Double-stapled vs. handsewn ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis

Controversies in IPAA for Ulcerative Colitis: A Systematic Review of Different Anastomotic Techniques

BACKGROUND

Available techniques for IPAA in ulcerative colitis include handsewn, double-stapled, and single-stapled anastomoses. There are controversies, indications, and different outcomes regarding these techniques.

OBJECTIVE

To describe technical details, indications, and outcomes of 3 specific types of anastomoses in restorative proctocolectomy.

DATA SOURCE

Systematic literature review for articles in the PubMed database according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses criteria.

STUDY SELECTION

Studies describing outcomes of the 3 different types of anastomoses, during pouch surgery, in patients undergoing restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis.

INTERVENTION

IPAA technique.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Postoperative outcomes (anastomotic leaks, overall complication rates, and pouch function).

RESULTS

Twenty-one studies were initially included: 6 studies exclusively on single-stapled IPAA, 2 exclusively on double-stapled IPAA, 6 studies comparing single-stapled to double-stapled techniques, 6 comparing double-stapled to handsewn IPAA, and 1 comprising single-stapled to handsewn IPAA. Thirty-seven studies were added according to authors' discretion as complementary evidence. Between 1990 and 2015, most studies were related to double-stapled IPAA, either only analyzing the results of this technique or comparing it with the handsewn technique. Studies published after 2015 were mostly related to transanal approaches to proctectomy for IPAA, in which a single-stapled anastomosis was introduced instead of the double-stapled anastomosis, with some studies comparing both techniques.

LIMITATIONS

A low number of studies with handsewn IPAA technique and a large number of studies added at authors' discretion were the limitations of this strudy.

CONCLUSIONS

Handsewn IPAA should be considered if a mucosectomy is performed for dysplasia or cancer in the low rectum or, possibly, for re-do surgery. Double-stapled IPAA has been more widely adopted for its simplicity and for the advantage of preserving the anal transition zone, having lower complications, and having adequate pouch function. The single-stapled IPAA offers a more natural design, is feasible, and is associated with reasonable outcomes compared to double-stapled anastomosis. See video from symposium.

Stapled Anastomosis Versus Hand-Sewn Anastomosis With Mucosectomy for Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Postoperative Outcomes, Functional Outcomes, and Oncological Safety

PURPOSE

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare outcomes between stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) and hand-sewn IPAA with mucosectomy in cases of ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis.

METHODS

This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis) guidelines 2020 and AMSTAR 2 (Assessing the methodological quality of systematic reviews) guidelines. We included randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and controlled clinical trials (CCTs). Subgroup analysis was performed according to the indication for surgery.

RESULTS

The bibliographic research yielded 31 trials: 3 RCTs, 5 prospective clinical trials, and 24 CCTs including 8872 patients: 4871 patients in the stapled group and 4038 in the hand-sewn group. Regarding postoperative outcomes, the stapled group had a lower rate of anastomotic stricture, small bowel obstruction, and ileal pouch failure. There were no differences between the 2 groups in terms of operative time, anastomotic leak, pelvic sepsis, pouchitis, or hospital stay. For functional outcomes, the stapled group was associated with greater outcomes in terms of seepage per day and by night, pad use, night incontinence, resting pressure, and squeeze pressure. There were no differences in stool Frequency per 24h, stool frequency at night, antidiarrheal medication, sexual impotence, or length of the high-pressure zone. There was no difference between the 2 groups in terms of dysplasia and neoplasia.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to hand-sewn anastomosis, stapled ileoanal anastomosis leads to a large reduction in anastomotic stricture, small bowel obstruction, ileal pouch failure, seepage by day and night, pad use, and night incontinence. This may ensure a higher resting pressure and squeeze pressure in manometry evaluation.

PROTOCOL REGISTRATION

The protocol was registered at PROSPERO under CRD 42022379880.

Handsewn Versus Stapled IPAA in Redo Setting: Indications, Patient Characteristics, Operative, Functional, and Quality-of-Life Outcomes

BACKGROUND

The impact of the type of anastomosis on the outcomes of redo IPAA is unknown.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to assess the indications, perioperative outcomes, and functional outcomes in patients undergoing stapled vs handsewn redo IPAA.

DESIGN

This is a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS

This investigation is based on a single academic practice group experience with redo IPAA.

PATIENTS

Patients who underwent redo IPAA for ileal pouch failure between September 2016 and May 2020 were included in the study.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Indications, perioperative outcomes, functional outcomes, restrictions, and quality-of-life scores were compared between stapled and handsewn groups.

RESULTS

A total of 105 patients underwent redo IPAA for ileal pouch failure of whom 76 (72%) had handsewn and 29 (28%) had stapled reanastomosis. The interval between the index and redo IPAA was shorter in stapled redo IPAA (median (interquartile range), Stapled: 3 years (1-4) vs handsewn: 7 years (3-17), p < 0.001). Handsewn anastomosis was more commonly used after pelvic sepsis (handsewn: n = 57 (76%) vs stapled: n = 13 (45%), p = 0.002). Overall postoperative morbidity was similar between the 2 groups (handsewn: n = 38 (50%) vs stapled: n = 16 (55%), p = 0.635). The number of bowel movements, pad use, daily restrictions, and Cleveland Global Quality of Life scores were similar between stapled and handsewn groups. Although daytime seepage was more common after handsewn anastomosis (handsewn, n = 20 (44%) vs stapled, n = 3 (14%), p = 0.013), nighttime seepage was similar in both groups. Pouch survival rates were comparable: 88% vs 92% (p > 0.05).

LIMITATIONS

This study is limited by its low study power and limited follow-up time.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who had pelvic sepsis after their index IPAA required handsewn anastomosis at higher rates than other redo cases. Although handsewn anastomosis is a more complex procedure, it is associated with morbidity, functional outcomes, and quality-of-life scores similar to stapled anastomosis for redo IPAA. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/B580.

RECONSTRUCCIN DE ANASTOMOSIS ILEONAL CON RESERVORIO ILEAL CON SUTURA MANUAL VERSUS ANASTOMOSIS CON ENGRAPADO INDICACIONES, CARACTERSTICAS DEL PACIENTE, RESULTADOS OPERATORIOS, FUNCIONALES Y DE CALIDAD DE VIDA

