Primary colorectal lymphoma

Primary colon lymphomas: An analysis of our experience over the last 18 years

Colon lymphoma is a rare type of gastrointestinal lymphoma and represents 0.2% to -1.2% of all primary colon cancers. This study aimed to retrospectively examine the general characteristics, treatment methods, and survival characteristics of patients with colon lymphoma who were followed-up at our center. This retrospective study included patients diagnosed with colon lymphoma who were followed up at Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital and Ankara Bilkent City Hospital between December 2005 and June 2023. Clinicopathological features, radiological findings, treatments, and modalities of patients were obtained from their medical records. Fourteen patients with primary colon lymphoma were included in the study. Thirteen patients (92.9%) were diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The median age of the patients was 55 (28-84) years. The tumor location was the terminal ileum/cecum in 50% of the patients. At the time of diagnosis, 10 patients (7 with stage 1E-2E disease, 2 with stage 3E disease, and 1 with stage 4E disease due to tumor obstruction) underwent surgery. Twelve patients received chemotherapy (6 patients as adjuvant and 6 patients as first-line treatment). The median overall survival (OS) was 10 years (0.1-21.5) years, the 5-year median OS was 71%, and the 10-year median OS was 53%. Primary colon lymphoma is a rare disease and its optimal treatment is not clearly defined. The primary treatment for primary colon lymphoma is a combination of surgery and chemotherapy. A clear consensus on the treatment can be established through prospective studies.

H pylori-Negative MALT-Associated Extranodal Marginal Zone Lymphoma: A Comprehensive Case Report and Literature Review

Extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (ENMZL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), a rare subtype of B-cell lymphoma, is typically associated with Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection, especially in gastric cases. However, this article presents 2 unique cases of H pylori-negative colonic ENMZL, challenging the conventional understanding of the disease. The first case involves an 80-year-old male diagnosed with Stage 1E ENMZL in the descending colon, and the second describes a 74-year-old male with sigmoid colon ENMZL. Both cases lacked H pylori infection, adding complexity to their management. Accompanying these case studies is a comprehensive literature review, delving into the epidemiology, pathology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of H pylori-negative ENMZL, with a focus on gastrointestinal involvement. This review highlights the importance of considering H pylori-negative cases in ENMZL diagnosis and management, illustrating the need for further research and individualized treatment approaches in this uncommon lymphoma subtype.

Multifocal Follicular Lymphoma Isolated to the Gastrointestinal Tract: A Rare Finding

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is a common form of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although extranodal involvement of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is common in lymphomas, primary GI-FL confined to the GI tract is relatively rare. The disease process is typically indolent in nature and usually incidentally found. Among this subset of patients, the duodenum and terminal ileum tend to be the most common site of origin. Here, we present a rare case of primary multifocal GI-FL that found incidentally during routine colonoscopy with subsequent esophagogastroduodenoscopy and video capsule endoscopy revealing duodenal, jejunal, and sigmoid colon involvement.

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma presenting as an ileocaecal mass in a post-transplant patient

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Extranodal involvement, including the gastrointestinal tract, occurs frequently. However, colorectal involvement is extremely rare. We present a case of a man in his 20s with prior renal transplantation on immunosuppression for 10 years who developed symptoms of gas and bloating associated with unintentional weight loss. Colonoscopy revealed a large fungating mass at the ileocaecal valve, and a biopsy of this lesion confirmed stage IV DLBCL. Endoscopy should be considered for early workup of vague gastrointestinal symptoms, even in younger patients, if they have been on long-standing immunosuppression.

Clinical, Radiological and Histopathological Evaluation of Primary Colon Lymphoma

BACKGROUND

In this study, we aimed to examine the clinical, radiological, histopathological, immunohistochemical, and prognostic features of a case series undergoing surgery for non-Hodgkin's primary colon lymphoma (NHL).

METHODS

The data of six patients diagnosed with NHL who were operated on in our clinic between January 2010 and January 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. NHL was detected in six of the patients operated on for colon tumors. B (n=5) and T (n=1) cell lymphomas were detected based on their cellular subtypes.

RESULTS

The median age at diagnosis was 66 (52-70). The most common complaints were abdominal pain, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting. One patient underwent emergency surgery, and five underwent elective surgery due to obstruction. While CT was used in all patients, Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET/CT) was taken only in patients who underwent elective surgery. The masses were localized in the cecum in two patients, in the right colon in two patients, and in the transverse colon and sigmoid colon in one patient each. All patients underwent mesocolic resection. The mean tumor size was 7.51±2.20 (4.5-11) cm. The median number of total lymph nodes was 33 (18-44), and the median number of metastatic lymph nodes was 15 (4-39).

CONCLUSION

The overall and disease-free survival of the patient with T-cell lymphoma was shorter than that of patients with B-cell colon lymphoma. NHL is a rare disease. The cellular subtype effectively determines the survival time and prognosis of NHL.

Colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: A case report

Background

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a group of extranodal lymphomas that originate from B cells. Primary colonic MALT lymphoma is a rare disease, and there is no consensus on its endoscopic features and standard therapies. It is essential to raise awareness of colonic MALT lymphoma and choose the appropriate treatment.

Case presentation

In this case report, we describe a 0-IIb-type lesion that was found by electronic staining endoscopy and magnifying endoscopy. The patient underwent a definitive diagnostic ESD for diagnosis. The patient was evaluated for lymphoma after diagnostic ESD according to the Lugano 2014 evaluation criteria, which are divided into imaging remission on the basis of CT and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation and metabolic remission on the basis of PET-CT evaluation. Based on the PET-CT results suggesting increased glucose metabolism in the sigmoid colon, the patient underwent additional surgical treatment. According to the pathological results of the surgery, we found that ESD could treat such lesions, which may provide a new option for colorectal MALT lymphoma.

