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Tholen J, Grosse-Kleimann J, Schulze Althoff G, Kreienbrock L, Upmann M. Type, areal extent and localization of carcass contaminations during industrial pig slaughter. Meat Sci 2024; 208:109365. [PMID: 37939509 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study is to provide an up-to date overall evaluation of visual contamination occurring on the slaughter line in order to provide a basis for implementing contamination control measures and to the hygienic quality of the processes. For this purpose, 627 contaminated pig carcasses in an industrial slaughterhouse in north western Germany were examined in 2021 for its distribution of type, areal extent and localization of slaughter contamination. Prior to official meat inspection, two persons visually scanned dorsal and ventral surfaces of the eviscerated but not yet split pig carcasses from cranial to caudal and recorded types, areal extent and localization of the contamination. The main contamination type were intestinal contents, bile, stomach contents, tubular rail fat and "others", which mostly consisted of a reddish foam from the respiratory tract. 103 out of 627 contaminated animals showed more than one contamination, which leads to a total number of 754 contaminations detected. Intestinal contents accounted for almost half of all contaminations and "others" for 30%. Forelimb, back and ham together counted for 70% of the contaminated regions. The affected area was smaller than that of a one euro coin (diameter about 23 mm) in 86% of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tholen
- OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany.
| | - J Grosse-Kleimann
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - G Schulze Althoff
- Tönnies Lebensmittel GmbH & Co. KG, In der Mark 2, 33378 Rheda-Wiedenbrück, Germany
| | - L Kreienbrock
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Upmann
- OWL University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Campusallee 12, 32657 Lemgo, Germany
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2
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Heimann M, Hartmann M, Freise F, Kreienbrock L, Grosse Beilage E. Foot lesions and forelimb skin abrasions in suckling piglets: development and risk factors. Porcine Health Manag 2024; 10:1. [PMID: 38178228 PMCID: PMC10768078 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foot lesions in suckling piglets have been associated with poor flooring in several studies and were recently proposed to be indicative of swine inflammatory and necrosis syndrome. However, identical findings are also the typical outcome of various non-infectious causes; thus, further risk analysis is needed. The objective of this study was to describe the development of heel bruising, coronary band lesions and forelimb skin abrasion in suckling pigs up to 5 days of age. Furthermore, the effects of various intrinsic and extrinsic factors were examined. On each of four commercial piglet-producing farms, piglets from two or three batches of eight sows were studied. The piglets were included within 18 h after birth. Each piglet was individually scored four times. The score for the heels differentiated six (0-5) and for the coronary band and forelimb skin abrasion three stages (0-2). The body weight was measured two times. The effect of the floor was estimated by allocating the sows randomly to farrowing pens equipped with either soft rubber mats covered with litter or fully slatted plastic floors. RESULTS The final analysis comprised data from 1045 piglets. Foot lesions were not found at birth but started to develop on day 1. On day 5, heel bruising was found in 94%, main claw coronary band lesions in 49% and forelimb skin abrasion in 73% of the piglets. In a multifactorial logistic regression analysis, it was shown that a slatted plastic floor significantly increased the odds of heel bruising and coronary band lesions, while a rubber floor with litter increased the odds of forelimb skin abrasions. CONCLUSION Foot and forelimb lesions in new-born piglets are mainly induced by the floor. The effect of slatted plastic floors on heel bruising showed an overwhelming OR of 52.89 (CI 26.29-106.43). Notably, coronary band lesions in young suckling piglets occur on slatted as well as non-slatted floors, indicating that the piglets incur these injuries not only from the wedging of their feet into the gaps between slats but also from contact with the floor while suckling. Based on these findings, preventive measures should be redirected to the improvement of the floor in the farrowing pen, particularly in the area under the sow's udder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Heimann
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buescheler Str. 9, 49456, Bakum, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buenteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Buescheler Str. 9, 49456, Bakum, Germany.
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Fürstenberg R, Langkabel N, Grosse-Kleimann J, Kreienbrock L, Meemken D. Agar Contact Method as a Valuable Tool to Identify Slaughter Hygiene Deficiencies along the Slaughter Process by Longitudinally Sampling Pig Skin Surfaces. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2512. [PMID: 37894170 PMCID: PMC10609102 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Examinations of total viable counts (TVCs) and Salmonella spp. on the skin of individual pigs during the slaughter process are useful to identify abattoir-specific risk factors for (cross-)contamination. At seven process stages (lairage to before chilling), pigs were bacteriologically investigated by repeatedly sampling the same animals using the agar contact method. The mean TVC of all pigs increased significantly at the first three tested process stages (mean count, after delivery: 5.70 log cfu/cm2, after showering: 6.27 log cfu/cm2, after stunning: 6.48 log cfu/cm2). Significant mean TVC reductions occurred after scalding/dehairing (mean count: 3.71 log cfu/cm2), after singeing/flaming (2.70 log cfu/cm2), and after evisceration (2.44 log cfu/cm2) compared with the respective preceding process stages. At the end of the slaughter line and before chilling, the mean TVC was 2.33 log cfu/cm2, showing that the slaughter process reduced contamination significantly. The slaughter process effectively reduced even very high levels of incoming TVCs, since at the individual animal level, at the end of the slaughter process, there was no difference in the TVCs of animals with initially high and initially low TVCs. Additionally, 12 Salmonella spp. isolates were recovered from 12 different pigs, but only until the stage after scalding/dehairing. Overall, the agar contact method used is valuable for detecting hygiene deficiencies at slaughter, and is animal-equitable, practical, and suitable for use on live animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fürstenberg
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
| | - Nina Langkabel
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
| | - Julia Grosse-Kleimann
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Working Group Meat Hygiene, Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany; (R.F.)
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Meller S, Caraguel C, Twele F, Charalambous M, Schoneberg C, Chaber AL, Desquilbet L, Grandjean D, Mardones FO, Kreienbrock L, de la Rocque S, Volk HA. Canine olfactory detection of SARS-CoV-2-infected humans-a systematic review. Ann Epidemiol 2023; 85:68-85. [PMID: 37209927 PMCID: PMC10195768 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To complement conventional testing methods for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 infections, dogs' olfactory capability for true real-time detection has been investigated worldwide. Diseases produce specific scents in affected individuals via volatile organic compounds. This systematic review evaluates the current evidence for canine olfaction as a reliable coronavirus disease 2019 screening tool. METHODS Two independent study quality assessment tools were used: the QUADAS-2 tool for the evaluation of laboratory tests' diagnostic accuracy, designed for systematic reviews, and a general evaluation tool for canine detection studies, adapted to medical detection. Various study design, sample, dog, and olfactory training features were considered as potential confounding factors. RESULTS Twenty-seven studies from 15 countries were evaluated. Respectively, four and six studies had a low risk of bias and high quality: the four QUADAS-2 nonbiased studies resulted in ranges of 81%-97% sensitivity and 91%-100% specificity. The six high-quality studies, according to the general evaluation system, revealed ranges of 82%-97% sensitivity and 83%-100% specificity. The other studies contained high bias risks and applicability and/or quality concerns. CONCLUSIONS Standardization and certification procedures as used for canine explosives detection are needed for medical detection dogs for the optimal and structured usage of their undoubtful potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Charles Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; OIE Diagnostic Test Validation Science in the Asia-Pacific Region, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clara Schoneberg
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, IMRB, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Dominique Grandjean
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Fernando O Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Kann S, Mendoza GAC, Hartmann M, Frickmann H, Kreienbrock L. Chagas Disease: Medical and ECG Related Findings in an Indigenous Population in Colombia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:297. [PMID: 37368715 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8060297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas Disease (CD) is highly prevalent among the indigenous populations in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Villages examined show prevalence rates ranging from 43.6% up to 67.4%. In the present study, associated medical conditions were assessed with a particular focus on ECG alterations. CD diagnosis was based on a rapid test, two different ELISAs, and a specific and highly sensitive Chagas real-time PCR. In both CD positive and CD negative patients, relations of the status and medical (physical examination-based, questionnaire-based) and/or electrocardiogram-based findings were investigated. As expected, CD-associated symptoms and complaints were predominantly found in CD-positive patients. Interestingly, ECG-findings were found to show the potential of leading to early CD diagnosis because ECG alterations were already seen in early stagechanges of the disease. In conclusion, although the observed ECG changes are unspecific, they should be considered as an indicator for a CD screening and, in case of positive results, an associated early treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Werner G, Abu Sin M, Bahrs C, Brogden S, Feßler AT, Hagel S, Kaspar H, Köck R, Kreienbrock L, Krüger-Haker H, Maechler F, Noll I, Pletz MW, Tenhagen BA, Schwarz S, Walther B, Mielke M. [Therapy-relevant antibiotic resistances in a One Health context]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023:10.1007/s00103-023-03713-4. [PMID: 37184673 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03713-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
One Health refers to a concept that links human, animal, and environmental health. In Germany, there is extensive data on antibiotic resistance (AMR) and multidrug-resistant (micro)organisms (MDRO) in human and veterinary medicine, as well as from studies in various environmental compartments (soil, water, wastewater). All these activities are conducted according to different specifications and standards, which makes it difficult to compare data. A focus on AMR and MDRO of human therapeutic importance is helpful to provide some guidance. Most data are available across sectors on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multiresistant Enterobacterales such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here, the trends of resistance are heterogeneous. Antibiotic use leads to MRE selection, which is well documented. Success in minimizing antibiotic use has also been demonstrated in recent years in several sectors and could be correlated with success in containing AMR and MDRO (e.g., decrease in MRSA in human medicine). Sector-specific measures to reduce the burden of MDRO and AMR are also necessary, as not all resistance problems are linked to other sectors. Carbapenem resistance is still rare, but most apparent in human pathogens. Colistin resistance occurs in different sectors but shows different mechanisms in each. Resistance to antibiotics of last resort such as linezolid is rare in Germany, but shows a specific One Health correlation. Efforts to harmonize methods, for example in the field of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and genome-based pathogen and AMR surveillance, are an important first step towards a better comparability of the different data collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Werner
- Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Deutschland.
- Abt. Infektionskrankheiten, Fachgebiet Nosokomiale Infektionserreger und Antibiotikaresistenzen, Robert Koch-Institut, Außenstelle Wernigerode, Burgstr. 37, 38855, Wernigerode, Deutschland.