ANTECEDENTES:Se desconoce el impacto en los resultados del tipo de anastomosis se rehace una anastomosis ileonal con reservorio ileal (IPAA).OBJETIVO:El propósito de este estudio es evaluar las indicaciones, resultados perioperatorios y funcionales en pacientes sometidos a una reconstrucción IPAA con engrapado vs sutura manual.DISEÑO:Este es un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.ENTORNO CLINICO:Esta investigación se basa en la experiencia de un solo grupo de práctica académica sobre reconstrucción IPAA.PACIENTES:Se incluyeron en el estudio pacientes que fueron sometidos a una reconstrucción de IPAA por falla del reservorio ileal entre septiembre del 2016 hasta mayo del 2020.PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE VALORACION:se compararon indicaciones, resultados perioperatorios, funcionales, restricciones y puntuaciones de calidad de vida entre los grupos de engrapado y sutura manual.RESULTADOS:Un total de 105 pacientes fueron sometidos a una reconstrucción de IPAA por falla del reservorio ileal, de los cuales 76 (72%) fueron reanastomosis con sutura manual y 29 (28%) con engrapado. El intervalo entre la cirugía inicial y la reintervención de IPAA fue más corto en la reconstrucción de IPAA con engrapado [mediana (IQR), engrapado: 3 años (1-4) vs con sutura manual: 7 años (3-17), p <0,001]. La anastomosis con sutura manual se realizo con mayor frecuencia después de sepsis pélvica [sutura manual: n = 57 (76%) vs engrapado: n = 13 (45%), p = 0,002]. La morbilidad postoperatoria total fue similar entre los dos grupos [sutura manual: n = 38 (50%) vs engrapado: n = 16 (55%), p = 0,635]. El número de evacuaciones intestinales, el uso de paños protectores, restricciones diarias y puntuaciones en CGQL fueron similares entre los grupos de engrapado y sutura manual. Si bien el manchado por la mañana fue más común después de la anastomosis con sutura manual [sutura manual, n = 20 (44%) vs engrapado, n = 3 (14%), p = 0.013], el manchado por la noche fue similar en ambos grupos. Las tasas de sobrevida con reservorio fueron comparables; 88% vs 92% respectivamente (p> 0,05).LIMITACIONES:Este estudio está limitado por su bajo poder de estudio y su tiempo de seguimiento limitado.CONCLUSIONES:Los pacientes que tuvieron sepsis pélvica después de su primer IPAA, requirieron anastomosis con sutura manual en un porcentaje más alto que otros procedimientos de reintervención. Si bien es cierto, la anastomosis con sutura manual es un procedimiento mucho más complejo; este se asoció a una morbilidad, resultados funcionales y puntuaciones de calidad de vida similares en comparación a la anastomosis con engrapado cuando se rehace la IPAA. Consulte Video Resumen en http://links.lww.com/DCR/B580. (Traducción- Dr. Francisco M. Abarca-Rendon).

Postoperative functional outcomes and complications of partially intraanal canal anastomosis in stapled ileal pouch anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis

AIM

For ulcerative colitis (UC), stapled ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) reportedly results in better bowel function than does IPAA with mucosectomy. However, a potential cancer risk in the remnant mucosa has been observed. The clinical results of IPAA by double stapling technique (DS-IPAA) in which the anastomotic line was on the dentate line at posterior wall and the top of anal canal at anterior wall ("Partially intraanal canal anastomosis": PICA) to reduce the remnant mucosa were evaluated.

METHODS

Clinical results of PICA were retrospectively compared with those by DS-IPAA with anastomosis at above the anal canal on 1 year after open surgery. Of 211 UC cases that underwent DS-IPAA, 146 cases (69%) with PICA who were confirmed by the squamous epithelium on the posterior part of the distal donuts were included. Sixty-five cases with anastomosis above the anal canal were evaluated as the control. One stage surgery underwent in 95% of PICA and 93% of control.

RESULTS

One year after surgery, each group had six bowel movements daily. Nighttime evacuation was found in 16% of PICA and in 20% of control. Soiling was found in 1% of PICA and 4.8% of control. After one stage operation, anastomotic leakage that needed ileostomy was observed in 0.7% of PICA and 3% of control.

CONCLUSION

Partially intraanal canal anastomosis (PICA) can reduce anal canal mucosa with the same postoperative bowel function and complication rate as DS-IPAA above the anal canal. This procedure may be feasible for UC patients who can tolerate this procedure in terms of decreasing postoperative cancer risk.

Current Approaches to Pediatric Polyposis Syndromes

Colorectal adenomatous polyposis syndromes encompass a diverse group of disorders with varying modes of inheritance and penetrance. Children may present with overt disease or within screening programs for families at high risk. We provide an overview of the array of pediatric polyposis syndromes, current screening recommendations, and surgical indications and technical considerations. Optimal disease management for these pediatric patients is still evolving and has implications for screening, surveillance, pediatric surgical management, and transition of care gastroenterologic neoplasia physicians and surgeons.

Controversies in J Pouch Surgery for Ulcerative Colitis: A Focus on Handsewn Versus Stapled Anastomosis

The accepted current standard for treatment of medically refractory ulcerative colitis is total proctocolectomy with an ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for restoration of continence. There are 2 techniques by which the anastomosis can be performed, including handsewn and stapled. Handsewn anastomosis with mucosectomy was the first method described; however, it has been associated with significant incontinence. The double-stapled anastomosis was developed in response to improve postoperative function. Controversy remains as to which technique is superior as both have disadvantages. This review article addresses differences between the 2 methodologies in relation to postoperative complications, anorectal physiology, functional outcomes, and oncological safety.

Restorative proctocolectomy with a handsewn IPAA: S-pouch or J-pouch?

BACKGROUND

The efferent limb on the S-pouch fits well into the anal canal while the body of the pouch lies on the levators. In contrast, the blunt end of a J-pouch may be distorted as it is forced into the muscular tube of the stripped anus.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes and quality of life between patients with S- and J-pouches with a handsewn IPAA.

DESIGN

This study was retrospective.

SETTING

This study was conducted at a high-volume tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS

Patients undergoing a primary handsewn IPAA from 1983 to 2012 were identified.

MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES

Demographics, operative details, functional outcomes, and quality of life were abstracted.

RESULTS

A total of 502 patients, including 169 patients with an S-pouch (33.7%) and 333 patients with J-pouch (66.3%), met our inclusion criteria; 55.8% (n = 280) were men. Mean age at pouch construction was 37.8 ± 12.5 years. Patients with an S-pouch were younger (p = 0.004) and had a higher BMI (p = 0.035) at pouch surgery. There was no significant difference between patients with S- or J-pouches in other demographics. The frequencies of short-term complications in the 2 groups were similar (p > 0.05), but pouch fistula or sinus (p = 0.047), pelvic sepsis (p = 0.044), postoperative partial small-bowel obstruction (p = 0.003), or postoperative pouch-related hospitalization (p = 0.021) occurred in fewer patients with an S-pouch. At a median follow-up of 12.2 (range, 4.3-20.1) years, patients with an S-pouch were found to have fewer bowel movements (p < 0.001), less frequent pad use (p = 0.001), and a lower fecal incontinence severity index score (p = 0.015). The pouch failed in 62 patients (12.4%), but neither univariate nor multivariate analysis showed a significant association with pouch configuration.

LIMITATIONS

The use of data from a single tertiary referral center was a limitation of this study.

CONCLUSION

We recommend using an S-pouch when constructing an IPAA with a handsewn technique.

History of and current issues affecting surgery for pediatric ulcerative colitis

Pediatric ulcerative colitis (UC) is reportedly more extensive and progressive in its clinical course than adult UC. Therefore, more aggressive initial therapies and more frequent colectomies are needed. When physicians treat pediatric UC, they must consider the therapeutic outcome as well as the child's physical and psychological development. Mucosal proctocolectomy with ileal J-pouch anal anastomosis is currently recommended as a standard curative surgical procedure for UC in both children and adults worldwide. This procedure was developed 100 years after the first surgical therapy, which treated UC by colon irrigation through a temporary inguinal colostomy. Predecessors in the colorectal and pediatric surgical fields have struggled against several postoperative complications and have long sought a surgical procedure that is optimal for children. We herein describe the history of the development of surgical procedures and the current issues regarding the surgical indications for pediatric UC. These issues differ from those in adults, including the definition of toxic megacolon on plain X-rays, the incidence of colon carcinoma, preoperative and postoperative steroid complications, and future growth. Surgeons treating children with UC should consider the historical experiences of pioneer surgeons to take the most appropriate next step to improve the surgical outcomes and patients' quality of life.