Conclusion

The low incidence of colorectal MALT lymphoma, especially for 0-IIb lesions, which are difficult to detect, requires the use of electronic staining endoscopy to improve the detection rate. The combination with magnification endoscopy can improve the understanding of colorectal MALT lymphoma, which ultimately requires pathological support for diagnosis. According to our experience with the present patient case, ESD seems to be a feasible and economical choice for the treatment of massive colorectal MALT lymphoma. However, the combined application of ESD and another therapy scheme needs further clinical investigation.

Development and validation of a population-based prognostic nomogram for primary colorectal lymphoma patients

Background

Primary colorectal lymphoma (PCL) is a relatively rare cancer type, constituting 15%–20% of primary gastrointestinal lymphoma and <1% of all colorectal malignancies. Given its low incidence, standard guidelines for case management are not available. This large population-based study aims to construct a nomogram to predict survival outcomes and to help tailor individualised treatment decisions in patients with PCL.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of patients with PCL was developed using data registered in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database between 1990 and 2015. The prognostic nomogram was constructed using R software after univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Cox regression models were assessed using the proportional hazards (PH) assumption. Kaplan−Meier survival analysis was used to analyze survival outcomes. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year area under the curve (AUC) values of ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curves, the concordance index (C-index), and calibration curves were calculated to verify the predictive performance of the nomogram.

Results

The final nomogram included age, Ann Arbor stage, histology, location, marital status, and treatment, all of which had an important effect on overall survival (OS). The discrimination of the nomogram revealed good prognostic accuracy and clinical applicability as indicated by C-index values of 0.713 and 0.711 in the training and validation cohorts, respectively. Kaplan−Meier survival curves were significantly different for distinct conditions.

Conclusion

This study developed and validated a six-factor nomogram for predicting PCL patient prognosis. This nomogram might be useful for risk stratification and making better individualised decisions for PCL patients.

Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency Associated Lymphoproliferative Disorder in a Patient With Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Primary colorectal lymphoma is incredibly rare and cases of iatrogenic immunodeficiency associated lymphoproliferative disorder (IILPD) isolated to colorectal area are even more uncommon. Immunodeficiency associated lymphoproliferative disorders can occur in association with primary immune disorders such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) which are often treated with various immunomodulatory drugs. Of the immunomodulatory drugs, thiopurines, in particular, are known to have a significantly increased relative risk for development of IILPDs. Here we present the case of a 43-year-old Caucasian man with a 22-year history of IBD treated with longstanding immunomodulatory therapy who presented with severe rectal pain and drainage. He underwent an examination under anesthesia with rigid proctoscopy and biopsies were taken of a hard exophytic appearing tissue along the posterior wall of the rectosigmoid junction. Pathological investigation of the samples revealed IILPD. He underwent treatment with rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone (R-CHOP) and achieved complete remission. Literature demonstrates that the use of immunomodulators such as azathioprine has been shown to significantly improve the quality of life in patients with IBD. However, while the absolute risk of lymphoma for any given patient remains quite low, the relative risk of lymphoma in patients who are actively treated with thiopurines is moderate. Therefore, the decision to proceed with thiopurine treatment, especially in the setting of long-term therapy, requires extensive discussion and patient education of the risks/benefits along with closer monitoring of new or uncharacteristic symptoms.

Primary colonic lymphoma: report of two cases and a literature review

Primary colonic lymphoma is a very rare malignant tumor with no standard treatment. We report two cases of primary colonic lymphoma successfully treated with surgery and chemotherapy, and chemotherapy alone, respectively. The first case was a 61-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain of more than 1 month. The patient was diagnosed with a colonic tumor, and immunohistochemical examinations confirmed the initial diagnosis of colonic lymphoma. The patient underwent laparoscopic-assisted right hemicolectomy followed by postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with the cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) regimen, combined with targeted therapy with rituximab (R-CHOP). The second case was a 78-year-old man who presented with a complaint of abdominal distention for more than 1 year. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma was definitively diagnosed by immunohistochemical examinations, and the patient underwent systemic chemotherapy with the R-CHOP regimen. Primary colonic lymphoma is a rare type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and the clinical treatment is not standardized, unlike for many other types of lymphoma. Therefore, treatment is mainly based on the patient’s symptoms to determine whether surgery or systemic chemotherapy is appropriate. Rituximab is effective in some patients and may play an important role in the treatment of unresectable or asymptomatic colonic lymphoma.

Ileo-colonic lymphoma: presentation, diagnosis, and management

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), the bulk of which is located in the ileo-colonic region comprises the lymphoid cells of the gastrointestinal tract and confers specific immunological responses. Repetitive antigenic stimulation of these cells predispose to a monoclonal proliferation of this tissue and the eventual development of lymphoma. The gastrointestinal tract is the most commonly involved site of extranodal lymphomas. This review will focus primarily on lymphomas of the ileo-colonic region (defined as the terminal ileum, the colon, and the rectum). We will discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and presentation as well as current practices in diagnosis and management.

RECENT FINDINGS

Despite the majority of the GALT to be located in the ileo-colonic region of the gut, the lymphomas in this location are relatively rare. However, the overall annual incidence of ileo-colonic lymphomas is steadily increasing. This entity has a varied spectrum of clinical presentations. Ileo-colonoscopy with adequate targeted biopsies can serve as a gold standard for definitive diagnosis. Ileo-colonic lymphomas may be managed with chemotherapy alone while surgery is reserved for highly aggressive tumors or clinical emergencies. Radiation is not a preferred adjuvant treatment for lymphomas in this location of the gut. Adequate endoscopic surveillance measures and tools to potentially prevent recurrence and improve the overall prognosis of this disease are lacking.

