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Colombo SA, de Mello DMD, Morais BRM, Salvato LA, Dorella FA, Tavares GC, da Silva VMF, de Azevedo MI. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FUNGAL MICROBIOTA IN THE NOSTRILS AND RECTUM OF AMAZONIAN MANATEES ( TRICHECHUS INUNGUIS) FROM A REHABILITATION PROGRAM IN BRAZIL. J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:125-135. [PMID: 38453495 DOI: 10.1638/2022-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study characterized the filamentous and yeast-like fungal microbiota of the nasal cavity and rectum of Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) undergoing rehabilitation at the Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals, National Institute of Amazonian Research, Manaus, Amazonas, and determined the antifungal susceptibility of these organisms. Nasal and rectal swabs were collected from 22 calves and three juveniles. The samples were seeded in Sabouraud agar supplemented with chloramphenicol 10%, incubated at 26°C, and observed daily for up to 7 d. The growth of different filamentous and yeast-like fungi was observed among the two anatomical sites. Filamentous fungi were categorized by macro- and microscopic characteristics of the colonies. Representatives of each group were selected for molecular identification based on the internal transcribed spacer region. Yeast identification was performed using MALDI-TOF MS and molecular analyses. Thirteen genera of filamentous fungi and six genera of yeasts were isolated and identified. The dominant filamentous species were Fusarium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Cochliobolus lunatus in the nostril samples and Aspergillus melleus in the rectal samples. Candida was the dominant genus among the identified yeasts at both anatomical sites. In the antifungal susceptibility test, 28 isolates showed resistance to fluconazole (78%), itraconazole (39%), and nystatin (42%). The knowledge of fungal microbiota composition of Amazonian manatees provides information that assists in monitoring the health status of individuals maintained in captivity, as these organisms can behave either as opportunists or as primary pathogens. Moreover, the composition and resistance of these organisms may vary among different rehabilitation institutions or different time frames of search, reinforcing the importance of constant in loco surveillance of these microorganisms. This study provides new perspectives on the fungal diversity in the microbiota of manatees and supports future studies concerning the clinical and epidemiological aspects and the impacts of these agents on the health of Amazonian manatees undergoing rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salene A Colombo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Daniela M D de Mello
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals, National Institute of Amazonian Research-INPA, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Bruna R M Morais
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Lauranne A Salvato
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fernanda A Dorella
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Tavares
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Vera M F da Silva
- Laboratory of Aquatic Mammals, National Institute of Amazonian Research-INPA, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil
| | - Maria I de Azevedo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil,
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Polyphasic identification of decay agents of lemon fruits in Serbia. ZBORNIK MATICE SRPSKE ZA PRIRODNE NAUKE 2022. [DOI: 10.2298/zmspn2243073s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Lemon fruits are an important source of vitamin C, potassium, folate,
carotenoids, polyphenols, coumarins and terpenes. These lemon compounds have
antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which have beneficial effects
on human health. This research aimed to elucidate the etiology of blue and
green molds detected on lemon fruits in Serbia. Using integrative
identification approach, the obtained isolates were characterized from
morphological, physiological, molecular, phylogenetic and pathological
aspects. Colony growth and morphology were examined on Czapek yeast
autolysate agar (CYA), Malt extract agar (MEA) and Creatine sucrose agar
(CREA), and on CYA at two additional incubation temperatures (5 and 37 ?C).
For molecular identification, ITS and partial ?-tubulin (BenA) genes were
sequenced. Phylogenetic relationships were investigated using
maximum-likelihood method. A pathogenicity test was carried out and the
possible difference in pathogenicity among isolates was assessed with
analysis of variance (ANOVA) and subsequent Tukey?s test. Four species were
identified: Penicillium expansum, Penicillium digitatum, Penicillium
polonicum and Talaromyces rugulosus. All four species proved to be
pathogenic on lemon fruits, producing symptoms similar to those observed on
naturally infected fruits. The results of this study are the first records
of the beforementioned Penicillium/ Talaromyces species as postharvest
pathogens on lemon fruits in Serbia and the first world report of T.
rugulosus as phytopathogenic on the same host.
