Treatment of advanced hemorrhoidal disease: a prospective, randomized comparison of cold scalpel vs. contact Nd:YAG laser

Comparison of Laser Hemorrhoidoplasty and Milligan-Morgan Hemorrhoidectomy Techniques in the Treatment of Grade 2 and 3 Hemorrhoidal Disease

INTRODUCTION

The estimated prevalence of hemorrhoidal disease (HD) worldwide ranges from 2.9% to 27.9%. Conservative, medical, non-operative, and surgical therapy approaches are applied in HD treatment. Milligan-Morgan (MM) hemorrhoidectomy which is the most well-known and frequently applied surgical treatment method, and Laser hemorrhoidoplasty (LH) are among the accepted treatment methods in Grade 2-3 HD treatment where medical treatment is insufficient.

PURPOSE

In this study, the early results of laser hemorrhoidoplasty and Milligan-Morgan hemorrhoidectomy techniques were compared.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A randomized clinical trial. The study included ASA 1-3, total 85 patients aged 18-70 years old with symptomatic Grade 2 and Grade 3 hemorrhoidal disease whose symptoms persisted despite at least one month of medical treatment. Fifty-four patients were allocated to Group L, whereas 31 were allocated to Group M. Age, gender, weight, body mass index, preoperative symptoms, presence of additional disease, use of anticoagulant medication, and length of hospital stay of the patients included in the study were recorded. Rescue analgesic used was recorded. Postoperative VAS score and complications were recorded within 10 days. The total energy numbers applied to all packages were recorded.

RESULTS

The incidence of minor perioperative hemorrhage was significantly lower in Group L compared to Group M (P = .035). The postoperative 3rd-hour VAS scores were statistically significantly lower in Group L compared to Group (P < .001). At the 3rd hour postoperatively, the need for rescue analgesia was statistically significantly higher in Group M compared to Group L. On the seventh postoperative day, Group M needed considerably more rescue analgesia compared to Group L (P < .001, P = 1.00, P = .035, respectively). The cut-off value of 571 J was calculated in Group L.

CONCLUSION

We believe that it is not an advantageous method compared to MM hemorrhoidectomy, both in terms of patient comfort and cost-effectiveness, since postoperative pain, which is shown as the most important advantage of LH over conventional hemorrhoidectomy methods in the literature, can be relieved with simple NSA-I rescue analgesia in patients undergoing MM. Trial Registration: 03.06.2021/21-63.

Comprehensive literature review of the applications of surgical laser in benign anal conditions

Surgery for benign anal conditions is a common practice and is usually followed by a good outcome. The present review aimed to summarize the emergence and evolution of different laser techniques used for the treatment of benign anal conditions and report their current outcome. PubMed and Scopus were searched for studies that assessed the use of laser in benign anal conditions. Anal conditions reviewed were hemorrhoids, anal fistula, anal warts, anal stenosis, and anal fissure. The full text of the studies retrieved was summarized in a narrative and tabular form. Laser techniques used for the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease were laser open hemorrhoidectomy, laser hemorrhoidoplasty, and Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal laser dearterialization. Resolution of hemorrhoidal symptoms was reported in 72-100% of patients after laser treatment. YAG laser, fistula laser closure, and photodynamic therapy have been used for the treatment of anal fistula with success rates ranging from 20 to 92.6%. Anal warts can be treated with photodynamic therapy with or without YAG or CO2 laser with a success rate up to 88%. A few studies reported the use of laser in the treatment of chronic anal fissure and anal stenosis. The use of laser in the treatment of benign anal conditions is associated with promising outcomes. Laser was most assessed in hemorrhoidal disease and anal fistula and showed more consistent success rates with hemorrhoidal disease than with anal fistula. Preliminary reports assessed the outcome of laser treatment in other conditions as anal fissure and warts with acceptable outcomes.

Interventional treatments for prolapsing haemorrhoids: network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Multiple treatments for early-moderate grade symptomatic haemorrhoids currently exist, each associated with their respective efficacy, complications, and risks. The aim of this study was to compare the relative clinical outcomes and effectiveness of interventional treatments for grade II-III haemorrhoids.

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA criteria for all the RCTs published between 1980 and 2020; manuscripts were identified using the MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL databases. Inclusion criteria were RCTs comparing procedural interventions for grade II-III haemorrhoids. Primary outcomes of interest were: symptom recurrence at a minimum follow-up of 6 weeks, postprocedural pain measured on a visual analogue scale (VAS) on day 1, and postprocedural complications (bleeding, urinary retention, and bowel incontinence). After bias assessment and heterogeneity analysis, a Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed.