| | - Muna Abu Sin
- Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Consumption and Healthcare-Associated Infections, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Christina Bahrs
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Sandra Brogden
- Institut für Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Informationsverarbeitung, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung (TZR), Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Hagel
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Heike Kaspar
- Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Robin Köck
- Bereich Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Essen, Essen, Deutschland
- Institut für Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institut für Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Informationsverarbeitung, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Henrike Krüger-Haker
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung (TZR), Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Frederike Maechler
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Ines Noll
- Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance, Consumption and Healthcare-Associated Infections, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institut für Infektionsmedizin und Krankenhaushygiene, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Jena, Deutschland
| | - Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Fachbereich Epidemiologie, Zoonosen und Antibiotikaresistenz, Abteilung Biologische Sicherheit, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung BfR, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
- Tiermedizinisches Zentrum für Resistenzforschung (TZR), Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Birgit Walther
- Robert Koch Institut, Berlin, Deutschland
- Fachgebiet Mikrobiologische Risiken, Abteilung Umwelthygiene, Umweltbundesamt, Berlin, Deutschland
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Mohsin M, Farooq U, Hartmann M, Brogden S, Kreienbrock L, Stoffregen J. Case Study: Using a Shared International Database to Document Veterinary Consumption of Antibiotics in Pakistan. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020394. [PMID: 36830304 PMCID: PMC9952550 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a case study of Pakistan documenting the use of antimicrobial drugs in poultry flocks in the VetCAb-ID database. Unlike other databases, this system allows international users to upload their data directly. Based on expert interviews and a review of the latest publications on the topic, we provide an alternative approach to harmonizing data collection among countries. This paper will provide impetus to formulate joint requirement documentation for an AMU database on a global level that international users can adapt for their own purposes and projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashkoor Mohsin
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | | | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Brogden
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Stoffregen
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Meller S, Al Khatri MSA, Alhammadi HK, Álvarez G, Alvergnat G, Alves LC, Callewaert C, Caraguel CGB, Carancci P, Chaber AL, Charalambous M, Desquilbet L, Ebbers H, Ebbers J, Grandjean D, Guest C, Guyot H, Hielm-Björkman A, Hopkins A, Kreienbrock L, Logan JG, Lorenzo H, Maia RDCC, Mancilla-Tapia JM, Mardones FO, Mutesa L, Nsanzimana S, Otto CM, Salgado-Caxito M, de los Santos F, da Silva JES, Schalke E, Schoneberg C, Soares AF, Twele F, Vidal-Martínez VM, Zapata A, Zimin-Veselkoff N, Volk HA. Expert considerations and consensus for using dogs to detect human SARS-CoV-2-infections. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1015620. [PMID: 36569156 PMCID: PMC9773891 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1015620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany,*Correspondence: Sebastian Meller,
| | | | - Hamad Khatir Alhammadi
- International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Guadalupe Álvarez
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillaume Alvergnat
- International Operations Department, Ministry of Interior of the United Arab Emirates, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lêucio Câmara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Chris Callewaert
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles G. B. Caraguel
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Paula Carancci
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anne-Lise Chaber
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Marios Charalambous
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Loïc Desquilbet
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, IMRB, Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | | | - Dominique Grandjean
- École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Claire Guest
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Hugues Guyot
- Clinical Department of Production Animals, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health Research Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anna Hielm-Björkman
- Department of Equine and Small Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amy Hopkins
- Medical Detection Dogs, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - James G. Logan
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom,Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Dagenham, United Kingdom
| | - Hector Lorenzo
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Fernando O. Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center for Human Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda,Rwanda National Joint Task Force COVID-19, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Cynthia M. Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Marília Salgado-Caxito
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | - Esther Schalke
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Clara Schoneberg
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anísio Francisco Soares
- Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Victor Manuel Vidal-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Parasitología y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Unidad Mérida, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ariel Zapata
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Zimin-Veselkoff
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal and Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany,Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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Korytárová N, Kramer S, Schnepf A, Kreienbrock L, Volk HA. Rate of surgical site and urinary tract infections in dogs after cessation of antibiotics following spinal surgery. Vet Rec 2022; 192:e2340. [PMID: 36382900 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive use of antimicrobials and the increasing occurrence of antimicrobial resistance are major challenges in both human and veterinary medicine. The role of prophylactic antimicrobial therapy in orthopaedic and neurosurgeries in dogs can be questioned. The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate of surgical site infections (SSI) and urinary tract infections (UTI) in dogs after cessation of antibiotics following spinal surgery. METHODS Electronic patient records from January 2018 to December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed to identify dogs that underwent spinal surgery (n = 158). Antimicrobial drug use and the presence of SSI and UTI were recorded. RESULTS Overall, SSI developed in 1.3% of dogs that underwent spinal surgery, while UTI developed in 8.2%. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria were detected in 5.1% of dogs. The rates of SSI, UTI and MDR did not differ significantly between dogs that received postoperative antimicrobial therapy and those that did not. LIMITATIONS The main limitation of this study was its retrospective design. CONCLUSION Overall, the SSI rate in this study was low. Cessation of postoperative antimicrobial use in dogs following spinal surgery did not have a negative effect on either SSI development or the occurrence of UTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Korytárová
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Sabine Kramer
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Anne Schnepf
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
| | - Holger A. Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Hannover Germany
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10
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Bai T, Chen Y, Beck S, Stanelle-Bertram S, Mounogou NK, Chen T, Dong J, Schneider B, Jia T, Yang J, Wang L, Meinhardt A, Zapf A, Kreienbrock L, Wang D, Shu Y, Gabriel G. H7N9 avian influenza virus infection in men is associated with testosterone depletion. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6936. [PMID: 36376288 PMCID: PMC9662777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34500-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human infections with H7N9 avian influenza A virus that emerged in East China in 2013 and caused high morbidity rates were more frequently detected in men than in women over the last five epidemic waves. However, molecular markers associated with poor disease outcomes in men are still unknown. In this study, we systematically analysed sex hormone and cytokine levels in males and females with laboratory-confirmed H7N9 influenza in comparison to H7N9-negative control groups as well as laboratory-confirmed seasonal H1N1/H3N2 influenza cases (n = 369). Multivariable analyses reveal that H7N9-infected men present with considerably reduced testosterone levels associated with a poor outcome compared to non-infected controls. Regression analyses reveal that testosterone levels in H7N9-infected men are negatively associated with the levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and IL-15. To assess whether there is a causal relationship between low testosterone levels and avian H7N9 influenza infection, we used a mouse model. In male mice, we show that respiratory H7N9 infection leads to a high viral load and inflammatory cytokine response in the testes as well as a reduction in pre-infection plasma testosterone levels. Collectively, these findings suggest that monitoring sex hormone levels may support individualized management for patients with avian influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Bai
- Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany ,grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 P.R. China
| | - Yongkun Chen
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275 P.R. China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 P.R. China
| | - Sebastian Beck
- Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Tao Chen
- grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 P.R. China
| | - Jie Dong
- grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 P.R. China
| | - Bettina Schneider
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tingting Jia
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275 P.R. China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 P.R. China
| | - Lijie Wang
- grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 P.R. China
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University of Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484Institute for Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dayan Wang
- grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 P.R. China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- grid.198530.60000 0000 8803 2373Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 P.R. China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, 510275 P.R. China ,grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XSchool of Public Health (Shenzhen), Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, 518107 P.R. China ,grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany ,grid.412970.90000 0001 0126 6191Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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11
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ten Hagen NA, Twele F, Meller S, Wijnen L, Schulz C, Schoneberg C, Kreienbrock L, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Osterhaus A, Boeck AL, Boeck K, Bonda V, Pilchová V, Kaiser FK, Gonzalez Hernandez M, Ebbers H, Hinsenkamp J, Pink I, Drick N, Welte T, Manns MP, Illig T, Puyskens A, Nitsche A, Ernst C, Engels M, Schalke E, Volk HA. Canine real-time detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the context of a mass screening event. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:bmjgh-2022-010276. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPrevious research demonstrated that medical scent detection dogs have the ability to distinguish SARS-CoV-2 positive from negative samples with high diagnostic accuracy. To deploy these dogs as a reliable screening method, it is mandatory to examine if canines maintain their high diagnostic accuracy in real-life screening settings. We conducted a study to evaluate the performance of medical scent detection dogs under real-life circumstances.MethodsEight dogs were trained to detect SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR-positive samples. Four concerts with a total of 2802 participants were held to evaluate canines’ performance in screening individuals for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sweat samples were taken from all participants and presented in a line-up setting. In addition, every participant had been tested with a SARS-CoV-2 specific rapid antigen test and a RT-qPCR and they provided information regarding age, sex, vaccination status and medical disease history. The participants’ infection status was unknown at the time of canine testing. Safety measures such as mask wearing and distance keeping were ensured.ResultsThe SARS-CoV-2 detection dogs achieved a diagnostic specificity of 99.93% (95% CI 99.74% to 99.99%) and a sensitivity of 81.58% (95% CI 66.58% to 90.78%), respectively. The overall rate of concordant results was 99.68%. The majority of the study population was vaccinated with varying vaccines and vaccination schemes, while several participants had chronic diseases and were under chronic medication. This did not influence dogs’ decisions.ConclusionOur results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 scent detection dogs achieved high diagnostic accuracy in a real-life scenario. The vaccination status, previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, chronic disease and medication of the participants did not influence the performance of the dogs in detecting the acute infection. This indicates that dogs provide a fast and reliable screening option for public events in which high-throughput screening is required.
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12
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Mach R, Wiegel PS, Bach JP, Beyerbach M, Kreienbrock L, Nolte I. Evaluation of a Treadmill-Based Submaximal Fitness Test in Pugs, and Collecting Breed-Specific Information on Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121585. [PMID: 35739921 PMCID: PMC9219451 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present study, a submaximal fitness test on a treadmill was evaluated to assess its feasibility under standardised conditions. Moreover, its effectiveness in identifying pugs with clinical signs of brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome was examined. It was apparent that respiratory symptoms can be exposed during the fitness test, and intensified with an increased duration of exercise. This method of testing improves the clinical evaluation of the dogs and helps identify restrictions due to brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome. Since most of the dogs could be familiarised with the treadmill, it may be a feasible option for performing fitness tests in brachycephalic dogs. Major benefits, therefore, are that each dog can be closely monitored during the entire process, and that the examination can be conducted under standardised conditions. Abstract Despite efforts of veterinarians and breeders, brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is still a common problem in pugs, underlining the need for objective tests to identify and prevent breeding with affected dogs. In the current study, a submaximal, treadmill-based fitness test was evaluated as a tool to identify signs of airway obstruction not recognisable under rest conditions. In addition to this, different body conformation and measurements were assessed regarding their association with BOAS. A total of 62 pugs and 10 mesocephalic dogs trotted with an individual comfort speed on a treadmill for 15 min. Before and during the examination, dogs were examined for signs of respiratory distress, and a functional BOAS grading was applied. The influence of body conformation on BOAS grading was tested in a univariable and multivariable logistic regression model. During exercise, more respiratory noises were observed, and existing respiratory noises became more apparent in comparison to when at rest. In the multivariable logistic regression model, no factor had a statistically significant influence on BOAS classification. Submaximal fitness testing helped to identify signs of respiratory distress not apparent under resting conditions, and could be a valuable addition for identifying dogs with BOAS. Performing testing on a treadmill facilitates continuous observation of the patients, and enables standardisation of the test regarding the test environment, as well as provides an uninterrupted, steady workload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Mach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.W.); (J.-P.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (I.N.)
| | - Pia S. Wiegel
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.W.); (J.-P.B.)
| | - Jan-Peter Bach
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.W.); (J.-P.B.)
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Ingo Nolte
- Clinic for Small Animals, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (P.S.W.); (J.-P.B.)
- Correspondence: (R.M.); (I.N.)
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13
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Geiping L, Hartmann M, Kreienbrock L, Grosse Beilage E. Killing underweighted low viable newborn piglets: Which health parameters are appropriate to make a decision? Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:25. [PMID: 35681215 PMCID: PMC9178864 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00265-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to estimate the mortality risk and associated factors within the first days of life for underweight or low-vital neonatal piglets. This risk estimation should start a discussion concerning the preconditions for timely killing of compromised newborn piglets to prevent unnecessary pain and suffering. In an observational study, various clinical and laboratory variables were examined in 529 piglets out of four farms. Body weight, crown-rump-length, rectal temperature, a 4-stage vitality score, an intrauterine-growth-retardation score, glucose, lactate, haemoglobin and immunocrit were assessed on the first day of life. Vitality was scored by three factors: movement, abdominal palpation, and colour of the skin. Afterwards the death of the piglets (by killing or spontaneously) was monitored until day 5 of age. Results Body weight, rectal temperature and vitality score were significantly associated with probability of death. Piglets with rectal temperatures ≤ 37.5 °C, a body weight < 0.86 kg and impaired vitality scores were found to have the highest probability of death until day 5 of age. Conclusion The clinical findings, identified by this model, allow a first estimation of mortality risk for newborn piglets within the first days of life. In a further step veterinarians, farmers and ethicians now need to clarify what probability of death should justifiy the killing of a newborn piglet. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-022-00265-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Geiping
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany.
