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Anny CA, Nouaille S, Fauré R, Schulz C, Spriet C, Huvent I, Biot C, Lefebvre T. A Step-by-Step Guide for the Production of Recombinant Fluorescent TAT-HA-Tagged Proteins and their Transduction into Mammalian Cells. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1016. [PMID: 38511507 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the function of target proteins for functional prospection or therapeutic applications typically requires the production and purification of recombinant proteins. The fusion of these proteins with tag peptides and fluorescently derived proteins allows the monitoring of candidate proteins using SDS-PAGE coupled with western blotting and fluorescent microscopy, respectively. However, protein engineering poses a significant challenge for many researchers. In this protocol, we describe step-by-step the engineering of a recombinant protein with various tags: TAT-HA (trans-activator of transduction-hemagglutinin), 6×His and EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) or mCherry. Fusion proteins are produced in E. coli BL21(DE3) cells and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) using a Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) column. Then, tagged recombinant proteins are introduced into cultured animal cells by using the penetrating peptide TAT-HA. Here, we present a thorough protocol providing a detailed guide encompassing every critical step from plasmid DNA molecular assembly to protein expression and subsequent purification and outlines the conditions necessary for protein transduction technology into animal cells in a comprehensive manner. We believe that this protocol will be a valuable resource for researchers seeking an exhaustive, step-by-step guide for the successful production and purification of recombinant proteins and their entry by transduction within living cells. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: DNA cloning, molecular assembly strategies, and protein production Basic Protocol 2: Protein purification Basic Protocol 3: Protein transduction in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Schulz
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
| | - Corentin Spriet
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UAR 2014 - PLBS, F-59000, Lille, France
| | | | | | - Tony Lefebvre
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF, Lille, France
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2
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Shibazaki C, Mashino T, Ohe T. Development of a fluorescent-labeled trapping reagent to evaluate the risk posed by acyl-CoA conjugates. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 52:100509. [PMID: 37515836 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2023.100509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Although acyl-CoA conjugates are known to have higher reactivity than acyl glucuronides, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the risk of the conjugates. In the present study, we aimed to develop a trapping assay for acyl-CoA conjugates using trapping reagents we have developed previously. It was revealed that Cys-Dan, which has both a thiol and an amino group, was the most effective in forming stable adducts containing an amide bond after intramolecular acyl migration. Additionally, we also developed a hepatocyte-based trapping assay in the present study to overcome the shortcomings of liver microsomes. Although liver microsomes are commonly used as enzyme sources in trapping assays, they lack some of the enzymes required for drug metabolism and detoxification systems. In human hepatocytes, our three trapping reagents, CysGlu-Dan, Dap-Dan and Cys-Dan, captured CYP-dependent reactive metabolites, reactive acyl glucuronides, and reactive acyl-CoA conjugates, respectively. The work suggests that the trapping assay with the reagents in hepatocytes is useful to evaluate the risk of reactive metabolites in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shibazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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Stalder L, Koechl F, Hahn K, Sultan M, Prasad MK. A Simple, Quick, and Partially Automated Protocol for the Isolation of Single Nuclei from Frozen Mammalian Tissues for Single Nucleus Sequencing. J Vis Exp 2023. [PMID: 37578260 DOI: 10.3791/65611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell and single-nucleus RNA sequencing have become common laboratory applications due to the wealth of transcriptomic information that they provide. Single nucleus RNA sequencing, particularly, is useful for investigating gene expression in difficult-to-dissociate tissues. Furthermore, this approach is also compatible with frozen (archival) material. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate high-quality single nuclei from frozen mammalian tissues for downstream single nucleus RNA sequencing in a partially-automated manner using commercially available instruments and reagents. Specifically, a robotic dissociator is used to automate and standardize tissue homogenization, followed by an optimized chemical gradient to filter the nuclei. Lastly, we accurately and automatically count the nuclei using an automated fluorescent cell counter. The performance of this protocol is demonstrated on mouse brain, rat kidney, and cynomolgus liver and spleen tissue. This protocol is straightforward, rapid, and readily adaptable to various mammalian tissues without requiring extensive optimization and provides good quality nuclei for downstream single nuclei RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Stalder
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel
| | - Fabian Koechl
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel
| | - Kerstin Hahn
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel
| | - Marc Sultan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel
| | - Megana K Prasad
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Centre Basel;
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4
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Guo G, Li MJ, Lai JL, Du ZY, Liao QS. Development of tobacco rattle virus-based platform for dual heterologous gene expression and CRISPR/Cas reagent delivery. Plant Sci 2022; 325:111491. [PMID: 36216296 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A large number of viral delivery systems have been developed for characterizing functional genes and producing heterologous recombinant proteins in plants, and but most of them are unable to co-express two fusion-free foreign proteins in the whole plant for extended periods of time. In this study, we modified tobacco rattle virus (TRV) as a TRVe dual delivery vector, using the strategy of gene substitution. The reconstructed TRVe had the capability to simultaneously produce two fusion-free foreign proteins at the whole level of Nicotiana benthamiana, and maintained the genetic stability for the insert of double foreign genes. Moreover, TRVe allowed systemic expression of two foreign proteins with the total lengths up to ∼900 aa residues. In addition, Cas12a protein and crRNA were delivered by the TRVe expression system for site-directed editing of genomic DNA in N. benthamiana 16c line constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Taker together, the TRV-based delivery system will be a simple and powerful means to rapidly co-express two non-fused foreign proteins at the whole level and facilitate functional genomics studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Meng-Jiao Li
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Jia-Liang Lai
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Zhi-You Du
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Qian-Sheng Liao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China.
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Osumah A, Krishnamurthy R. Diamidophosphate (DAP): A Plausible Prebiotic Phosphorylating Reagent with a Chem to BioChem Potential? Chembiochem 2021; 22:3001-3009. [PMID: 34289217 PMCID: PMC8589086 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Known since the 1890s, diamidophosphate (DAP) has been investigated within the context of its inorganic chemistry. In 1999 - with the demonstration of DAP's potential as a phosphorylating agent of sugars in aqueous medium - began the exciting phase of research about DAP's role as a plausible prebiotic phosphorylating agent. More recently, in the last five years, there has been a steady increase in the publications that have documented the surprising versatility of DAP enabling the emergence of many classes of biomolecules of life, such as nucleic acids, peptides and protocells. Thus, though in its infancy, DAP seems to be uniquely positioned to play a central role in modelling abiotic- to prebiotic-chemical evolution. In this context, there is a need for systematic investigations for: (a) establishing DAP's likely availability on the early Earth, and (b) developing DAP's potential as a tool for use in synthetic and bioorganic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulakeem Osumah
- Department of ChemistryThe Scripps Research Institute10550 North Torrey Pines RdLa JollaCA 92037USA
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Juarez-Facio AT, Martin de Lagarde V, Monteil C, Vaugeois JM, Corbiere C, Rogez-Florent T. Validation of a Fast and Simple HPLC-UV Method for the Quantification of Adenosine Phosphates in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:6324. [PMID: 34684903 PMCID: PMC8540776 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A new HPLC method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) was developed and validated. ATP, ADP, and AMP were extracted from human bronchial epithelial cells with a rapid extraction procedure and separated with a C18 column (3 × 150 mm, 2.7 µm) using isocratic elution with a mobile phase consisting of 50 mM of potassium hydrogen phosphate (pH 6.80). The absorbance was monitored at 254 nm. The calibration curves were linear in 0.2 to 10 µM, selective, precise, and accurate. This method allowed us to quantify the nucleotides from two cell models: differentiated NHBE primary cells grown at the air-liquid interface (ALI) and BEAS-2B cell line. Our study highlighted the development of a sensitive, simple, and green analytical method that is faster and less expensive than other existing methods to measure ATP, ADP, and AMP and can be carried out on 2D and 3D cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tiphaine Rogez-Florent
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, UNICAEN, ABTE, 76000 Rouen, France; (A.T.J.-F.); (V.M.d.L.); (C.M.); (J.-M.V.); (C.C.)
