Quantitative Analyse von Neutral- und Aminozuckern mit der Gas-Liquid-Chromatographie

Influence of Different Methionine Sources on Performance and Slaughter Characteristics of Broilers

Sustainably produced poultry meat with consideration of animal health poses a challenge for broiler production. Low protein diets with high amounts of synthetic amino acids (AAs) like methionine (Met) are the consequence. In a five-week feeding trial, 360 broilers (Ross 308) assigned to four feeding groups were offered protein-reduced complete diets (starter: 20% crude protein (CP); grower: 18.5% CP; finisher: 17.5% CP), supplemented with essential AAs. The "MHA" group received DL-2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio) butanoic acid (DL-HMTBA; trade name: MHA®), groups "L" and "DL" the respective Met source in equivalent concentrations each exceeding the nutritional recommendations. "R-MHA" ("R" for "reduced") received the minimum required level (using MHA as Met source). Performance exceeded performance goals without differences between the groups. The average feed conversion ratio (FCR) amounted to 1.35. The carcass/body weight ratio of R-MHA was significantly lower (0.782) compared to DL (0.808) and L (0.809). Breast meat of R-MHA contained significantly more fat (144 g/kg dry matter (DM)) compared to L (104 g/kg DM) and significantly lower CP content (R-MHA: 838 g/kg DM; L: 875 g/kg DM). The results indicated possible improvement in slaughter yield by protein-reduced diets supplemented with L-Met, thus recommending further research focusing on the Met influence.

Isolation and influenza virus receptor activity of glycophorins B, C and D from human erythrocyte membranes

(1) Glycophorins (GPs) AM, AN, B, C and D were each isolated into a high state of purity from human erythrocyte membranes by a combination of lithium diiodosalicylate (LIS)-phenol extraction, gel-filtration with Bio-Gel A1.5m and HPLC with LiChrospher 1000 TMAE. (2) GPs-B, -C and -D reacted with influenza A and B viruses as well as GPs-AM and -AN and the order of reactivities against two viruses of the glycophorins was as follows: GP-B > GP-C > GP-AM = GP-AN >> GP-D for the former virus and GP-C > GP-B > GP-AM = GP-AN >> GP-D for the latter virus.

Structure of the capsular polysaccharide and the O-side-chain of the lipopolysaccharide from Acetobacter methanolicus MB 58/4 (IMET 10945), and of oligosaccharides resulting from their degradation by the bacteriophage Acml

The capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and the O-side-chain of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Acetobacter methanolicus MB 58/4 (IMET 10945) have been shown to contain the same disaccharide repeating unit, namely, ----2)-beta-D-Galf-(1----3)-beta-D-Galp-(1----. Degradation of the CPS and the LPS with the bacteriophage Acml gave fragments built up of 1-5 repeating units; the octasaccharide preponderated. The phage-associated depolymerase proved to be a beta-D-galactofuranoside hydrolase.

Presence of influenza virus-reactive glycophorins other than glycophorin A in human erythrocyte membranes

The reactivities against seven hemagglutinins including influenza A and B viruses of six sialoglycoprotein (glycophorin) fractions, M-Frs.1-3 and N-Frs.1-3, separated from human OMs and ONs erythrocyte membranes by a combination of the LIS-phenol method and gel filtration were studied. The serological results show that M-Fr.1 and N-Fr.1 were glycophorins AM and AN, respectively, the reactivities against influenza A and B viruses of both M-Fr.2 and N-Fr.2 which contained glycophorins B and C were remarkably higher than that of glycophorin A and the reactivities against influenza viruses of both M-Fr.3 and N-Fr.3 which contained glycophorins B and D were considerably lower than that of glycophorin A.

Monosaccharide composition of lipopolysaccharides from Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli

The monosaccharide composition of the LPS from 5 Campylobacter jejuni strains and 7 Campylobacter coli strains has been studied. All LPS's contained KDO, heptose, glucosamine, glucose, and (with one exception) galactose. All C. jejuni and 3 C. coli LPS's contained greater than 1% galactosamine. 3-Amino-3.6-dideoxyglucose was present in all but one C. coli LPS and in only one C. jejuni LPS.