[Current status of elective surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. A systematic review]

Despite recent advances in the medical treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC), approximately 25-40% of patients will need surgery during their disease. The aim of elective surgical treatment of UC is to remove the colon/and rectum with minimal postoperative morbidity, and to offer a good long-term quality of life. There are several technical options for the surgical treatment of UC; at present, the most frequently offered is restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Both the surgeon and patient should be aware of the risks associated with a technically demanding procedure and possible postoperative complications, including the possibility of infertility, permanent stoma, or several surgical procedures for pouch-related complications. A precise knowledge of each surgical technique, and its indications, complications, long-term risks and benefits is useful to offer the best surgical option tailored to each patient. We searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, and EMBASE for all kinds of articles (all the publications until April 2012). Papers on Crohn's disease, indeterminate colitis, or other forms of colitis were excluded from the review. We reviewed the abstracts and identified potentially relevant articles. MeSH words were used as search, "ulcerative colitis", "surgery", "indications", "elective surgery", "colectomy," "proctocolectomy," "laparoscopy", "Complications," "outcome", "results" "quality of life". One hundred and four articles were included in this review.

[CS circular staplers for rectal surgery--a multicenter prospective study]

While circular staplers are used worldwide - especially for rectal anastomoses - there are relatively few publications on the effectiveness of these instruments. Between May 2008 and March 2009 in a prospective multicenter surveillance study 136 patients were enrolled from nine surgical units in Hungary. Rectal anastomoses were performed mainly in the upper and middle third of the rectum. In 115 cases adenocarcinoma, in 16 patients other type of malignant tumors and in 5 cases with anastomosis in the distal third were estimated too. 20 laparoscopic and 116 "conventional" surgery was performed. 32 mm diameter type CS circular staplers were used in 50, 28 mm in 85, and 25 mm in one case. Intraoperative technical failure of the device occurred in four cases, immediate correction were performed successfully in all of these patients and they recovered without postoperative complications. Late anastomotic leaks were detected in five patients, of which three healed spontaneously and two required reoperation. In the whole series two patients died representing a 1.4 percent mortality rate. The CS circular staplers proved to be appropriate for infraperitoneal rectal anastomoses.

Comparison of outcomes after hand-sewn versus stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis in 3,109 patients

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was to compare outcomes after primary hand-sewn versus stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA).

METHODS

Patients undergoing a primary IPAA (1983-2007) were identified from a prospective pelvic pouch database. Differences between group A (hand-sewn) and group B (stapled) for pre-operative and peri-operative factors, complications, functional outcomes, and quality of life (QOL) were investigated.

RESULTS

Of 3,382 patients with a primary IPAA, 3,109 were included. Median follow-up was 7.1 years (0.1-24). Mean age was 37.9 +/- 13.2 years. Overall, 1,741 patients (56%) were male. Group A (n = 474) and group B (n = 2635) had similar age (P = .28), sex (P = .8), albumin level (P = .74), prior colectomy (P = .98), and use of steroids (P = .1). Group A had a greater use of ileostomy (P = .001) and a longer duration of stay (P < .001). Group B had a greater body mass index (P < .001) and J-pouch (P < or = .001). Wound infection (P = .42) and pouchitis (P = .59) were similar. Anastomotic stricture (P = .002), septic complications (P = .019), bowel obstruction (P = .027), and pouch failure (P < .001) were greater in group A. At most recent follow-up, bowel frequency (P = .74) and rate of urgency were similar (P = .71). A greater proportion of patients in group A described incontinence (P < .001), seepage (P < .001), pad usage (P < .001), dietary (P < .001), social (P < .001), and work restrictions (P = .025). The Cleveland Global QOL score (P = .018) was greater in group B.

CONCLUSION

Patients undergoing a stapled IPAA had better outcomes and QOL than those undergoing a hand-sewn IPAA.

Does mesorectal preservation protect the ileoanal anastomosis after restorative proctocolectomy?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The technique of rectal dissection during restorative proctocolectomy might influence the rate of septic complications. The aim of this study was to analyze the morbidity of restorative proctocolectomy in a consecutive series of patients who had rectal dissection with complete preservation of the mesorectum.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

One hundred thirty-one patients who had restorative proctocolectomy for chronic inflammatory bowel disease with handsewn ileopouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) and preservation of the mesorectal tissue were analyzed by chart reviews and a follow-up investigation at a median of 85 (14-169) months after surgery.

RESULTS

Only one of 131 patients had a leak from the IPAA, and one patient had a pelvic abscess without evidence of leakage, resulting in 1.5% local septic complications. All other complications including the pouch failure rate (7.6%) and the incidence of both fistula (6.4%) and pouchitis (47.9%) were comparable to the data from the literature.

CONCLUSION

The low incidence of local septic complications in this series might at least in part result from the preservation of the mesorectum. As most studies do not specify the technique of rectal dissection, this theory cannot be verified by an analysis of the literature and needs further approval by a randomized trial.

Medical management of patients with ileal pouch anal anastomosis after restorative procto-colectomy

Restorative procto-colectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis has become the most common elective surgical procedure for patients with ulcerative colitis and is becoming popular in those with familial adenomatous polyposis coli. The procedure itself is primarily carried out in specialist surgical centres but an increasing number are being performed and followed up in district general hospitals. These patients are now filtering through general surgical and gastroenterology clinics and are frequently seen in primary care. Pouchitis, an inflammatory condition of the ileal pouch, has become the third most important form of inflammatory bowel disease. As research develops in this area, other complications are being found. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date, evidence-based approach to the clinical management of these patients.

Chronic inflammatory changes in the anal transition zone after stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: is mucosectomy a superior alternative?

BACKGROUND

Chronic inflammation (CI) is commonly found in the anal transition zone (ATZ) after stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis (UC). Yet, its impact on defecatory function and the need for a complete mucosectomy has not been completely elucidated. This study aims to evaluate the long-term functional outcomes of patients with CI of the ATZ after stapled IPAA in comparison with mucosectomy patients.

METHODS

Between June 1987 and November 2007, 66 UC patients were found to have CI of the ATZ after stapled IPAA and were compared with 228 UC patients who underwent mucosectomy with hand-sewn (HS) IPAA. Patients were mailed a questionnaire to assess defecatory function and quality of life. Data were analyzed prospectively.

RESULTS

No differences were observed in age, sex, number, or consistency of bowel movements (BMs) between groups. Complete continence was reported by 90.3% of CI and 66.8% of HS patients (P < .001). The CI group also had a significantly lower rate of major incontinence (P < .001). Functional parameters in favor of the CI group included the ability to discriminate between gas and stool (P < .001), the use of protective pads during both the day and the night (P < .001), dietary modifications in the timing of meals (P < .001) and type of food (P = .005), and the presence of perianal rash (P = .019). In the CI group, more patients rated their quality of life as improved from before the operation (P < .001).

CONCLUSIONS

Preservation of the ATZ, even in presence of persistent inflammation, confers improved continence, better functional outcomes, and superior quality of life.

Preservation of the anal transition zone in ulcerative colitis. Long-term effects on defecatory function

INTRODUCTION

The anal transition zone (ATZ) after ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative colitis is considered at risk for dysplasia and persistent or recurrent disease activity. The long-term fate of the ATZ and the effects of histologic changes on defecatory function are not well-known.

METHODS

To evaluate the inflammatory and preneoplastic changes of the ATZ in patients without preoperative dysplasia, yearly biopsies of the ATZ were obtained and functional results recorded on a questionnaire/diary. Histologic changes were correlated with simultaneous assessment of defecatory function.