SUMMARY

Ileo-colonic lymphomas are rare and can present with varied symptoms and signs. Endoscopy with adequate sampling can aid in making a definitive diagnosis. Chemotherapy can be highly effective in management while surgery is indicated for emergency presentations. Adequate endoscopic surveillance tools are lacking, yet imperative to prevent recurrence and improve prognosis.

Ileocecal Burkitt's Lymphoma Presenting as Acute Abdominal Pain

Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are rare tumors which account for about 0.9% of all gastrointestinal tract tumors. They are usually associated with inflammatory bowel disease, previous radiotherapy, and renal transplantation. We report a case of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma involving the ileocecal region in a 46-year-old gentleman who presented with acute abdominal pain that mandated emergency laparotomy.

Primary Rectal Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Treated with Urgent Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy: A Case Report and Literature Review

Rectal malignancy is usually symptomatic due to its location, and most of the time presents with pain and bleeding due to its growth and ulceration. It is difficult to identify the primary as carcinoma or lymphoma based on symptoms only, as both have a similar presentation. As it presents the rarest form of histology, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the rectum is still difficult to diagnose initially, and its treatment is debatable. We describe the case of a 49-year-old male from Bangladesh with the same presentation. His treatment was delayed for more than a month as immunohistochemistry and staging delayed the final diagnosis. The disease was diagnosed as stage IE with the help of a positron emission tomography (PET)-CT scan, and due to the local progression the patient had a massive rectal bleeding that needed an urgent intervention. Radiotherapy was applied to stop the bleeding. Hypofraction followed by a conventional fraction of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) with a total of 40 Gy was applied. Post-EBRT digital rectal examination showed no residual except scaring, and a PET scan was also negative for residual disease. Due to uncertainties and lack of any precious guideline, 6 cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with the R-CHOP schedule were also completed. Without surgery, the combination of EBRT and chemotherapy helped to preserve the organ, and the patient has been disease free for more than 2.5 years since his treatment.

Comparison of the prognostic values of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose parameters from colon and non-colon sites of involvement in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the colon

We examined the prognostic values of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) parameters from colon, non-colon, and total lesions in patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of the colon. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in 50 patients was retrospectively analyzed for maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG). During follow-up, 13 patients showed progression and 9 died from disease. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis showed that non-colon and total lesion MTV and TLG and colon lesion SUVmax were associated with progression or death. Significant univariate predictors of poor event-free survival (EFS) included stage III-IV, greater International Prognostic Index (IPI) score, no resection, high non-colon lesion SUVmax, MTV and TLG, and high total lesion MTV and TLG. Univariate predictors of poor overall survival (OS) included stage III–IV, greater IPI score, no resection, high non-colon lesion MTV and TLG, high total lesion MTV, and low colon lesion SUVmax. Multivariate analysis revealed that high non-colon lesion TLG was independently associated with poor EFS and OS. Low colon lesion SUVmax was also independently associated with poor OS. In a subgroup with colon-dominant involvement (n = 35), non-colon lesion MTV and TLG were associated with events and non-colon lesion MTV was associated with patient death. Univariate analysis showed that high non-colon lesion MTV was a significant predictor of poor EFS and OS, while non-colon lesion TLG was a significant predictor of poor OS. Thus, volumetric FDG parameters of non-colon lesions offered significant prognostic information in patients with DLBCL of the colon.

Primary Colorectal Lymphoma: Institutional Experience and Review of a National Database

BACKGROUND

Primary colorectal lymphoma is rare, representing 0.2% to 0.6% of all colorectal cancers. Because of its low incidence and histologic variety, no treatment guidelines exist.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose was to report the experience of primary colorectal lymphoma in an institutional and a national cohort.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective cohort study.

SETTINGS

The study was conducted with institutional data composed of 3 tertiary referral centers and national data.

PATIENTS

Patients with primary colorectal lymphoma were identified within the Mayo Clinic (1990-2016) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1990-2014).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Primary outcomes were overall and 5-year survival.

RESULTS

For the institutional cohort (N = 82), 5-year survival was 79.9%. Five-year survival was higher for rectal (88.4%) than for colon tumors (77.2%; p = 0.004). On multivariable analysis, age <50 years was associated with higher overall survival (p = 0.04). Left-sided colon masses and aggressive histological subtypes were associated with worse survival (0.04 and 0.03). No effect of treatment modality on survival was noted. For the national cohort (N = 2942), 5-year survival was 58.4%. Five-year survival for rectal tumors was 61.0% and 57.8% for colon tumors. On multivariable analysis, factors associated with improved survival were age <70 y, (p < 0.0001), female sex (p = 0.005), right-sided masses (p = 0.02), and diagnoses after 2000 compared with 1990-1999 (p < 0.0001). Aggressive pathology (p < 0.0001) and stage III or stage IV presentation compared with stage I (p = 0.02 and p < 0.0001) were associated with worse survival.

LIMITATIONS

The institutional cohort was limited by sample size to describe treatment effect on survival. A major limitation of the national cohort was the ability to describe treatment modalities other than surgery, including chemotherapy and/or no additional treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Poorer survival was noted in elderly patients and in those with aggressive pathology. An overall survival advantage was seen in women in the national cohort. Currently, optimal strategies should follow a patient-centered multidisciplinary approach. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A807.

LINFOMA COLORECTAL PRIMARIO

EXPERIENCIA INSTITUCIONAL Y REVISIÓN DE UNA BASE DE DATOS NACIONAL: El linfoma colorectal primario es poco frecuente, representando del 0.2% al 0.6% de todos los cánceres colorectales. Debido a su baja incidencia y variedad histológica, no existen guías de tratamiento.