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Stošić S, Ristić D, Savković Ž, Grbić ML, Vukojević J, Živković S. Penicillium and Talaromyces Species as Postharvest Pathogens of Pear Fruit ( Pyrus communis) in Serbia. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:3510-3521. [PMID: 34010022 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0037-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pears are one of the oldest and the third most important fruit species grown in temperate regions. They are consumed because of their nutritional and health benefits, in fresh form or as various processed products. This article resolves the etiology of the Penicillium-like mold symptoms on pear fruits in Serbia. Samples of pear fruits with blue mold and other Penicillium-like mold symptoms were collected in Serbia from 2016 to 2019, from four storages. The recovered isolates were identified and characterized according to a polyphasic approach. Morphological and physiological analyses were performed on three media and five temperatures, respectively. Four loci (internal transcribed spacer, beta-tubulin, calmodulin, and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II second largest subunit) were used for sequencing, genetic identification, and phylogenetic analyses. The results of the identification by conventional and molecular methods were in agreement, and they revealed that the obtained isolates belong to five species: Penicillium crustosum, P. expansum, P. italicum, Talaromyces minioluteus, and T. rugulosus. In a pathogenicity test, P. crustosum, P. expansum, T. minioluteus, and T. rugulosus produced decay on artificially inoculated pear fruits, and P. italicum induced tissue response lesions. The results of this study are the first reports of T. minioluteus and T. rugulosus as postharvest pear pathogens. Also, these are the first world records of T. minioluteus, T. rugulosus, and P. italicum on fruits of European pear. Furthermore, this is the first finding of P. crustosum, P. expansum, P. italicum, T. minioluteus, and T. rugulosus on pear fruit in Serbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Stošić
- Department of Plant Diseases, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Ristić
- Department of Plant Diseases, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Željko Savković
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac," 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Ljaljević Grbić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac," 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Vukojević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Botany and Botanical Garden "Jevremovac," 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetlana Živković
- Department of Plant Diseases, Institute for Plant Protection and Environment, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Madsen AM, Frederiksen MW, Mahmoud Kurdi I, Sommer S, Flensmark E, Tendal K. Expanded cardboard waste sorting and occupational exposure to microbial species. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2019; 87:345-356. [PMID: 31109535 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Member states of the European Union have to maximize recycling. The current, Danish cardboard recycling system can be improved by increasing the kinds of cardboard products that can be recycled to include e.g. used beverage cartons and pizza boxes (i.e. an expanded cardboard fraction (ECF)). This study aims to obtain knowledge about exposure to airborne endotoxin and microorganisms at species level at different collection frequencies of ECF, and whether an increase in waste sorted fractions means that each waste fraction is collected less frequently. Bacterial and endotoxin concentrations were associated significantly with temperature inside the waste containers and endotoxin and fungal exposures with collection frequency. The concentration of fungi was highest at the truck back and for reduced collection frequencies. The geometric mean diameters of particles with bacteria were between 3.0 and 5.2 μm and with fungi between 3.8 μm and 6.0 μm. In total, 81 and 25 different bacterial and fungal species were found at the waste receiving plant, respectively. Work with ECF caused exposures to food-related microorganisms (e.g. Arthrobacter arilaitensis and Penicillium camemberti), potential pathogens (e.g. Bacillus cereus, Salmonella sp. and P. expansum), and commensal bacteria. Bacillus cereus and Salmonella were found in the particle size fraction often being swallowed. Workers collecting EFC will be at risk of being exposed to microbial species that normally are related to residual waste. It seems to be advisable with an EFC collection frequency shorter than eight weeks. However, introduction of new waste fractions has generally been associated with reduced collection frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette Madsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Margit W Frederiksen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Iman Mahmoud Kurdi
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sussi Sommer
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth Flensmark
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kira Tendal
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Patiño B, Medina A, Doménech M, González-Jaén MT, Jiménez M, Vázquez C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) identification ofPenicillium brevicompactum, a grape contaminant and mycophenolic acid producer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 24:165-72. [PMID: 17364917 DOI: 10.1080/02652030600967222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium brevicompactum is a ubiquitous fungal species that contaminates diverse substrates and commodities and produces an array of metabolites toxic to human and animals. The present work has obtained evidence, by liquid chromatography (LC)-ion-trap mass spectrometry, of the ability of P. brevicompactum strains isolated from grapes to produce mycophenolic acid, a potent immunosuppressor. In order to facilitate early diagnosis of this species on commodities for human and animal consumption, a rapid, sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for P. brevicompactum was developed. The specific primers were designed based on the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacers of rRNA genes) multicopy region. This method provides a useful aid to detect the presence of this fungal species in grapes and other commodities in order to prevent the toxins produced entering the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Patiño
- Departamento Microbiología III, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Jose Antonia Novais, Madrid 28040 Spain.