RESULTS

Seventy-nine RCTs were identified, including 9232 patients. Fourteen different treatments were analysed in the network meta-analysis. Overall, there were 59 RCTs (73 per cent) judged as being at high risk of bias, and the greatest risk was in the domain measurement of outcome. Variable amounts of heterogeneity were detected in direct treatment comparisons, in particular for symptom recurrence and postprocedural pain. Recurrence of haemorrhoidal symptoms was reported by 54 studies, involving 7026 patients and 14 treatments. Closed haemorrhoidectomy had the lowest recurrence risk, followed by open haemorrhoidectomy, suture ligation with mucopexy, stapled haemorrhoidopexy, and Doppler-guided haemorrhoid artery ligation (DG-HAL) with mucopexy. Pain was reported in 34 studies involving 3812 patients and 11 treatments. Direct current electrotherapy, DG-HAL with mucopexy, and infrared coagulation yielded the lowest pain scores. Postprocedural bleeding was recorded in 46 studies involving 5696 patients and 14 treatments. Open haemorrhoidectomy had the greatest risk of postprocedural bleeding, followed by stapled haemorrhoidopexy and closed haemorrhoidectomy. Urinary retention was reported in 30 studies comparing 10 treatments involving 3116 participants. Open haemorrhoidectomy and stapled haemorrhoidopexy had significantly higher odds of urinary retention than rubber band ligation and DG-HAL with mucopexy. Nine studies reported bowel incontinence comparing five treatments involving 1269 participants. Open haemorrhoidectomy and stapled haemorrhoidopexy had the highest probability of bowel incontinence.

CONCLUSION

Open and closed haemorrhoidectomy, and stapled haemorrhoidopexy were associated with worse pain, and more postprocedural bleeding, urinary retention, and bowel incontinence, but had the lowest rates of symptom recurrence. The risks and benefits of each treatment should be discussed with patients before a decision is made.

Postoperative discomfort and pain in the management of hemorrhoidal disease: laser hemorrhoidoplasty, a minimal invasive treatment of symptomatic hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoidal disease (HD) treatment still remains controversial. In fact, despite many surgical progresses, postoperative pain, and discomfort remain the major weaknesses. Laser hemorrhoidoplasty (LHP) is a minimal invasive procedure for HD treatment determining the shrinkage of the hemorrhoidal piles by diode laser. The aim of the current study is to analyze the feasibility and efficacy of LHP in patients with II-III degrees hemorrhoids. Consecutive patients with II-III degree hemorrhoids were enrolled in the study and underwent an LHP treatment using a 1470-nm diode laser. Operative time, postoperative pain and complications, resolution of symptoms, and length of return to daily activity were prospectively evaluated. Recurrence of prolapsed hemorrhoid or symptoms at a minimum follow-up of 6 months was evaluated. Fifty patients (28 males and 22 females) were enrolled in the study. No significant intraoperative complications occurred. Postoperative pain score (at 12, 18, and 24 h postoperatively), evaluated through visual analogue scale, was extremely low (mean value 2). No postoperative spontaneous bleeding occurred. The 100% of our population came back to daily activity 2 days after surgery. At a mean follow-up period of 8.6 months, we reported a recurrence rate of 0%. LHP demonstrated a large efficacy in selected patients. The greatest strength points were low postoperative pain, the presence of slightly significant peri-anal wounds, no special anal hygienic measures and low surgical time. Thus, resulting in a negligible postoperative discomfort, LHP could be considered a painless and minimal invasive technique in the treatment of HD.

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Laser Intra-Hemorrhoidal Coagulation and Milligan-Morgan Hemorrhoidectomy

PURPOSE

To compare laser intra-hemorrhoidal coagulation with Milligan-Morgan (MM) hemorrhoidectomy.

METHOD

Patients with symptomatic grade II or III internal hemorrhoids according to the Goligher's classification (refractory to medical treatment) were enrolled in this double-blinded randomized controlled trial study. In the laser group, hemorrhoidal columns were coagulated using a 980-nanometer (nm) radial laser emitting fiber (three, 15-W pulses of 1.2 s each, with 0.6-s intervals). Operative time, postoperative pain and complications, and recovery or resolution of symptoms were measured. Patients were followed up for at least one year for evaluating healing, resolution of symptoms, and late complications.

RESULTS

Postoperative pain scores (at 12, 18, and 24 hr after surgery) were significantly lower in the laser group compared with the MM group (p <.01). The operative time and intra-operative blood loss were more in the MM group (p <.001). The administration of analgesics was significantly reduced in the laser group (p <.05). Two patients in the laser group were presented with thrombosis of external hemorrhoid 7-10 days after the procedure, which was resolved with medical treatment, but no patients in the MM group developed hemorrhoidal thrombosis (p >.05). One-year follow-up showed comparable results in terms of the resolution of symptoms and sustainable cure.

CONCLUSIONS

Intra-hemorrhoidal coagulation with 980-nm diode laser reduces postoperative pain, intra-operative bleeding, and administered analgesics with a comparable resolution rate of hemorrhoid symptoms. However, for the patients who experience complications, such as hemorrhoidal thrombosis, the overall pain may be equivalent to or even worse than conventional hemorrhoidectomy.

Systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing clinical outcomes and effectiveness of surgical treatments for haemorrhoids

BACKGROUND

The aim was to compare the clinical outcomes and effectiveness of surgical treatments for haemorrhoids.

METHODS

Randomized clinical trials were identified by means of a systematic review. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method in WinBUGS.