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7
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Bhadra S, Nguyen V, Torres JA, Kar S, Fadanka S, Gandini C, Akligoh H, Paik I, Maranhao AC, Molloy J, Ellington AD. Producing molecular biology reagents without purification. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252507. [PMID: 34061896 PMCID: PMC8168896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently developed 'cellular' reagents-lyophilized bacteria overexpressing proteins of interest-that can replace commercial pure enzymes in typical diagnostic and molecular biology reactions. To make cellular reagent technology widely accessible and amenable to local production with minimal instrumentation, we now report a significantly simplified method for preparing cellular reagents that requires only a common bacterial incubator to grow and subsequently dry enzyme-expressing bacteria at 37°C with the aid of inexpensive chemical desiccants. We demonstrate application of such dried cellular reagents in common molecular and synthetic biology processes, such as PCR, qPCR, reverse transcription, isothermal amplification, and Golden Gate DNA assembly, in building easy-to-use testing kits, and in rapid reagent production for meeting extraordinary diagnostic demands such as those being faced in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Furthermore, we demonstrate feasibility of local production by successfully implementing this minimized procedure and preparing cellular reagents in several countries, including the United Kingdom, Cameroon, and Ghana. Our results demonstrate possibilities for readily scalable local and distributed reagent production, and further instantiate the opportunities available via synthetic biology in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchita Bhadra
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vylan Nguyen
- Freshman Research Initiative, DIY Diagnostics Stream, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jose-Angel Torres
- Freshman Research Initiative, DIY Diagnostics Stream, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shaunak Kar
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Chiara Gandini
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Inyup Paik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andre C. Maranhao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jenny Molloy
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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8
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Shibazaki C, Ohe T, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T. Development of fluorescent-labeled trapping reagents based on cysteine to detect soft and hard electrophilic reactive metabolites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 39:100386. [PMID: 34091122 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trapping assays are conducted at lead optimization stages to detect reactive metabolites (RMs) that can contribute to drug toxicity. The commonly used dansyl glutathione (dGSH) provides a sensitive analysis owing to the fluorescent label, however, it captures only soft electrophilic RMs. TRs for hard electrophilic RMs, few of which are labeled fluorescently, can detect hard electrophilic aldehydes only by forming unstable imine derivatives. In this study, we aimed to develop novel fluorescently labeled TRs that detect both soft and hard electrophilic RMs and form stable ring structures with aldehydes. We designed four dansylated TRs based on cysteine, which has both soft and hard nucleophilic groups. To evaluate the reactivity of the TRs, we incubated them with several substrates and found that one of the TRs (CysGlu-Dan) detected all the soft and hard electrophilic RMs. We also examined the inhibition potential of each TR for seven major CYPs involved in drug metabolism and found that CysGlu-Dan showed an inhibitory profile similar to that of dGSH. In conclusion, CysGlu-Dan can be used to evaluate the risk of RMs in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shibazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Thimaradka V, Hoon Oh J, Heroven C, Radu Aricescu A, Yuzaki M, Tamura T, Hamachi I. Site-specific covalent labeling of His-tag fused proteins with N-acyl-N-alkyl sulfonamide reagent. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 30:115947. [PMID: 33360195 PMCID: PMC7610637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to incorporate a desired functionality into proteins of interest in a site-specific manner can provide powerful tools for investigating biological systems and creating therapeutic conjugates. However, there are not any universal methods that can be applied to all proteins, and it is thus important to explore the chemical strategy for protein modification. In this paper, we developed a new reactive peptide tag/probe pair system for site-specific covalent protein labeling. This method relies on the recognition-driven reaction of a peptide tag and a molecular probe, which comprises the lysine-containing short histidine tag (KH6 or H6K) and a binuclear nickel (II)- nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni2+-NTA) complex probe containing a lysine-reactive N-acyl-N-alkyl sulfonamide (NASA) group. The selective interaction of the His-tag and Ni2+-NTA propeles a rapid nucleophilic reaction between a lysine residue of the tag and the electrophilic NASA group of the probe by the proximity effect, resulting in the tag-site-specific functionalization of proteins. We characterized the reactive profile and site-specificity of this method using model peptides and proteins in vitro, and demonstrated the general utility for production of a nanobody-chemical probe conjugate without compromising its binding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Thimaradka
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jae Hoon Oh
- ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, JST), Sanbancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan
| | - Christina Heroven
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - A Radu Aricescu
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Michisuke Yuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tamura
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan; ERATO (Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology, JST), Sanbancho, Chiyodaku, Tokyo, 102-0075, Japan.
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10
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Strand JE, Nybäck H. Tobacco use in schizophrenia: a study of cotinine concentrations in the saliva of patients and controls. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 20:50-4. [PMID: 15642444 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2001] [Revised: 08/16/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNicotine has been proposed to provide anxiety relief, oral gratification and self-medication of psychotic symptoms in psychiatric patients. In order to investigate the relations between psychopathology and tobacco use we measured the concentration of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, in the saliva of psychiatric patients and healthy volunteers. In a sample of 42 schizophrenic patients we correlated smoking status, cotinine levels, symptom profiles (PANSS), and neuroleptic side effects (Simpson–Angus). Despite reporting the same amount of cigarettes consumed per day the saliva concentration of cotinine was significantly higher in patients with schizophrenia than in the controls. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between smoking and non-smoking schizophrenic patients, but smokers tended to be on higher drug doses. High cotinine concentrations correlated significantly with the negative symptoms Passive withdrawal and Social avoidance. The results indicate that the schizophrenic patients smoke cigarettes more intensely than other patients and healthy subjects. The correlation between high cotinine levels and negative symptomatology may reflect an attempt by schizophrenic patients to overcome the emotional withdrawal and thus the results may lend support to a self-medication hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Erik Strand
- Department of Psychiatry, Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland
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11
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Shahabadi N, Zendehcheshm S. Evaluation of ct-DNA and HSA binding propensity of antibacterial drug chloroxine: Multi-spectroscopic analysis, atomic force microscopy and docking simulation. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2020; 230:118042. [PMID: 31972466 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the binding interactions of chloroxine, an antibacterial drug and antibiotic agent with calf thymus-deoxyribonucleic acid (ct-DNA) and human serum albumin (HSA) have been deliberated under simulative physiological conditions (pH = 7.40) employing multiple biophysical, atomic force microscopy and molecular modeling approaches. The ct-DNA binding properties of chloroxine exhibit that it binds to ct-DNA through a groove binding mode, and the binding constant values were computed employing the absorption and emission spectral data. The fluorescence study shows the presence of the static quenching mechanism in the ct-DNA- chloroxine interaction. These results are further supported by UV-vis spectra. Large complexes contain the ct-DNA chains with an average size of 225.45 nm were observed by employing AFM for chloroxine -ct-DNA. The results revealed that the fluorescence quenching of albumin by chloroxine was a static quenching process as a result of albumin-chloroxine (1:1) complex. The distance between chloroxine and albumin was obtained based on the Förster's theory of non-radiative energy transfer. The results of AFM, synchronous and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra all revealed that chloroxine induced the conformational changes of albumin. Molecular docking technology represents the binding of chloroxine to the major groove of ct-DNA and site I (subdomain II A) of albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Shahabadi
