
- CSIRO Land and Water, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia.
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Abdel-Mallek AY, Moharram AM, Abdel-Kader MI, Omar SA. Effect of soil treatment with the organophosphorus insecticide Profenfos on the fungal flora and some microbial activities. Microbiol Res 1994; 149:167-71. [PMID: 7921896 DOI: 10.1016/s0944-5013(11)80114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Tests were conducted to determine the effects of Profenfos [(0-(4-bromo-2-chlorophenyl) 0-ethyl S-n-propyl-phosphorothioat] on fungal populations and some activities in soil. Profenfos (at 5.4 micrograms active ingredient/g dry soil), has a significant adverse effect on the count of total fungi after 2, 4 and 6 weeks after treatment. This effect was completely alleviated after longer incubation. Incorporation of this insecticide into the agar medium inhibited the total count of soil fungi at 6.4 and 38.4 micrograms ml-1. Initial activation followed by a decrease in CO2 output occurred in soil treated with 5.4 micrograms a.i./g. The two doses of Profenfos accelerated urease activity for 6 weeks after soil treatment, but inhibited the enzyme activity after longer periods. An inhibitory effect on nitrate reductase activity was observed with some insecticide treatments in the early stages of incubation followed by an activation in certain cases.
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Khallil AMA, Omar SA. Influence of the insecticide Dimethoate on some metabolic activities of five zoosporic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.3620330607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Maloney SE, Maule A, Smith AR. Transformation of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides by a thermophilic Bacillus sp. Arch Microbiol 1992; 158:282-6. [PMID: 1417418 DOI: 10.1007/bf00245246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Employing a mineral salts medium containing Tween 80 as the primary carbon source, a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus was isolated which was able to hydrolyse selected second and third-generation pyrethroids to non-insecticidal products. Of a range of pyrethroid insecticides the trans-isomer of permethrin was the most readily transformed by this microbial isolate, whilst flumethrin was the least. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid and the respective halovinyl or haloacid moieties were detected as the major hydrolytic products of the pyrethroids. It is believed that 3-phenoxybenzoic acid was formed from 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol which was not however detected as an intermediate in these systems. 3-Phenoxybenzoic acid was further transformed to 4-hydroxy-3-phenoxybenzoic acid. A potential metabolic pathway has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Maloney
- Division of Biotechnology, Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research, Salisbury, Wiltshire, UK
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Smith TM, Stratton GW. Effects of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides on nontarget organisms. RESIDUE REVIEWS 1986; 97:93-120. [PMID: 2871604 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-4934-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Stratton GW, Corke CT. Toxicity of the insecticide permethrin and some degradation products towards algae and cyanobacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1982. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-1471(82)90055-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tu CM. Effect of pyrethroid insecticides on soybean and its pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 1982; 17:43-50. [PMID: 7200104 DOI: 10.1080/03601238209372300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the phytotoxicity and fungitoxicity of five pyrethroid insecticides; cypermethrin, decamethrin, fenpropanate, fenvalerate and permethrin at different rates to soybean and its pathogen Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. Fungitoxicities of the chemicals on pathogen were in the order of thiram greater than permethrin greater than cypermethrin greater than decamethrin greater than fenvalerate. Phytotoxicities on soybean seedlings were decamethrin greater than cypermethrin greater than fenpropanate greater than fenvalerate greater than permethrin greater than Arasan. A comparative study on both phytotoxic and fungitoxic effects indicated that the pyrethroids were less effective than Arasan for use in the control of this soil borne plant pathogen.
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Tu CM. Effects of some pesticides on enzyme activities in an organic soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1981; 27:109-114. [PMID: 6271316 DOI: 10.1007/bf01610995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Chapman RA, Tu CM, Harris CR, Cole C. Persistence of five pyrethroid insecticides in sterile and natural, mineral and organic soil. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1981; 26:513-519. [PMID: 7236909 DOI: 10.1007/bf01622129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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Tu CM. Effects of pesticides on activities of enzymes and microorganisms in a clay soil. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 1981; 16:179-191. [PMID: 6265539 DOI: 10.1080/03601238109372250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of 32 pesticides applied at 2 levels on populations of microorganisms, activities of urease, dehydrogenase, phosphatase and nitrogenase in a clay loam incubated for 1 week. Results indicated that a decrease in bacterial number was observed with thiram for 2 days and stimulation with chlorpyrifos after 7 days. Some fungicides and fumigants inhibited fungal numbers for 2 days. The recovery was rapid and stimulatory effects on microbial numbers were evident in many samples. None of the pesticides inhibited soil urease drastically. Formazan formation was not suppressed vigorously by the treatments. With the exception of DD and Vorlex at a high level, none of the treatments inhibited phosphatase in the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl disodium orthophosphate. A temporary decrease in nitrogenase activity in acetylene (C2H2) reduction was observed with many pesticides. The low amount of pesticides applied to the clay loam is unlikely to have detrimental effects on soil microbes and the enzymes important to soil fertility.
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