[Increasing the adhesion of glass ionomer cements in bracket bonding]

On the interaction of polyacrylic acid as a conditioning agent with bovine enamel

In the present paper, the effects of polyacrylic acid (PAA) conditioning on the morphology and chemistry of bovine enamel surface and the resulting interfacial reactions are being investigated using photometric, microscopic (SEM, AFM), electron spectroscopic (XPS) and staining methods (neutral red dye). The results are compared to two reference surfaces obtained by simple grinding and by etching with a phosphoric acid solution. It is shown that PAA conditioning leads to the leaching of calcium and phosphorus ions, to the smoothening of the surface and probably to the formation of a polymeric film at the surface. A mechanism by which a preliminary PAA conditioning of the enamel leads to the reported higher bonding strength between enamel and glass ionomer cements is proposed.

Light-cured glass ionomer cement as a bracket adhesive with different types of enamel conditioners

Eighty bovine incisors were ground on 320-grit silicone carbide paper and cleaned with fluoride-free prophylaxis paste. The enamel surface conditions were: 1. no conditioning; 2. salicylic acid (10%, 10s); 3. benzoic acid (10%, 10s); 4. air polishing with sodium hydrogen carbonate/Prophy-Jet; 5. Prophy-Jet, followed by polyacrylic acid (PAA, 10%, 10 s); 6. PAA, followed by saliva contamination; 7. PAA; 8. phosphoric acid (37%, 10 s). Fuji Ortho II LC (GC) was used as a bracket adhesive in groups 1 t0 7, and in group 8 Concise orthodontic (3M). Stainless steel lingual buttons were placed by hand. Polymerisation with visible light was carried out 20 s from mesial, distal, incisal and gingival. After 24 h storage in tap water at room temperature the shear bond strengths were tested in accordance with ISO specification TC 106/SC/WG16. Mean values of the groups were compared using Student's t-test. Group 7 (PAA) attained the highest mean shear strength (in comparison with control group): 28 MPa. This was both significantly different from the control group (Concise, 33 MPa) and highly significant in comparison with the other groups (< 16 MPa). The shear bond strength of Fuji Ortho II LC on PAA conditioned enamel indicates the clinical applicability of this material.

[An in-vitro study of the bonding and fracture pattern of light-hardening, fluoride-releasing bonding materials in metal brackets]

Three hundred bovine incisors, which were divided into 6 groups of 50 teeth each, were used in this study. Two types of metal brackets, 1 with a conventional foil mesh base and the other with a photo-etched Micro-Loc base, were adhered to the teeth with 3 different bonding agents, namely, Sequence, a fluoride-releasing, light-activated composite, Photac-Fil, a light-hardened glass ionomer cement, and, in the control group, Concise, a 2-component composite which hardens chemically. A universal testing machine was employed to test tensile bonding strength and the site of failure was visually determined and analyzed. The study showed that Sequence can be considered as a qualitatively equal alternative to Concise. Both composites demonstrate equal tensile bonding strength. The use of Photac-Fil, the light-hardened glass ionomer bonding agent, cannot be recommended. It possesses significantly less tensile bonding strength than the other 2 bonding agents. Sequence and Concise, which showed better results with the brackets with conventional foil mesh base than with the brackets with photo-etched Micro-Loc base, had no significant differences in their failure sites. The interface of the composite with the bracket was the main failure site. Both composites demonstrated a significantly reduced rate of failure at the interface of the composite with the enamel, when they were used with the brackets with the Micro-Loc base. This differed from the failure site of Photac-Fil, when the photo-etched base was used. With Photac-Fil the main site of failure came at the interface of the enamel with this glass ionomer cement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)