RESULTS

Ninety-eight trials were included with 7827 participants and 11 surgical treatments for grade III and IV haemorrhoids. Open, closed and radiofrequency haemorrhoidectomies resulted in significantly more postoperative complications than transanal haemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD), LigaSure™ and Harmonic® haemorrhoidectomies. THD had significantly less postoperative bleeding than open and stapled procedures, and resulted in significantly fewer emergency reoperations than open, closed, stapled and LigaSure™ haemorrhoidectomies. Open and closed haemorrhoidectomies resulted in more pain on postoperative day 1 than stapled, THD, LigaSure™ and Harmonic® procedures. After stapled, LigaSure™ and Harmonic® haemorrhoidectomies patients resumed normal daily activities earlier than after open and closed procedures. THD provided the earliest time to first bowel movement. The stapled and THD groups had significantly higher haemorrhoid recurrence rates than the open, closed and LigaSure™ groups. Recurrence of haemorrhoidal symptoms was more common after stapled haemorrhoidectomy than after open and LigaSure™ operations. No significant difference was identified between treatments for anal stenosis, incontinence and perianal skin tags.

CONCLUSION

Open and closed haemorrhoidectomies resulted in more postoperative complications and slower recovery, but fewer haemorrhoid recurrences. THD and stapled haemorrhoidectomies were associated with decreased postoperative pain and faster recovery, but higher recurrence rates. The advantages and disadvantages of each surgical treatment should be discussed with the patient before surgery to allow an informed decision to be made.

Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids: a critical appraisal of the current options

INTRODUCTION

Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids is still a dilemma. New techniques have been developed leading to a lower rate of postoperative pain; however, they are associated with a greater likelihood of recurrence.

AIM

To review current indications as well as the results and complications of the main techniques currently used in the surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease.

METHODS

A systematic search of the published data on the options for treatment of hemorrhoids up to December 2012 was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Cochrane, and UpToDate.

RESULTS

Currently available surgical treatment options include procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH), transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization (THD), and conventional hemorrhoidectomy techniques. Excisional techniques showed similar results regarding pain, time to return to normal activities, and complication rates. PPH and THD were associated with less postoperative pain and lower complication rates; however, both had higher postoperative recurrence rates.

CONCLUSION

Conventional surgical techniques yield better long-term results. Despite good results in the immediate postoperative period, PPH and THD have not shown consistent long-term favorable results.

Recent advances in the management of hemorrhoids

Hemorrhoids are considered one of the most common anorectal diseases with a prevalence of 4.4% up to 36.4% of the general population, and a peak incidence between 45 and 65 years. Hemorrhoidal disease presents with a prolapsed lump, painless bleeding, discomfort, discharge, hygiene problems, soiling, and pruritus. Sliding anal canal lining theory is the most accepted theory as a cause of hemorrhoidal disease; however, it is also associated with hyper-vascularity, and, recently, with several enzymes or mediators involved in the disintegration of the tissues supporting the anal cushions, such as matrix metalloproteinase. A comprehensive search in published English-language literature till 2013 involving hemorrhoids was performed to construct this review article, which discusses advances in the management of hemorrhoids. This includes conservative treatment (life style modification, oral medications, and topical treatment), office procedures (rubber band ligation, injection sclerotherapy, infrared and radiofrequency coagulation, bipolar diathermy and direct-current electrotherapy, cryosurgery, and laser therapy), as well as surgical procedures including diathermy hemorrhoidectomy, LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy, Harmonic scalpel hemorrhoidectomy, hemorrhoidal artery ligation, stapled hemorrhoidopexy (SH), and double SH. Results, merits and demerits of the different modalities of treatment of hemorrhoids are presented, in addition to the cost of the recent innovations.

Hemorrhoids and fistulas: new solutions to old problems

Symptoms thought related to hemorrhoids must be carefully considered before intervention. The first line of therapy for any hemorrhoidal complaint remains conservative management with increased fluid and fiber intake and appropriate modification of toileting behavior. Bleeding in grades 1 and 2 hemorrhoids that does not respond to this can be satisfactorily and safely managed with office-based therapies; some grade 3 hemorrhoids would also respond to this, though more treatment sessions would likely be required. Operative therapy is the best choice for management of persistently symptomatic grade 2 disease and for grades 3 and 4 symptomatic hemorrhoids as well. With proper patient selection and preparation, along with a familiarity with instrumentation and techniques, good results can be obtained with newer operative interventions for internal hemorrhoids. Outcomes must always be compared with those obtained with classic excisional hemorrhoidectomy.

Haemorrhoidectomy with Ligasure vs conventional excisional techniques: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

OBJECTIVE

To compare the use of LigaSure devices with conventional excisional techniques, circular stapling and use of Harmonic Scalpel in patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids and to review literature on LigaSure technology (Valleylab Inc. USA).

METHOD

A literature review was performed using the National Library of Medicine's Pubmed Database using the keywords Ligasure, haemorrhoidectomy, vessel sealing technology. Randomized trials comparing LigaSure with other techniques of excisional haemorrhoidectomy with valid end points were reviewed in the present article and included in a quantitative meta-analysis.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in the proportion of patients cured after Ligasure haemorrhoidectomy or other excisional techniques (P > 0.05). Patients treated with LigaSure had a significantly shorter operative time (P < 0.001), postoperative pain VAS Score (P < 0.001), wound healing time and time-off from work (P < 0.001), than the patients submitted to excisional techniques. Postoperative bleeding did not significantly differ between the two groups (P = 0.056); however, the surgeons observed a reduction of intra- and postoperative bleeding using LigaSure. In comparison to the circular stapler and Harmonic Scalpel the authors found similar postoperative outcomes and a slightly favourable trend for LigaSure regarding postoperative complications, ease of handling and length of the procedure.