RESULTS

Between 1992 and 2006, 225 patients underwent a stapled IPAA. A total of 238 successful biopsies of the ATZ were performed. There was no dysplasia found. Acute inflammation was noted in 4.6%, chronic inflammation in 84.9%, and normal mucosa in 10.5% of cases. Patients with chronic inflammation reported an average of 6.2+/-1.7 bowel movements/day and 93.2% of them were able to delay a bowel movement for at least 30 min. The presence of chronic ATZ inflammation did not seem to have a negative impact on function, with 96.1% of patients reporting perfect continence, and only 5.3% using protective pads.

CONCLUSIONS

Preservation of the ATZ in selected patients is safe and offers excellent long-term functional results. New onset dysplasia was not noted. Chronic inflammation had limited clinical impact. Presence of ATZ inflammation in a total of 89.5% of patients warrants life-long surveillance with biopsies.

Ileal pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing and remitting disease characterised by chronic mucosal and submucosal inflammation of the colon and rectum. Treatment may vary depending upon the extent and severity of inflammation. Broadly speaking medical treatments aim to induce and then maintain remission. Surgery is indicated for inflammatory disease that is refractory to medical treatment or in cases of neoplastic transformation. Approximately 25% of patients with UC ultimately require colectomy. Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the standard of care for patients with ulcerative colitis who ultimately require colectomy. This review will examine indications for IPAA, patient selection, technical aspects of surgery, management of complications and long term outcome following this procedure.

Should ileal pouch-anal anastomosis include mucosectomy?

OBJECTIVE

Debate exists as to the benefits of performing mucosectomy as part of pouch surgery for ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Whilst mucosectomy results in a more complete removal of diseased mucosa, this benefit may be at the price of poorer function. We examined these issues.

METHOD

Using Medline, Embase, Ovid and Cochrane database searches papers were identified relating to the outcome following pouch surgery with and without mucosectomy. Potential reasons for functional problems were investigated, as were rates of 'cuffitis', dysplasia, polyposis and cancer in the ileal pouch and anal canal.

RESULTS

The available evidence suggests that performing a mucosectomy leads to a worse functional outcome. Meta-analysis suggested that nighttime seepage of stool and resting and squeeze pressure were worse after mucosectomy. The most likely reason for functional impairment following pouch surgery was the degree of anal manipulation. Mucosectomy does seem to confer benefit in terms of disease control but this benefit does not reach statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

Stapled anastomosis avoiding mucosectomy is the approach of choice for ileal pouch anal anastomosis because this leads to superior functional outcome. Performing mucosectomy results in some clinical benefits in terms of lower rates of inflammation and dysplasia in the retained mucosa in UC patients and lower rates of cuff polyposis in FAP patients. However, on the basis of available evidence mucosectomy is only indicated in those cases where the patient is at a high risk of disease in the retained rectal cuff.

A comparison of hand-sewn versus stapled ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) following proctocolectomy: a meta-analysis of 4183 patients

OBJECTIVE

Using meta-analytical techniques, the study compared postoperative adverse events and functional outcomes of stapled versus hand-sewn ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) following restorative proctocolectomy.

BACKGROUND

The choice of mucosectomy and hand-sewn versus stapled pouch-anal anastomosis has been a subject of debate with no clear consensus as to which method provides better functional results and long-term outcomes.

METHODS

Comparative studies published between 1988 and 2003, of hand-sewn versus stapled IPAA were included. Endpoints were classified into postoperative complications and functional and physiologic outcomes measured at least 3 months following closure of ileostomy or surgery if no proximal diversion was used, quality of life following surgery, and neoplastic transformation within the anal transition zone.

RESULTS

Twenty-one studies, consisting of 4183 patients (2699 hand-sewn and 1484 stapled IPAA) were included. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications between the 2 groups. The incidence of nocturnal seepage and pad usage favored the stapled IPAA (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78, P < 0.001 and OR = 4.12, P = 0.007, respectively). The frequency of defecation was not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 0.562), nor was the use of antidiarrheal medication (OR = 1.27, P = 0.422). Anorectal physiologic measurements demonstrated a significant reduction in the resting and squeeze pressure in the hand-sewn IPAA group by 13.4 and 14.4 mm Hg, respectively (P < 0.018). The stapled IPAA group showed a higher incidence of dysplasia in the anal transition zone that did not reach statistical significance (OR = 0.42, P = 0.080).

CONCLUSIONS

Both techniques had similar early postoperative outcomes; however, stapled IPAA offered improved nocturnal continence, which was reflected in higher anorectal physiologic measurements. A risk of increased incidence of dysplasia in the ATZ may exist in the stapled group that cannot be quantified by this study. We describe a decision algorithm for the choice of IPAA, based on the relative risk of long-term neoplastic transformation.

Adenocarcinoma of the ileoanal pouch for ulcerative colitis--a complication of severe chronic atrophic pouchitis?

BACKGROUND

The appearance of a carcinoma in the ileal pouch after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) for ulcerative proctocolitis is rare. Most of these adenocarcinomas previously described in literature develop from residual viable rectal mucosa. We report a case of an adenocarcinoma arising in all probability from the ileal pouch after malignant transformation of the ileal pouch mucosa based on a chronic atrophic pouchitis.

PATIENT AND METHODS

A 34-year-old man developed an adenocarcinoma after a double-stapled ileorectal J-pouch for ulcerative colitis (UC) proceeded from malignant ileal transformation. Before surgery, he had a 20-year history of UC refractory to medical therapy, but no occurrence of backwash ileitis, dysplasia or colitis-associated illness. He experienced severe pouchitis after IPAA since the ileostomy closure. Carcinoma was ensured by endoscopy, and the patient underwent an abdominoperineal pouch extirpation combined with excision of perirectal tissues and anal canal. Histology after surgery showed a pT4,pN2(4/16)pM0,G3 adenocarcinoma with global severe chronic atrophic pouchitis (CAP), villous atrophy and malignant ileal transformation. No metaplasia of the rectal mucosa was found, not even malignant epithelial transformation of the anal canal.

CONCLUSION

This case suggests that a malignant transformation of the ileal pouch mucosa may occur as a pure complication of severe CAP, even in the absence of backwash ileitis or a previous history of cancer. The absence of metaplasia of the rectal mucosa revealed the passage from CAP to dysplastic epithelium and to cancer. A multifactorial development of carcinogenesis is supposed, but we emphasize the importance of severe CAP, and that careful surveillance is needed in patients after IPAA. We must submit that this is just a case report and cannot stand for general cancer development in ulcerative colitis, but it may point out the risk factor of chronic inflammation and leads the surgeon to skillful working when building the pouch.

Revolution and evolution: 30 years of ileoanal pouch surgery

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) has become the standard of care for the 25% of patients with ulcerative colitis who ultimately require colectomy. IPAA is favored by patients because it avoids the necessity for a long-term stoma. This review examines how 3 decades of experience with IPAA has molded current practice, highlighting 5- and 10-year follow-up of large series to determine durability and functional performance, in addition to causes of failure and the management of complications.

Treatment of rectal cuff inflammation (cuffitis) in patients with ulcerative colitis following restorative proctocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis

BACKGROUND

Restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the treatment of choice in the majority of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) who require surgery. To ease the construction of the IPAA and improve functional outcome by minimizing sphincter related stretch injury, a stapling technique is being commonly used in the pouch-anal anastomosis. Despite its advantages, the procedure normally leaves a 1-2 cm of anal transitional zone or rectal cuff, which is susceptible to recurrence of residual UC or cuffitis. Cuffitis can cause symptoms mimicking pouchitis.

AIM

To conduct an open-labeled trial of topical mesalamine in patients with cuffitis.