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Medical Biology Research Center (MBRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Saba Zendehcheshm
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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12
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Kim LB, Russkikh GS, Putyatina AN, Tsypysheva OB. [Age-related features of the relationship between the content of vascular endothelial growth factor and indicators of lipid metabolism and extracellular matrix metabolism in men in the European part of the Russian Arctic.]. Adv Gerontol 2020; 33:450-458. [PMID: 33280329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The content of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) in blood plasma and its relationship with lipid and extracellular matrix metabolism in working-aged men (19-69 years), living and working in the European part of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation (Russian Arctic), were studied. No age dependence of the plasma VEGF-A content was found. The correlation analysis, performed in different age groups, revealed significant associations of VEGF-A level with lipid parameters (CS, LDL-C, Apo B, atherogenicity coefficient, Apo B /Apo A1 ratio) and extracellular matrix metabolism (blood TIMP-4, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, hyaluronan, total and peptide-bound hydroxyproline, glycosaminoglycans). The established correlations indicate the formation of relationships between angiogenesis, atherogenesis and fibrosis at a specific period of life of northerners in the Russian Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Kim
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 2 srt. Timakova, Novosibirsk 630117, Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - G S Russkikh
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 2 srt. Timakova, Novosibirsk 630117, Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - A N Putyatina
- Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 2 srt. Timakova, Novosibirsk 630117, Russian Federation, e-mail:
| | - O B Tsypysheva
- Lovozero Central District Hospital, 2 srt. Komsomolskaya, pos. Revda, Murmansk region 184580, Russian Federation
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Abstract
Solid wastes from the oil-shale industry produce leachates containing toxic compounds such as heavy metals and persistent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). The hazard to the environment represented by waste leachates depends not only on their chemical composition, but also on the mobility and bioavailability of toxic contaminants in soils. We evaluated the applicability of bioassays for toxicity assessment of the bioavailable fraction of heavy metals and PAH in soils, in experiments with samples of four different soil types (Rendzina, Brown pseudopodzolic, Typical brown, Sodpodzolic), the pH of which ranged from 6.2 to 7.2. The toxicity of the bioavailable fraction of the soil contaminants was assessed with the dehydrogenase enzyme activity assay, and with a Toxkit microbiotest with the crustacean, Thamnocephalus platyurus, after treatment of the soil samples with an artificial solution containing chromium (III), lead (II), copper (II), cadmium (II) and pyrene. The test results confirm those of earlier experiments, which characterised the sorption potential of investigated soils for the same compounds. Both tests turned out to be sufficiently sensitive, and hence can be recommended as effective and useful tools for the assessment of the bioavailable fraction of soil contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Irha
- National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia.
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Horn C, Négrier C, Kalina U, Seifert W, Friedman KD. Performance of a recombinant fusion protein linking coagulation factor IX with recombinant albumin in one-stage clotting assays. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:138-148. [PMID: 30418692 PMCID: PMC7379984 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Performance of the one-stage clotting (OSC) assay varies with the clotting activator used. Recombinant FIX-albumin fusion protein (rIX-FP) was reliably monitored with most OSC reagents. rIX-FP shows comparable reagent-dependent variability to other rFIX products in the OSC assay. Actin® FS and kaolin-based reagents underestimated rIX-FP activity by around 50% in the OSC assay. SUMMARY: Background Measuring factor IX activity (FIX:C) with one-stage clotting (OSC) assays, based on the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), is the current mainstay of diagnostic techniques for hemophilia B. Assessing the performance of new recombinant FIX (rFIX) products in OSC assays is essential, as APTT reagents from different manufacturers yield different potency estimates for rFIX. Objectives To evaluate the extent to which choice of reagent composition influences rFIX potency measurements of recombinant FIX-albumin fusion protein (rIX-FP, IDELVION) activity in OSC assays. Methods rIX-FP was added to FIX-deficient plasma, and FIX:C was assessed centrally and locally in a multicenter international field study with a variety of commercial OSC APTT reagents. Paired sample analysis of clinical samples was performed to compare values of FIX:C from local and central laboratories. In-house bioanalytical investigations with spiked samples were conducted to compare the APTT-reagent dependent variability of rIX-FP with unmodified rFIX and rFIX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc). Results Central and local assessments of FIX:C from 10 countries and 21 participating centers showed comparable results to those from the central laboratory across the majority of 18 different APTT reagents from both clinical and spiked samples. There was a consistent underestimation of rIX-FP activity of ≈ 50% with OSC assays using Actin FS or kaolin-based APTT reagents. In the bioanalytical study, rIX-FP showed comparable variability in OSC assays to unmodified rFIX and rFIXFc. Conclusions rIX-FP activity can be accurately measured by the use of OSC assays with the majority of commercial reagents. Actin FS or kaolin-based reagents will probably lead to a 50% underestimation of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Négrier
- Hôpital Louis PradelUniversity Claude Bernard Lyon 1LyonFrance
| | | | | | - K. D. Friedman
- Blood Research InstituteBlood Center of WisconsinMilwaukeeWIUSA
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15
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Rojanarata T, Plianwong S, Opanasopit P, Ngawhirunpat T. Enrichment of gamma-aminobutyric acid in bean sprouts: Exploring biosynthesis of plant metabolite using common household reagents. Biochem Mol Biol Educ 2018; 46:155-161. [PMID: 29215197 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The enrichment of plant foods with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is currently an interesting issue in the field of nutraceuticals and can be used as an experiment for upper-division undergraduate students. Here, an interdisciplinary hands-on experiment to produce GABA-enriched mung bean sprouts using common household reagents is described. Based on the GABA biosynthesis pathways, two key factors, being the availability of l-glutamic acid and the acidification of the germination environment, were chosen for the study of the effects on the enhancement of GABA levels. The activities not only led students to a deeper understanding of biochemistry contents, but also gave the students the opportunity to work with experimental design, analytical chemistry, and statistical data analysis. Furthermore, since mung bean sprouts are familiar foods and the reagents used for germination are easily obtainable and generally recognized as safe, the optimal protocol investigated in the lab could be further applied to the production of bean sprouts with enhanced nutritional values in everyday life, promoting the transfer of knowledge learned in school to practical environments such as home and community. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 46(2):155-161, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samarwadee Plianwong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi, 20131, Thailand
| | - Praneet Opanasopit
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon, Pathom, 73000, Thailand
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16