OBJETIVO

El propósito fue reportar la experiencia en linfoma colorectal primario en una cohorte institucional y una nacional. DISEÑO:: Este fue un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo.

ESCENARIO

El estudio se realizó con datos institucionales provenientes de 3 centros de referencia terciarios y datos nacionales.

PACIENTES

Se identificaron pacientes con linfoma colorectal primario en la base de datos de la Clínica Mayo (1990-2016) y en la base de datos de vigilancia, epidemiología y resultados finales [Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1990-2014)].

PRINCIPALES MEDIDAS DE RESULTADO

Los resultados primarios fueron la sobrevida general y a 5 años.

RESULTADOS

Para la cohorte institucional (N = 82), la sobrevida a 5 años fue de 79.9%. La sobrevida a cinco años fue mayor en tumores rectales (88.4%) que en los de colon (77.2%; p = 0.004). En el análisis multivariable, la edad <50 años se asoció con una mayor sobrevida general (p = 0,04). Las masas de colon izquierdo y los subtipos histológicos agresivos se asociaron con una peor sobrevida (0.04 y 0.03). No se observó ningún efecto según la modalidad de tratamiento en la sobrevida. Para la cohorte nacional (N = 2942), la sobrevida a 5 años fue del 58.4%. La sobrevida a cinco años fue de 61.0% para los tumores rectales y 57.8% para los tumores de colon. En el análisis multivariable, los factores asociados con una mayor sobrevida fueron edad <70 años, (p <0.0001), sexo femenino (p = 0.005), masas derechas (p = 0.02) y los casos diagnósticados después del año 2000 comparados con los de 1990-1999 (p <0.0001). Histopatología agresiva (p <0.0001) y presentación en estadio III o estadio IV en comparación con estadio I (p = 0.02 y p <0.0001) se asociaron con una peor sobrevida.

LIMITACIONES

La cohorte institucional estuvo limitada por el tamaño de la muestra para describir el efecto del tratamiento en la sobrevida. Una limitación mayor en la cohorte nacional fue la habilidad para describir modalidades de tratamiento distintas a la cirugía, incluyendo quimioterapia y/o ningún tratamiento adicional.

CONCLUSIONES

Una menor sobrevida fue documentada en pacientes de edad avanzada y en aquellos con histopatología agresiva. Se observó ventaja en cuanto a sobrevida general en las mujeres de la cohorte nacional. Actualmente, las estrategias óptimas deben de seguir un abordaje multidisciplinario centrado en cada paciente. Vea el abstract en video en http://links.lww.com/DCR/A807.

Primary colorectal lymphoma: computed tomography and double-contrast barium enema examination findings with histopathological correlation in 19 patients

Background

Primary colorectal lymphoma (PCL) is a rare disorder, the accurate imaging diagnosis of which remains a clinical challenge. This study aimed to characterize the imaging features of PCL by double-contrast barium enema (DCBE) examination and computed tomography (CT) and correlate them with histopathological findings.

Methods

DCBE (n=6) and CT (n=19) findings for 19 pathologically proven PCLs were evaluated and compared with histopathological findings in this retrospective analysis.

Results

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma was present in all patients, and the most common histological type was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (63.2%, 12/19). The most common site was the ileocecum (84.2%, 16/19). CT revealed circumferential infiltrative lesions (68.4%, 13/19), polypoid masses (26.3%, 5/19) and ulcerative lesions (5.3%, 1/19). Most (94.7%, 18/19) lesions appeared as moderate enhancements. Fourteen (73.7%, 14/19) patients had serous membrane infiltration presenting as a poorly defined serous membrane and focal opacities in the pericolonic fat. Regional lymph node involvement was observed in twelve (63.2%, 12/19) patients who presented with aggregated nodules or masses. Frequent findings of the DCBE exam included a filling defect and niche with slight mucosal destruction, mild luminal narrowing and preserved peristalsis. The imaging appearance reflected the gross pathological findings well, although the preoperative diagnostic accuracy was low.

Conclusions

The imaging features of PCL have a relatively characteristic appearance but are still, at times, hardly differentiated from carcinoma. Familiarity with the radiological features of PCL on DCBE and CT can help ensure a correct diagnosis.

Surgical Resection for Primary Rectal Lymphoma: Support for Local Excision?

BACKGROUND

Primary rectal lymphoma is an uncommon and heterogeneous malignancy. Because of its rarity, few data exist to guide treatment or counsel patients. We present the largest series to date of patients undergoing nonpalliative surgery for rectal lymphoma. We hypothesize that there will be no difference in overall survival between patients undergoing local resection (LR) or radical resection (RR).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The National Cancer Data Base was queried for all cases of resected primary rectal lymphoma between years 2004 and 2014. Exclusion criteria included patients with stage IV disease and those operated on for palliation. Patients were categorized by resection approach-LR or RR. Approach along with demographic, histologic, and hospital-level factors were analyzed with a Cox proportional hazard analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 233 patients were identified. Mean age was 63 y (interquartile range 53-73), and 57% of the population was female. The most common histologic subtypes were marginal (44%), diffuse large B-cell (20%), and follicular lymphoma (17%). Eighty-seven percent underwent LR. There was no significant difference in R0 resection (LR: 38% versus RR: 58%; P = 0.07), adjuvant chemotherapy (LR: 18% versus RR: 29%; P = 0.22), or adjuvant radiation (LR: 21% versus RR: 16%; P = 0.63) between the groups. Five-year overall survival was 79%, and there was no significant difference in approach (LR: 81% versus RR: 56%, P = 0.06). Multivariable analysis did not identify an association between approach and overall survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Surgical resection of rectal lymphoma is rare. Our data support consideration of LR when possible, given the lack of convincing survival benefit of radical surgery or R0 resection.