CONCLUSION

Our meta-analysis shows that Ligasure haemorrhoidectomy is a fast procedure characterized by limited postoperative pain, short hospitalization, fast wound healing and convalescence.

A new method for hemorrhoid surgery: intrahemorrhoidal diode laser, does it work?

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to describe the clinical results of intrahemorrhoidal application of a diode laser.

BACKGROUND DATA

Hemorrhoids are a common source of pain, and no surgical technique achieves a painless outcome. Endovascular laser therapy for varicose veins as described in an experimental study is a method that could be used in the treatment of hemorrhoids, but there are few clinical trials described in the literature.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifteen patients with second and third degree hemorrhoids underwent intrahemorrhoidal laser therapy. After the piles were identified, a fiber was introduced into each and it was irradiated with laser energy (810 nm, 5 W, frequency of 5 Hz, energy density of 19 J/cm(2), total energy of 4-10 J).

RESULTS

The piles were immediately partially reduced, and clinical examination 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after surgery showed complete healing in nine patients (60.4%) and partial resolution in five patients (33%). In one patient (6.6%) the treatment failed. Mean pain intensity throughout the study period, measured by a visual analog scale (0-10), was 0.84 +/- 1.13 (mean +/- SD). Major complications were burn lesions (n = 4) and residual plicoma (skin tag) (n = 5). Ten control patients underwent an open "cold scalpel" hemorrhoidectomy. Their pain intensity was 1.78 +/- 0.68 (mean +/- SD). There was a significant statistical difference (p = 0.018) between groups.

CONCLUSION

The diode laser energy delivered into small to median hemorrhoidal piles caused little pain and led to a partial to complete resolution within a short time compared to open hemorrhoidectomy. Some adjustments must be made to prevent burning lesions and residual plicoma. Although it is not a good method for big piles, this technique opens new possibilities for surgical treatment of hemorrhoidal disease.

The management of haemorrhoids

Haemorrhoidal disease is common, but there is still no consensus on optimal treatment. The most appropriate treatment is tailored to the individual patient. This article defines and classifies haemorrhoids, reviewing the efficacy of current treatments including the latest techniques.

Randomized clinical trial of LigaSure and conventional diathermy haemorrhoidectomy

BACKGROUND

The aim of this randomized prospective trial was to compare LigaSure and conventional diathermy haemorrhoidectomy.

METHODS

Two hundred and eighty-four patients with grade III or IV haemorrhoids were randomized to LigaSure or diathermy (Milligan-Morgan) haemorrhoidectomy as a day-case procedure. Operating time, postoperative pain score, hospital stay, postoperative complications, wound healing time and time to return to normal activities were assessed. Thirty-four patients were lost to follow-up.

RESULTS

The mean operating time for LigaSure haemorrhoidectomy was significantly shorter than that for diathermy (P = 0.011). Patients treated with LigaSure had significantly less postoperative pain (measured on a visual analogue scale; P = 0.010), a shorter wound healing time (defined as time to absence of swelling; P = 0.012) and less time off work (P = 0.010) than patients who had diathermy. Neither postoperative complications nor mean hospital stay (day-case surgery) were significantly different.

CONCLUSION

LigaSure haemorrhoidectomy demonstrates simplicity, reproducibility, a low complication rate, fast wound healing, a quick return to work and reduced postoperative pain.

[The surgical treatment of hemorrhoids]

Surgery is the most effective treatment in patients with symptomatic grade III-IV hemorrhoids who have not responded to outpatient treatment, when there is associated abnormalities (anal fissure, anal fistula, skin tags) and in thrombosed hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoidectomy is currently the "gold standard" treatment. Randomized controlled trials comparing open with closed hemorrhoidectomy show no significant differences in pain scores. Stapled hemorrhoidectomy produces less postoperative pain than hemorrhoidectomy but is less effective in terms of symptom control. No treatment is superior to others in reducing postoperative pain except the use of drugs and anesthetic techniques. In patients with prolapsed internal hemorrhoids and thrombosed hemorrhoids, treatment may initially consist of an urgent hemorrhoidectomy with the same results as those obtained with elective surgery.

Stapled haemorrhoidopexy for prolapsed haemorrhoids: short- and long-term experience

OBJECTIVE

In prolapsed haemorrhoids, there is a permanent outward displacement of the mucosa of the anal canal, often involving the rectal mucosa. On this background, Longo set up a technique in 1998 to reduce haemorrhoidal prolapse, using a circular stapler. The aim of this study is to report our 7 years of experience on patients treated using this new surgical technique for haemorrhoids.

METHODS

Between October 1998 and June 2005, 496 patients were treated by stapled haemorrhoidopexy. We analysed data from 300 of these patients in whom follow-up was longer than 12 months.

RESULTS

The duration of the procedure ranged from 12 to 45 minutes. In 184 patients (37%), haemostatic stitches of the suture line were necessary after firing the stapler. Pain score (visual analogue scale, 1-10) after 24 hours ranged from 2 to 4 and after 5 days from 1 to 3. The average length of hospital stay was 2.3 days. Long-term results showed that only 9% of patients required further treatment after long follow-up, while 10.1% complained of some discomfort or residual symptoms in the perianal region.