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Verma V, Kaur C, Grover P, Gupta A, Chaudhary VK. Biotin-tagged proteins: Reagents for efficient ELISA-based serodiagnosis and phage display-based affinity selection. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191315. [PMID: 29360877 PMCID: PMC5779676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The high-affinity interaction between biotin and streptavidin has opened avenues for using recombinant proteins with site-specific biotinylation to achieve efficient and directional immobilization. The site-specific biotinylation of proteins carrying a 15 amino acid long Biotin Acceptor Peptide tag (BAP; also known as AviTag) is effected on a specific lysine either by co-expressing the E. coli BirA enzyme in vivo or by using purified recombinant E. coli BirA enzyme in the presence of ATP and biotin in vitro. In this paper, we have designed a T7 promoter-lac operator-based expression vector for rapid and efficient cloning, and high-level cytosolic expression of proteins carrying a C-terminal BAP tag in E. coli with TEV protease cleavable N-terminal deca-histidine tag, useful for initial purification. Furthermore, a robust three-step purification pipeline integrated with well-optimized protocols for TEV protease-based H10 tag removal, and recombinant BirA enzyme-based site-specific in vitro biotinylation is described to obtain highly pure biotinylated proteins. Most importantly, the paper demonstrates superior sensitivities in indirect ELISA with directional and efficient immobilization of biotin-tagged proteins on streptavidin-coated surfaces in comparison to passive immobilization. The use of biotin-tagged proteins through specific immobilization also allows more efficient selection of binders from a phage-displayed naïve antibody library. In addition, for both these applications, specific immobilization requires much less amount of protein as compared to passive immobilization and can be easily multiplexed. The simplified strategy described here for the production of highly pure biotin-tagged proteins will find use in numerous applications, including those, which may require immobilization of multiple proteins simultaneously on a solid surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Verma
- Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training (CIIDRET), University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Charanpreet Kaur
- Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training (CIIDRET), University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Payal Grover
- Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training (CIIDRET), University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Gupta
- Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training (CIIDRET), University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (VKC); (AG)
| | - Vijay K. Chaudhary
- Centre for Innovation in Infectious Disease Research, Education and Training (CIIDRET), University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (VKC); (AG)
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Meliopoulos
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
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18
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Abstract
One factor that may contribute to variability between different lots of purified collagenase to recover islets is the molecular form of C. histolyticum class I (C1) collagenase used in the isolation procedure. Two different enzyme mixtures containing C1, class II (C2) collagenase and BP Protease were compared for their effectiveness to recover islets from split adult porcine pancreas. The same enzyme activities per g trimmed tissue were used for all isolations with the only difference being the mass of C1 required to achieve 25,000 collagen degradation activity U/g tissue. The results show no differences in performance of the two enzyme mixtures. The only significant difference is 19 fold more truncated C1 was required to achieve the same result as intact C1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Robert C. McCarthy
- VitaCyte LLC, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- CONTACT Robert C. McCarthy VitaCyte LLC, 1341 Sadlier Circle West Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46239, USA
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19
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Cho IT, Adelmant G, Lim Y, Marto JA, Cho G, Golden JA. Ascorbate peroxidase proximity labeling coupled with biochemical fractionation identifies promoters of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondrial contacts. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:16382-16392. [PMID: 28760823 PMCID: PMC5625067 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.795286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To maintain cellular homeostasis, subcellular organelles communicate with each other and form physical and functional networks through membrane contact sites coupled by protein tethers. In particular, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial contacts (EMC) regulate diverse cellular activities such as metabolite exchange (Ca2+ and lipids), intracellular signaling, apoptosis, and autophagy. The significance of EMCs has been highlighted by reports indicating that EMC dysregulation is linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, obtaining a better understanding of the physical and functional components of EMCs should provide new insights into the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we applied engineered ascorbate peroxidase (APEX) to map the proteome at EMCs in live HEK293 cells. APEX was targeted to the outer mitochondrial membrane, and proximity-labeled proteins were analyzed by stable isotope labeling with amino acids in culture (SILAC)-LC/MS-MS. We further refined the specificity of the proteins identified by combining biochemical subcellular fractionation to the protein isolation method. We identified 405 proteins with a 2.0-fold cutoff ratio (log base 2) in SILAC quantification from replicate experiments. We performed validation screening with a Split-Rluc8 complementation assay that identified reticulon 1A (RTN1A), an ER-shaping protein localized to EMCs as an EMC promoter. Proximity mapping augmented with biochemical fractionation and additional validation methods reported here could be useful to discover other components of EMCs, identify mitochondrial contacts with other organelles, and further unravel their communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il-Taeg Cho
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
| | - Guillaume Adelmant
- the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Youngshin Lim
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
- the Departments of Cancer Biology and Pathology, Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ginam Cho
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
| | - Jeffrey A Golden
- From the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
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20
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Ali M, Rajapakshe D, Cao L, Devaraj S. Discordant Analytical Results Caused by Biotin Interference on Diagnostic Immunoassays in a Pediatric Hospital. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2017; 47:638-640. [PMID: 29066495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that biotin interferes with certain immunoassays. In this study, we evaluated the analytical interference of biotin on immunoassays that use streptavidin-biotin in our pediatric hospital. We tested the effect of different concentrations of biotin (1.5-200 ng/ml) on TSH, Prolactin, Ferritin, CK-MB, β-hCG, Troponin I, LH, FSH, Cortisol, Anti-HAV antibody (IgG and IgM), assays on Ortho Clinical Diagnostic Vitros 5600 Analyzer. Biotin (up to 200 ng/mL) did not significantly affect Troponin I and HAV assays. Biotin (up to 12.5 ng/ml) resulted in <10% bias in CK-MB, β-hCG, AFP, Cortisol, Ferritin assays and biotin >6.25 ng/mL significantly affected TSH (>20% bias) assay. Prolactin was significantly affected even at low levels (Biotin 1.5 ng/mL). Thus, we recommend educating physicians about biotin interference in common immunoassays and adding an electronic disclaimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesheema Ali
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | | | - Liyun Cao
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX USA
| | - Sridevi Devaraj
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX USA
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21
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Bader C, Jesudoss Chelladurai J, Starling DE, Jones DE, Brewer MT. Assessment of in vitro killing assays for detecting praziquantel-induced death in Posthodiplostomum minimum metacercariae. Exp Parasitol 2017; 181:70-74. [PMID: 28760359 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Control of parasitic infections may be achieved by eliminating developmental stages present within intermediate hosts, thereby disrupting the parasite life cycle. For several trematodes relevant to human and veterinary medicine, this involves targeting the metacercarial stage found in fish intermediate hosts. Treatment of fish with praziquantel is one potential approach for targeting the metacercaria stage. To date, studies investigating praziquantel-induced metacercarial death in fish rely on counting parasites and visually assessing morphology or movement. In this study, we investigate quantitative methods for detecting praziquantel-induced death using a Posthodiplostomum minimum model. Our results revealed that propidium iodide staining accurately identified praziquantel-induced death and the level of staining was proportional to the concentration of praziquantel. In contrast, detection of ATP, resazurin metabolism, and trypan blue staining were poor indicators of metacercarial death. The propidium iodide method offers an advantage over simple visualization of parasite movement and could be used to determine EC50 values relevant for comparison of praziquantel sensitivity or resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Bader