METHODS

We treated 14 consecutive patients with cuffitis by giving mesalamine suppositories 500 mg b.i.d. (mean 3.2 months, range 1-9 months). The Cuffitis Activity Index (adapted from the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index) scores and improvement in symptoms of bloody bowel movements and arthralgias were measured as primary and secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

All patients had surgery for medically refractory UC. There were significant reductions in the total Cuffitis Activity Index scores after the therapy (11.93 +/- 3.17 vs 6.21 +/- 3.19, p < 0.001). Symptom (3.24 +/- 1.28 vs 1.79 +/- 1.31), endoscopy (3.14 +/- 1.29 vs 1.00 +/- 1.52), and histology (4.93 +/- 1.77 vs 3.57 +/- 1.39) scores each were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Ninety-two percent of patients with bloody bowel movements and 70% of patients with arthralgias improved after the therapy. No systemic or topical adverse effects were reported.

CONCLUSION

Topical mesalamine appears well tolerated and effective in treating patients with cuffitis, with improvement in symptom as well as endoscopic and histologic inflammation.

Current concepts and controversies in surgery for IBD

Surgery improves the quality of life in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and cures patients with chronic ulcerative colitis (CUC). There are several surgical controversies primarily involving techniques and long-term outcomes. Some debates are long standing; whether to perform a double-stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) or a mucosectomy and hand-sewn anastomosis, and whether to divert or not to divert in patients with CUC undergoing an IPAA. Other issues are more recent, such as the effects of age, pregnancy, pouch salvage, and laparoscopic IPAA. In patients with Crohn's disease the anastomosis technique, the management of perianal disease, and the role of laparoscopic surgery are topics of debate. This review shows the current concepts and controversies in the surgical management of patients with CUC or CD.

A new operative technique for restorative proctocolectomy: the endorectal pull-through combined with a double-stapled ileo-anal anastomosis

BACKGROUND

In children, restorative proctocolectomy is usually accomplished by a rectal mucosectomy followed by a hand-sewn ileo-anal anastomosis+/-ileal pouch. In certain patients, a hand-sewn anastomosis can be technically difficult. This led us to develop a new technique that combines endorectal mucosectomy with a double-stapled ileo-anal anastomosis.

METHODS

After colectomy, an ileal J-pouch is constructed. The head of the circular stapler is placed in the apex of the pouch and secured. An endorectal mucosectomy is completed from the abdomen to approximately 1.5 cm above the dentate line. The rectal mucosal/submucosal tube is everted onto the perineum. A transverse stapler is positioned 1.5 cm above the dentate line on the perineum and fired. The circular stapler is inserted transanally and the trocar advanced through the transverse staple line until the head and anvil are mated and then fired. A loop ileostomy is constructed.

RESULTS

Thirteen patients, with a mean age of 12.3 years, have undergone endorectal mucosectomy with a double-stapled anastomosis without major complication. The operative time averaged 280+/-70 minutes. The mean 24-hour stool frequency, with 9 months' follow-up, was 6.8+/-3.2, of which 1+/-0.7 were at night.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of endorectal mucosectomy with a double-stapled anastomosis is a new approach for patients requiring restorative proctocolectomy. In our early experience, this technique was completed with a low complication rate and excellent functional results.

Elimination of mucosectomy during restorative proctocolectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis may provide better results in low-volume centers

BACKGROUND

To compare the outcomes of hand-sewn and double-stapling techniques among ulcerative colitis patients undergoing restorative proctocolectomy at a center that has limited experience with restorative proctocolectomy.

METHODS

Forty-four patients with ulcerative colitis were divided into two groups according to the anastomosis techniques: hand sewing and double stapling. Postoperative early and late complications, postoperative hospital stay, and long-term functional results were compared.

RESULTS

Pelvic sepsis (9% versus 36%, P = 0.03), operation time (median 240 minutes versus 270 minutes, P = 0.01), postoperative hospital stay (median 9 days versus 12 days, P = 0.04), and night incontinence (42% versus 80%, P = 0.07) were less common in the double-stapling group.

CONCLUSIONS

We recommend the double-stapling technique to centers that do not have extensive experience with restorative proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis. This technique provides a good postoperative course in most patients and provides satisfactory long-term results. The results of the double-stapling group were similar to the results of the high-volume centers.

Reconstructive surgery for failed ileal pouch-anal anastomosis: a viable surgical option with acceptable results

PURPOSE

Salvage procedures for failed ileal pouch-anal anastomoses frequently require total reconstruction with a combined abdominal and perineal approach. The aim of this study was to determine the indications for surgery and the outcomes in this group of patients.

METHODS

All patients who underwent combined abdominal and perineal ileal pouch-anal anastomosis reconstruction at the Mount Sinai Hospital between 1982 and 2000 were reviewed. Data were collected prospectively in the inflammatory bowel disease database.

RESULTS

Sixty-three reconstructive procedures were performed in 57 patients, with a mean age of 33.9 (+/-10.4) years at the time of reconstruction. There were 14 males. The mean follow-up was 69.1 months. The initial indication for ileal pouch-anal anastomosis was ulcerative colitis in 98 percent. The primary indication for reconstruction was pouch-vaginal fistula in 21 patients, long outlet in 14, pelvic sepsis in 14, ileoanal anastomotic stricture in 5, pouch-perineal fistula in 2, and chronic pouchitis in 1. The mean operative time was four hours (+/-1.1), the average blood loss was 500 mL (+/-400), and the average length of stay was 10.3 days (+/-4.6). All patients had a diverting ileostomy. Forty-two (73.6 percent) of the patients have a functioning pouch. Seven (12.3 percent) patients have had their pouch excised. The ileostomy has not yet been closed in 8 (14 percent) patients; 3 of these patients are awaiting closure, whereas the remaining 5 have a permanently defunctioning ileostomy. Eighty-nine percent have ten or fewer bowel movements per day. No patients are incontinent of stool during the day, whereas two patients are incontinent at night. Seventeen percent complain of frequent urgency. Despite this, more than 80 percent rate their physical and psychological health as good to excellent.

CONCLUSION

Reconstructive pouch surgery has a high success rate in experienced hands. The functional results in those whose pouch is in use are good.

Surgery for ulcerative colitis

The type of surgery performed for UC varies from patient to patient and must take into account the nutritional status and health of the patient, the presence of dysplasia or cancer, the desire of the patient to maintain continence, the preoperative anorectal function, the degree of confidence in the diagnosis of UC, and the technical constraint because of certain body habituses. A total proctocolectomy is the surgical procedure of choice for UC. A restorative proctocolectomy is the preferred surgical approach that not only cures the patient of the disease and prevents the development of colorectal cancer, but also maintains continence with an improved quality of life.

Risk factors for ileoanal J pouch-related septic complications in ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the association between pre- and perioperative factors and pouch-related septic complications (PRSC) in ulcerative colitis (UC) and in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA).

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

For patients with UC and FAP, IPAA is the surgical therapy of choice, but in some patients the outcome is compromised by PRSC.

METHODS

A total of 706 consecutive patients (494 UC, 212 FAP) were assessed in a study aimed at identifying subgroups of patients who were at high risk for PRSC. The rate of PRSC was analyzed as a time-dependent function (Kaplan-Meier estimation). Patients with UC and FAP were stratified separately according to associated factors (age, sex, surgeon's experience, temporary ileostomy, colectomy before IPAA, anastomotic tension, and several factors specific for UC).