CONCLUSION

Our short- and long-term results show that stapled haemorrhoidopexy for haemorrhoids is a safe procedure with less pain and lower complication rate compared to conventional haemorrhoidectomy.

Surgical treatment of haemorrhoidal disease with CO2 laser and Milligan-Morgan cold scalpel technique

OBJECTIVE

To prospectively compare immediate postoperative results of the surgical treatment of haemorrhoidal disease (HD) by Milligan-Morgan technique using either the CO(2) laser or cold scalpel.

METHODS

Forty patients with grade III/IV HD were prospectively randomized to undergo surgical treatment (Milligan-Morgan) using either the CO(2) laser (group A) or the cold scalpel method (group B). Data were compared regarding postoperative pain, complications, healing time, return to normal activity and patient satisfaction. Patients were blinded to treatment method until the completion of the study. Postoperative outcomes were assessed by patient questionnaire and outpatient follow-up visits. Pain was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale and analgesic consumption.

RESULTS

Twenty patients were randomized into each group and were comparable relative to mean age, gender and grade of HD. There were no statistically significant differences regarding postoperative pain measured (P =0.17) or consumption of oral (P = 0.741) and parenteral analgesics (P = 0.18) between the two groups. Mean pain score at the first bowel movement was significantly higher in group A (P = 0.035), although the use of analgesics was similar in both the groups. There were no differences regarding complications, mean healing time, return to normal activities and patient satisfaction.

CONCLUSION

There were no differences in the immediate results after Milligan-Morgan haemorrhoidectomy using either the CO(2) laser or cold scalpel regarding postoperative pain, complications, healing time, return to normal activities or patient satisfaction.

Hemorroidectomia: estudo de 2.417 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia para tratamento da doença hemorroidária

Em 34.000 pacientes coloproctológicos foi feito o diagnóstico de DH, como doença coloproctológica principal, em 9.289 pacientes (27,3%), dos quais 2.417 (26,0%) foram submetidos à hemorroidectomia. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar estes 2.417 pacientes submetidos à hemorroidectomia, com análise dos aspectos epidemiológicos (idades, sexos), dos aspectos envolvendo a cirurgia (posições do pacientes, anestesias usadas e técnicas cirúrgicas praticadas e complicações cirúrgicas), comparando os achados com os da literatura correlata. Dos 2.417 pacientes operados a maioria apresentava hemorróidas de terceiro (30,5%) e de quarto (60,2%). Predominou, de forma estatisticamente significativa, a incidência de DH entre mulheres (5.007 mulheres, 53,9%) sobre homens (4.282 homens, 46,1%), bem como de cirurgias (1.330 mulheres ou 26,6% de 9.289 portadores de DH ou 55,0% dos 2.417 operados). A média etária dos pacientes por ocasião do diagnóstico foi 39,9 anos, sendo 74,8% entre 21 e 50 anos de idade; e a média etária por ocasião da cirurgia foi 41,6 anos, sendo 71,8% entre 21 e 50 anos de idade. Foram encontradas, por ocasião do diagnóstico da DH 1.122 casos (12,1%) de doenças anais concomitantes, sobretudo fissuras anais (5,8%) e hipertrofia de papilas anais (3,4%). A incidência de DAC operadas foi de 30,1% (729 pacientes), sendo a fissurectomia (13,1%) e a papilectomia (11,0%) as duas DAC mais comumente operadas em concomitância à DH. Dos 2.417 pacientes operados de DH 45 pacientes (1,9%) foram operados de outras doenças que não no ânus, sobretudo plástica de períneo e varizes de membros inferiores, tendo, ainda, 26 pacientes (2,0%) sido operados em situações patológicas e fisiológicas especiais, sobretudo gravidez (8 casos, 0,3%). A anestesia mais usada foi a peridural (42,3%) e a local associada à analgesia (34,9%); as posições na mesa cirúrgica mais usadas foram o decúbito lateral esquerdo de Sims (58,4%) e "em canivete" (40,1%); e a técnica cirúrgica mais usada foi a técnica aberta (Milligan-Morgan) (2.014 casos, 83,3%). Foram observadas 76 complicações (3,1%), sobretudo estenoses anais (40 casos, 1,8%) e hemorragia anal (21 casos, 0,9%).

Stapled hemorrhoidopexy: the argument for usage

Stapled hemorrhoidopexy is a new procedure for the treatment of symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Experience and prospective trials are helping to define this procedure's role. Published data confirm that stapled hemorrhoidopexy offers similar control of symptoms with the benefits of reduced postoperative pain when compared with excisional techniques. Reduction in pain is the most significant benefit of this operation. Clearly, the cost of the stapling device exceeds the cost of the sutures required to perform an excisional hemorrhoidectomy. Patients should undergo medical therapy and rubber band ligation first; however, patients being considered for excisional hemorrhoidectomy should be offered stapled hemorrhoidectomy as a less painful alternative.

Surgical treatment of hemorrhoids: prospective, randomized trial comparing closed excisional hemorrhoidectomy and the Harmonic Scalpel technique of excisional hemorrhoidectomy

PURPOSE

The object of this study was to evaluate technique using the ultrasonically activated scalpel as an alternative to closed hemorrhoidectomy in an unbiased evaluation of this new technology.