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Jeba Jesudoss Chelladurai
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - David E Starling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Douglas E Jones
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew T Brewer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Mainstream adoption of physiologically relevant three-dimensional models has been slow in the last 50 years due to long, manual protocols with poor reproducibility, high price, and closed commercial platforms. This chapter describes high-throughput, low-cost, open methods for spheroid viability assessment which use readily available reagents and open-source software to analyze spheroid volume, metabolism, and enzymatic activity. We provide two ImageJ macros for automated spheroid size determination-for both single images and images in stacks. We also share an Excel template spreadsheet allowing users to rapidly process spheroid size data, analyze plate uniformity (such as edge effects and systematic seeding errors), detect outliers, and calculate dose-response. The methods would be useful to researchers in preclinical and translational research planning to move away from simplistic monolayer studies and explore 3D spheroid screens for drug safety and efficacy without substantial investment in money or time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyan P Ivanov
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
| | - Anna M Grabowska
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
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23
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Li Y, Zhang Y, Jiang L, Chu PK, Dong Y, Wei Q. A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on the biotin- streptavidin-biotin structure for detection of human immunoglobulin G. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22694. [PMID: 26948273 PMCID: PMC4780222 DOI: 10.1038/srep22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A sandwich-type immunosensor is designed and fabricated to detect the human immunoglobulin G (HIgG) using polyaniline and tin dioxide functionalized graphene (GS-SnO2-PAN) as the platform and biotin-functionalized amination magnetic nanoparticles composite (B-Fe3O4@APTES) as the label. GS-SnO2-PAN is used as the sensing agent to capture the primary anti-HIgG (Ab1) and SnO2 reduces the stack of GS. The B-Fe3O4@APTES with a large surface area and excellent biocompatibility captures second antibody (Ab2) efficiently based on the highly selective recognition of streptavidin to biotinylated antibody. The B-Fe3O4@APTES has better electro-catalytic activity in the reduction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and the "biotin-streptavidin-biotin" (B-SA-B) strategy leads to signal amplification. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor has a wide sensitivity range from 1 pg/L to 10 ng/L and low detection limit of 0.33 pg/L (S/N = 3) for HIgG. The immunosensor has high sensitivity, fast assay rate, as well as good reproducibility, specificity, and stability especially in the quantitative detection of biomolecules in serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyun Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Liping Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China
| | - Paul K. Chu
- Department of Physics & Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yunhui Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, P. R. China
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, P.R. China
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24
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Li H, Zhang M, Li X, Chen L, Zhang B, Tang S, Fu X. BrdU-label-retaining cells in rat eccrine sweat glands over time. Acta Histochem 2016; 118:74-9. [PMID: 26657518 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell proliferation and turnover are fueled by stem cells. In a previous study, we demonstrated that rat eccrine sweat glands contained abundant bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-label-retaining cells (LRCs). However, morphological observations showed that eccrine sweat glands usually show little or no signs of homeostatic change. In this study, we account for why the homeostatic change is rare in eccrine sweat glands based on cytokinetic changes in BrdU-LRC turnover, and also determine the BrdU-labeled cell type. Thirty-six newborn SD rats, were injected intraperitoneally with 50mg/kg BrdU twice daily at a 2h interval for 4 consecutive days. After a chase period of 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 32 weeks, rats were euthanized, and the hind footpads were removed and processed for BrdU immunostaining, and BrdU/α-SMA and BrdU/K14 double-immunostaining. BrdU-LRCs were observed in the ducts, secretory coils and mesenchymal cells at all survival time points. The percentage of BrdU(+) cells in rat eccrine sweat glands averaged 4.2±1.2% after 4 weeks of chase, increased slightly by the 6th week, averaging 4.4±0.9%, and peaked at 8 weeks, averaging 5.3±1.0%. Subsequently, the average percentage of BrdU(+) cells declined to 3.2±0.8% by the 32nd week. There was no difference in the percentage of BrdU-LRCs among the different survival time points except that a significant difference in the percentage of BrdU-LRCs detected at 24 weeks versus 8 weeks, and 32 weeks versus 8 weeks, was observed. We concluded that the BrdU-LRCs turnover is slow in eccrine sweat glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Li
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China; Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Mingjun Zhang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xuexue Li
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bingna Zhang
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shijie Tang
- Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, North Dongxia Road, Shantou 515041, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Burns Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical School, 51 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100037, China
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25
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Abstract
Nuclear protein import and export assays in permeabilized cells have been instrumental for the identification of transport factors and for the molecular characterization of nucleocytoplasmic transport pathways. Our original assay to quantitatively analyze CRM1-dependent export was based on stably transfected cells expressing GFP-NFAT. We now present a simplified version of the assay using transiently transfected cells expressing GFP-NFAT or GFP-snurportin1 as a fluorescent export cargo and mCherry-emerin as a marker protein for transfected cells. CRM1- and Ran-dependent export is recapitulated in digitonin-permeabilized cells and quantified by flow cytometry. The assay should be applicable to other combinations of cargo and marker proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph H Kehlenbach
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Sarah A Port
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
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26
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Hu W, Culloty S, Darmody G, Lynch S, Davenport J, Ramirez-Garcia S, Dawson K, Lynch I, Doyle H, Sheehan D. Neutral red retention time assay in determination of toxicity of nanoparticles. Mar Environ Res 2015; 111:158-161. [PMID: 26065811 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The neutral red retention time (NRRT) assay is useful for detecting decreased lysosomal membrane stability in haemocytes sampled from bivalves, a phenomenon often associated with exposure to environmental pollutants including nanomaterials. Bivalves are popular sentinel species in ecotoxicology and use of NRRT in study of species in the genus Mytilus is widespread in environmental monitoring. The NRRT assay has been used as an in vivo test for toxicity of carbon nanoparticles (Moore MN, Readman JAJ, Readman JW, Lowe DM, Frickers PE, Beesley A. 2009. Lysosomal cytotoxicity of carbon nanoparticles in cells of the molluscan immune system: An in vivo study. Nanotoxicology. 3 (1), 40-45). We here report application of this assay adapted to a microtitre plate format to a panel of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (2 ppm). This showed that copper, chromium and cobalt nanoparticles are toxic by this criterion while gold and titanium nanoparticles are not. As the former three nanoparticles are often reported to be cytotoxic while the latter two are thought to be non-cytotoxic, these data support use of NRRT as a general in vitro assay in nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Hu
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Sarah Culloty
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Grainne Darmody
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon Lynch
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John Davenport
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Development Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Sonia Ramirez-Garcia
- Centre for BioNano Interactions and Department of Physical Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kenneth Dawson
- Centre for BioNano Interactions and Department of Physical Chemistry, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B 15 2TT, UK
| | - Hugh Doyle
- Tyndall National Laboratory, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - David Sheehan
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Ireland.