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14
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Treskova M, Kuhlmann A, Freise F, Kreienbrock L, Brogden S. Occurrence of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Environment in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland: A Narrative Review of Existing Evidence. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10040728. [PMID: 35456779 PMCID: PMC9027620 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10040728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study summarizes the current research on antibiotic resistance (AR) in the environment conducted in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland; (2) Methods: A narrative systematic literature review of epidemiological studies based on searches in EMBASE and CAB abstracts (up to 16 June2021) was conducted. Environmental reservoirs included water sources, wastewater, animal husbandry, wildlife, soil, and sediment; (3) Results: Four hundred and four records were screened, and 52 studies were included. Thirteen studies examined aquatic environments, and eleven investigated wastewater. Eight studies investigated both wildlife and animal husbandry. Less evidence was available for sediments, soil, and air. Considerable heterogeneity in research focus, study design, sampling, and measurement of resistance was observed. Resistance to all categories of antimicrobials in the WHO CIA list was identified. Resistance to critically important and highly important substances was reported most frequently; (4) Conclusions: The current research scope presents data-gathering efforts. Usage of a unified protocol for isolate collection, selecting sampling sites, and susceptibility testing is required to provide results that can be compared between the studies and reservoirs. Epidemiological, environmental, and ecological factors should be considered in surveys of the environmental dissemination of AR. Systematic epidemiological studies investigating AR at the interface of human, animal, and environmental health are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Treskova
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuhlmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University of Halle Wittenberg, 06108 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
| | - Sandra Brogden
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.T.); (F.F.); (L.K.)
- Correspondence:
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15
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Kann S, Concha G, Hartmann M, Köller T, Alker J, Schotte U, Kreienbrock L, Frickmann H, Warnke P. Only Low Effects of Water Filters on the Enteric Carriage of Gastrointestinal Pathogen DNA in Colombian Indigenous People. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030658. [PMID: 35336233 PMCID: PMC8955181 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Water filtration is a common strategy of water sanitation in resource-poor tropical settings. Here, we assessed the intermediate term effect of this preventive procedure including specific filter-related as well as general hygiene training on the molecular detection of enteric pathogens in stool samples from Colombian Indigenous people. From a total of 89 individuals from an Indigenous tribe called Wiwa, stool samples were assessed by real-time PCR for enteropathogenic microorganisms prior to the implementation of water filtration-based infection prevention. Three years after the onset of the preventive strategy, a follow-up assessment was performed. A significantly beneficial effect of water filtration could be shown for Ascaris spp. only (p = 0.035) and a tendency (p = 0.059) for Hymenolepis nana. No hints for effects on the gastrointestinal shedding of Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp., Campylobacter spp., Shigella spp./enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, Necator americanus, Strongyloides stercoralis, Trichuris trichiura, and Taenia spp. were seen. In conclusion, the study indicates that water filtration can only be an element of a multi-modal hygiene concept to reduce enteric pathogen carriage in inhabitants of resource-poor tropical settings in spite of tendencies of beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kann
- Medical Mission Institute, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (P.W.)
| | - Gustavo Concha
- Organization Wiwa Yugumaiun Bunkauanarrua Tayrona (OWYBT), Department Health Advocacy, Valledupar 2000001, Colombia;
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, Veterinary Medical University Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Thomas Köller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (T.K.); (H.F.)
| | - Juliane Alker
- Department A-Veterinary Medicine, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; (J.A.); (U.S.)
| | - Ulrich Schotte
- Department A-Veterinary Medicine, Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Kiel, 24119 Kronshagen, Germany; (J.A.); (U.S.)
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, Veterinary Medical University Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (M.H.); (L.K.)
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany; (T.K.); (H.F.)
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Warnke
- Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Bundeswehr Hospital Hamburg, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (P.W.)
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Hennig-Pauka I, Hartmann M, Merkel J, Kreienbrock L. Coinfections and Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae Strains Isolated From Diseased Swine in North Western Germany-Temporal Patterns in Samples From Routine Laboratory Practice From 2006 to 2020. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:802570. [PMID: 35155648 PMCID: PMC8831912 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.802570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) is one major bacterial porcine respiratory tract pathogen causing disease outbreaks worldwide, although effective commercial vaccines are available. Due to frequent failure of this preventive measure, treatment with antimicrobials is indispensable to prevent animal losses within an outbreak situation. To preserve the effectivity of antimicrobial substances to fight APP should therefore be the primary aim of any interventions. In this study, the temporal development of antimicrobial resistance in APP was analyzed retrospectively in the time period 2006-2020 from a routine diagnostic database. In parallel, frequent coinfections were evaluated to identify most important biotic cofactors as important triggers for disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds. The proportion of APP serotype 2 decreased over time but was isolated most often from diseased swine (57% in 2020). In ~1% of the cases, APP was isolated from body sites outside the respiratory tract as brain and joints. The lowest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for cephalothin and ceftiofur (0.18%), florfenicol (0.24%), tilmicosin (2.4%), tiamulin (2.4%), enrofloxacin (2.7%), and spectinomycin (3.6%), while the highest frequencies of resistant isolates were found for gentamicin (30.9%), penicillin (51.5%), and tetracycline (78.2%). For enrofloxacin, tiamulin, tilmicosin, and tetracycline, significantly lower frequencies of resistant isolates were found in the time period 2015-2020 compared to 2006-2014, while gentamicin-resistant isolates increased. In summary, there is only a low risk of treatment failure due to resistant isolates. In maximum, up to six coinfecting pathogens were identified in pigs positive for APP. Most often pigs were coinfected with Porcine Circovirus 2 (56%), Streptococcus suis (24.8%), or the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (23.3%). Potential synergistic effects between these pathogens published from experimental findings can be hypothesized by these field data as well. To prevent APP disease outbreaks in endemically infected herds more efficiently in the future, next to environmental trigger factors, preventive measures must also address the coinfecting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Hennig-Pauka
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bakum, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörg Merkel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Schoneberg C, Böttcher J, Janowetz B, Rostalski A, Kreienbrock L, Campe A. An intercomparison study of ELISAs for the detection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus – evaluating six conditionally dependent tests. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262944. [PMID: 35077518 PMCID: PMC8789123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent class analysis is a widely used statistical method for evaluating diagnostic tests without any gold standard. It requires the results of at least two tests applied to the same individuals. Based on the resulting response patterns, the method estimates the test accuracy and the unknown disease status for all individuals in the sample. An important assumption is the conditional independence of the tests. If tests with the same biological principle are used, the assumption is not fulfilled, which may lead to biased results. In a recent publication, we developed a method that considers the dependencies in the latent class model and estimates all parameters using frequentist methods. Here, we evaluate the practicability of the method by applying it to the results of six ELISA tests for antibodies against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus in pigs that generally follow the same biological principle. First, we present different methods of identifying suitable starting values for the algorithm and apply these to the dataset and a vaccinated subgroup. We present the calculated values of the test accuracies, the estimated proportion of antibody-positive animals and the dependency structure for both datasets. Different starting values led to matching results for the entire dataset. For the vaccinated subgroup, the results were more dependent on the selected starting values. All six ELISA tests are well suited to detect antibodies against PRRS virus, whereas none of the tests had the best values for sensitivity and specificity simultaneously. The results thus show that the method used is able to determine the parameter values of conditionally dependent tests with suitable starting values. The choice of test should be based on the general fit-for-purpose concept and the population under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Schoneberg
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Schroeder M, Schaumburg B, Mueller Z, Parplys A, Jarczak D, Roedl K, Nierhaus A, de Heer G, Grensemann J, Schneider B, Stoll F, Bai T, Jacobsen H, Zickler M, Stanelle-Bertram S, Klaetschke K, Renné T, Meinhardt A, Aberle J, Hiller J, Peine S, Kreienbrock L, Klingel K, Kluge S, Gabriel G. High estradiol and low testosterone levels are associated with critical illness in male but not in female COVID-19 patients: a retrospective cohort study. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1807-1818. [PMID: 34402750 PMCID: PMC8451658 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1969869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Male sex was repeatedly identified as a risk factor for death and intensive care admission. However, it is yet unclear whether sex hormones are associated with disease severity in COVID-19 patients. In this study, we analysed sex hormone levels (estradiol and testosterone) of male and female COVID-19 patients (n = 50) admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) in comparison to control non-COVID-19 patients at the ICU (n = 42), non-COVID-19 patients with the most prevalent comorbidity (coronary heart diseases) present within the COVID-19 cohort (n = 39) and healthy individuals (n = 50). We detected significantly elevated estradiol levels in critically ill male COVID-19 patients compared to all control cohorts. Testosterone levels were significantly reduced in critically ill male COVID-19 patients compared to control cohorts. No statistically significant differences in sex hormone levels were detected in critically ill female COVID-19 patients, albeit similar trends towards elevated estradiol levels were observed. Linear regression analysis revealed that among a broad range of cytokines and chemokines analysed, IFN-γ levels are positively associated with estradiol levels in male and female COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, male COVID-19 patients with elevated estradiol levels were more likely to receive ECMO treatment. Thus, we herein identified that disturbance of sex hormone metabolism might present a hallmark in critically ill male COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Schroeder
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berfin Schaumburg
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Zacharias Mueller
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ann Parplys
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Jarczak
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Roedl
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Nierhaus
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Geraldine de Heer
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joern Grensemann
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Schneider
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fabian Stoll
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tian Bai
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Jacobsen
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zickler
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Kristin Klaetschke
- Institute for Clinical and Laboratory Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Renné
- Institute for Clinical and Laboratory Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meinhardt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jens Aberle
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Obesity and Lipids, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jens Hiller
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Peine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karin Klingel
- Institute for Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guelsah Gabriel
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Umair M, Mohsin M, Sönksen UW, Walsh TR, Kreienbrock L, Laxminarayan R. Measuring Antimicrobial Use Needs Global Harmonization. Glob Chall 2021; 5:2100017. [PMID: 34631149 PMCID: PMC8495560 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Global health and global economies are predicted to be severely affected by antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The three organizations World Health Organization/World Organisation for Animal Health/Food and Agriculture Organization (WHO/OIE/FAO) are working in their domains to prevent any future AMR crisis. Antimicrobial use (AMU), especially in food animals, is contributing to the development and dissemination of AMR bacteria and genes. AMU monitoring is a strategic objective of the global and national action plans on AMR. However, the AMU reporting metrics at different levels are not harmonized yet, posing difficulties in comparisons among AMU data from different sources. A tripartite WHO/OIE/FAO collaboration is urgently required to develop and implement a globally accepted AMU metric system to ensure reliable comparisons among various data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabad38000Pakistan
| | - Mashkoor Mohsin
- Institute of MicrobiologyUniversity of AgricultureFaisalabad38000Pakistan
| | | | - Timothy Rutland Walsh
- Department of ZoologyINEOS Oxford Institute for AMR ResearchUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3SZUK
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department for BiometryEpidemiology and Information ProcessingUniversity of Veterinary Medicine Hannover30559HannoverGermany
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20
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Grosse-Kleimann J, Wegner B, Spiekermeier I, Grosse Beilage E, Kemper N, Nienhoff H, Plate H, Meyer H, Gerhardy H, Kreienbrock L. Health Monitoring of Fattening Pigs - Use of Production Data, Farm Characteristics and On-Farm Examination. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:45. [PMID: 34344485 PMCID: PMC8330030 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The use of processed secondary data for health monitoring of fattening pigs has been established in various areas, such as the use of antibiotics or in the context of meat inspection. Standardized scores were calculated based on several sources of production data and can be used to describe animal health in a large collective of pig units. In the present study, the extent to which these scores are related to different farm characteristics and management decisions were investigated. In addition, slaughter scores were compared with the results of a veterinary examination on the farms. Results The comparison of the results of the uni- and multifactorial analyses revealed that almost all of the examined factors play a role in at least one of the scores when considered individually. However, when various significant influencing factors were taken into account at any one time, most of the variables lost their statistical significance due to confounding effects. In particular, production data such as production costs or daily feed intake remained in the final models of the scores on mortality, average daily gain and external lesions. Regarding the second part of the investigation, a basic technical correlation between the slaughter scores and the on-farm indicators could be established via principal component analysis. The modelling of the slaughter scores by the on-farm indicators showed that the score on external lesions could be represented by equivalent variables recorded on the farm (e.g., lesions caused by tail or ear biting). Conclusions It has been demonstrated that the examined health scores are influenced by various farm and management characteristics. However, when several factors are taken into account, confounding occurs in some cases, which must be considered by consultants. Additionally, it was shown that on-farm examination content is related to the scores based on equivalent findings from slaughter pigs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-021-00225-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Grosse-Kleimann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany.