[Polysaccharide structure of cell wall preparations from the food protein yeast Candida spec. H]

More than 27% of the cell wall are unstably bound components: Proteophosphomannan as a main polysaccharide of the cell wall, mannose and manno-oligosides which are bound to peptides or phosphate. 19% are glycosidically linked with a phosphate bridge or O-glycosidically (Ser/Thr) linked with the protein which is covalently bound to the cell wall. Besides mannose and glucose, manno-oligosides and gluco-oligosides are involved in this linkage. A preparation consisting of glucan and chitin remains after careful degradation. It contains (1,2)-, (1,3)- and (1,6)- linked glucose, (1, 2, 3)-, (1, 2, 6)- or (1, 3, 6)-glucose-branchpoints and (1,4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine.

Glycolipid and p 40 are the binding sites in the sheep erythrocyte and T-lymphocyte membrane responsible for rosette formation

By coupling the major glycoprotein and total glycolipid of the sheep erythrocyte membrane to agarose beads it could be demonstrated that only lipid-beads formed rosettes with peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lipid-beads and sheep erythrocytes formed double rosettes with peripheral blood lymphocytes. Trypsinization of lymphocytes destroyed the rosette formation with lipid-beads. Subfractionation of the lipid by thin-layer chromatography revealed 8 different subfractions, 3 of them when coupled to agarose beads showed rosette formation. When the lipid was coupled to radioactive albumin, a protection of molecular weight 40,000 was labeled in two T-lymphocyte plasma membranes but not in B-lymphocyte plasma membranes. It is concluded that a lipid-protection interaction, involving the lipid of the erythrocyte and the p40 of the lymphocyte membrane, is responsible for rosette formation of T-lymphocytes.

[Cell wall polysaccharide structure in the food protein yeast, Candida spec. H. II. Characterization of phosphate binding to the mannan-protein-phosphate complex and identification of phosphodiester-bound mono- oligosaccharides]

The proteophosphomannan (PPM) obtained by extraction with citrate buffer, purification by the cetavlon method and gel filtration contains a high proportion of diesterified phosphate groups between the C-6 of a side chain mannose and another glycosidically bound carbohydrate. Mild acid hydrolysis cleaved the phosphate diester linkages to yield mono- and oligosaccharide fractions. Chemical analysis and 1H-NMR studies demonstrated the heterogeneity of the oligosaccharide fractions containing alpha(1,2)-, alpha(1,3)- and alpha(1,6)-linked manno-oligosaccharides. All repeated PPM preparations contained mono-, tri- and heptasaccharides as the phosphate bound main compounds. Galactose, arabinose, fucose, and rhamnose of the monosaccharide fraction and tetra-, penta- and hexasaccharides were not found in all preparations.

[Cell wall polysaccharide structure in the food protein yeast, Candida spec. H. I. Structure of alkali-stable mannoproteins]

The isolated manno-protein contains about 80% mannose and 10% glucose. Methylation analysis established the highly branched nature of this polysaccharide and the presence of 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,6-linkages, as well as the linkages of the branch points. The research of the acetolysis fragments revealed that the molecule is composed on mannose and mannooligosaccharides with DP2 to DP12. These oligosaccharides are terminated in the nonreducing end by alpha(1,3)-mannose. Glucose was only found in the monosaccharide fraction corresponding to the nonsubstituted backbone and in the alpha(1,3)-disaccharide fraction (reducing and nonreducing end) of the acetolysis. A heptasaccharide fraction corresponding to the N-glycosidical linkage region between polysaccharide and protein parts of the glycoprotein had been isolated. 1H-NMR spectroscopy and chemical characterization made it probable that the unit with the first side chain, mannopentaose, is linked by di-N,N' -acetylchitobiose or by 4-0-beta-D-glucosyl-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to the asparagine residue of the protein.