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Blesa J, Soriano JM, Moltó JC, Mañes J. Factors Affecting the Presence of Ochratoxin A in Wines. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2007; 46:473-8. [PMID: 16864140 DOI: 10.1080/10408390500215803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) are synthesized mainly by different species of Aspergillus and Penicillium being its human toxicological effects reflected in different countries due to the consumption of different foods and beverages such as red, white, rose, and special wines. This review presents an overview of the direct (meteorological conditions, grape cultivation, and wine-making techniques) and indirect (latitude, year of production, use of pesticides, presence of spoilage microorganisms, conditions of storage of the harvested grapes, type of maceration, and conditions of fermentation), factors affecting the presence of OTA in wines.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Blesa
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100, Burjassot, Spain
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Arici M, Gümüs T, Kara F. The fate of ochratoxin A during the Pekmez production from mouldy grapes. Food Control 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2003.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Magnoli C, Violante M, Combina M, Palacio G, Dalcero A. Mycoflora and ochratoxin-producing strains of Aspergillus section Nigri in wine grapes in Argentina. Lett Appl Microbiol 2003; 37:179-84. [PMID: 12859664 DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2003.01376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this work were to evaluate the mycoflora and to identify the species of Aspergillus with the potential to produce ochratoxin A (OA) from different wine grape varieties from Mendoza, Argentina. Likewise, the capacity to produce OA by Aspergillus section Nigri was studied. METHODS AND RESULTS Fifty samples of wine grapes were obtained from a winery of Mendoza province, Argentina. The surface-disinfection method was used for mycoflora determination using the medium dichloran 18% glycerol agar (DG18). Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium were identified at species level. OA production was tested in 63 strains belonging to section Nigri. Alternaria genus was the most frequent (80% of the samples) followed by Aspergillus (70%). Alternaria alternata was the only specie identified from the Alternaria genus, followed by A. niger var. niger, A. flavus among others. From Penicillium genus, P. crysogenum was the most frequent specie. From 63 strains of Aspergillus section Nigri, 41.3% were OA producers. The levels of produced toxin ranged from 2 to 24.5 ng ml-1 of culture medium. CONCLUSIONS The presence of ochratoxigenic strains of Nigri section in this substrate suggests that they may be an important source of OA in grapes from tropical and subtropical zones. Therefore, the industry should work further to diminish the growth of these fungi and mycotoxins formation in grapes, with the aim to reduce OA content in wine products. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The wine grape contamination with A. alternata and Aspergillus section Nigri was significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Magnoli
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
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Pitt JI. Biology and ecology of toxigenic Penicillium species. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2002; 504:29-41. [PMID: 11922096 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0629-4_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Many Penicillium species produce mycotoxins. The importance of these toxic compounds varies widely, and is governed as much by the biology and ecology of the species concerned as by the inherent toxicity of the compounds themselves. For example, P. citreonigrum and P. islandicum make potent toxins, but as both species are rare in nature, the toxins are not important. Although P. janthinellum and P. simplicissimum are very widely distributed and make potent toxins, these species are rarely found outside soils so again, the toxins are of little practical importance. The very common P. crustosum makes a potent tremorgenic mycotoxin, fortunately, the toxin is only produced at very high water activities. On the other hand, P. verrucosum, unknown in the tropics, is widespread in cereals in cold climates. Consequently, ochratoxin A production by this species causes a major toxicosis. The biology and ecology of these and other Penicillium mycotoxins will be described in this paper.
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Da RRCA, Palacios V, Combina M, Fraga ME, De ORA, Magnoli CE, Dalcero AM. Potential ochratoxin A producers from wine grapes in Argentina and Brazil. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:408-14. [PMID: 11962699 DOI: 10.1080/02652030110092748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to identify the normal mycoflora in wine grapes from Argentina and Brazil. We collected 50 grapes samples from Malbec and Chardonnay varieties in each country during the 1997-98 harvest. Yeasts were a major component of the fungal population, and the most frequent genera of filamentous fungi isolated were: Aspergillus, Penicillium and Botrytis. Other genera identified (in decreasing order) were: Phythophthora, Moniliella, Alternaria and Cladosporium. From grapes, the mean frequency of filamentous fungi ranged from 1.3 x 10(4) to 5.4 x 10(6) CFU g(-1). We isolated 48 Aspergillus niger strains from Argentinian grape, of which eight could produce ochratoxin A. Sixteen of 53 A. niger strains from Brazilian grapes produced ochratoxin A. The results indicate that similar mycobiota were isolated from Argentinian and Brazilian wine grapes and there could be ochratoxin A production in this substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocha Rosa C A Da
- Departamento de Microbiología e Imunología, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Veterinária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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