| | - Birte Wegner
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Ines Spiekermeier
- Swine Health Service, Chamber of Agriculture in Lower Saxony, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bakum, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behaviour, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hendrik Nienhoff
- Swine Health Service, Chamber of Agriculture in Lower Saxony, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Plate
- VzF e.V, Association for Promoting Farming Economics, Uelzen, Germany
| | - Henning Meyer
- VzF e.V, Association for Promoting Farming Economics, Uelzen, Germany
| | | | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hanover, Germany
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21
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Köck R, Herr C, Kreienbrock L, Schwarz S, Tenhagen BA, Walther B. Multiresistant Gram-Negative Pathogens—A Zoonotic Problem. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2021; 118:579-589. [PMID: 33814041 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase-producing, carbapenemase-producing, and colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E, CPE, and Col-E) are multiresistant pathogens that are increasingly being encountered in both human and veterinary medicine. In this review, we discuss the frequency, sources, and significance of the zoonotic transmission of these pathogens between animals and human beings. METHODS This review is based on pertinent publications retrieved by a selective literature search. Findings for Germany are presented in the global context. RESULTS ESBL-E are common in Germany in both animals and human beings, with a 6-10% colonization rate in the general human population. A major source of ESBL-E is human-tohuman transmission, partly through travel. Some colonizations are of zoonotic origin (i.e., brought about by contact with animals or animal-derived food products); in the Netherlands, more than 20% of cases are thought to be of this type. CPE infections, on the other hand, are rare in Germany in both animals and human beings. Their main source in human beings is nosocomial transmission. Col-E, which bear mcr resistance genes, have been described in Germany mainly in food-producing animals and their meat. No representative data are available on Col-E in human beings in Germany; in Europe, the prevalence of colonization is less than 2%, with long-distance travel as a risk factor. The relevance of animals as a source of Col-E for human beings is not yet entirely clear. CONCLUSION Livestock farming and animal contact affect human colonization with the multiresistant Gram-negative pathogens CPE, ESBL-E and Col-E to differing extents. Improved prevention will require the joint efforts of human and veterinary medicine.
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22
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Schnepf A, Kramer S, Wagels R, Volk HA, Kreienbrock L. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Usage in Dogs and Cats at a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Germany in 2017 and 2018. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689018. [PMID: 34250070 PMCID: PMC8260837 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to food-producing animals, where the documentation of the usage of antimicrobials is regulated by law, antimicrobial usage (AMU) in dogs and cats is only sparsely monitored. We collected data generated by an electronic practice management software (EPMS) between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018 to investigate AMU. All information was obtained from clinical routine data from the Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery (DSAM), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo). In 2017, 78,076 drug administrations were documented for 5,471 dogs and cats, of which 14,020 (17.96%) were antimicrobial drugs (AMs) specifically documented in 2,910 (51.31%) dogs and cats. In 2018, 104,481 drug administrations were documented for 5,939 dogs and cats. Of these drug administrations, 18,170 (17.39%) AM administrations were documented for 3,176 (53.48%) dogs and cats. Despite the increasing documentation of AM administrations, differences between 2017 and 2018 were not statistically significant [odds ratio (OR), 1.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.98–1.03]. Prescription diversity (PD) in 2017 for dogs was 0.92 and for cats 0.89. In 2018, PD for dogs was 0.93 and for cats 0.88. As well as the documented number of AM administrations, the documented amount of active ingredients administered in 2018 (total: 17.06 kg; dogs: 16.11 kg, cats: 0.96 kg) increased compared with 2017 (total: 15.60 kg; dogs: 14.80 kg, cats: 0.80 kg). In 2017 and 2018, the most commonly administered antimicrobial groups were penicillins, nitroimidazoles, and quinolones for dogs and cats, respectively. While the in-house point-of-care administration accounts for the largest share of the documented amount of AMs administered, the highest number of documented AM administrations was assigned to inpatient care in 2017 and 2018, respectively. However, AM administration in outpatient care remained the lowest in both years. Since no statistically significant difference in AM administrations was observed between 2017 and 2018 and the most commonly used AMs at the DSAM were ranked, data can be used as a baseline to evaluate how changes in in-house guidelines and future legal requirements affect the prescribing culture. Data generated within the DSAM should be evaluated annually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schnepf
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Kramer
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rolf Wagels
- Information and Data Service (TiHo-IDS), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Kasabova S, Hartmann M, Freise F, Hommerich K, Fischer S, Wilms-Schulze-Kump A, Rohn K, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. Antibiotic Usage Pattern in Broiler Chicken Flocks in Germany. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:673809. [PMID: 34164455 PMCID: PMC8215671 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.673809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, antimicrobial usage data from 2,546 commercial broiler chicken flocks originating from 37 farms are presented. Antimicrobial usage data at the flock level were based on mandatory documentation of antibiotic treatments in livestock in Germany, collected retrospectively for the time period of 2013-2018. The data encompasses all antimicrobial treatments during the fattening period of each flock, starting with the placement of day-old chicks at the barn. The aim of this analysis was to investigate antibiotic usage patterns in broiler chicken flocks in Germany, temporal trends in treatment frequency, the proportions of different antimicrobial classes and the weights of the broiler chickens at the time of treatment. The median treatment frequency over all flocks was six, and veterinary medicinal products belonging to nine different antimicrobial classes were used. Overall, the most frequently used classes were aminoglycosides (25.6%) and lincosamides (25.6%), followed by polypeptides (21.4%) and beta-lactams (16.2%). Over the 6 years evaluated, a considerable increase in the relative usage of lincosamides and aminoglycosides was observed. Compared to the first year of data collection, the percentage of treatments with fluoroquinolones, macrolides and polypeptides decreased in consecutive years. The median age of the broiler chickens at the time of treatment was 5 days, which corresponded to a median body weight at the time of treatment of 111 g, with substantial differences among various antimicrobial classes. We showed that in Germany, the median weight of broiler chickens at the time of treatment was substantially lower than the standard weight of broilers of 1,000 g proposed by the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption. The median weight at treatment is very much influenced by the frequency of age-specific diseases. As different antimicrobial classes are used to combat these diseases, variations in the weight at treatment may have a considerable impact on the estimated treatment indicators. Additionally, a decrease in the relative usage of the highest-priority critically important antimicrobials, such as fluoroquinolones, macrolides and polypeptides, was shown, which might be the consequence of increasing awareness of the antibiotic resistance situation as well as of antibiotic monitoring and benchmarking systems currently running in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kasabova
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fritjof Freise
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Hommerich
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany.,Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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24
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Schoneberg C, Kreienbrock L, Campe A. An Iterative, Frequentist Approach for Latent Class Analysis to Evaluate Conditionally Dependent Diagnostic Tests. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:588176. [PMID: 33681320 PMCID: PMC7928357 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.588176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent class analysis is a well-established method in human and veterinary medicine for evaluating the accuracy of diagnostic tests without a gold standard. An important assumption of this procedure is the conditional independence of the tests. If tests with the same biological principle are used, this assumption is no longer met. Therefore, the model has to be adapted so that the dependencies between the tests can be considered. Our approach extends the traditional latent class model with a term for the conditional dependency of the tests. This extension increases the number of parameters to be estimated and leads to negative degrees of freedom of the model, meaning that not enough information is contained in the existing data to obtain a unique estimate. As a result, there is no clear solution. Hence, an iterative algorithm was developed to keep the number of parameters to be estimated small. Given adequate starting values, our approach first estimates the conditional dependencies and then regards the resulting values as fixed to recalculate the test accuracies and the prevalence with the same method used for independent tests. Subsequently, the new values of the test accuracy and prevalence are used to recalculate the terms for the conditional dependencies. These two steps are repeated until the model converges. We simulated five application scenarios based on diagnostic tests used in veterinary medicine. The results suggest that our method and the Bayesian approach produce similar precise results. However, while the presented approach is able to calculate more accurate results than the Bayesian approach if the test accuracies are initially misjudged, the estimates of the Bayesian method are more precise when incorrect dependencies are assumed. This finding shows that our approach is a useful addition to the existing Bayesian methods, while it has the advantage of allowing simpler and more objective estimations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Schoneberg
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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25
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Dammann I, Wemheuer WM, Wrede A, Wemheuer WE, Campe A, Petschenka J, Schulze-Sturm U, Hahmann U, Czerny CP, Münster P, Brenig B, Kreienbrock L, Herden C, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. Correction to: Unexpected high frequency of neurofibroma in the celiac ganglion of German cattle. Vet Res 2020; 51:130. [PMID: 33059743 PMCID: PMC7559756 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00855-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Insa Dammann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty of the Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Landeslabor Schleswig-Holstein, Geschäftsbereich 2 Veterinärwesen, Neumünster, Germany
| | - Wiebke M Wemheuer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty of the Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Arne Wrede
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty of the Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm E Wemheuer
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine and WHO-Collaboration Centre for Research and Training at the Human-Animal-Environmental Interface, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Petschenka
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ulf Schulze-Sturm
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Hahmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus P Czerny
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pia Münster
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Elanco Deutschland GmbH, Hauptsitz Werner-Reimers-Str. 2-4, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Brenig
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine and WHO-Collaboration Centre for Research and Training at the Human-Animal-Environmental Interface, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
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26
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Mitrenga S, Popp J, Becker A, Hartmann M, Ertugrul H, Sartison D, Deutsch S, Meemken D, Kreienbrock L, Hille K. Veterinary drug administration in German veal calves: An exploratory study on retrospective data. Prev Vet Med 2020; 183:105131. [PMID: 32932164 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this cross-sectional study was to characterise the usage of antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs with a withdrawal period in German veal calves in more detail. In Germany, the documentation of the usage of veterinary medicinal products in food producing animals is mandatory. In the German monitoring system antibiotic use in calves under the age of eight months is recorded irrespective of the production type and only some basic measures (50 % and 75 % percentiles of the entire distributions of the treatment frequencies) are published regularly. Within this study 57 farms were included contributing data of 169 veal calf groups with a total of 91,196 individual calves. To assess the drug use the treatment frequency (TF) was calculated. Most treatments were applied in the first weeks after arrival at the farm against respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders, accounting for 65.2 % and 28.6 % of the TF, respectively. Antibiotics account for 91 % of the TF. The antibiotics used most frequently were tetracyclines (35.6 %), beta-lactams (21.9 %), macrolides (12.7 %), sulphonamides (6.0 %) and trimethoprimes (5.3 %). Tetracyclines and polypeptides were administered as group treatments in more than half of the recorded applications. The number of antibiotic group treatments decreased considerably from the first to the second half of the fattening period. Logistic regression analyses revealed no statistically significant association between TF and groups size or mortality. Nevertheless, the results indicate a negative associated between TF and mortality. Concerning non-antibiotics mainly iron compounds, arylpropionic acids, mucolytics and avermectines were applied, accounting for about 5 % of the total TF. The present study provides basic data on antibiotic and non-antibiotic use in German veal calf production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mitrenga
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University for Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johanna Popp
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University for Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - André Becker
- Institute for Food Quality and Food Safety, University for Veterinary Medicine, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-CC for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Hatice Ertugrul