Surgical management of primary colonic lymphoma: Big data for a rare problem

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Primary colonic lymphoma (PCL) is rare, heterogeneous, and presents a therapeutic challenge for surgeons. Optimal treatment strategies are difficult to standardize, leading to variation in therapy. Our objective was to describe the patient characteristics, short-term outcomes, and five-year survival of patients undergoing nonpalliative surgery for PCL.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis in the National Cancer Database. Included patients underwent surgery for PCL between 2004 to 2014. Patients with metastases and palliative operations were excluded. Univariate predictors of overall survival were analyzed using multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis.

RESULTS

We identified 2153 patients. Median patient age was 68. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma accounted for 57% of tumors. 30- and 90-Day mortality were high (5.6% and 11.1%, respectively). Thirty-nine percent of patients received adjuvant chemotherapy. For patients surviving 90 days, 5-year survival was 71.8%. Chemotherapy improved survival (surgery+chemo, 75.4% vs surgery, 68.6%; P = .01). Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with overall survival after controlling for age, comorbidity, and lymphoma subtype (HR 1.27; 95% CI, 1.07-1.51; P = .01).

CONCLUSIONS

Patients undergoing surgery for PCL have high rates of margin positivity and high short-term mortality. Chemotherapy improves survival, but <50% receive it. These data suggest the opportunity for improvement of care in patients with PCL.

Colorectal Lymphoma: A Contemporary Case Series

BACKGROUND

Colon and rectal lymphomas are rare and can occur in the context of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Evidence-based management guidelines are lacking.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to characterize the presentation, diagnosis, and management of colorectal lymphoma and to identify differences within the transplant population.

DESIGN

This was a retrospective review of patients evaluated for colorectal lymphoma between 2000 and 2017. Patients were identified through clinical note queries.

SETTINGS

Four hospitals within a single health system were included.

PATIENTS

Fifty-two patients (64% men; mean age = 64 y; range, 26-91 y) were identified. No patient had <3 months of follow-up. Eight patients (15%) had posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Overall survival, recurrence, and complications in treatment pathway were measured.

RESULTS

Most common presentations were rectal bleeding (27%), abdominal pain (23%), and diarrhea (23%). The most common location was the cecum (62%). Most frequent histologies were diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (48%) and mantle cell lymphoma (25%). Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder occurred in the cecum (n = 4) and rectum (n = 4). Twenty patients (38%) were managed with chemotherapy; 25 patients (48%) underwent primary resection. Mass lesions had a higher risk of urgent surgical resection (35% vs 8%; p = 0.017). Three patients (15%) treated with chemotherapy presented with perforation requiring emergency surgery. Overall survival was 77 months (range, 25-180 mo). Patients with cecal involvement had longer overall survival (96 vs 26 mo; p = 0.038); immunosuppressed patients had shorter survival (16 vs 96 mo; p = 0.006). Survival in patients treated with surgical management versus chemotherapy was similar (67 vs 105 mo; p = 0.62).

LIMITATIONS

This was a retrospective chart review, with data limited by the contents of the medical chart. This was a small sample size.

CONCLUSIONS

Colorectal lymphoma is rare, with variable treatment approaches. Patients with noncecal involvement and chronic immunosuppression had worse overall survival. Patients with mass lesions, particularly cecal masses, are at higher risk to require urgent intervention, and primary resection should be considered. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A929.

Primary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma of the Descending Colon

Primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the gastrointestinal tract is rare with an incidence of 10-15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma cases and 1-4% of all gastrointestinal tumors. The most common sites of involvement include the stomach, small intestines, colon and rectum. Primary colorectal lymphoma is extremely rare representing only 0.2-0.6% of all colorectal malignancies. The presentation is usually non-specific leading to delay in diagnosis. Imaging is used to locate the tumor and its extension. Colonoscopy usually shows a fungating mass, infiltrative or ulcerative lesion. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common histological subtype. Management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma usually involves chemotherapy, radiation, surgery or a combination approach.

Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Mimicking an Ulcerative Colitis Flare

We present a case of non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the rectum in a 41-year-old African American male with a 1 year history of ulcerative colitis and no previous immunomodulatory therapy. The patient presented with a 10-day history of hematochezia, for which endoscopy was performed with gross findings indicative of ulcerative colitis flare. Tissue biopsy, however, demonstrated significant lymphoid infiltrating regions with histologic findings suggestive of a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma accounts for less than 1% of all cases of colorectal cancer. Associated risk factors have been previously reported but, were absent in the patient's history. This suggests the possibility of distinct genetic abnormalities inherent to the tumor and/or an underlying germline mutation inherent to the patient that may have contributed to the premature development of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.

Primary lymphoma of the colon: report of two cases and review of literature

BACKGROUND

Gastrointestinal tract is the most frequent site of extranodal lymphoma accounting for approximately 40% of all extranodal lymphomas; out of these, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) comprises 4% of total cases. Primary lymphoma arising in the colon is very rare comprising only 0.2-1% of all colonic malignancy.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

We report two cases of 13- and 20-year-old boys with NHL of colon presenting with abdominal pain and weight loss and discuss the approach to colonic lymphoma after a review of world literature to provide an overview on colonic lymphoma.

RESULTS

Colonic NHL most commonly affects older age group with mean age of diagnosis being 55 years. Abdominal pain and weight loss are the two most common presentations with palpable abdominal mass as physical examination finding in half of the cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Colonic lymphoma in young adolescence is rare. Multimodality approach involving both surgery and chemotherapy is the principal mode of treatment. Radiotherapy is used in selected cases. If diagnosed preoperatively, non-surgical management can be attempted.