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27
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Abstract
In vivo Ca2+ imaging of neuronal populations in deep cortical layers has remained a major challenge, as the recording depth of two-photon microscopy is limited because of the scattering and absorption of photons in brain tissue. A possible strategy to increase the imaging depth is the use of red-shifted fluorescent dyes, as scattering of photons is reduced at long wavelengths. Here, we tested the red-shifted fluorescent Ca2+ indicator Cal-590 for deep tissue experiments in the mouse cortex in vivo. In experiments involving bulk loading of neurons with the acetoxymethyl (AM) ester version of Cal-590, combined two-photon imaging and cell-attached recordings revealed that, despite the relatively low affinity of Cal-590 for Ca2+ (Kd=561 nM), single-action potential-evoked Ca2+ transients were discernable in most neurons with a good signal-to-noise ratio. Action potential-dependent Ca2+ transients were recorded in neurons of all six layers of the cortex at depths of up to -900 µm below the pial surface. We demonstrate that Cal-590 is also suited for multicolor functional imaging experiments in combination with other Ca2+ indicators. Ca2+ transients in the dendrites of an individual Oregon green 1,2-bis(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid-1 (OGB-1)-labeled neuron and the surrounding population of Cal-590-labeled cells were recorded simultaneously on two spectrally separated detection channels. We conclude that the red-shifted Ca2+ indicator Cal-590 is well suited for in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging experiments in all layers of mouse cortex. In combination with spectrally different Ca2+ indicators, such as OGB-1, Cal-590 can be readily used for simultaneous multicolor functional imaging experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Tischbirek
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 80802 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Birkner
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 80802 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Hongbo Jia
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 80802 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Bert Sakmann
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany;
| | - Arthur Konnerth
- Institute for Neuroscience, Technische Universität München, 80802 Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 80802 Munich, Germany; Center for Integrated Protein Sciences, 80802 Munich, Germany
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Fujikawa K, Fukumori R, Nakamura S, Kutsukake T, Takarada T, Yoneda Y. Potential interactions of calcium-sensitive reagents with zinc ion in different cultured cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127421. [PMID: 26010609 PMCID: PMC4444355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Several chemicals have been widely used to evaluate the involvement of free Ca2+ in mechanisms underlying a variety of biological responses for decades. Here, we report high reactivity to zinc of well-known Ca2+-sensitive reagents in diverse cultured cells. Methodology/Principal Findings In rat astrocytic C6 glioma cells loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+ dye Fluo-3, the addition of ZnCl2 gradually increased the fluorescence intensity in a manner sensitive to the Ca2+ chelator EGTA irrespective of added CaCl2. The addition of the Ca2+ ionophore A23187 drastically increased Fluo-3 fluorescence in the absence of ZnCl2, while the addition of the Zn2+ ionophore pyrithione rapidly and additionally increased the fluorescence in the presence of ZnCl2, but not in its absence. In cells loaded with the zinc dye FluoZin-3 along with Fluo-3, a similarly gradual increase was seen in the fluorescence of Fluo-3, but not of FluoZin-3, in the presence of both CaCl2 and ZnCl2. Further addition of pyrithione drastically increased the fluorescence intensity of both dyes, while the addition of the Zn2+ chelator N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine (TPEN) rapidly and drastically decreased FluoZin-3 fluorescence. In cells loaded with FluoZin-3 alone, the addition of ZnCl2 induced a gradual increase in the fluorescence in a fashion independent of added CaCl2 but sensitive to EGTA. Significant inhibition was found in the vitality to reduce 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide in a manner sensitive to TPEN, EDTA and BAPTA in C6 glioma cells exposed to ZnCl2, with pyrithione accelerating the inhibition. Similar inhibition occurred in an EGTA-sensitive fashion after brief exposure to ZnCl2 in pluripotent P19 cells, neuronal Neuro2A cells and microglial BV2 cells, which all expressed mRNA for particular zinc transporters. Conclusions/Significance Taken together, comprehensive analysis is absolutely required for the demonstration of a variety of physiological and pathological responses mediated by Ca2+ in diverse cells enriched of Zn2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Fujikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920–1192, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukumori
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920–1192, Japan
| | - Saki Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920–1192, Japan
| | - Takaya Kutsukake
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920–1192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920–1192, Japan
| | - Yukio Yoneda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920–1192, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Bin Karim MF, Imam H, Sarker MMR, Uddin N, Hasan N, Paul N, Haque T. Free radical scavenging, antidiarrheal and anthelmintic activity of Pistia stratiotes L. extracts and its phytochemical analysis. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015; 28:915-920. [PMID: 26004725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this phyto-pharmacological screening of Pistia stratiotes L leaf and root extracts each separately in two different solvents demonstrated its potential medicinal value. Apparent antioxidant value is demonstrated by DPPH, Nitric oxide scavenging and Ferric ion reducing method. Additionally, total flavonoid and phenolic compounds were measured. The leaf methanolic extract scavenged both nitric oxide (NO) and DPPH radical with a dose dependent manner. But the pet ether fraction of root was found to have highest efficacy in Fe(3±) reducing power assay. Flavonoid was found to contain highest in the pet ether fraction of root (411.35mg/g) in terms of quercetin equivalent, similarly highest amount (34.96mg/g) of total phenolic compounds (assayed as gallic acid equivalents) were found to contain in the same fraction. The methanolic fractions appeared less cytotoxic compared to pet ether extracts. The plant extracts caused a dose dependent decrease in faecal droppings in both castor oil and magnesium sulphate induced diarrhea, where as leaf extracts in each solvent appeared most effective. Also, the plant extracts showed anthelmintic activity in earthworm by inducing paralysis and death in a dose dependent manner. At highest doses (50 mg/ml) all fractions were almost effective as the positive control piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml). Thus, besides this cytotoxic effect it's traditional claim for therapeutic use can never be overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan Imam
- Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, 9 Banani C/A, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Moklesur-Rahman Sarker
- Diabetes, Obesity and Genomics Research Group, Clinical Investigation Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nizam Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nahid Hasan
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nirmala Paul
- Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, Primeasia University, 9 Banani C/A, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Abbas G, Shahzad M, Saddiqe Z, Hassan MJ, Saba S, Rafique J, Malik R, Hussain H. Various fractions of Hypericum x moserianum and Hypericum ericoides possess antiglycation, anti-lipid peroxidation, antioxidative activities and non-toxic effects in vitro. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015; 28:933-938. [PMID: 26004727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, two species Hypericum x moserianum and Hypericum ericoides which belong to genus Hypericum were evaluated for their potential antiglycation, antioxidant, anti lipid peroxidation and cytotoxic activities. These species are widely used in folk medicine and to the best of our knowledge there were no previous reports regarding antioxidant, anti-glycation and cytotoxicity studies of these species. Among the crude methanol extracts and fractions of both the species, the ethyl acetate fraction of H. x moserianum exhibited promising antioxidant activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with IC50 129.084±1.215μg/ml, followed by methanol extract (IC50=232.083 ± 1.215μg/ml) and aqueous fraction (IC50=266.962 ±2.213 μg/ml). The ethyl acetate fraction of H. ericoides exhibited IC50 value of 295.088 ± 2.320 μg/ml. In antiglycation assay, the ethyl acetate fraction of H. x moserianum showed 52.096% inhibition at 500μg/ml. For lipid peroxidation assay, the dichloromethane, aqueous and n-hexane fractions of H. x moserianum showed 67.241, 66.147 and 64.213% inhibition respectively, while aqueous fraction of H. ericoides exhibited 67.404% inhibition at 500μg/ml. In cytotoxicity assay, all fractions of both the species were found to be non-toxic on mouse fibroblast 3T3 cells with IC50 value greater than 30μg/ml as compared to cycloheximide with IC50 value 0.073±0.1μg/ml used as a standard. It was concluded from the study that among the two species, crude methanolic and ethyl acetate fractions were more active regarding the antioxidant, anti-glycation activities while dichloromethane, aqueous and n-hexane fractions possessed anti-lipid peroxidation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan / Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Nizwa-616, Oman