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-CC for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dmitrij Sartison
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-CC for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Deutsch
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-CC for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, RWTH Aachen University, Faculty of Medicine, Pauwelsstraße 30, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Diana Meemken
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67 and 69, D-14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-CC for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katja Hille
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-CC for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 2, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
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Wegner B, Spiekermeier I, Nienhoff H, Große-Kleimann J, Rohn K, Meyer H, Plate H, Gerhardy H, Kreienbrock L, Beilage EG, Kemper N. Application of the voluntary human approach test on commercial pig fattening farms: a meaningful tool? Porcine Health Manag 2020; 6:19. [PMID: 32832096 PMCID: PMC7422426 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-020-00158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A Voluntary Human Approach Test (VHAT) was performed in pig pens, and relationships between environmental conditions and welfare indicators were investigated. Five variables were measured in 1668 pens in 214 fattening pig herds in Germany: time until the first contact (touching) between a pig and the person in the pen (TUFC), time until the observer was surrounded by pigs within a radius of approximately two meters, percentage of pigs relative to group size [%] surrounding the observer after 1 min (PPSO), percentage of pigs relative to group size [%] that completely avoided contact with the observer during the entire test period, and how the pigs contacted the observer (Score 0 [no touching] - 3 [biting]). Furthermore, variables indicative of the pigs' environment (e.g., feeding system, ventilation system), management (e.g., number of usable drinkers, number of usable manipulatable materials), and welfare (e.g., tail lesions, ear lesions) were documented. RESULTS Pigs engaging in more forceful means of contact (nibbling, biting) approached the observer faster than those exhibiting more gentle types of contact (touching). A lower TUFC was associated with more manipulatable materials present, a higher number of drinkers, and with the control position of the caretaker located inside the pen. Pigs kept in larger groups showed a lower TUFC than those in smaller groups (P = 0.0191). However, PPSO was lower in pigs kept in smaller groups (1-12 pigs per pen) with more manipulatable materials available. In groups with low PPSOs, more tail lesions were observed (P = 0.0296). No relationship between contact type and tail or ear injuries was detected. In younger pigs, PPSO was higher (49.9 ± 23.2%) than for animals in the second half of the fattening period (45.1 ± 19.9%). CONCLUSIONS In this on-farm study, the relationships between VHAT behavior and environmental factors revealed that external factors (e.g., management practices, housing conditions) impact animals' responses to this behavioral test. Therefore, using the VHAT as an animal welfare indicator is valid only if these variables are studied as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Wegner
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
| | - Ines Spiekermeier
- Swine Health Service, Chamber of Agriculture in Lower Saxony, D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Nienhoff
- Swine Health Service, Chamber of Agriculture in Lower Saxony, D-26121 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Julia Große-Kleimann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Karl Rohn
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hanover, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Nicole Kemper
- Institute for Animal Hygiene, Animal Welfare and Farm Animal Behavior, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, D-30173 Hanover, Germany
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Hommerich K, Vogel C, Kasabova S, Hartmann M, Kreienbrock L. Standardization of Therapeutic Measures in Antibiotic Consumption Monitoring to Compare Different Livestock Populations. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:425. [PMID: 32793649 PMCID: PMC7390885 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using sales data, information on antimicrobial consumption in animals is collected cumulatively across the European Union and member countries of the European Economic Area, which is documented and reported by every country and published within annual reports by the European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption (ESVAC). These serve to perform cross-border comparisons of antimicrobial consumption, despite their ambiguity due to the different units and key figures used. To improve comparability, the European Medicines Agency has introduced the population correction unit (PCU), which represents the biomass of a livestock population and is related to antibiotic consumption. However, the PCU does not consider the variability of how a livestock population is composed structurally regarding the proportions of production types contained therein. To achieve better comparability between the different geographical areas, we therefore applied a system of standardization in different examples and in real antimicrobial consumption data. This was done by quantifying the consumption of antibiotics by livestock in exemplary regions and countries (Denmark, Germany, France) by means of the active substance used (mg/kg) and subjecting it to a direct and indirect standardization procedure to identify and measure differences in consumption in relation to the composition of livestock demographics. The consideration of livestock demographics results in substantial effects when comparing antimicrobial usage in livestock. To achieve a more compelling comparability in the context of monitoring antibiotic consumption in livestock populations, we recommend using an indirect standardization method, to control potential confounding effects caused by different livestock demographics. This assumes that animal populations can be structured accordingly well. Correspondingly, detailed information on antimicrobial usage by species should be available for this type of stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hommerich
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Charlotte Vogel
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Svetlana Kasabova
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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29
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Dammann I, Wemheuer WM, Wrede A, Wemheuer WE, Campe A, Petschenka J, Schulze-Sturm U, Hahmann U, Czerny CP, Münster P, Brening B, Kreienbrock L, Herden C, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ. Unexpected high frequency of neurofibroma in the celiac ganglion of German cattle. Vet Res 2020; 51:82. [PMID: 32552868 PMCID: PMC7301510 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00800-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In a study originally designed to find potential risk factors for bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) we examined tissues from 403 Holstein Frisian cattle in total. These included 20 BSE cattle and their 236 birth- and feeding cohort animals plus 32 offspring, 103 age, breed and district-matched control cattle and further twelve cattle with neurological signs. In addition to the obex, we examined the celiac ganglion, cervical cranial ganglion, trigeminal ganglion and proximal ganglion of the vagus nerve using histological techniques. Unexpectedly, we found a high number of neurofibroma, a benign peripheral nerve sheath tumor consisting of Schwann cells, fibroblasts and perineural cells. The neurofibroma were present only in the celiac ganglion and found during histologic examination. With a frequency of 9.91% in BSE cattle and their cohorts (case animals) and 9.09% in the age, breed and district matched control animals there seems to be no correlation between the occurrence of BSE and neurofibroma. Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors have been described more often in cattle than in other domestic animals. Usually, they are incidental macroscopic findings in the thoracic ganglia during meat inspection. To our knowledge, there are no previous systematic histologic studies including bovine celiac ganglia at all. The high incidence of celiac ganglia neurofibroma may play a role in the frequently occurring abomasal displacements in Holstein Frisian cattle as the tumors might cause a gastrointestinal motility disorder. At present a genetic predisposition for these neoplasms cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Dammann
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty of the Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Landeslabor Schleswig Holstein, Geschäftsbereich 2 Veterinärwesen, Neumünster, Germany
| | - Wiebke M Wemheuer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty of the Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Arne Wrede
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty of the Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm E Wemheuer
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Amely Campe
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine and WHO-Collaboration Centre for Research and Training at the Human-Animal-Environmental Interface, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Petschenka
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Cancer Immunology & Immune Modulation, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ulf Schulze-Sturm
- Department of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Hahmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Claus P Czerny
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pia Münster
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Elanco Deutschland GmbH, Hauptsitz Werner-Reimers-Str. 2-4, Bad Homburg, Germany
| | - Bertram Brening
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, University of Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine and WHO-Collaboration Centre for Research and Training at the Human-Animal-Environmental Interface, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christiane Herden
- Institute of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Justus Liebig University, Gießen, Germany
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Schnepf A, Bienert-Zeit A, Ertugrul H, Wagels R, Werner N, Hartmann M, Feige K, Kreienbrock L. Antimicrobial Usage in Horses: The Use of Electronic Data, Data Curation, and First Results. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:216. [PMID: 32411737 PMCID: PMC7200993 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The usage of antimicrobial drugs (AMs) leads to an increase in antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Although different antimicrobial usage (AMU) monitoring programs exist for livestock animals in Germany, there is no such system for horses. However, with the increasing usage of electronic practice management software (EPMS), it is possible to analyze electronic field data generated for routine purposes. The aim of this study was to generate AMU data for German horses with data from the Clinic for Horses (CfH), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover (TiHo), and in addition to show that different processes of data curation are necessary to provide results, especially considering quantitative indices. In this investigation, the number of antimicrobial doses used and the amount and percentage of active ingredients applied were calculated. Data contained all drugs administered between the 1st of January and the 31st of December 2017. A total of 2,168 horses were presented for veterinary care to the CfH and 34,432 drug applications were documented for 1,773 horses. Of these, 6,489 (18.85%) AM applications were documented for 837 (47.21%) horses. In 2017, 162.33 kg of active ingredients were documented. The most commonly used antibiotic classes were sulfonamides (84.32 kg; 51.95 %), penicillins (30.11 kg; 18.55%) and nitroimidazoles (24.84 kg; 15.30%). In 2017, the proportion of Critically Important Antibiotics (CIA)-Highest Priority used was 0.15% (0.24 kg) and the proportion of CIA-High Priority used was 20.85% (33.85 kg). Of the total 9,402 entries of antimicrobial active ingredients, the three with the largest number used were sulfonamides [n = 2,798 (29.76%)], trimethoprim [n = 2,757 (29.76%)] and aminoglycosides [n = 1,381 (14.69%)]. Comparison between Administered Daily Dose (ADA) and Recommended Daily Dose of CfH (RDDCfH), showed that 3.26% of ADA were below RDDCfH, 3.18% exceeded RDDCfH and 93.55% were within the range around RDDCfH. This study shows that data generated by an EPMS can be evaluated once the method is set up and validated. The method can be transferred to evaluate data from the EPMS of other clinics or animal species, but the transferability depends on the quality of AMU documentation and close cooperation with respective veterinarians is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schnepf
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Astrid Bienert-Zeit
- Clinic for Horses, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Hatice Ertugrul
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rolf Wagels
- Information and Data Service (TiHo-IDS), University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nicole Werner
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Karsten Feige
- Clinic for Horses, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hanover, Germany
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31
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Nienhaus F, Meemken D, Schoneberg C, Hartmann M, Kornhoff T, May T, Heß S, Kreienbrock L, Wendt A. Health scores for farmed animals: Screening pig health with register data from public and private databases. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228497. [PMID: 32017788 PMCID: PMC6999879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There are growing demands to ensure animal health and, from a broader perspective, animal welfare, especially for farmed animals. In addition to the newly developed welfare assessment protocols, which provide a harmonised method to measure animal health during farm visits, the question has been raised whether data from existing data collections can be used for an assessment without a prior farm visit. Here, we explore the possibilities of developing animal health scores for fattening pig herds using a) official meat inspection results, b) data on antibiotic usage and c) data from the QS (QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH) Salmonella monitoring programme in Germany. The objective is to aggregate and combine these register-like data into animal health scores that allow the comparison and benchmark of participating pig farms according to their health status. As the data combined in the scores have different units of measure and are collected in different abattoirs with possibly varying recording practices, we chose a relative scoring approach using z-transformations of different entrance variables. The final results are aggregated scores in which indicators are combined and weighted based on expert opinion according to their biological significance for animal health. Six scores have been developed to describe different focus areas, such as "Respiratory Health", "External Injuries/ Alterations", "Animal Management", "Antibiotic Usage", "Salmonella Status" and "Mortality". These "focus" area scores are finally combined into an "Overall Score". To test the scoring method, existing routine data from 1,747 pig farm units in Germany are used; these farm units are members of the QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH (QS) quality system. In addition, the scores are directly validated for 38 farm units. For these farm units, the farmers and their veterinarians provided their perceptions concerning the actual health status and existing health problems. This process allowed a comparison of the scoring results with actual health information using kappa coefficients as a measure of similarity. The score testing of the focus area scores using real information resulted in normalised data. The results of the validation showed satisfactory agreement between the calculated scores for the project farm units and the actual health information provided by the related farmers and veterinarians. In conclusion, the developed scoring method could become a viable benchmark and risk assessment instrument for animal health on a larger scale under the conditions of the German system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Nienhaus
