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Meller S, Al Khatri MSA, Alhammadi HK, Álvarez G, Alvergnat G, Alves LC, Callewaert C, Caraguel CGB, Carancci P, Chaber AL, Charalambous M, Desquilbet L, Ebbers H, Ebbers J, Grandjean D, Guest C, Guyot H, Hielm-Björkman A, Hopkins A, Kreienbrock L, Logan JG, Lorenzo H, Maia RDCC, Mancilla-Tapia JM, Mardones FO, Mutesa L, Nsanzimana S, Otto CM, Salgado-Caxito M, de los Santos F, da Silva JES, Schalke E, Schoneberg C, Soares AF, Twele F, Vidal-Martínez VM, Zapata A, Zimin-Veselkoff N, Volk HA. Expert considerations and consensus for using dogs to detect human SARS-CoV-2-infections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1015620. [PMID: 36569156 PMCID: PMC9773891 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1015620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | | | - Hamad Khatir Alhammadi
- International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillaume Alvergnat
- International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lêucio Câmara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Chris Callewaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles G. B. Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Paula Carancci
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, IMRB, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Grandjean
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claire Guest
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Guyot
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy Hopkins
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - James G. Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom
| | - Hector Lorenzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Fernando O. Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
- Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Esther Schalke
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Clara Schoneberg
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anísio Francisco Soares
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Victor Manuel Vidal-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ariel Zapata
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Zimin-Veselkoff
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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LaDue CA, Schulte BA. Pheromonal enrichment in the zoo: An empirical approach with Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Appl Anim Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Poldy J. Volatile Cues Influence Host-Choice in Arthropod Pests. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1984. [PMID: 33126768 PMCID: PMC7692281 DOI: 10.3390/ani10111984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many arthropod pests of humans and other animals select their preferred hosts by recognising volatile odour compounds contained in the hosts' 'volatilome'. Although there is prolific literature on chemical emissions from humans, published data on volatiles and vector attraction in other species are more sporadic. Despite several decades since the identification of a small number of critical volatiles underpinning specific host-vector relationships, synthetic chemicals or mixtures still largely fail to reproduce the attractiveness of natural hosts to their disease vectors. This review documents allelochemicals from non-human terrestrial animals and considers where challenges in collection and analysis have left shortfalls in animal volatilome research. A total of 1287 volatile organic compounds were identified from 141 species. Despite comparable diversity of entities in each compound class, no specific chemical is ubiquitous in all species reviewed, and over half are reported as unique to a single species. This review provides a rationale for future enquiries by highlighting research gaps, such as disregard for the contribution of breath volatiles to the whole animal volatilome and evaluating the role of allomones as vector deterrents. New opportunities to improve vector surveillance and disrupt disease transmission may be unveiled by understanding the host-associated stimuli that drive vector-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Poldy
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Health & Biosecurity, Black Mountain Laboratory, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Thompson CL, Bottenberg KN, Lantz AW, de Oliveira MAB, Melo LCO, Vinyard CJ. What smells? Developing in-field methods to characterize the chemical composition of wild mammalian scent cues. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:4691-4701. [PMID: 32551053 PMCID: PMC7297786 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory cues play an important role in mammalian biology, but have been challenging to assess in the field. Current methods pose problematic issues with sample storage and transportation, limiting our ability to connect chemical variation in scents with relevant ecological and behavioral contexts. Real-time, in-field analysis via portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has the potential to overcome these issues, but with trade-offs of reduced sensitivity and compound mass range. We field-tested the ability of portable GC-MS to support two representative applications of chemical ecology research with a wild arboreal primate, common marmoset monkeys (Callithrix jacchus). We developed methods to (a) evaluate the chemical composition of marmoset scent marks deposited at feeding sites and (b) characterize the scent profiles of exudates eaten by marmosets. We successfully collected marmoset scent marks across several canopy heights, with the portable GC-MS detecting known components of marmoset glandular secretions and differentiating these from in-field controls. Likewise, variation in the chemical profile of scent marks demonstrated a significant correlation with marmoset feeding behavior, indicating these scents' biological relevance. The portable GC-MS also delineated species-specific olfactory signatures of exudates fed on by marmosets. Despite the trade-offs, portable GC-MS represents a viable option for characterizing olfactory compounds used by wild mammals, yielding biologically relevant data. While the decision to adopt portable GC-MS will likely depend on site- and project-specific needs, our ability to conduct two example applications under relatively challenging field conditions bodes well for the versatility of in-field GC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L. Thompson