Colorectal Lymphoma: A Review

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that primarily involves the colon is rare and should be distinguished from the more common systemic nodal lymphoma. It has unique clinical expectations and management consideration. Different histologic subtypes of NHL involve the colon, which varies in the clinical behavior and likelihood of obtaining durable remissions with treatment. This article will review the current understanding of the different histologic subtypes of primary colorectal lymphoma and propose management algorithms.

The role of surgical intervention in primary colorectal lymphoma: A SEER population-based analysis

Background

Primary colorectal lymphoma (PCL) is a rare colorectal malignancy. The standard treatment and prognostic factors of PCL remain unexplored. Therefore, a large population-based study should be conducted to provide a detailed review of this disease.

Methods

We extracted the data of eligible patients with PCL registered in the SEER database from 1973 to 2011. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 19.0.

Results

A total of 2050 (61.3%) of the 3342 patients with PCL underwent surgical intervention, and 1292 (38.7%) patients received no surgical treatment. The median overall survival was 95 months, and patients receiving surgery exhibited significantly prolonged survival (adjusted HR =0.69, P <0.001). Young age, early tumor stage, and indolent lymphoma were independent predictors of improved survival. Further survival analyses demonstrated the potential benefit of surgery in patients with early tumor stage, right-sided lesions, or diffuse large B-cell PCL. Conversely, surgical intervention did not improve the survival of patients with advanced-stage, left-sided, or indolent PCL.

Conclusion

PCL is a rare tumor that can be effectively treated. Surgical intervention may play an important role in the treatment of PCL. Early tumor stage, a right-sided lesion, and diffuse large B-cell histological PCL seem to be the clinical characteristics of optimal surgical candidates.

Colorectal lymphoma in Mexico: clinico-pathological and survival analysis

BACKGROUND

Primary colorectal lymphomas (PCLs) are very rare. We analyze a series of PCL to establish an approximate frequency of the disease and their clinico-pathological characteristics.

METHODS

A retrospective cross-sectional study in a third-level hospital from 2006-2016. Clinico-pathologic features of 18 cases are presented.

RESULTS

PCL corresponded to 1.5% of malignant colorectal neoplasms. Ten cases presented in men, the median age was 57 years, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) was the most common subtype (55.6%), 55.6% presented in cecum, 83.4% as unique polypoid tumor and the median size was 52.5 mm. The most prevalent presentation symptom was abdominal pain (61.1%). Six cases (33%) received initial surgery followed by chemotherapy, 7 cases (39%) received only chemotherapy, 2 cases received only surgery and 3 cases no-treatment. The 2-year disease specific survival was 62.7%. The only factors associated with improved survival in univariate analysis were use of surgery followed by chemotherapy (P=0.043) and HIV (P=0.043). On multivariate analysis none factor was an independent risk factor for decreased survival.

CONCLUSIONS

The improved overall survival rates in our series emphasize the importance of surgery followed systemic therapy in the treatment of this disease.

Endoscopic features and clinical outcomes of colorectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Colorectal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is a rare disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical and endoscopic features of colorectal MALT lymphoma.

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with colorectal MALT lymphoma at Asan Medical Center from 2002 to 2016 were eligible. Medical records were reviewed to investigate clinical features and treatment outcomes. Endoscopic pictures were assessed to characterize the endoscopic features of colorectal MALT lymphoma.

RESULTS

A total of 51 patients were enrolled. The median age was 60 years (interquartile range, 55-71), and 21 (41%) were men. Twenty-six patients (51%) were asymptomatic. Forty-four patients (86%) were in early disease stages, namely Lugano stages I, II, and II_E. Endoscopic appearances were classified as 4 distinct types: subepithelial tumor type (26 patients, 51%), polyposis type (10 patients, 20%), epithelial mass type (7 patients, 14%), and ileitis type (8 patients, 16%). The rectum (20 patients, 39%) was the most common location, followed by the ileocecal area (15 patients, 30%). An initial endoscopic impression of lymphoma was made in only 7 patients. Forceps biopsy sampling as the initial tissue acquisition method could histologically diagnose MALT lymphoma in 28 of 35 patients (80%). Polypectomy as the initial histologic diagnosis could diagnose MALT lymphoma in 16 of 16 patients. Progression-free and overall survival rates at 5 years were 92% and 94%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Colorectal MALT lymphomas show various endoscopic appearances, complicating the endoscopic suspicion of colorectal MALT lymphoma. The prognosis of colorectal MALT lymphoma was excellent.

Clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcome of primary rectal lymphoma: a single center experience of 16 patients

BACKGROUND

The rectum is a relatively uncommon site for lymphoma compared with other gastrointestinal sites; no consensus regarding management of primary rectal lymphoma (PRL) has been formed due to its limited frequency. We aimed to investigate clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes in patients with PRL in a single center patient cohort.

METHODS

We retrospectively analyzed the results of 16 consecutive patients with PRL, identified and treated at the Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea between January 1993 and December 2014.

RESULTS

These 16 patients with PRL constituted 0.8% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients (N=1,984). B-cell lymphomas (N=14) made up the majority of the series, and half of these were extranodal marginal zone lymphomas (ENMZL, N=7). Ten patients received systemic chemotherapy with (N=3) or without rituximab (N=7), and 4 of these received additional local therapy. The others received radiotherapy (N=3) or endoscopic mucosal resection (N=3). Twelve patients (75%) achieved complete response (CR) after first-line treatment. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) in stages IE and IIE were significantly longer compared with stages IVE (P=0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). All patients with ENMZL (N=7) achieved CR during or after initial treatment.

CONCLUSION

PRL is very rare and seems to present mostly as B-cell type. Stage is the most important prognostic factor, with significantly better survival associated with localized diseases. ENMZL may be one of the most common types of PRL with favorable treatment outcomes.