METHODS

Thirty patients with Grade 2 or 3 symptomatic hemorrhoids were prospectively randomized to undergo closed hemorrhoidectomy assisted by electrocautery or hemorrhoidectomy with the ultrasonically activated scalpel, i.e., the Harmonic Scalpel. We evaluated the difference between techniques in operative time, postoperative pain, incontinence, and quality of life (using the Short Form-36 survey), as well as complications.

RESULTS

Mean operative time for closed hemorrhoidectomy with electrocautery was 35.7 +/- 3 minutes; for Harmonic Scalpel patients, it was 31.7 +/- 2 minutes (P < 0.37). There was no statistical difference in operative time for two- or three-column hemorrhoidectomy. There was no significant difference in pain measurements reported on Day 1 (5.8 +/- 0.4 for electrocautery and 5.6 +/- 0.6 for Harmonic Scalpel, P < 0.82). On postoperative Day 7, the difference in pain between groups approached significance, with pain reported as 3.7 +/- 0.3 for electrocautery and 5.1 +/- 0.7 for Harmonic Scalpel(R) (P < 0.06). At six weeks, both groups were pain free. There was a significant decrease in pain between postoperative Days 1 and 7 in the electrocautery patients that was not seen in the Harmonic Scalpel patients. Incontinence measured preoperatively, at postoperative Day 7, and at postoperative Week 6 was similar for both groups and reflected occasional incontinence of gas. When the various items of the Short Form-36 survey were compared, there was no significant difference between posttreatment and preoperative values. There was no difference in the number of complications between patient groups.

CONCLUSION

Although the Harmonic Scalpel is an effective tool in the treatment of hemorrhoidal disease, we found no specific advantage in postoperative pain, fecal incontinence, operative time, quality of life, or complications compared with traditional closed hemorrhoidectomy.

Prospective, randomized trial comparing diathermy and Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to compare diathermy and Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy.

METHODS

Fifty consecutive patients were randomly assigned to 2 groups: Group 1 (diathermy) and Group 2 (Harmonic Scalpel).

RESULTS

The median duration of surgery was 10 minutes for both groups. The median number of pethidine injections used for both groups was zero. The median number of oral analgesic tablets taken was 13 by Group 1 and 14 by Group 2 patients. The median number of tubes of lidocaine jelly used was two by Group 1 and three by Group 2. There was no statistical difference between pain scores recorded by both groups. Five patients in Group 1 developed posthemorrhoidectomy bleed vs. one patient in Group 2 (P = NS).

CONCLUSION

Hemorrhoidectomy by Harmonic Scalpel is comparable to diathermy hemorrhoidectomy in terms of postoperative pain and complications.

Harmonic Scalpel vs. electrocautery hemorrhoidectomy: a prospective evaluation

INTRODUCTION

Management of posthemorrhoidectomy pain remains a very unsatisfactory clinical dilemma. Compared with electrocautery and laser, the Harmonic Scalpel causes minimal lateral thermal injury during tissue dissection.

PURPOSE

The aim of the study was to establish whether decreased lateral thermal injury translated into diminished posthemorrhoidectomy pain.

METHODS

A prospective randomized trial comparing Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy and electrocautery was undertaken. Fifty consecutive patients were randomized into two groups: Harmonic Scalpels and electrocautery hemorrhoidectomy. The indications included Grade III internal hemorrhoids with external components or Grade IV disease. Patients with additional anorectal pathology (fissure or fistula) were excluded, as were patients with neurologic deficits, chronic pain syndrome, and those already taking narcotic analgesics. Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale preoperatively and on postoperative Days 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28. Twenty-four-hour narcotic usage (Hydrocodone, 10 mg) was recorded on postoperative Days 1, 2, 7, 14, and 28. A three-quadrant modified Ferguson hemorrhoidectomy was performed with each patient in the prone jackknife position.

RESULTS

Pain in the Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy group was significantly less than in electrocautery patients on each postoperative day studied. Analgesic requirements were also significantly less in the Harmonic Scalpel group on Days 1, 2, 7, and 14. There was no correlation between postoperative pain and grade of hemorrhoid, status of the surgical incision (open vs. closed), or any other study variable. Fifty-five percent of Harmonic Scalpel patients returned to work within one week of surgery, compared with 23 percent of electrocautery patients.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrates significantly reduced postoperative pain after Harmonic Scalpel hemorrhoidectomy compared with electrocautery controls. The diminished postoperative pain in the Harmonic Scalpel group likely results from the avoidance of lateral thermal injury.

Evidence-based practice in haemorrhoidectomy

OBJECTIVE

Haemorrhoidectomy has proven long-term efficacy in the treatment of haemorrhoids, albeit at the price of increased pain and complications compared with other modalities. This study reviews the literature and describes best practice in the surgical treatment of haemorrhoids.

METHODS

A Medline search was conducted using the keywords haemorrhoids or haemorrhoidectomy to identify clinical trials comparing different surgical treatments for haemorrhoids.

RESULTS

Many studies were small and follow up was often short-term only. Surrogate measures such as post-operative pain scores and changes in anorectal physiology were commonly assessed in preference to efficacy in symptom reduction. Haemorrhoidectomy may be safely performed under general, local or regional anaesthesia according to patient fitness and local practice. Results of randomized controlled trials indicate that there open and closed techniques of haemorrhoidectomy are equivalent. There is no evidence to support the practice of laser haemorrhoidectomy. Diathermy haemorrhoidectomy achieves good haemostasis and permits an anal dressing to be omitted, but is not superior to conventional techniques. The use of preoperative lactulose and post-operative oral metronidazole is supported by randomized controlled trials.