The fucosyl specific lectins of Ulex europaeus and Sarothamnus scoparius. Biochemical characteristics and binding properties to human B-lymphocytes

From the seeds of the gorse, Ulex europaeus and of the broom, Sarothamnus scoparius L-fucosyl-specific lectins were isolated by affinity chromatography on L-fucosyl-epoxy-Sepharose. The lectins showed similarities in their molecular weights, amino acid composition, carbohydrate content and in the finger-prints of their tryptic peptides. The fluorescein-labeled lectins of both seeds attached especially to the plasma membranes of human B-lymphocytes.

Characterization of endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases purified from Trichoderma viride

Four electrophoretically distinct endo-1,4-beta-D-glucanases (EC 3.2.1.4) from Trichoderma viride have been identified and named as isozymes, Endoglucanases I, II, III and IV, according to their electrophoretic mobilities on polyacrylamide gels. Endoglucanases II, III and IV, the homogeneity of each of which was established by discontinuous gel electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation, had specific activities on CM-cellulose of 1010, 60 and 250 specific fluidity units/mg protein, respectively. These enzymes have similar pH optima (pH 4.0-4.5) and are labile at pH values greater than 8.0. The endoglucanases are high in acidic and hydroxylated amino acids and glycine, but low in basic amino acids. Values of 12.0, 10.3 and 13.1 have been determined for the epsilon 1%280 of purified Endoglucanases II, III and IV, respectively. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis has established the molecular weights of Endoglucanases II, III and IV to be 37 200, 52 000 and 49 500, respectively. The three endoglucanases contain mannose, galactose, glucose and glucosamine. Mannose is the principal neutral sugar in each enzyme. Endoglucanase II is distinguished by its low carbohydrate content, 4.5% (w/w), compared to Endoglucanases III and IV which contain 15.0% and 15.2% carbohydrate, respectively.

Comparison of four purified extracellular 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase enzymes from Trichoderma viride

Four electrophoretically distinct 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase enzymes (exo-cellobiohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.91) from Trichoderma viride have been purified to homogeneity. Three enzymes (A, B, and C) were from a commercial T. viride preparation whereas the other (D) was from T. viride QM 9123 grown on cellulose in submerged culture. The enzymes were similar with respect to ultraviolet light absorption, amino acid and amino sugar composition, heat stability, molecular weight, specific activity, and carboxyterminal residues, indicating very nearly identical polypeptide portions. The enzymes also exhibited immunological cross-reactivity. The enzymes differed most in the content and composition of covalently bound neutral carbohydrate.

[Structure of shigella antigens. Heterogeneity of specific polysaccharides of 2 Shigella flexneri strains and 2 Sh. flexneri/Escherichia coli hybrids]

The S-specific polysaccharide from 2 Sh. flexneri wild strains (with serological var. X- and var. Y-specificity, respectively) and 2 Sh. flexneri E. coli hybrids (with the same specificities) can be separated by means of gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and G-50 into altogether 6 fractions per strain. Fraction G-200/1 (molecular weight greater than 10(6)D) represents a polymer consisting nearly exclusively of glucose and is present mainly in the two Y-type strains, much less in the two X-type strains. Fractions G-200/2 and G-200/3 (molecular weight approximately 10(5)D and approximately 2 - 10(4)D, respectively) seem to consist mainly of the S-specific side chains while fraction G-50/2 (molecular weight approximately 2000 D) presumably contains an SR-polysaccharide (core with one repeating unit.) Fraction G-50/3 (molecular weight approximately 100 D) contains the core polysaccharide and fraction G-50/4 splitting products (mainly KDO). No significant differences in chromatographical behaviour and quantitative composition could be found between the polysaccharides of the wild strains and the hybrid strains. Because of the well-known stability of the glucosaminyl linkages the sugar analysis was not only performed after acidic hydrolysis. In some cases the acid hydrolysate was reacted with HNO2 to cleave the glucosaminyl linkages. In most cases the values obtaines now were higher than those obtained directly.