- Department of Biomedical SciencesGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMIUSA
| | | | - Andrew W. Lantz
- Department of ChemistryGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMIUSA
| | - Maria A. B. de Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia AnimalUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoRecifeBrazil
| | - Leonardo C. O. Melo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia AnimalUniversidade Federal Rural de PernambucoRecifeBrazil
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5
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LaDue CA, Goodwin TE, Schulte BA. Concentration-dependent chemosensory responses towards pheromones are influenced by receiver attributes in Asian elephants. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chase A. LaDue
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green KY USA
| | | | - Bruce A. Schulte
- Department of Biology; Western Kentucky University; Bowling Green KY USA
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6
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY, Bidusenko IA, Cherimichkina NA. Alkanethiol-promoted stereoselective radical rearrangement of 7-methylidene-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes to 2-acetyl-3,4-dihydropyrans. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428016070253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Rasmussen LE. Chemical communication: An integral part of functional Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) society. ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.1998.11682469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY, Bidusenko IA, Cherimichkina NA. Domino assembly of functionalized cyclopentenols from 1,5-diphenylpentane-1,5-dione and phenylacetylene in the KOH/DMSO suspension. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY, Bidusenko IA, Ushakov IA, Cherimichkina NA, Protsuk NI. Diastereoselective self-organization of acetylene and acetophenone molecules into 1-benzoyl-3-hydroxy-cyclopentene in the presence of potassium hydroxide. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428014080259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Schmidt EY, Bidusenko IA, Protsuk NI, Ushakov IA, Trofimov BA. Superbase-Promoted Selective Cascade Cyclization Reaction of 1,5-Diketones with Acetylenes to Methylene-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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11
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A versatile cryo-focussing flow switching gas chromatography inlet for trace analysis of intractable compounds. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1257:171-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Chemical Signals of Elephant Musth: Temporal Aspects of Microbially-Mediated Modifications. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:81-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10886-011-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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13
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Schmidt EY, Trofimov BA, Zorina NV, Mikhaleva AI, Ushakov IA, Skital'tseva EV, Kazheva ON, Alexandrov GG, Dyachenko OA. Synthesis of Functionalized 3,4-Dihydropyrans via Rearrangement of the Products of a One-Pot Diastereoselective Assembly of Ketones and Acetylene. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Trofimov BA, Schmidt EY, Ushakov IA, Mikhaleva AI, Zorina NV, Protsuk NI, Senotrusova EY, Skital'tseva EV, Kazheva ON, Alexandrov GG, Dyachenko OA. One-Pot Assembly of 7-Methylene-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octanes, Congeners of Frontalin, from Ketones and Acetylene. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200900853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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15
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Schulte BA, Freeman EW, Goodwin TE, Hollister-Smith J, Rasmussen LEL. Honest signalling through chemicals by elephants with applications for care and conservation. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2006.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Schuster C, Knollmueller M, Gaertner P. Chiral linker. Part 4: Diastereoselective addition of RZnX to α-keto esters using m-hydrobenzoin derived chiral auxiliaries in solution and on solid support and their application in the stereoselective synthesis of frontalin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetasy.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang DKW, Austin CC. Determination of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in ambient air: canister methodology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1099-120. [PMID: 16775705 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2005] [Revised: 03/31/2006] [Accepted: 04/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Canister methodology is applicable to 150 polar and nonpolar VOCs found in ambient air from parts-per-billion by volume (ppbv) to parts-per-million (ppmv) levels, and has been validated at parts-per-trillion (pptv) levels for a subset of these analytes. This article is a detailed review of techniques related to the collection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in evacuated Summa and fused-silica-lined canisters, and their analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Emphasis is placed on canister cleaning, VOC stability in canisters, sample dilution, water management, and VOC cryogenic and sorbent preconcentration methods. A wide range of VOC preconcentration and water management methods are identified from the literature, and their relative merits and disadvantages are discussed. Examples of difficulties that commonly arise when processing canister samples are illustrated, and solutions to these problems are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K W Wang
- Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, K1A 0H3, Canada.