CONCLUSION

Haemorrhoidectomy is currently the most effective treatment for prolapsing haemorrhoids. There is little evidence to support the use of one surgical technique over another. With attention to detail and adjuncts to reduce post-operative pain, haemorrhoidectomy may be performed as day surgery.

350 ambulatory hemorrhoidectomies using a scanner coupled to a CO2 laser

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to investigate how a scanner device would improve the outcome of laser hemorrhoidectomy regarding pain, healing, secretion, and hemostasis.

BACKGROUND DATA

The technology of the laser has been applied since the 1960s in several clinical and surgical specialties. The inherent advantages, due to the biological characteristics of this instrument are: (1) it does not affect the neighborning tissues, (2) it is hemostatic, (3) it favors healing, (4) it is bactericidal, and (5) it presents less postoperative pain. Several authors have questioned these supposed advantages. After scanners were introduced, better results were accomplished, including in proctological surgery.

METHODS

A total of 350 patients, consecutively, went through a laser hemorrhoidectomy using a CO2 laser coupled to a scanner device in a 3-year period. Patients were monitored for pain, healing, bleeding, and local secretion for up to 36 months.

RESULTS

Almost 13% of the patients required bondage of arteries during the operation; 96% used analgesics for up to 3 days; and 5 patients (1.42%) complained of strong pain for several days. Only 2 patients (0.6%) reported intense pain for more than 7 days. All patients presented complete healing between the 30th and the 40th POD. In the 90th POD tissue regeneration appeared healthy. The immediate complications included 2 cases of nipple hemorrhage that demanded a review. Stenosis occurred in 4 patients. Residual "plicoma" was often present with the laser technique (20%). Return to work, regardless of its nature, was an average, on the 3rd postoperative day.

CONCLUSIONS

Our evaluation of the results led to the conclusion that the scanner coupled to the CO2 laser was fundamental for better postoperative outcome in our patients, at least compared to other laser techniques.

Circumferential mucosectomy (stapled haemorrhoidectomy) versus conventional haemorrhoidectomy: randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Haemorrhoidectomy is commonly an inpatient procedure because it is frequently associated with postoperative pain. Day case haemorrhoidectomy is a similar operation to that used on inpatients but with different strategies for managing postoperative pain. Circumferential mucosectomy (stapled haemorrhoidectomy) may be associated with less postoperative pain than conventional haemorrhoidectomy. We compared stapled haemorrhoidectomy with conventional haemorrhoidectomy in patients with third degree haemorrhoids.

METHODS

We randomly assigned 22 patients to conventional haemorrhoidectomy by the diathermy dissection or to stapled haemorrhoidectomy with the use of an intraluminal stapling device. Patients were discharged when free of pain, took co-codamol as required, completed visual analogue charts each day, and were assessed at 1 and 6 weeks postoperatively for symptom control.

FINDINGS

All patients received the assigned treatment. Mean inpatient stay was lower in the group assigned to stapled as opposed to conventional haemorrhoidectomy (1.09 [0.3] vs 2.82 [0.09] nights, p<0.001), experienced less pain overall (p=0.003), and returned to normal activities sooner (8.1 [1.53] vs 16.9 [2.33] days, p<0.005). Stapled haemorrhoidectomy controlled symptoms of prolapse, discharge and bleeding in all patients.

INTERPRETATION

Stapled haemorrhoidectomy is an effective treatment for third degree haemorrhoids with significant advantages for patients compared with conventional haemorrhoidectomy.

Hemorrhoids: what the dermatologist should know

Anorectal disorders are common and more than one half of the population will experience one at some time during their lives. It is important for the clinician to recognize the differences between internal and external hemorrhoids and other anorectal problems such as fissures, abscesses, fistulas, skin tags, and a variety of dermatologic conditions because the treatment is often different. This article will discuss the anatomy, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of internal and external hemorrhoids.

Day-case haemorrhoidectomy

BACKGROUND

Ligation excision haemorrhoidectomy is usually performed on an inpatient basis. This study was designed to assess the feasibility of day-case haemorrhoidectomy.

METHODS

Patients fulfilling criteria for day surgery underwent ligation excision haemorrhoidectomy with the intention of a same-day discharge from hospital. A standardized protocol for anaesthesia, perioperative analgesia and antiemesis was followed. Patients received daily home nursing visits until they felt both comfortable and confident. Staff recorded pain and nausea scores on a visual analogue scale (range 1-10) until the first bowel action. Patient satisfaction was assessed independently after operation.

RESULTS

Fifty-one patients underwent planned day-case haemorrhoidectomy. Forty-two (82 per cent) were discharged on the day of surgery. All patients were discharged within 26 h of surgery. Four patients required readmission, two with reactive bleeding, one with urinary retention and one for pain control. Pain and nausea were well controlled. Forty-four patients (86 per cent) were totally or very satisfied with their overall care.

CONCLUSION

Ligation excision haemorrhoidectomy can be performed successfully as a day-case procedure.