RESULTS

In all, 131 (19.2%) patients had PRSC (23.4% UC, 9.4% FAP). In patients with UC, the estimated 1-year PRSC rate was 15.6% and the estimated 3-year PRSC rate was 24.2%. In patients with FAP, the estimated 1-year and 3-year PRSC rates were 9.2%. The difference between the estimated rates of PRSC was significant (P <.001). In the univariate analysis, patients with UC younger than 50 years, with severe proctitis, with preoperative hemoglobin levels less than 10 g/L, or receiving corticoid medication had a significantly higher risk for PRSC (P =.039, P =.037, P =.047, P =.003, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that patients with UC receiving a systemic prednisolone-equivalent corticoid medication of more than 40 mg/day had a significantly greater risk of developing pouch-related complications than patients with UC receiving 1 to 40 mg/day and patients with UC who were not receiving corticoid medication (RR: 3.78, 2.25, 1, respectively, P <.001). Patients with FAP proved to have a significantly higher risk for PRSC in the univariate and multivariate analyses if anastomotic tension had occurred (RR 3.60, P =.0086).

CONCLUSIONS

Pouch-related septic complications occur as late complications and should therefore be considered in regular, specific long-term follow-up examinations. The authors identified significant risk factors for PRSC specific to patients with UC and FAP; these must be considered for each individual surgical strategy.

Predictors of surgical outcomes

The foundation of surgical decision-making has always been the risk-to-benefit ratio. Traditionally, the risks of complications and death, predicted by comorbid conditions, have been balanced against the benefits of disease management; that is, relief of symptoms or prevention of disease-related complications. Increasingly, patient preference and quality-of-life outcomes are entering into the decision-making process even at the price of modest increases in risk. In addition, the role of the surgeon as a predictor of outcomes has come under close scrutiny and has been demonstrated as having an effect on a number of important surgical outcomes. In the future, our methods for analyzing and reporting surgical outcomes will have to accommodate new predictors.

Functional results and visceral perception after ileo neo-rectal anastomosis in patients: a pilot study

INTRODUCTION

To reduce pouch related complications after restorative proctocolectomy, an alternative procedure was developed, the ileo neo-rectal anastomosis (INRA). This technique consists of rectal mucosa replacement by ileal mucosa and straight ileorectal anastomosis. Our study provides a detailed description of the functional results after INRA.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Eleven patients underwent an INRA procedure with a temporary ileostomy. Anorectal function tests were performed two months prior to and six and 12 months after closure of the ileostomy and comprised: anal manometry, ultrasound examination, rectal balloon distension, and transmucosal electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Function was subsequently related to the histopathology of rectal biopsy samples.

RESULTS

Median stool frequency decreased from 15/24 hours (10-25) to 6/24 hours (4-11) at one year. All patients reported full continence. Anal sensibility, and resting and squeeze pressures did not change after INRA. Rectal compliance decreased (2.1 (0.7-2.8) v 1.5 (0.4-2.2) and 1.4 (0.8-3.7) ml/mm Hg (p=0.03)) but the maximum tolerated volume increased (70 (50-118) v 96 (39-176) (NS) and 122 (56-185) ml (p=0.03)). Decreasing rectal sensitivity was found: the maximum tolerated pressure increased (14 (8-24) v 22 (8-34) (NS) and 26 (14-40) (p=0.02)) and the rectal threshold for TENS displayed a similar tendency. All patients displayed a low grade chronic inflammatory infiltrate in neorectal biopsy samples before closure of the ileostomy, with no change during follow up.

CONCLUSIONS

The technique of INRA provides a safe alternative for restorative surgery. Stool frequency after INRA improves with time and seems to be related to decreasing sensitivity and not to histopathological changes in the neorectum. Furthermore, after the INRA procedure, all patients reported full continence.

Functional outcome of stapled ileal pouch-anal canal anastomosis versus handsewn pouch-anal anastomosis

This study was conducted to determine whether stapled ileal pouch-anal canal anastomosis (IACA) preserving the anal transitional zone (ATZ) or hand-sewn ileal pouch-anal anastomosis with mucosectomy (IPAA) is more beneficial in achieving disease eradication and better postoperative function. IACA was performed in 10 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 10 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 15 of whom were examined proctoscopically. IPAA was performed in 4 patients with UC and 8 patients with FAP. The mean maximum resting pressure (MRP) was 55 mmHg in the IACA group and 34 mmHg in the IPAA group (P < 0.01). The anorectal inhibitory reflex was positive in 18 patients (90%) from the IACA group and 5 (42%) from the IPAA group (P < 0.05). The pre- and postoperative MRPs were 61 mmHg and 55 mmHg, respectively, in the IACA group vs 63 mmHg and 34 mmHg, respectively, in the IPAA group (P < 0.01). Whereas 16 (80%) of the 20 IACA patients could discriminate feces from gas, only 4 (33%) of the 12 IPAA patients could (P < 0.05). The mean observation period was 2.3 years, the mean length of the columnar cuff was 2.8 cm, and no case of dysplasia or adenoma was seen. Postoperative function is more favorable following IACA than following IPAA, both physiologically and symptomatically. However, long-term surveillance of the residual mucosa is necessary before making a final recommendation.

Ileal pouch anal anastomosis without ileal diversion

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate continued experience with a one-stage stapled ileoanal pouch procedure without temporary ileostomy diversion.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Most centers perform colectomy, proctectomy, and ileal pouch anal anastomoses (IPAA) with a protective ileostomy. Following a previous report, the authors performed 126 additional stapled IPAA procedures for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis, of which all but 2 were without an ileostomy. Outcomes in these patients question the need for temporary ileal diversion, with its complications and need for subsequent surgical closure.

METHODS

Two hundred one patients underwent a stapled IPAA since May 1989, 192 as a one-stage procedure without ileostomy, and 1 with a concurrent Whipple procedure for duodenal adenocarcinoma. Patient charts were reviewed or patients were contacted by phone to evaluate their clinical status at least 1 year after their surgery.

RESULTS

Among the patients who underwent the one-stage procedure, 178 had ulcerative colitis (38 fulminant), 5 had Crohn's disease (diagnosed after IPAA), 1 had indeterminate colitis, and 8 had familial adenomatous polyposis. The mean age was 38 +/- 7 (range 7--70) years; there were 98 male patients and 94 female patients. The average amount of diseased tissue between the dentate line and the anastomosis was 0.9 +/- 0.1 cm, with 35% of the anastomoses at the dentate line. With 89% follow-up at 1 year or more (mean 5.1 +/- 2.4 years) after surgery, the average 24-hour stool frequency was 7.1 +/- 3.3, of which 0.9 +/- 1.4 were at night. Daytime stool control was 95% and night-time control was 90%. Only 2.3% needed to wear a perineal pad. Average length of hospital stay was 10 +/- 0.3 days, with 1.5 +/- 0.5 days readmission for complications. Abscesses or enteric leaks occurred in 23 patients; IPAA function was excellent in 19 of these patients (2 have permanent ileostomies). In patients taking steroids, there was no significant difference in leak rate with duration of use (29 +/- 8 with vs. 22 +/- 2 months without leak) or dose (32 +/- 13 mg with vs. 35 +/- 3 mg without leak). Two (1%) patients died (myocardial infarction, mesenteric infarction).

CONCLUSIONS

The triple-stapled IPAA without temporary ileal diversion has a relatively low complication rate and a low rate of small bowel obstruction, provides excellent fecal control, permits an early return to a functional life, and can be performed in morbidly obese and older patients.

Does technique of anastomosis play any role in developing late perianal abscess or fistula?