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zeb Saddiqe
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - M Jawad Hassan
- ASAB, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Saba
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ RIC, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Jamal Rafique
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ RIC, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rizwana Malik
- International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, HEJ RIC, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Hussain
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa-616, Oman
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31
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Hudson NL, Berg MC, Green MP, Back PJ, Thorstensen EB, Peterson AJ, Pitman JL, McNatty KP. The microenvironment of the ovarian follicle in the postpartum dairy cow: effects on reagent transfer from cumulus cells to oocytes in vitro. Theriogenology 2014; 82:563-73. [PMID: 24958635 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study's hypothesis was that the nutrient composition in follicular fluid (FF) of ovarian follicles in early lactating postpartum cows may influence reagent transfer from cumulus cells (CC) to the oocyte. To test this, concentrations of amino acids (AA), cholesterol, glucose, and nonesterified fatty acids were measured in FF from the largest antral follicles at Days 21 and 46 postpartum during which time, most animals were expected to have resumed ovulatory activity. From the range of concentrations measured, two media compositions (Lac and Half-Lac) were prepared to compare with medium 199 (M199). The AA and cholesterol concentrations in FF were on average, approximately 35% and greater than 1000% higher than in M199, respectively. The nonesterified fatty acids, but not glucose, concentrations also exceeded those in M199. The transfer of fluorescent dye from CC to oocytes in bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes incubated with and without phosphodiesterase inhibitors (dipyridamole and milrinone) and/or forskolin was assessed. Maximum dye accumulation in oocytes incubated in M199 occurred after 4 hours and was further increased (P < 0.001) by dipyridamole. The addition of dipyridamole to Lac, but not Half-Lac, media also increased dye accumulation. There were effects of media (P < 0.001), cholesterol (P < 0.001), and forskolin (P < 0.05) on dye accumulation but no effects of stearic or palmitic acid in either Lac or Half-Lac media. The addition of oleic acid in Half-Lac (P < 0.01), but not Lac, media inhibited dye accumulation. These results support the hypothesis that reagent transfer from CC to oocytes is compromised when the AA composition in FF is low, as sometimes occurs during early lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma L Hudson
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Marty C Berg
- Reproductive Technologies Section, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Mark P Green
- Reproductive Technologies Section, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand; The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Penny J Back
- Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - A Jim Peterson
- Reproductive Technologies Section, AgResearch Ruakura, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Janet L Pitman
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth P McNatty
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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Shebzukhov YV, Kuchmiy AA, Kruglov AA, Zipp F, Siffrin V, Nedospasov SA. Experimental applications of TNF-reporter mice with far-red fluorescent label. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1155:151-62. [PMID: 24788180 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0669-7_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This chapter provides protocols for in vitro and in vivo analysis of TNF-producing cells from a novel TNF reporter mouse. In these transgenic mice, genetic sequence encoding far-red reporter protein Katyushka (FRFPK) was placed under control of the same regulatory elements as TNF, thus providing the basis for detection, isolation, and visualization of TNF-producing cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Genes, Reporter
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/metabolism
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Indicators and Reagents/metabolism
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic
- Thy-1 Antigens/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V Shebzukhov
- German Rheumatism Research Center, a Leibniz Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Lu Y, Yan R, Ma X, Wang Y, Sun Y, Luo Z. Enzymatic hydrolysis preparation of mono-O-lauroylsucrose via a mono-O-lauroylraffinose intermediate. J Agric Food Chem 2013; 61:9412-9420. [PMID: 24050752 DOI: 10.1021/jf4024596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
1'-O-Lauroylsucrose and 6'-O-lauroylsucrose were formed through hydrolysis of the C-6″ galactose group of 1'-O-lauroylraffinose and 6'-O-lauroylraffinose, respectively, in the presence of α-galactosidase. The enzymatic hydrolysis of 1'-O-lauroylraffinose and 6'-O-lauroylraffinose is discussed in detail. Acetic acid-sodium acetate was chosen as the buffer solution of the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction. The optimum conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction were as follows: buffer solution, pH 3.8; enzymatic time, 48 h; and enzymatic temperature, 37 °C. Under the optimal process conditions, the efficiency of α-galactosidase was ca. 82.6%. The isomers were fully compared in solubility, hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) values, critical micelle concentration (CMC), and thermal stability. The results showed that all lauroylsucrose isomers have similar solubilities in polar solvent, HLB values, CMC values, and thermal stabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Lu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Jinan University , Number 601 Huangpu Road West, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Possible reaction pathways for papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of N-acetyl-Phe-Gly 4-nitroanilide (APGNA) have been studied by performing pseudobond first-principles quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical-free energy (QM/MM-FE) calculations. The whole hydrolysis process includes two stages: acylation and deacylation. For the acylation stage of the catalytic reaction, we have explored three possible paths (A, B, and C) and the corresponding free energy profiles along the reaction coordinates. It has been demonstrated that the most favorable reaction path in this stage is path B consisting of two reaction steps: the first step is a proton transfer to form a zwitterionic form (i.e., Cys-S⁻/His-H⁺ ion-pair), and the second step is the nucleophilic attack on the carboxyl carbon of the substrate accompanied by the dissociation of 4-nitroanilide. The deacylation stage includes the nucleophilic attack of a water molecule on the carboxyl carbon of the substrate and dissociation between the carboxyl carbon of the substrate and the sulfhydryl sulfur of Cys25 side chain. The free energy barriers calculated for the acylation and deacylation stages are 20.0 and 10.7 kcal/mol, respectively. Thus, the acylation is rate-limiting. The overall free energy barrier calculated for papain-catalyzed hydrolysis of APGNA is 20.0 kcal/mol, which is reasonably close to the experimentally derived activation free energy of 17.9 kcal/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Xiaoqin Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536
| | - Mingsheng Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, 75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Guo Zhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536
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Nakayama M, Saito K, Sato E, Nakayama K, Terawaki H, Ito S, Kohno M. Radical generation by the non-enzymatic reaction of methylglyoxal and hydrogen peroxide. Redox Rep 2013; 12:125-33. [PMID: 17623519 DOI: 10.1179/135100007x200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In various disorders, the reactive alpha-oxoaldehyde compounds methylglyoxal (MG) and glyoxal (GO) are thought to contribute to oxidative injury. However, the exact mechanism by which these molecules induce oxidative stress is unclear. We hypothesized that intermediate compounds, such as free radicals, are generated during the chemical reaction between H(2)O(2) and MG or GO. MATERIALS AND METHODS Chemiluminescence signals emitted from the 'test mixture' of MG/GO, luminol, and H(2)O(2) were measured. To confirm radical generation, the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrum of MG/GO and H(2)O(2) was observed using the spin-trap method, in which 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) and 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonic acid (DBNBS) were used as spin trap reagents for free radicals. RESULTS Luminol chemiluminescence as a function of MG concentration was increased by MG and partly decreased by DMPO. The MG increase was about 10 times that of GO. The free radicals generated by MG and H(2)O(2) included methyl and other carbon-centered radicals. DISCUSSION We demonstrated that free radicals are generated via a non-enzymatic reaction between MG and H(2)O(2) in vitro. The finding provides a novel perspective for understanding the toxicological aspects of MG and the pathophysiology of disorders associated with increased MG levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Nakayama
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Research Division of Dialysis and Chronic Kidney Disease, Sendai, Japan.