Effects of various laser wavelengths and energy levels on pig rectal submucosal tissue

This phase I animal study attempts to develop a nonexcisional method of treating hemorrhoidal varicosities submucosally using interstitial laser beam. Three laser wavelengths at four energy levels were applied interstitially to pig rectal submucosa to evaluate the effects on the vasculature, mucosa, and the muscle. As expected YAG laser caused a "cooking" of the tissue with necrosis and abscess formation. KTP laser was intermediate in its effect, causing less mucosal injury and muscle necrosis. Pulse dye laser had more specific effects on the vessels with little damage to the mucosa or muscle layers. Further studies using pulse laser are warranted as a possible nonexcisional interstitial treatment for hemorrhoids.

Ambulatory hemorrhoidectomy with CO2 laser

PURPOSE

This study was undertaken to evaluate ambulatory hemorrhoidectomy using the CO2 laser.

METHODS

Ninety consecutive patients (50 males, 40 females), 80 percent of whom had second or third degree hemorrhoids, had ambulatory hemorrhoidectomy performed with a CO2 laser in the left lateral Sims position under local anesthesia and intravenous sedation. Dissection was entirely performed with the CO2 laser using an open technique.

RESULTS

One patient with polycythemia vera was admitted subsequently for secondary hemorrhage. All but three patients had healed within four weeks. No long-term sequelae were encountered.

CONCLUSION

These results compare favorably with those obtained by others and show that ambulatory laser hemorrhoidectomy may simplify management in selected patients.

Comparison of hemorrhoidal treatment modalities. A meta-analysis

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to assess whether any method of hemorrhoid therapy has been shown to be superior in randomized, controlled trials.

METHOD

A meta-analysis was performed of all randomized, controlled trials assessing two or more treatment modalities for symptomatic hemorrhoids. Outcome variables included response to therapy, need for further therapy, complications, and pain.

RESULTS

A total of 18 trials were available for analysis. Hemorrhoidectomy was found to be significantly more effective than manual dilation of the anus (P = 0.0017), with less need for further therapy (P = 0.034), no significant difference in complications (P = 0.60), but significantly more pain (P < 0.0001). Patients undergoing hemorrhoidectomy had a better response to treatment than did patients treated with rubber band ligation (P = 0.001), although complications were greater (P = 0.02) as was pain (P < 0.0001). Rubber band ligation was better than sclerotherapy in response to treatment for all hemorrhoids (P = 0.005) as well as for hemorrhoids stratified by grade (Grades 1 to 2; P = 0.007; Grade 3 hemorrhoids, P = 0.042), with no difference in the complication rate (P = 0.35). Patients treated with sclerotherapy (P = 0.031) or infrared coagulation (P = 0.0014) were more likely to require further therapy than those treated with rubber band ligation, although pain was greater after rubber band ligation (P = 0.03 for sclerotherapy; P < 0.0001 for infrared coagulation).

CONCLUSION

Rubber band ligation is recommended as the initial mode of therapy for Grades 1 to 3 hemorrhoids. Although hemorrhoidectomy showed better response rates, it is associated with more complications and pain than rubber band ligation, thus should be reserved for patients who fail to respond to rubber band ligation.

CO2 laser haemorrhoidectomy--does it alter anorectal function or decrease pain compared to conventional haemorrhoidectomy?

Carbon dioxide (CO2) laser haemorrhoidectomy is feasible and safe provided it is used with care. It is associated with a reduced requirement for post-operative analgesia. The CO2 laser caused no significant alteration in anorectal physiology.

Hemorrhoids, fissures, and pruritus ani

The diagnosis and management of hemorrhoids, fissures, and pruritus ani probably accounts for more than 81% of the complaints centered on this part of the human anatomy. This brief treatise offers a safe and practical approach to the management of these three diseases.

Lasers in anorectal surgery

Laser technology has been applied widely in the treatment of hemorrhoids, condylomas, and anorectal neoplasms. It is claimed by its proponents to result in less pain, improved healing, and more rapid recovery as compared with conventional surgery. Laser therapy, however, is expensive and potentially dangerous, and advantages generally have not been substantiated by controlled clinical trials. The possible benefits and potential risks of laser treatment of anorectal disorders are examined.

Transdermal fentanyl improves management of postoperative hemorrhoidectomy pain

PURPOSE

Outpatient postoperative hemorrhoidectomy pain remains a difficult problem. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of transdermal fentanyl for analgesia following hemorrhoidectomy.

METHODS

Patients were prospectively randomized in a double-blind fashion to one of two groups, placebo or transdermal fentanyl. Forty-two patients were eligible for the study (placebo, 21; fentanyl, 17; 4 were excluded). A visual analog scale was used to evaluate postoperative pain (0 = no pain; 10 = worst pain).

RESULTS

Fewer patients in the fentanyl group (10/17) required postoperative parental narcotics than the placebo group (21/21) (P < 0.05 Fisher's exact test). The amount of narcotics consumed postoperatively was significantly less in the fentanyl group (97.05 mg of meperidine +/- 23.27) than in the placebo group (236.19 +/- 30.46) (P < .05 Student's t-test). Pain scores in the fentanyl group were significantly lower (less pain) than in the placebo group (P < 0.05 Kruskal-Wallis).

CONCLUSION

Results indicate that use of transdermal fentanyl provides an effective analgesic alternative that improves the transition to noninvasive outpatient pain management in the hemorrhoidectomy patient.