PURPOSE

This study examines the risk factors for developing perianal abscess or fistula formation after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis procedure for chronic ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis.

METHODS

A total of 1,457 patients with J-pouch, 1,304 (89.5 percent) with chronic ulcerative colitis and 153 (10.5 percent) with familial adenomatous polyposis who had a two-stage procedure without any evidence of previous perianal disease were included in the study. The effect of pouch-to-anal anastomosis type on perianal abscess or fistula formation was evaluated.

RESULTS

A total of 108 patients (7.4 percent) had a perianal abscess or fistula after the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis procedure after at least one year of follow-up. No statistically significant difference was identified in fistula formation regarding the age and gender of the patients (P > 0.05), nor did the risk of fistula formation differ significantly between the patients with handsewn vs. stapled anastomoses (P > 0.05). However, patients with a diagnosis of chronic ulcerative colitis, compared with patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, had a statistically higher risk of developing abscess or fistula (P = 0.012).

CONCLUSION

The most important risk factor in developing perianal sepsis in long-term patients with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the initial disease type. After excluding patients without Crohn's disease, the risk of developing an abscess or fistula was found to be significantly greater in patients with chronic ulcerative colitis compared with patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, and this risk is independent of anastomotic technique.

Ileoneorectal anastomosis: early clinical results of a restorative procedure for ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis without formation of an ileoanal pouch

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate a new surgical procedure, ileoneorectal anastomosis (INRA), in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Surgical treatment in UC and FAP aims to resect diseased colonic mucosa and restore oroanal continuity. The ileopouch anal anastomosis achieves this but has a 15% to 35% complication rate, a 10% failure rate, and an unpredictable functional outcome. An alternative surgical technique, INRA, has been developed in which the rectal mucosa is replaced by a vascularized ileal mucosa graft.

METHODS

Eleven patients underwent an INRA procedure with a temporary diverting ileostomy. Clinical history, repeat endoscopy, histologic examination, and rectal compliance measurements were carried out before and after surgery.

RESULTS

The INRA procedure was technically successful in all patients. Endoscopy showed ingrowth of ileal mucosa in the neorectum, with 100% coverage after 6 weeks. No patient had pelvic sepsis, neorectal-anal or -vaginal fistula, autonomic nerve damage, or fecal incontinence. Neorectal function improved with time. The median 24-hour defecation frequency decreased from 15 (range 9 to 25) to 7 (range 4 to 10) at 11 months follow-up, and the median maximum tolerated volume increased to 157 (range 130 to 225) ml. Anal manometry and electrosensitivity were not affected by the surgery. Histologic biopsy samples after 1 year showed a normal small intestinal mucous membrane, without inflammation or fibrosis.

CONCLUSION

The combination of a low complication rate and good neorectal function at 1 year is a substantial improvement that justifies extension of the clinical application in patients with UC and FAP.

Results of the double stapling procedure in colorectal surgery

In this report we review our results with the double stapling technique (DST) in 162 patients with colorectal diseases in an attempt to identify some of the potential pitfalls of this new technique. Among these 162 patients, there were 125 patients with colorectal cancer, 25 with chronic ulcerative colitis (UC), 9 with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), 2 with adult Hirschsprung's disease, and 1 with sigmoid colon fistula. A total of 46 anastomoses (28 for rectal cancer, 13 for UC, 3 for FAP, and 2 for adult Hirschsprung's disease) were performed at or near the dentate line. Of these, 10 had protective diverting colostomy or ileostomy. The results showed that 6 patients with rectal cancer had anastomotic leakage (3.7%); however, 4 of the 6 patients had also received preoperative irradiation. All the leaks healed after the patients had undergone diverting colostomy, but 7 patients with rectal cancer suffered from neurogenic bladder postoperatively (4.3%). Wound infection occurred in 4 patients (2.5%), anastomotic bleeding in 3 (1.9%), and anal pain in 1 (0.6%), respectively. One patient with rectal cancer and multiple liver metastases died of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). These results thus suggest that the double stapling technique provides a safe anastomosis at or near the dentate line not only for rectal cancer but also for UC, FAP, and adult Hirschsprung's disease.

Review: the surgical management of ulcerative colitis

The treatment of ulcerative colitis requires careful review of the medical and surgical options. The surgical procedure of choice is proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. This procedure removes the diseased mucosa, effectively curing the disease whilst maintaining the normal route of defecation and continence. Other surgical options that may be considered in selected patients include proctocolectomy with either a Brooke ileostomy or a Kock pouch, and abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis. The choice of operation requires consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of a particular procedure and must be tailored to an individual patient's needs and circumstances.

Vaginal fistula following restorative proctocolectomy

Vaginal fistula (VF) is a devastating complication following restorative proctocolectomy.

PURPOSE

This study was designed to examine the perioperative factors influencing the outcome and management of vaginal fistula.

METHOD

Between October 1983 and September 1994, 526 women underwent restorative proctocolectomy. Nineteen develop VF (3.6 percent), and six were referred from other institutions with this complication. These 25 women were followed for a minimum of nine months.

RESULTS

Preoperative diagnosis of ulcerative colitis was made in 23 of the patients with VF (92 percent), and indeterminate colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis was determined in the rest of the patients. Postoperatively, 12 of the 23 women (52 percent) with a preoperative diagnosis of ulcerative colitis had clinical/pathologic findings of Crohn's disease, and 1 woman was reclassified as having indeterminate colitis. Postoperative pelvic sepsis was significantly higher in women with VF than in those without VF (26.3 vs. 6.3 percent; P = 0.003). Median time until occurrence of VF following loop ileostomy closure was later for women with delayed findings of Crohn's disease at 16.5 (range, <1-72) months, compared with women without Crohn's disease at 0.5 (range, <1-67) months (P < 0.05). Of the 163 women with handsewn anastomosis performed at our institution, 12 developed VF (7.4 percent). In contrast, 7 of the 363 patients with stapled anastomosis had VF (1.9 percent; P = 0.003). Site of VF was found at the anastomosis in 12 patients, below in 12 patients, and above in 1 patient. Presence of Crohn's disease and anastomotic technique did not influence the site of VF. Initial management of VF consisted of transanal repair in 20 patients (advancement flap, 12; direct repair, 6; and neoileoanal anastomosis, 2), seton in 1 patient, transabdominal approach in 1 patient, transvaginal in 1 patient, observation in 1 patient, and pouch excision in 1 patient. Of the 13 women without Crohn's disease, 12 had transanal repair (10 healed, 1 had recurrence, and 1 had pouch excision), and 1 had successfully repair with transabdominal technique, for an overall success rate of 84.6 percent. Of the 12 women with VF and delayed findings of Crohn's disease, transanal repair was performed on 9, 1 had pouch excision without repair, 1 had seton placement and pouch excision, and 1 underwent observation. Transanal technique of repair in women with Crohn's disease successfully healed three women (33.3 percent). Overall, of the 12 women with delayed findings of Crohn's disease, 6 had pouch excision, 3 had recurrences, and 3 healed.

CONCLUSION

VF is an uncommon complication following restorative proctocolectomy and is associated with a high incidence of pelvic sepsis and handsewn anastomosis. Late presentation of VF is more common with Crohn's disease and is associated with a poor prognosis and pouch salvage rate. Transanal techniques are an effective means of VF repair.

Randomized prospective trial comparing ileal pouch-anal anastomosis performed by excising the anal mucosa to ileal pouch-anal anastomosis performed by preserving the anal mucosa

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of the study is to compare the results of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) in patients in whom the anal mucosa is excised by handsewn techniques to those in whom the mucosa is preserved using stapling techniques.