- Field Station for Epidemiology Bakum, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Zeven, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Diana Meemken
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Working Group Meat Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clara Schoneberg
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Kornhoff
- Field Station for Epidemiology Bakum, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Zeven, Germany
| | - Thomas May
- QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sabrina Heß
- QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anna Wendt
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Wegner B, Spiekermeier I, Nienhoff H, Große-Kleimann J, Rohn K, Meyer H, Plate H, Gerhardy H, Kreienbrock L, grosse Beilage E, Kemper N, Fels M. Status quo analysis of noise levels in pig fattening units in Germany. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hommerich K, Ruddat I, Hartmann M, Werner N, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. Monitoring Antibiotic Usage in German Dairy and Beef Cattle Farms-A Longitudinal Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:244. [PMID: 31404288 PMCID: PMC6676220 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that antimicrobial use is a major factor for the development of antimicrobial resistance. To analyze the associations between antimicrobial resistance and usage of antimicrobial agents, data from monitoring and surveillance systems are crucial. Within the project VetCAb (Veterinary Consumption of Antibiotics), antibiotic usage data in German livestock is regularly collected and evaluated. Based on a cross-sectional study in 2011, the project was continued as the longitudinal study VetCAb-Sentinel with ongoing participant recruitment and data collection from 2013. The data collection is based on official German application and delivery forms (ADF), voluntarily provided by veterinarians and farmers. In this study the results of antibiotic usage data of dairy cows, dairy calves and beef cattle were described, using a semi-annual treatment frequency, and 95,944 ADF issued between 2011 and 2015 were analyzed. Results show that the median of the treatment frequency in dairy calf and beef cattle holdings slightly decreased from 0.4 to 0.3 and from 0.2 to 0 days, respectively, whereas the median in dairy cow holdings ranged between 1.9 and 2.3 during the observed period. Temporal changes and the effect of the factors "farm size" and "region" on the treatment frequency were investigated, using multiple linear mixed and logistic regression models. Generally, the factor "time" has a statistically significant impact on the treatment frequency in all production types. In addition, a temporal trend test over the first six half-years shows that an increasing linear trend can be stated in dairy cows and dairy calves (p = 0.017; p = 0.004, respectively). If the time-period is extended to all eight half-years under study, this turns into a quadratic effect (dairy cows: p = 0.006; dairy calves: p < 0.001). In dairy calves and beef cattle the factor "farm size" also has a statistically significant impact. The factor "region," in contrast, shows no statistically significant impact at all. Compared to other livestock populations in Germany, the use of antimicrobials in dairy cows, dairy calves, and beef cattle appears to be low, but varies across several associated factors. Considering these effects, it is recommended that the size of dairy calf and beef cattle holdings is regularly considered in the evaluation of antimicrobial usage data over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hommerich
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Inga Ruddat
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nicole Werner
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
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Meyer D, Vogel C, Kreienbrock L, Große Beilage E. How effective are clinical pre-farrowing risk assessment and the use of soft rubber mats in preventing shoulder ulcers in at-risk sows? Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:16. [PMID: 31338203 PMCID: PMC6624924 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-019-0123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lameness, low BCS and scar tissue in the skin covering the tuber spina scapulae are known as risk factors for shoulder ulcer in sows. In a two-step study, the predictive ability of pre-farrowing clinical examination and the preventive effect of rubber mats on the development of shoulder ulcers in at-risk sows were evaluated. Material and methods The study included 659 sows that were clinically examined one week before farrowing to distinguish risk sows from no-risk sows. Sows with a BCS ≤ 2 and/or a locomotion score > 3 and/or scar tissue in the skin covering the tuber spina scapulae were classified as at risk of developing shoulder ulcers. The at-risk sows were randomly assigned to either a prevention group in which sows were stalled in farrowing crates equipped with rubber mats, or a non-prevention group in which sows were stalled in standard crates. The shoulder areas were photographed during the first two weeks of the lactation period. Results The chance of developing a shoulder ulcer was significantly higher for at-risk sows than for non-at-risk sows (OR 5.55, p < 0.0001). At-risk sows stalled in crates equipped with rubber mats as preventive substrates had a significantly lower chance of developing shoulder ulcers than did those stalled in standard pens (OR 0.54, p = 0.0358). Conclusions The development of shoulder ulcers in sows can be predicted by clinical pre-farrowing risk assessment based on BCS, locomotion score and scar tissue scoring. Providing at-risk sows with farrowing crates equipped with rubber mats had a statistically significant protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meyer
- 1Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Buescheler Str. 9, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Charlotte Vogel
- 2Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- 2Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Große Beilage
- 1Field Station for Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation, Buescheler Str. 9, 49456 Bakum, Germany
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Tenhagen BA, Werner N, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. [Transmission pathways for resistant bacteria between animals and humans: antibiotics resistance in the One Health context]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2019; 61:515-521. [PMID: 29616289 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-018-2717-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
People and animals share the same environment and antibiotics are used in both. Thus, antibiotics resistance is a major common issue for human and veterinary medicine. The potential impact of antibiotics use in animals on resistance in humans is frequently the focus of debate. In this paper the transmission pathways of resistant bacteria between animals and humans are described and the question is addressed whether a reduction in antibiotics use in animals contributes to the improvement of the resistance situation in humans. Direct contact between humans and animals, transmission of bacteria via food, and indirect transmission via emissions in the environment and the subsequent exposure of humans via the environment are the major transmission routes to be considered. It can thus be established that the relevance of these various transmission routes varies significantly among bacterial species. Furthermore, despite numerous investigations, the exact significance of transmission pathways and the bacteria transferred for the resistance situation in humans cannot yet be precisely quantified. There is evidence that antibiotics use in animals fosters the spread of resistant organisms in animals. Recent studies also suggest that there might be a relationship between antibiotics use in animals and the occurrence of resistance in humans. However, this relationship is complex, and for a better understanding of it and the role of the various transmission pathways, further collaborative studies between veterinary and medical science are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
- Fachgruppe Epidemiologie, Zoonosen und Antibiotikaresistenz, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland.
| | - Nicole Werner
- Institut für Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Informationsverarbeitung, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Fachgruppe Epidemiologie, Zoonosen und Antibiotikaresistenz, Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Deutschland.,Institut für Öffentliches Veterinärwesen, Veterinärmedizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Österreich
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institut für Biometrie, Epidemiologie und Informationsverarbeitung, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Deutschland
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Kasabova S, Hartmann M, Werner N, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. Used Daily Dose vs. Defined Daily Dose-Contrasting Two Different Methods to Measure Antibiotic Consumption at the Farm Level. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:116. [PMID: 31069237 PMCID: PMC6491814 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tackling the problem of rising antibiotic resistance requires valid and comparable data on the use of antimicrobial drugs in livestock. To date, no harmonized monitoring of antimicrobial usage in animals is available, and there is no system to assess usage data throughout Europe, thus hampering a direct comparison between different European countries. Most of the currently applied monitoring systems are based on sales data. Placement of sales data in relation to the population at risk requires overall assumptions about the weights of the animals treated and the doses applied. Only a few monitoring systems collect data in which the number of treated animals is reported exactly and does not need to be estimated. To evaluate the influence of different calculation methods on the standardizing procedure of antibiotic usage and benchmarking of farms, the treatment frequency for several farms (broiler, suckling piglets, and fattening pigs) was calculated in the following two different ways: first, based on the Used Daily Dose (TFUDD), and second, based on the Defined Daily Dose (TFDDD). To support this evaluation, consumption data from the Veterinary Consumption of Antibiotics Sentinel (VetCAb-S) project in Germany were used as example data. The results show discrepancies between both outcomes depending on the calculation method applied. In broiler holdings, the median values of TFDDD were 20.89% lower than the median values of TFUDD. In suckling piglets and fattening pig holdings, the median values of TFDDD were increased 77.14% and 16.33%, respectively, which may have serious implications for the benchmarking of farms. Furthermore, this finding reflects that the calculation procedure also has an impact on the comparison between populations. Therefore, UDD-based calculations should be preferred to run monitoring systems with a benchmark mission. If, in contrast, the DDD approach is chosen to compare antimicrobial usage between populations, additional considerations should be made to adjust for the addressed discrepancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Kasabova
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Nicole Werner
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Institute of Veterinary Public Health, Vienna, Austria.,Department Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
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Kaesbohrer A, Bakran-Lebl K, Irrgang A, Fischer J, Kämpf P, Schiffmann A, Werckenthin C, Busch M, Kreienbrock L, Hille K. Diversity in prevalence and characteristics of ESBL/pAmpC producing E. coli in food in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:52-60. [PMID: 31176413 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli is a major public health issue and ESBL-producing bacteria are frequently reported in livestock. For the assessment of the role of the foodborne transmission pathway in Germany, detailed data on the prevalence and characteristics of isolates of food origin are necessary. The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of cefotaxime resistant E. coli as well as ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli and their characteristics in foods in Germany. Out of 2256 food samples, the highest prevalence of cefotaxime resistant E. coli was observed in chicken meat (74.9%), followed by turkey meat (40.1%). Prevalence in beef, pork and minced meat was considerably lower (4.2-15.3%). Whereas 18.0% of the raw milk samples, collected at farm level were positive, this was true only for few cheese samples (1.3%). In one out of 399 vegetable samples a cefotaxime-resistant E. coli was isolated. ESBL resistance genes of the CTX-M-group (10.1% of all samples) were most frequently detected, followed by genes of the pAmpC (2.6%), SHV (2.0%) and TEM (0.8%) families. Distribution of ESBL/AmpC-encoding E. coli resistance genes and E. coli phylogroups was significantly different between the chicken related food samples and all other food items. Our study results reflect that consumers might get exposed to ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli through several food chains. These results together with those collected at primary production and in the human population in other studies will allow more detailed analysis of the foodborne pathways, considering transmission from livestock populations to food at retail and to consumers in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Kaesbohrer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany; Veterinary University Vienna, Institute for Veterinary Public Health, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Bakran-Lebl
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Irrgang
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennie Fischer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Department Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kämpf
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Christiane Werckenthin
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Busch
- Department 2, Official Food Analysis, Saxon State Laboratory of Health and Veterinary Affairs, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Information Processing, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katja Hille
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Information Processing, Hannover, Germany