[Clinical features, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of 99 cases with primary intestinal lymphoma]

Objective: To investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of primary intestinal lymphoma (PIL) . Methods: The characteristics, diagnosis, treatment methods, and follow-up outcomes of 99 PIL patients, diagnosed in Peking university cancer hospital between Nov.1,1995 and Nov. 30, 2013. Results: There were 65 males and 34 females with a median age of 50 years. The majority of clinical manifestation were non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms, 67.68% of cases presented abdominal pain, 26.26% with acute abdomen. The most common primary sites of ileum and ileocecus were identified in 21 cases, respectively. The positive rate of endoscopic was only 24.24%, and 69 cases were diagnosed by operation. 71 patients (71.72%) were stageⅠ-Ⅱand 28 patients (28.28%) were stage Ⅳ. Hodgkin's lymphoma was not found in all patients. Of the 99 cases, 77 were B-cell origin (77.78%) and 22 were T-cell origin. 55 cases (55.56%) were diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) . 60 cases presented IPI score 0-1 point. The median overall survival (OS) was 100.0 months, and 5 year overall survival (5y-OS) was 53.5%. By multiple-factors analysis, T-cell origin lymphoma was significantly correlated with poor prognosis (P<0.05) . There was no difference of the median OS between the patients with operation and chemotherapy alone (79.0 vs 123.0 months, P=0.616) . Conclusion: PIL is commonly seen in males. Abdominal pain is the most common clinical manifestations and the most primary sites are ileum and ileocecus. The diagnosis value of the endoscopic is limited. DLBCL is the most common pathologic type of PIL. T-cell origin lymphoma is an independent prognostic factor for PIL. Surgery is still commonly used in the diagnosis and treatment of PIL, and the operation do not increase the risk of death of patients with PIL.

Primary Follicular Lymphoma in the Rectum Incidentally Found on Screening Colonoscopy

The gastrointestinal tract is the most common site of extra-nodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, the incidence of primary rectal lymphoma is extremely rare. Among the primary gastrointestinal lymphomas, follicular lymphoma has been described as a rare disease. It is difficult to diagnose rectal lymphoma due to its variable growth patterns and inadequate biopsies. Majority of patients with rectal lymphoma have non-specific symptoms or negative biopsies, often delaying the diagnosis. Our patient is a 62-year-old female. Two sessile and smooth subepithelial lesions with a yellowish normal mucosa were found on a screening colonoscopy. The initial mucosal biopsy finding was chronic inflammation, but we were highly suspicion of malignancy; we performed an endoscopic mucosal resection. Herein, we present a rare case of rectal follicular lymphoma diagnosed by endoscopic mucosal resection with a literature review.

Concurrent colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and adenoma diagnosed after a positive fecal occult blood test: a case report

Background

Colonic lymphoma is an uncommon presentation of extranodal lymphoma. Colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma is a different entity from gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and very rare. The presentation and management of colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue are highly variable in the literature.

Case presentation

We report the case of a 59-year-old Taiwanese man who underwent a colonoscopy after a positive test for fecal occult blood. His past history included hypertension and hyperthyroidism. The colonoscopy revealed an adenomatous polyp and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. We successfully performed a polypectomy and endoscopic mucosal resection. The lymphoma was staged according to the Ann Arbor system modified by Musshoff as E-I. Our patient showed no lymphoma recurrence over a 3-year follow-up.

Conclusions

Endoscopic mucosal resection for colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma without disseminated disease may be feasible. We successfully used colonoscopic treatment without adjuvant therapy to treat early-stage pathogen-free colonic mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma.

Delayed diagnosis of a high-grade B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma presenting as an obstructing rectal mass

This case describes a 54-year-old man who presented to the surgical triage unit and was found to have a rare underlying rectal lymphoma. The patient had previously sought medical advice on multiple occasions, reporting a chronic inability to open his bowels. This case report aims to highlight the importance of thorough history taking and examination, in order to reduce delaying the diagnosis of significant pathology.

NonHodgkin's Lymphoma with Peritoneal Localization

The gastrointestinal tract is the most common extranodal site involved with lymphoma accounting for 5–20% of all cases. Lymphoma can occur at any site of the body, but diffuse and extensive involvement of the peritoneal cavity is unusual and rare. We report a case of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a 57-year-old female infiltrating the peritoneum and omentum and presenting with ascites and pleural effusion. The performed examinations did not discover any pathological findings affecting the digestive tract or parenchymal organs, except for diffuse thickening of the peritoneum and omentum. Peripheral, mediastinal, or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy was not registered. The blood count revealed only elevated leukocytes and on examination there were no immature blood cells in the peripheral blood. The cytology from the ascites and pleural effusion did not detect any malignant cells. Due to the rapid disease progression the patient died after twenty-two days of admission. The diagnosis was discovered postmortem with the histological examination and immunohistochemical study of the material taken during the surgical laparoscopy performed four days before the lethal outcome. Although cytology is diagnostic in most cases, laparoscopy with peritoneal biopsy is the only procedure which can establish the definitive diagnosis of peritoneal lymphomatosis.

Primary colorectal lymphoma - A single centre experience

PURPOSE

The incidence of primary colorectal lymphoma (PCL) is rare (0.2-0.6% of large bowel malignancy). Up to one third of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma will present with extra-nodal manifestations only. Extra-nodal lymphomas arise from tissues other than the lymph nodes and even from sites, which contain no lymphoid tissue. The incidence of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has increased over the past fifty years. The objective of this study was to examine our experience of PCL.

METHODS

A prospectively-compiled database (1988-2012) of patients with colorectal cancer was retrospectively examined for cases of colorectal lymphoma. A retrospective chart review identified cases of PCL based on Dawson's criteria. Clinical information was obtained from case notes.