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA

Ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the operation of choice for patients with chronic ulcerative colitis requiring proctocolectomy. Controversy exists over whether preserving the transitional mucosa of the anal canal improves outcomes.

METHODS

Forty-one patients (23 men, 18 women) were randomized to either endorectal mucosectomy and handsewn IPAA or to double-stapled IPAA, which spared the anal transition zone. All patients were diverted for 2 to 3 months. Nine patients were excluded. Preoperative functional status was assessed by questionnaire and anal manometry. Twenty-four patients underwent more extensive physiologic evaluation, including scintigraphic anopouch angle studies and pudendel never terminal motor latency a mean of 6 months after surgery. Quality of life similarly was estimated before surgery and after surgery. Univariate analysis using Wilcoxon test was used to assess differences between groups.

RESULTS

The two groups were identical demographically. Overall outcomes in both groups were good. Thirty-three percent of patients who underwent the handsewn technique and 35% of patients who underwent the double-stapled technique experienced a postoperative complication. Resting anal canal pressures were higher in the patients who underwent the stapled technique, but other physiologic parameters were similar between groups. Night-time fecal incontinence occurred less frequently in the stapled group but not significantly. The number of stools per 24 hours decreased from preoperative values in both groups. After IPAA, quality of life improved promptly in both groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Stapled IPAA, which preserves the mucosa of the anal transition zone, confers no apparent early advantage in terms of decreased stool frequency or fewer episodes of fecal incontinence compared to handsewn IPAA, which excises the mucosa. Higher resting pressures in the stapled group coupled with a trend toward less night-time incontinence, however, may portend better function in the stapled group over time. Both operations are safe and result in rapid and profound improvement in quality of life.

Anal transitional zone and columnar cuff in restorative proctocolectomy

The popularity of double stapling the ileal pouch-anal anastomosis probably owes more to the technical ease it brings than to histological considerations or functional results. It is preservation of a 'columnar cuff' of mucosa, rather than the restricted site of the anal transitional zone, that should be the focus of research with respect to long-term risk of malignancy and inflammatory complications. If cancer is present in colon that has been removed for ulcerative colitis, there is a 25 per cent incidence of dysplasia in the columnar cuff in the short term. In other circumstances, those who are spared from carcinoma by colectomy are likely to have a similar risk of developing dysplastic change in the columnar cuff with longer follow-up. Double stapling the pouch-anal anastomosis and preserving the anal canal mucosa improves function, but long-term surveillance of the columnar cuff is then required, including biopsies.

Selective preservation of the anal transition zone in ileoanal pouch procedures

PURPOSE

A prospective trial was conducted to evaluate use of certain preoperative criteria in the choice of operative technique for ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). Handsewn vs. stapled anastomotic techniques were compared as was preservation vs. excision of the anal transition zone (ATZ).

METHODS

Over an 18-month period, 40 consecutive patients underwent restorative proctocolectomy with IPAA for ulcerative colitis (31 cases) or familial adenomatous polyposis (9 cases). In 28 patients, ATZ was completely excised, by either a transanal mucosectomy with handsewn anastomosis (Group I, 13 cases) or by double-stapled technique (Group II, 15 cases). The ATZ was preserved and the anastomosis was double-stapled in colitis patients with suboptimum sphincter function and/or greater than 50 years of age in the absence of dysplasia or severe distal proctitis (Group III, 12 cases).

RESULTS

Groups I and II patients were homogeneous in their preoperative variables and had equivalent functional outcome. Group III patients were older (P = 0.0001), with weaker preoperative anal sphincter resting tone (P = 0.024). Compared with Groups I and II, patients in Group III had significantly greater 24-hour stool frequency (P = 0.0056), daytime stool frequency (P = 0.0125), and incidence of daytime fecal seepage (P = 0.007). There was no significant difference in other outcome variables in Group III patients. There was no difference in morbidity in the three groups.

CONCLUSIONS

Transanal mucosectomy with handsewn anastomosis provided early functional results equivalent to low anal transection with double-stapled IPAA in younger patients with excellent preoperative sphincter function. A double-stapled technique with preservation of the ATZ may be reserved for older patients, with poorer anal sphincter function, at minimum dysplasia/cancer risk, to optimize continence figures.

Physiology of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Current concepts

PURPOSE

Increasing experience with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) associated with increasing knowledge about anorectal physiology has lead to a large number of publications. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the current understanding of fecal continence as revealed by the evolution of the ileoanal procedure.

METHODS

Review of the literature covering the most important physiologic parameters involved in fecal continence was undertaken.

RESULTS

Rectoanal inhibitory reflex is probably absent after IPAA but is preserved when distal anorectal mucosa is spared. Anal resting pressure decreases but is less affected when the internal anal sphincter is less traumatized. Squeeze pressure is not importantly affected, and the importance of reservoir function as a determinant of stool frequency is emphasized. IPAA does not affect the coordination between pouch and anal canal motility in the majority of cases. Normal continence is preserved, even during the night, by preserving a gradient of pressure between the pouch and anal canal.

CONCLUSIONS

Physiologic concepts are well established, but controversies about the continence mechanism related to IPAA remain. The IPAA procedure has allowed discrimination of details about the function of multiple structures involved in fecal continence.

Anoscopic-assisted insertion of end-to-end anastomosing staplers

Widespread popularity of the double-stapler technique has created the potential for anal sphincter and anal canal injury during transanal insertion of the end-to-end anastomosing stapler. The Faensler operating anoscope helps eliminate that potential by symmetrically dilating the anal canal, thereby permitting atraumatic insertion of the end-to-end anastomosing stapler.

Update on the surgical management of ulcerative colitis and ulcerative proctitis: current controversies and problems

: The surgical management of ulcerative colitis has been revolutionized in recent years by the development of the ileal pouch-anal procedure. Although it is now the operation of choice for most patients, there remain several controversies. A variety of designs of ileal pouch are available each with advantages and disadvantages. The technique used to anastomose the pouch to the anal canal is also open to debate with some surgeons favoring distal mucosectomy with eradication of all disease and others choosing to perform a stapled anastomosis to achieve better functional results. The main concern for gastroenterologists, however, is the risk of development of pouchitis. The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of this condition will also be discussed in this review as well as the more classical options for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis.

Stapled ileal pouch-anal anastomosis with resection of the anal transition zone

We assessed the outcome of stapled ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis with intersphincteric resection of the anal transition zone in 83 consecutive patients with ulcerative colitis (n = 71) or familial adenomatous polyposis (n = 12). There was no postoperative mortality. Two patients (2.4%) required permanent ileostomy for manifestation of unsuspected Crohn's disease. Major postoperative complications consisted of pelvic sepsis, anastomotic leakage, and pancreatitis with 3.6% each. Both, frequency of bowel movements and degree of continence improved with time. Two years after takedown of the diverting ileostomy 45 patients with ulcerative colitis and 12 with familial adenomatous polyposis were assessed with a frequency of bowel movements of 5.6 +/- 2 and 3.2 +/- 1 per 24 h, respectively (P < 0.05). At this time none of them had major daytime or nighttime incontinence. Minor incontinence was reported by 9% and 14% of the patients with ulcerative colitis during day-time and night-time, respectively. The patients with familial adenomatous polyposis demonstrated better results, without day-time seepage and intermittent nocturnal seepage in only 9%. It is concluded that direct ileal J-pouch-anal anastomosis is a safe procedure with excellent functional results for patients with ulcerative colitis and familial adenomatous polyposis.