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Greenwood DR, Comeskey D, Hunt MB, Rasmussen LEL. Chemical communication: chirality in elephant pheromones. Nature 2006; 438:1097-8. [PMID: 16371998 DOI: 10.1038/4381097a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Musth in male elephants is an annual period of heightened sexual activity and aggression that is linked to physical, sexual and social maturation. It is mediated by the release of chemical signals such as the pheromone frontalin, which exists in two chiral forms (molecular mirror images, or enantiomers). Here we show that enantiomers of frontalin are released by Asian elephants in a specific ratio that depends on the animal's age and stage of musth, and that different responses are elicited in male and female conspecifics when the ratio alters. This precise control of communication by molecular chirality offers insight into societal interactions in elephants, and may be useful in implementing new conservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Greenwood
- HortResearch, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92-169, Auckland, New Zealand
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Yang X, Luo S, Hua C, Zhai H. Efficient synthesis of beetle aggregation pheromone frontalin and its analogues. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2003.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Barkawi LS, Francke W, Blomquist GJ, Seybold SJ. Frontalin: De novo biosynthesis of an aggregation pheromone component by Dendroctonus spp. bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 33:773-788. [PMID: 12878224 DOI: 10.1016/s0965-1748(03)00069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The pheromone component, frontalin (1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane) is thought to be formed in Dendroctonus spp. bark beetles through the cyclization of oxygenated 6-methyl-6-hepten-2-one (6-MHO). Unlike many of the isoprenoid pheromone components of bark beetles, there is no obvious immediate host conifer precursor for 6-MHO or frontalin. To elucidate the biosynthetic pathway of frontalin, juvenile hormone-treated male Dendroctonus jeffreyi were injected separately with [1-(14)C]acetate, [2-(14)C]mevalonolactone, [1-(14)C]isopentenol, [1-(14)C]:[1-(3)H]isopentenol, and [4,5-(3)H]leucine. Subsequently volatiles were collected on Porapak Q from these males and abdominal tissues were extracted. Radio-HPLC analyses of extracts from males injected with each radiolabeled substrate showed that radioactivity from the injected precursors eluted in a peak with a retention time that matches that of unlabeled frontalin. In all cases, HPLC fractions containing radiolabel that eluted at the same time as a frontalin standard were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS to confirm the presence of frontalin. In a separate study, male D. jeffreyi were injected with [1-(13)C]acetate and an abdominal tissue extract from these insects was analyzed by tandem gas chromatography-isotope ratio monitoring-mass spectrometry (GC-IRM-MS), which unequivocally showed incorporation of (13)C into frontalin. Because mevalonate is the key intermediate in the isoprenoid pathway, its incorporation (as mevalonolactone) into frontalin provides compelling evidence that the biosynthesis of frontalin involves that pathway in some form. In the experiment with [1-(14)C]:[1-(3)H]isopentenol, there was no significant difference in the mean percentage incorporation of either radioisotope into frontalin. This supports the role of the classical isoprenoid pathway, as tritium would be lost if only a hybrid pathway were involved. Confirming that de novo synthesis may be general to all Dendroctonus spp., (14)C-acetate was also incorporated into frontalin by females of D. rufipennis and D. simplex. A radiolabeled precursor/pathway inhibitor study showed that the fatty acid synthase inhibitor, 2-octynoic acid, increased (although not significantly) the mass of frontalin produced and significantly increased the percentage incorporation of radioactivity from [1-(14)C]acetate into frontalin. This suggests that as fatty acid biosynthesis is blocked, an increased amount of acetate is funneled into frontalin production via the isoprenoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana S Barkawi
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108-6125, USA.
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Hayes RA, Richardson BJ, Claus SC, Wyllie SG. Semiochemicals and social signaling in the wild European rabbit in Australia: II. Variations in chemical composition of chin gland secretion across sampling sites. J Chem Ecol 2002; 28:2613-25. [PMID: 12564804 DOI: 10.1023/a:1021452623055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The volatile components of the chin gland secretion of the wild European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), were investigated with the use of gas chromatography. Studies of the chemical nature of this secretion by previous workers demonstrated that it was important in the maintenance of social structure in this species. This study identified 34 different volatile components that consist primarily of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Especially common are a series of alkyl-substituted benzene derivatives that provide most of the compound diversity in the secretion. Samples of chin gland secretion collected from animals at three different geographical locations, separated by more than 100 km, showed significant differences in composition. This work suggests that variation among populations needs to be considered when undertaking semiochemical research. Alternate nonparametric methods are also used for the analysis of chromatographic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Hayes
- Centre for Biostructural and Biomolecular Research, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, Locked bag 1797, Penrith South Delivery Centre, New South Wales 1797, Australia.