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Meyer D, Hewicker-Trautwein M, Hartmann M, Kreienbrock L, Grosse Beilage E. Scoring shoulder ulcers in breeding sows - is a distinction between substantial and insubstantial animal welfare-related lesions possible on clinical examination? Porcine Health Manag 2019; 5:3. [PMID: 30693092 PMCID: PMC6341639 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Shoulder ulcers in breeding sows that are restricted to the superficial skin layers, epidermis and dermis are usually classified as insubstantial animal welfare-related lesions. These less-severe lesions need to be differentiated from more-severe wounds that also involve the subcutis and the underlying bone, commonly evaluated as substantial animal welfare-related lesions. Scoring schemes based on clinical or histopathological findings are available, but the consistency between both types of findings has not been definitively evaluated. The present study was designed to compare clinical findings for various stages of shoulder ulcers with accompanying histopathological evaluation. A validated histopathologic score (Score-H) classifying the tissues involved in the different stages of shoulder ulcers was set as the reference standard. Results Testing the histopathological scores for associations with various clinical findings resulted in a clinical score (Score-C) that could be segregated into four stages. Stage I is characterised by intact skin without any ulcerative lesions. Stage II, representing ulcerative lesions restricted to the superficial skin layers, can be predicted with a probability of 90% when a scab with diameter less than 1.2 cm is present. Stage III, representing ulcers involving the entire skin and sometimes the underlying bone, can be identified by the diameter of the scab (DOS) and/or proliferation of wound margins (powm) and/or increase of tissue volume (mass). To achieve a probability of 90%, the DOS needs to be 8.3 cm when mass and powm are absent. DOS, when accompanied by powm and mass, needs to be only a minimum of 1.9 cm for a correct classification with a 90% probability. Stage IV represents skin without open wounds but with scar tissue indicative of a former shoulder ulcer. Conclusions Based on the association with the histopathological findings as the reference standard a clinical score (Score-C) for the categorisation of shoulder ulcers in sows was developed. This score enables veterinarians and farmers to discriminate shoulder ulcers restricted to the superficial skin layers from ulcers involving all skin layers and sometimes even the underlying bone, which must be assessed as substantial animal welfare-related lesions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40813-018-0108-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Meyer
- 1Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation Buescheler Str. 9, 49456 Bakum, Germany
| | - Marion Hewicker-Trautwein
- 2Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- 3Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- 3Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hanover, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Grosse Beilage
- 1Field Station for Epidemiology in Bakum, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Foundation Buescheler Str. 9, 49456 Bakum, Germany
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Hille K, Felski M, Ruddat I, Woydt J, Schmid A, Friese A, Fischer J, Sharp H, Valentin L, Michael GB, Hörmansdorfer S, Messelhäußer U, Seibt U, Honscha W, Guerra B, Schwarz S, Rösler U, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. Association of farm-related factors with characteristics profiles of extended-spectrum β-lactamase- / plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates from German livestock farms. Vet Microbiol 2018; 223:93-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Hüser S, Guth S, Joost HG, Soukup ST, Köhrle J, Kreienbrock L, Diel P, Lachenmeier DW, Eisenbrand G, Vollmer G, Nöthlings U, Marko D, Mally A, Grune T, Lehmann L, Steinberg P, Kulling SE. Effects of isoflavones on breast tissue and the thyroid hormone system in humans: a comprehensive safety evaluation. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2703-2748. [PMID: 30132047 PMCID: PMC6132702 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2279-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are secondary plant constituents of certain foods and feeds such as soy, linseeds, and red clover. Furthermore, isoflavone-containing preparations are marketed as food supplements and so-called dietary food for special medical purposes to alleviate health complaints of peri- and postmenopausal women. Based on the bioactivity of isoflavones, especially their hormonal properties, there is an ongoing discussion regarding their potential adverse effects on human health. This review evaluates and summarises the evidence from interventional and observational studies addressing potential unintended effects of isoflavones on the female breast in healthy women as well as in breast cancer patients and on the thyroid hormone system. In addition, evidence from animal and in vitro studies considered relevant in this context was taken into account along with their strengths and limitations. Key factors influencing the biological effects of isoflavones, e.g., bioavailability, plasma and tissue concentrations, metabolism, temporality (pre- vs. postmenopausal women), and duration of isoflavone exposure, were also addressed. Final conclusions on the safety of isoflavones are guided by the aim of precautionary consumer protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hüser
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Guth
- Institute for Food Toxicology, Senate Commission on Food Safety, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - H G Joost
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - S T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - J Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health, CVK, Berlin, Germany
| | - L Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - D W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Molecular Nutrition, Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - G Vollmer
- Department of Biology, Molecular Cell Physiology and Endocrinology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - U Nöthlings
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutritional Epidemiology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - D Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Mally
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - T Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - L Lehmann
- Department of Food Chemistry, Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - P Steinberg
- Institute for Food Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - S E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Str. 9, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Pietsch M, Irrgang A, Roschanski N, Brenner Michael G, Hamprecht A, Rieber H, Käsbohrer A, Schwarz S, Rösler U, Kreienbrock L, Pfeifer Y, Fuchs S, Werner G. Whole genome analyses of CMY-2-producing Escherichia coli isolates from humans, animals and food in Germany. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:601. [PMID: 30092762 PMCID: PMC6085623 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4976-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resistance to 3rd-generation cephalosporins in Escherichia coli is mostly mediated by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) or AmpC beta-lactamases. Besides overexpression of the species-specific chromosomal ampC gene, acquisition of plasmid-encoded ampC genes, e.g. blaCMY-2, has been described worldwide in E. coli from humans and animals. To investigate a possible transmission of blaCMY-2 along the food production chain, we conducted a next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based analysis of 164 CMY-2-producing E. coli isolates from humans, livestock animals and foodstuff from Germany. Results The data of the 164 sequenced isolates revealed 59 different sequence types (STs); the most prevalent ones were ST38 (n = 19), ST131 (n = 16) and ST117 (n = 13). Two STs were present in all reservoirs: ST131 (human n = 8; food n = 2; animal n = 6) and ST38 (human n = 3; animal n = 9; food n = 7). All but one CMY-2-producing ST131 isolates belonged to the clade B (fimH22) that differed substantially from the worldwide dominant CTX-M-15-producing clonal lineage ST131-O25b clade C (fimH30). Plasmid replicon types IncI1 (n = 61) and IncK (n = 72) were identified for the majority of blaCMY-2-carrying plasmids. Plasmid sequence comparisons showed a remarkable sequence identity, especially for IncK plasmids. Associations of replicon types and distinct STs were shown for IncK and ST57, ST429 and ST38 as well as for IncI1 and ST58. Additional β-lactamase genes (blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, blaSHV) were detected in 50% of the isolates, and twelve E. coli from chicken and retail chicken meat carried the colistin resistance gene mcr-1. Conclusion We found isolates of distinct E. coli clonal lineages (ST131 and ST38) in all three reservoirs. However, a direct clonal relationship of isolates from food animals and humans was only noticeable for a few cases. The CMY-2-producing E. coli-ST131 represents a clonal lineage different from the CTX-M-15-producing ST131-O25b cluster. Apart from the ST-driven spread, plasmid-mediated spread, especially via IncI1 and IncK plasmids, likely plays an important role for emergence and transmission of blaCMY-2 between animals and humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4976-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pietsch
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Burgstr, 37 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Alexandra Irrgang
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Roschanski
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Geovana Brenner Michael
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Axel Hamprecht
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heime Rieber
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum Dr. Stein, Division of Microbiology, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.,Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Uwe Rösler
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometrics, Epidemiology and Data Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Burgstr, 37 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Burgstr, 37 38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Guido Werner
- Robert Koch-Institute, FG 13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Burgstr, 37 38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
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Hemme M, Ruddat I, Hartmann M, Werner N, van Rennings L, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L. Antibiotic use on German pig farms - A longitudinal analysis for 2011, 2013 and 2014. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199592. [PMID: 29969477 PMCID: PMC6029768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To study antibiotic use in livestock in a temporal context with the development of antimicrobial resistance, long-term changes in antibiotic use must be mapped and their possible causes must be explored. Therefore, the present work assesses the changes in antibiotic use over time in German livestock husbandry. In addition, factors associated with antibiotic use were analyzed to identify possible strategies for further reducing antimicrobial usage. For 2011, 2013 and 2014, antibiotic usage data were collected and examined within the VetCAb project. Three hundred participating pig holdings provided information on their antibiotic use based on obligatory application and delivery forms (ADFs) filled in by their veterinarian as well as information on their current stabling capacities for each production type held. Data on sow, piglet, weaner and fattening pig holdings were described separately, using the semi-annual treatment frequency (TF) to measure antibiotic consumption. Multiple linear mixed models were used to investigate the effects of time, farm size, region and farm management category on the treatment frequency. The study yielded significant time changes with p-values below 0.001 in antibiotic administration with a decreasing median TF in piglets from 3.8 in the first half of 2011 (IQR = 1.1-10.6) to 1.7 in the second half of 2014 (IQR = 0.2-4.5) and in fattening pigs from 5.1 in the first half of 2011 (IQR = 0.2-15.4) to 0.7 in the second half of 2014 (IQR = 0.1-6.7). Meanwhile the TF fluctuated between 8.2 and 12.2 in weaners during the observational period (IQRs between zero (lower quartile) and 37.9 (upper quartile)). Piglet, weaner and fattening pig holdings belonging to the upper third of the holdings in size used significantly more antibiotics than the other holdings investigated. Particularly for weaner and fattening pig holdings, a higher TF was noted for farms without breeding units. The region was only a significant factor in weaners. In conclusion, for 2011, 2013 and 2014, the present study shows a clear reduction in antibiotic treatment frequency in German pig holdings. In addition, the association with various factors such as herd size and farm organization on the antibiotic usage frequency is indisputable. Therefore, these factors should be included in monitoring systems and considered when evaluating intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Hemme
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inga Ruddat
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Werner
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa van Rennings
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health in the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Allkämper S, Kösters S, Campe A, Kietzmann M, Kreienbrock L. [Cases of suspected poisoning in small animal practice - a retrospective and prospective survey]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2018; 46:145-155. [PMID: 29898476 DOI: 10.15654/tpk-170475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systematic survey of data from cases of suspected poisoning in small animal practices. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 11 exemplary selected small animal practices, patient files from cases of suspected poisoning over 2006/2007, data entry forms of poisonings 2009-2010 and the contact group, which are all patients with at least one visit in 2007, were analysed. RESULTS In 2007, approximately 1 in 200 dog and 1 in 500 cat patients were presented with poisoning. More than 70 % of cases concerned dogs. Some breeds of hunting dogs were more frequently affected than expected from their percentage in the practice population. Suspicion of poisoning was retrospective mainly founded in neutered dogs. In addition to numerous unspecific symptoms, bleeding was frequently observed. With central nervous system symptoms or a critical general condition a founded suspicion was observed more frequently. In cases of unfounded suspicion, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract was mostly present. Other frequently seen diseases were infections, tumours and autoimmune diseases. The main toxins in the retrospective evaluation were coumarin derivatives (37 %), drugs (10 %) and chocolate (7 %). The prospective survey yielded a higher percentage of poisoning with drugs and plants. The diagnosis was mainly based on case history and clinical signs. Therapy was predominantly symptomatic. CONCLUSIONS Poisoning with coumarin derivatives is the most frequent intoxication in dogs, but also cats. The risk from permethrin for cats remains current. In daily practice, therapy is mostly symptomatic without any specific toxicological evidence. Consequently, the causative toxin is frequently unknown. Therefore, additional methods for elimination (stomach/rectal lavage, medical coal, lipid therapy) should be included as therapeutical options. For a successful systematic prospective survey in daily practice a good collaboration between practice and investigator is necessary.