Structural characterization of a glycoprotein cellulase, 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase C from Trichoderma viride

A glycoprotein enzyme, 1,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohycrolase (EC 3.2.1.91) form C, was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity by a procedure which permitted isolation of gram quantities from a commercial Trichoderma viride culture filtrate preparation. Purified cellobiohydrolase C has an E1%/280 nm = 14.2 and degrades both microcrystalline and phosphoric acid-swollen cellulose to cellobiose. The cellobiohydrolase C contains 26.4, 4.8, 2.4 and 3.4 mol of mannose, glucose, galactose and glucosamine, respectively, per mol of enzyme (molecular weight, 48 400). Methylation analysis of cellobiohydrolase glycopeptides indicates an average carbohydrate chain length of two residues. Alkaline borohydride treatment of cellobiohydrolase C released neutral carbohydrate which is bound through an average of 16.7 O-glycosidic linkages to serine and threonine per molecule of enzyme. Glucosamine was not released from the protein by alkaline treatment. Analysis of alkaline borohydride-released carbohydrate by high pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated that an average enzyme molecule contains 8.8 mono-, 1.8 di-, 4.6 tri-, 1.2 tetra-, and 0.4 pentasaccharide chains. The linkages between the neutral monosaccharides are (1 leads to 6) as shown by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry of partially methylated residues. The (1 leads to 6) linkage is consistent with the stability of the linkages to alkaline conditions and the destruction of all neutral carbohydrate by periodate. Action of alpha-mannosidase indicates that some oligosaccharide chains contain alpha-mannose as the terminal residue.

Gangliosides of hepatoma 27, normal and regenerating rat liver

The highly malignant rat hepatoma 27 was found to have increased amounts of lipid-bound sialic acid as compared with normal liver whereas in regenerating liver the lipid-bound sialic acid level was reduced. In contrast to the liver the hepatoma contained higher amounts of disialogangliosides and no trisialogangliosides, which are abundant in the liver. The main disialoganglioside of the hepatoma had no analogue among the liver gangliosides and was identified as Gal-GalNAc(AcNeu-AcNeu)-Glc-Cer (GD1b), which in other tissues is known to be a precursor of trisialogangliosides. These findings may be explained by a reduced activity of glycosyltransferases in the hepatoma and apparently do not simply reflect differences in growth rate since the ganglioside pattern of regenerating rat liver was not altered significantly in comparison with the liver. Liver and hepatoma microsomes were found to be enriched in gangliosides as compared with whole cells, liver mitochondria were slightly poorer, while the ganglioside level of hepatoma mitochondria was much higher than that of the hepatoma cells. It thus appears that the existing image of the plasma membranes as the only sites of high ganglioside concentration may not hold true for weakly differentiated hepatomas of high malignancy.

[Chemical composition of the capsule material of Staphylococcus aureus strain 1193/74]

The capsule material of Staphylococcus aureus strain 1193/74 could be separated by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid and ethanol as well as by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose into 13 fractions. All fractions contained saccharides and uronic acids as well as amino acids and appeared in their qualitative composition rather similar. However, in quantitative composition and in chromatographic behaviour a rather high degree of heterogeneity could be observed. No clear cut separation of protein and polysaccharide material could be achieved in any fraction. It is supposed, therefore, that the capsule material does not represent merely an acidic polysaccharide, but contains certain amounts of amino acids or peptides varying in a rather wide range.

The I antigen of human red cell membrane

A high-active I antigen was isolated from human red cells after papainization. Investigations on its chemical composition and its serological properties are reported. 1. The I antigen activity was clearly demonstrated by hemagglutination inhibition studies and by the immuno-double-diffusion with all available anti-I sera. 2. The I antigen did not react with other antibodies directed against red cell antigens thus proving its specificity. Any relationships to antigen activities within the Pr-1/Pr-2, MN, and ABO systems could be excluded. 3. The substance was shown to be a glycoprotein and not a glycolipid. This was confirmed by different delipidation procedures promoting always an increase of I activity. The delipidized material contained only traces of fatty acids, and did not move on thin-layer chromatography in solvent systems normally used for glycolipid development. 4. The I determinant resides on alkali-stable oligosaccharide chains. The main sugars are galactose and N-acetylglucosamine which might be involved in the immunodeterminants.