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Rasmussen LEL, Wittemyer G. Chemosignalling of musth by individual wild African elephants (Loxodonta africana): implications for conservation and management. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:853-60. [PMID: 11958718 PMCID: PMC1690966 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Elephants have extraordinary olfactory receptive equipment, yet this sensory system has been only minimally investigated in wild elephants. We present an in-depth study of urinary chemical signals emitted by individual, behaviourally characterized, wild male African elephants, investigating whether these compounds were the same, accentuated, or diminished in comparison with captive individuals. Remarkably, most emitted chemicals were similar in captive and wild elephants with an exception traced to drought-induced dietary cyanates among wild males. We observed developmental changes predominated by the transition from acids and esters emitted by young males to alcohols and ketones released by older males. We determined that the ketones (2-butanone, acetone and 2-pentanone, and 2-nonanone) were considerably elevated during early musth, musth and late musth, respectively, suggesting that males communicate their condition via these compounds. The similarity to compounds released during musth by Asian male elephants that evoke conspecific bioresponses suggests the existence of species-free 'musth' signals. Our innovative techniques, which allow the recognition of precise sexual and musth states of individual elephants, can be helpful to managers of both wild and captive elephants. Such sampling may allow the more accurate categorization of the social and reproductive status of individual male elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E L Rasmussen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OGI School of Science and Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 20 000 N.W. Walker Road, Beaverton, OR 97006-8921, USA.
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Chênevert R, Caron D. Chemoenzymatic enantioselective synthesis of (1S,5R)-(−)-frontalin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(02)00085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Male Asian elephants in musth--an annual period of heightened sexual activity and intensified aggression--broadcast odoriferous, behaviourally influential messages from secretions of the temporal gland. From our observations in the wild, together with instantaneous chemical sampling and captive-elephant playback experiments, we have discovered that young, socially immature males in musth signal their naivety by releasing honey-like odours to avoid conflict with adult males, whereas older musth males broadcast malodorous combinations to deter young males, facilitating the smooth functioning of male society. As elephant--human conflicts can upset this equilibrium, chemically modulating male behaviour may be one way to help the conservation of wild elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E L Rasmussen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, OGI School of Science and Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-8921, USA.
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Riddle HS, Riddle SW, Rasmussen L, Goodwin TE. First disclosure and preliminary investigation of a liquid released from the ears of African elephants. Zoo Biol 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1098-2361(2000)19:5<475::aid-zoo14>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Goodwin TE, Rasmussen EL, Guinn AC, McKelvey SS, Gunawardena R, Riddle SW, Riddle HS. African elephant sesquiterpenes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 1999; 62:1570-1572. [PMID: 10579877 DOI: 10.1021/np990191n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
GC-MS analysis of extracts from temporal gland secretions of an African elephant has revealed the presence of several farnesol-related sesquiterpenes. Among these are (E)-2, 3-dihydrofarnesol (3), a bumblebee pheromone not seen before in mammals, and a rare component of a Greek tobacco, drimane-8alpha, 11-diol (4), never observed before in an animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- T E Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, Conway, Arkansas 72032, USA.
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Rasmussen LE, Perrin TE. Physiological correlates of musth: lipid metabolites and chemical composition of exudates. Physiol Behav 1999; 67:539-49. [PMID: 10549891 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(99)00114-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Physiological changes related to lipid metabolism, behavior, and chemicals released in body exudates were studied during musth in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus, as a case study. During musth, changes in serum testosterone and triglyceride concentrations followed similar patterns, with the former increasing sooner than the latter. Deviant behavior increased during changing androgen levels. The observed high concentrations of testosterone were positively and significantly correlated with increased triglycerides. Lipase activity elevated significantly immediately before and after musth. Blood pH increased significantly in alkalinity. Urine and temporal gland secretions released variable amounts of compounds, some of which may be chemical signals. During musth, temporal gland and urinary exudates demonstrated increased acetone and other ketones indicative of lipid metabolic alterations. Large quantities of nonmethane hydrocarbons, especially 2-butanone, were released from the seemingly dry orifice of the temporal gland before the start of overt musth and before maximum blood elevations were observed; isoprene release was similar. However, maximal acetone levels occurred simultaneously in blood, temporal gland secretions, and urine. Metabolically, musth is a series of interwoven, changing stages of increasing and decreasing hormones and lipid-related constituents. Released chemicals can be quantitatively related to these internal physiological events; some observed behaviors appear to result from altered chemical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Rasmussen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oregon Graduate Institute of Science and Technology, Beaverton 97006-8921, USA.
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List B, Shabat D, Zhong G, Turner JM, Li A, Bui T, Anderson J, Lerner RA, Barbas CF. A Catalytic Enantioselective Route to Hydroxy-Substituted Quaternary Carbon Centers: Resolution of Tertiary Aldols with a Catalytic Antibody. J Am Chem Soc 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ja991507g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin List
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Doron Shabat
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Guofu Zhong
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - James M. Turner
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Anthony Li
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Tommy Bui
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - James Anderson
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Richard A. Lerner
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Carlos F. Barbas
- Contribution from The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant,Elephas maximus: behavioural and ecological influences. J Biosci 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02941206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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