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Riesenberg A, Frömke C, Stingl K, Feßler AT, Gölz G, Glocker EO, Kreienbrock L, Klarmann D, Werckenthin C, Schwarz S. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Arcobacter butzleri: development and application of a new protocol for broth microdilution. J Antimicrob Chemother 2018; 72:2769-2774. [PMID: 29091194 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To develop a standard reference broth microdilution method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) of Arcobacter butzleri. The protocol was subsequently applied to a collection of A. butzleri isolates from different sources. Methods Broth microdilution susceptibility testing was performed on eight A. butzleri isolates in three media: non-supplemented CAMHB, CAMHB + 2% FBS and CAMHB + 5% FBS. The MIC values were read after 24 and 48 h of incubation at 35 ± 2 °C in ambient air. A logistic regression model was used to determine the combination of medium and incubation time yielding the most homogeneous results. Subsequently, the protocol was applied to 65 A. butzleri isolates to determine their MICs of 31 antimicrobial agents. Results The statistical analysis revealed that the most homogeneous MIC values were obtained with CAMHB + 5% FBS and reading of MIC values after 24 h of incubation. The standardized method was successful for AST of all 65 A. butzleri isolates. MIC values were distributed unimodally for most antimicrobial agents. However, one field isolate showed elevated MIC values of gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Conclusions This study presents a new protocol for AST of A. butzleri by broth microdilution and shows the distribution of MIC values of 31 antimicrobial agents for a collection of A. butzleri isolates from different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riesenberg
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.,Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany
| | - Cornelia Frömke
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stingl
- National Reference Laboratory for Campylobacter, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erik-Oliver Glocker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Brandenburg Hospital, Brandenburg Medical School, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dieter Klarmann
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Werckenthin
- Lower Saxony State Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety (LAVES), Food and Veterinary Institute Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Neustadt-Mariensee, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Roschanski N, Fischer J, Falgenhauer L, Pietsch M, Guenther S, Kreienbrock L, Chakraborty T, Pfeifer Y, Guerra B, Roesler UH. Retrospective Analysis of Bacterial Cultures Sampled in German Chicken-Fattening Farms During the Years 2011-2012 Revealed Additional VIM-1 Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli and a Serologically Rough Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:538. [PMID: 29636734 PMCID: PMC5880886 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenems are last-resort antibiotics used in human medicine. The increased detection of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is therefore worrying. In 2011 we reported the first livestock-associated VIM-1-producing Salmonella (S.) enterica serovar Infantis (R3) isolate from dust, sampled in a German chicken fattening farm. Due to this observation we retrospectively investigated more than 536 stored bacterial cultures, isolated from 45 chicken fattening farms during the years 2011 and 2012. After a non-selective overnight incubation, the bacteria were transferred to selective media. Escherichia (E.) coli and Salmonella growing on these media were further investigated, including antibiotic susceptibility testing, carbapenemase gene screening and whole genome sequencing (WGS). In total, four CRE were found in three out of 45 investigated farms: Besides R3, one additional Salmonella (G-336-1a) as well as two E. coli isolates (G-336-2, G-268-2). All but G-268-2 harbored the blaVIM-1 gene. Salmonella isolates R3 and G-336-1 were closely related although derived from two different farms. All three blaVIM-1-encoding isolates possessed identical plasmids and the blaVIM-1- containing transposon showed mobility at least in vitro. In isolate G-268-2, the AmpC beta-lactamase gene blaCMY-2 but no known carbapenemase gene was identified. However, a transfer of the phenotypic resistance was possible. Furthermore, G-268-2 contained the mcr-1 gene, combining phenotypical carbapenem- as well as colistin resistance in one isolate. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae have been found in three out of 45 investigated chicken flocks. This finding is alarming and emphasizes the importance of intervention strategies to contain the environmental spread of resistant bacteria in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Roschanski
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennie Fischer
- Department for Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Falgenhauer
- German Center for Infection Research, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael Pietsch
- FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Sebastian Guenther
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Epidemiology and Information Processing and WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, Institute for Biometry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Trinad Chakraborty
- German Center for Infection Research, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Partner Site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Pfeifer
- FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistance, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Beatriz Guerra
- Department for Biological Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe H Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Strutzberg-Minder K, Tschentscher A, Beyerbach M, Homuth M, Kreienbrock L. Passive surveillance of Leptospira infection in swine in Germany. Porcine Health Manag 2018; 4:10. [PMID: 29610674 PMCID: PMC5872537 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-018-0086-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As no current data are available on the prevalence of leptospiral infection in swine in Germany, we analysed laboratory data from diagnostic examinations carried out on samples from swine all over Germany from January 2011 to September 2016. A total of 29,829 swine sera were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for antibodies against strains of eleven Leptospira serovars. Results Overall, 20.2% (6025) of the total sample collection tested positive for leptospiral infection. Seropositivity ranged between 16.3% (964) in 2011 and 30.9% (941) in 2016 (January to September only). Of all samples, 11.6% (57.3% of the positives) reacted with only one Leptospira serovar, and only 8.6% (42.7% of the positives) reacted simultaneously with two or more serovars. The most frequently detected serovar was Bratislava, which was found in 11.6% (3448) of all samples, followed by the serovars Australis in 7.3% (2185), Icterohaemorrhagiae in 4.0% (1191), Copenhageni in 4.0% (1182), Autumnalis in 3.7% (1054), Canicola in 2.0% (585), and Pomona in 1.2% (368). Modelling shows that both the year and the reason for testing at the laboratory had statistically strong effects on the test results; however, no interactions were determined between those factors. The results support the suggestion that the seropositivities found may be considered to indicate the state of leptospiral infections in the German swine population. Conclusion Although data from passive surveillance are prone to selection bias, stratified analysis by initial reason for examination and analyses by model approaches may correct for biases. A prevalence of about 20% for a leptospiral infection is most probable for sows with reproductive problems in Germany, with an increasing trend. Swine in Germany are probably a reservoir host for serovar Bratislava, but in contrast to other studies not for Pomona and Tarassovi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Astrid Tschentscher
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), Albert-Einstein-Str. 5, 30926 Seelze, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- 2Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Homuth
- IVD Innovative Veterinary Diagnostics (IVD GmbH), Albert-Einstein-Str. 5, 30926 Seelze, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- 2Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing (IBEI), WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Kreienbrock L. Evidenced Based Approach for a Definition of Defined Daily Dosages of Antibiotics Used in German Pig Production. VE 2018. [DOI: 10.18849/ve.v3i1.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>The use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine and a resulting development of antimicrobial resistance is a topic of major concern. Especially for primary care, evidence is needed to guarantee the efficacy of antibiotic drugs in future. For this, the correct dosage is an essential measure to prevent antibiotic resistance. Because veterinarians used practice differs from the manufacturer’s recommendations, data is needed to describe evidence-based defined daily doses for animals (DDDA).</p><p>In 2011 data was collected on the usage of antibiotics in farm animals in conjunction with the VetCAb-study (Veterinary consumption of antibiotics) in Germany (see vetcab-s.de, van Rennings et al., 2015). Since then, data is continuously collected on the kind of antibiotics, the number of doses, number of animals treated and treatment frequencies. For this presentation the antibiotic usage in 2011 of 500 German pig farms totalling 18,150 treatment courses were recorded and analysed with regard to their dosage. The used daily dosage (UDD) was calculated from the amount of the drug used and a defined standard weight for the four different age groups in pig production: sows (200kg), piglets (4kg), weaners (15kg) and fattening pigs (50 kg).</p><p>Apart from the UDD the expertise of pharmacologists was also taken into account to determine a DDDA for each antibiotic. This definition of DDDA is pinpointed by the recommendation of the EMA and has to be determined for each drug in combination with animal species and the form of application.</p><p>The study showed that in pig production, the antibiotic groups tetracycline and ß-lactams are mainly used. More than 90% of all treatments are given orally. For tetracycline the manufacturers recommend a dose of approximately 80 mg / kg orally in pigs. The DDDAs determined from expert opinions are around 50mg/ kg. In the present study with 500 analysed pig farms the average UDD was 39.6 mg / kg. Previous studies in Germany identified an identical image of evaluations in pig farms (Merle et al, 2014). This example shows the difference between the manufacturer’s recommendations, expert opinions and in practice actually administered doses.</p><p>These data therefore form a basis for the determination of DDDA. The next necessary step would be to develop Europe-wide DDDAs for each antibiotic, animal species and form of application.</p><br /> <img src="https://www.veterinaryevidence.org/rcvskmod/icons/oa-icon.jpg" alt="Open Access" />
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Abstract
In Germany, all calves are tested for the presence of bovine viral diarrhoea/mucosal disease virus (BVDV) virus since January 1, 2011. The basis for this compulsory investigation is the BVDV Federal Regulation (BVDVV), which demands testing of calves before the age of six months and according to the new regulation of June 2016 within four weeks or before entering another stock. In 2012, a questionnaire was sent to 7250 Lower Saxony cattle farmers to identify potential factors associated with the presence of BVDV. Completed questionnaires were received from 2542 farms for further analysis. For BVD status determination of these farms, the diagnostic results of 425,911 ear notch samples of calves as part of the BVD eradication period from June 2010 to December 2013 were used. For the analysis of the completed questionnaires, a univariable analysis was performed by the chi-square or Wilcoxon test for each variable studied. In addition, a multivariable logistic model was performed. Four potential risk factors remained after a backward selection in the final logistic regression model: the dairy production compared to the suckling and other types of production, the herd size, the purchase of animals and the location in western region in comparison with the central and eastern regions. In summary, according to the results of this study, the farm with the highest probability of a BVDV infection in Lower Saxony is a large dairy farm that purchases cattle and is located in a cattle-dense region. When the complete eradication of the virus will be achieved, the results of the present study may help to conduct a risk-oriented monitoring programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Amelung
- Institute for Animal Health, LUFA Nord-West, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Hartmann
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ludwig Haas
- Institute for Virology, University for Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University for Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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Langer MN, Blodkamp S, Bayerbach M, Feßler AT, de Buhr N, Gutsmann T, Kreienbrock L, Schwarz S, von Köckritz-Blickwede M. Testing cathelicidin susceptibility of bacterial mastitis isolates: Technical challenges and data output for clinical isolates. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:107-115. [PMID: 29103679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis caused by bacterial pathogens, such as Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and Escherichia (E.) coli, is a major economic problem in dairy industry. In order to limit the presence of multi-resistant bacteria in bovine mastitis, alternatives for the treatment with antibiotics are urgently needed. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have recently been discussed as a potential new strategy against bacterial infections. They are key players in the innate immune system, as they can directly act against microorganisms or modulate the immune system. The aim of our study was to test S. aureus and E. coli mastitis isolates for their susceptibility to the bovine cathelicidins, BMAP-27 and BMAP-28. Susceptibility testing was performed in analogy to the broth microdilution criteria described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) to determine MICs of 50 clinical S. aureus and 50 clinical E. coli isolates for BMAP-27 and BMAP-28. Based on the repetitive testing of four well-selected reference strains, the homogeneity of MIC variances for each peptide as well as the effect of temperature, oxygen level and plastic polymers on MIC testing was determined. Statistical analysis revealed not only strong peptide-specific variances, but also strain-specific variances in the technical procedure. Finally, using this technique, susceptibility testing of the field isolates revealed statistically significant peptide-specific differences in the MICs. While BMAP-27 showed lower MICs for E. coli, BMAP-28 showed lower MICs for S. aureus. However, these results clearly illustrate the need of susceptibility testing of AMPs on several unrelated strains and not only on one selected test organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa N Langer
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefanie Blodkamp
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Bayerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Center for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea T Feßler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Research Group Biophysics, Research Centre Borstel, Borstel, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO-Collaborating Center for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Schwarz
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Center for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany; Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany.
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Schaekel F, May T, Seiler J, Hartmann M, Kreienbrock L. Antibiotic drug usage in pigs in Germany-Are the class profiles changing? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182661. [PMID: 28841685 PMCID: PMC5571922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of antimicrobial resistance is triggered by the use of antibiotic drugs. Therefore, the consumption of antibiotics in livestock is monitored, and different measures may be applied if the usage of antibiotic drugs seems inappropriate. Unfortunately, the surveillance of antibiotic consumption is not standardised, and surveillance systems differ. In Germany, the food quality assurance system QS Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH (QS) began the documentation of antibiotic drug usage in pigs in 2012 in a private economic based database, and for its members, documentation has been mandatory in all pig age groups since 2014. In this investigation, we calculated the distribution of the antibiotics use per pig age group and half-year, and the percentage of the active substances used from overall treatments within German pig holdings from 1 July, 2013 to 30 June, 2015. In fattening pigs, the median of the treatment frequency is 4.3 in 2013-2 and exhibits a decreasing trend in this time period up to 2.1 in 2015-1. In weaners the median ranged between 11.3 in 2014-2 and 5.8 in 2013-2. The median of sucklers varies between 21.6 and 25.0. In sucklers and weaners, a clear temporal trend is not seen to date. The share of the active substances differs between the age groups. In fattening pigs, mostly tetracyclines and penicillines were used, occurring in approximately 60% of the total treatments. In weaners, amoxicillin and colistin have the highest shares of the treatment frequency, at approximately 60%. The treatment frequencies of macrolides and penicillines have the highest share in sucklers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Schaekel
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas May
- QS, Qualität und Sicherheit GmbH, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Maria Hartmann
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training for Health at the Human-Animal-Environment Interface, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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