RESULTS

Eleven patients (0.3% of 4219 patients) were identified (6 male, 5 female). The median age at diagnosis was 63 years. Mode of presentation varied; abdominal pain, a palpable mass and per rectal bleeding being the most frequent. The caecum was the most frequently involved site (5/11). Nine patients underwent surgical management, one had chemotherapy alone and one had radiotherapy alone. All cases were non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in majority. The median event-free survival of those treated with surgery and post-operative chemotherapy was 10 months (range 5-120 months).

CONCLUSION

Primary colorectal lymphoma is rare. Management is multidisciplinary and dependent on the subtype of lymphoma. Due to the rarity of diagnosis, there is a paucity of randomised control trials. Most information published is based on individual case reports and there is, thus, no clear treatment algorithm for these cases.

[Primary Hodgkin's lymphoma of the colon]

Primary Hodgkin's lymphoma of the colon is exceedingly rare. We report on the case of a 74-year-old female patient presenting with weight loss and hematochezia. Proctocolonoscopy revealed a bleeding tumor localized in the right colonic flexure. Histological examination of initial mucosal biopsies could not verify malignancy; however, explorative surgery was decided in an interdisciplinary conference setting and right-sided hemicolectomy was performed. Macroscopically, a tumor measuring 5.5 cm in maximum diameter was found. By means of histology and immunohistochemistry the diagnosis of classic Hodgkin's lymphoma was made. Mesenteric lymph nodes were not affected and postoperative staging revealed no systemic spread. Therefore, the tumor fulfilled the criteria of a primary colonic Hodgkin's lymphoma. Diagnosis of primary colonic lymphoma can be difficult as clinical symptoms are typically unspecific and, as shown in this case, even primary biopsy histology can be falsely negative.

Primary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the ascending colon

Primary colorectal lymphoma is a rare malignancy accounting for 3% of all gastrointestinal lymphomas and 0.1-0.5% of all colorectal malignancies. Among primary colorectal lymphomas, the most common histological subtype of colorectal lymphoma is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. We report a case of an 84-year old Caucasian female who was admitted to the hospital because of a 2 days history of altered mental status. In the emergency department the patient was found to have acute kidney injury and hypercalcemia. On physical examination a large lower quadrant abdominal mass was palpated. Computed tomography scan of abdomen confirmed the presence of a mass along the cecum and proximal ascending colon. Colonoscopy showed a large ulcerated mass and biopsy was consistent with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. The patient underwent colectomy but refused to receive chemotherapy.

Primary ileocaecal B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL): a rare underlying cause of right iliac fossa pain

Primary gastrointestinal non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) account for about 0.9% of all gastrointestinal tract tumours. They are usually associated with ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, previous radiotherapy, renal transplantation and AIDS. We present a 36-year-old immunocompetent man, previously well with abdominal pain, weight loss and palpable mass in the right iliac fossa. A CT scan of the abdomen showed a thickening of the terminal ileum and the caecum with characteristic aneurysmal luminal dilation. Given the patient's presentation and radiology findings, a right hemicolectomy was performed. The suspected diagnosis of NHL, which was based on the imaging findings, was confirmed at histological analysis.

Colorectal lymphoma

Extranodal lymphomas account for a third of all cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with the gastrointestinal tract being the most common extranodal site. The most common location is the stomach followed by the small intestine, colon and rectum. Colorectal lymphomas are rare and comprise 10-20% of all gastrointestinal lymphomas and only 1% of all colorectal malignancies. Presenting symptoms include abdominal pain, weight loss, and anorexia. Diagnosis depends on the clinical setting with elective cases being diagnosed with colonoscopy and emergent cases being diagnosed in the operating room. Colonic lymphomas are frequently located proximal to the hepatic flexure. Management depends on the aggressiveness of the lymphoma subtype. Indolent tumors, which are resistant to standard chemotherapeutic regimens, are treated with surgical resection. Aggressive lymphoma subtypes are managed with chemotherapy and surgery with late-stage disease patients being referred to clinical trials.

The management of primary small bowel and colon lymphoma--a review

AIMS

The management of primary small bowel and colon lymphoma is controversial. A review of the literature was therefore undertaken to evaluate the evidence for the classification, staging, diagnosis, and treatment of primary small bowel and colon lymphoma and guide management.

METHODS

A literature search was performed utilising Embase, Medline, and Pubmed and papers were evaluated on an individual basis.

RESULTS

Consensus opinion favours the WHO classification scheme and the TNM staging systems for primary small bowel and colon lymphoma. CT enteroclysis and barium enterolysis are recommended for the diagnosis of primary small bowel lymphoma and capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy maybe useful diagnostic tools. In terms of the diagnosis and staging of primary colonic lymphoma, the evidence is scarce and CT is to be recommended. The mainstay of treatment for primary GI lymphoma is surgery and/or chemotherapy. For primary small bowel and colonic lymphoma, there was no definitive evidence regarding the benefits of either strategy; however, chemotherapy seemed to give a survival benefit over surgery alone for primary small bowel lymphoma and colonic lymphoma was skewed towards surgery plus chemotherapy due to the large number of patients presenting as an emergency.

CONCLUSION

Published data regarding the management of primary small bowel and colon lymphoma is very limited. Classification and staging should be standardised to enable accurate evaluation of investigations and treatments and a large RCT undertaken to compare chemotherapy and surgery. Currently, we would recommend that management should involve chemotherapy with surgery reserved for those with clinical indication.

Lymphoma presenting as a necrotic colonic mass

Primary colonic lymphomas represent a rare minority among the colonic neoplasms. Their correct pre-operative identification is crucial for the design of treatment. We herein describe a case of a colonic lymphoma presenting as a necrotic colonic mass and we discuss the current evidence about the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of lymphomas isolated to the colon.