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Wu J, Liu L, Matsuda T, Zhao Y, Rebane A, Drobizhev M, Chang YF, Araki S, Arai Y, March K, Hughes TE, Sagou K, Miyata T, Nagai T, Li WH, Campbell RE. Improved orange and red Ca²± indicators and photophysical considerations for optogenetic applications. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:963-72. [PMID: 23452507 PMCID: PMC3689190 DOI: 10.1021/cn400012b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used protein engineering to expand the palette of genetically encoded calcium ion (Ca(2+)) indicators to include orange and improved red fluorescent variants, and validated the latter for combined use with optogenetic activation by channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). These indicators feature intensiometric signal changes that are 1.7- to 9.7-fold improved relatively to the progenitor Ca(2+) indicator, R-GECO1. In the course of this work, we discovered a photoactivation phenomenon in red fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators that, if not appreciated and accounted for, can cause false-positive artifacts in Ca(2+) imaging traces during optogenetic activation with ChR2. We demonstrate, in both a beta cell line and slice culture of developing mouse neocortex, that these artifacts can be avoided by using an appropriately low intensity of blue light for ChR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Lin Liu
- Departments of Cell Biology and of
Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9039,
United States
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- The Institute
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 Japan
| | - Yongxin Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Aleksander Rebane
- Department of Physics, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Mikhail Drobizhev
- Department of Physics, Montana
State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Yu-Fen Chang
- The Institute
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 Japan
| | - Satoko Araki
- The Institute
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Arai
- The Institute
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 Japan
| | - Kelsey March
- Department of Cell Biology and
Neuroscience, Montana State University,
Bozeman, Montana, United States
| | - Thomas E. Hughes
- Department of Cell Biology and
Neuroscience, Montana State University,
Bozeman, Montana, United States
| | - Ken Sagou
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- The Institute
of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047 Japan
| | - Wen-hong Li
- Departments of Cell Biology and of
Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas 75390-9039,
United States
| | - Robert E. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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Lenhard T, Hülsermann U, Martinez-Torres F, Fricker G, Meyding-Lamadé U. A simple method to quickly and simultaneously purify and enrich intact rat brain microcapillaries and endothelial and glial cells for ex vivo studies and cell culture. Brain Res 2013; 1519:9-18. [PMID: 23665392 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is morphologically composed of cerebral microcapillary endothelium through its tight junctions. It serves as a mechanical, metabolic and cellular barrier and can also protect the brain from pathogen invasion. Many brain diseases involve a disturbance of blood-brain barrier function either as a consequence of a noxa or as primary failure. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier are suitable tools to study drug transport, pathogen transmigration and leukocyte diapedesis across the cerebral endothelium. Such models have previously been derived mainly from porcine or bovine brain tissues. We describe here a simple method by which rat cerebral microcapillaries and cells of glial origin can be quickly and simultaneously purified. By using a capillary fragment size restriction method based on glass bead columns different fractions can be separated: vital, long capillary fragments for ex vivo uptake studies and smaller capillary fragments for endothelial culture. Furthermore, fractions can be obtained for astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures. With this method both microcapillary enrichment and glial cell purification are quickly achieved, which reduces expenditure, number of required animals and laboratory working time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lenhard
- Neuroinfectious Diseases Group, Otto-Meyerhof-Center for Clinical Research, INF350, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreas dissociation is a critical initial component of the islet isolation procedure and introduces high variability based on factors including the enzyme type, specificity and potency. Product refinement and alterations to the application strategies have improved isolation outcomes over time; however, islet utilization from donor organs remains low. In this study we evaluate a low endotoxin-high activity grade neutral protease in clinical islet isolation. MATERIALS AND METHODS The use of a non-collagenolytic enzyme, either thermolysin or high active neutral protease, was randomized in clinical islet isolations to evaluate efficacy. Additionally a retrospective comparison to neutral protease NB was conducted. RESULTS The thermolysin group had lower trapped islet population and increased purity and post-culture islet mass in comparison to high active grade neutral protease. Comparison of neutral protease NB GMP grade to high active neutral protease displayed no measurable difference in islet mass or viability and transplantation outcomes at 1 mo post-transplant were favorable for both groups. CONCLUSIONS High activity neutral protease can generate clinical grade islets and may prove beneficial to islet function and viability based on a reduced endotoxin load but dosing of neutral protease requires ongoing optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doug O'Gorman
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program; Department of Transplant Services; Alberta Health Services; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Tatsuya Kin
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program; Department of Transplant Services; Alberta Health Services; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Rena Pawlick
- Department of Surgery; Alberta Diabetes Institute; University of Alberta; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Sharleen Imes
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program; Department of Transplant Services; Alberta Health Services; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Peter A Senior
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program; Department of Transplant Services; Alberta Health Services; Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - AM James Shapiro
- Clinical Islet Transplant Program; Department of Transplant Services; Alberta Health Services; Edmonton, AB Canada
- Correspondence to: AM James Shapiro,
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Jilani K, Lang F. Carmustine-induced phosphatidylserine translocation in the erythrocyte membrane. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:703-16. [PMID: 23604064 PMCID: PMC3705288 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5040703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The nitrosourea alkylating agent, carmustine, is used as chemotherapeutic drug in several malignancies. The substance triggers tumor cell apoptosis. Side effects of carmustine include myelotoxicity with anemia. At least in theory, anemia could partly be due to stimulation of eryptosis, the suicidal death of erythrocytes, characterized by cell shrinkage and breakdown of phosphatidylserine asymmetry of the cell membrane with phosphatidylserine exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Stimulators of eryptosis include increase of cytosolic Ca²⁺ activity ([Ca²⁺]i). The present study tested whether carmustine triggers eryptosis. To this end [Ca²⁺]i was estimated from Fluo3 fluorescence, cell volume from forward scatter, phosphatidylserine exposure from annexin V binding, and hemolysis from hemoglobin release. As a result a 48 h exposure to carmustine (≥25 µM) significantly increased [Ca²⁺]i, decreased forward scatter and increased annexin V binding. The effect on annexin V binding was significantly blunted in the absence of extracellular Ca²⁺. In conclusion, carmustine stimulates eryptosis at least partially by increasing cytosolic Ca²⁺ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Jilani
- Department of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Gmelinstr. 5, Tuebingen D-72076, Germany.
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Abstract
Using a method in which DNA adducts are discovered based on their conversion in a nucleotide form to phosphorimidazolides with isotopologue benzoylhistamines (or p-bromobenzoylhistamine) prior to detection by MALDI-TOF-MS, we have profiled the adducts that form when calf thymus DNA is reacted in vitro with p-benzoquinone (BQ). We find, as relative values normalized to 100% of adducts observed, 79% BQ-dCMP, 21% BQ-methyl-dCMP (a new DNA adduct), and trace amounts of BQ-dAMP and BQ-dGMP. Because mC is 5% of C in this DNA, the reaction of BQ with DNA in vitro is about five times faster at methyl-C than C. When equal amounts of dCMP and methyl-dCMP are reacted with BQ, equal amounts of the corresponding adducts are observed. Thus, the microenvironment of methyl-C in DNA enhances its reactivity relative to C with BQ. In a prior, similar study, but based on analysis by (32)P-postlabeling, the second most abundant adduct was assigned to BQ-A, apparently because of comigration of the BQ-A and BQ-methyl-C adducts (as bisphosphates) in the chromatographic step. Because the calf thymus DNA (used as received) was contaminated with RNA, we also detected the ribonucleotide adduct, BQ-CMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poguang Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Guodong Li
- Novartis Instruments for Biomedical Research, Inc. Cambridge, MA 02139
| | | | - Roger W. Giese
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Mokánszki A, Molnár Z, Ujfalusi A, Balogh E, Bazsáné ZK, Varga A, Jakab A, Oláh É. Correlation study between sperm concentration, hyaluronic acid-binding capacity and sperm aneuploidy in Hungarian patients. Reprod Biomed Online 2012; 25:620-6. [PMID: 23063816 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Infertile men with low sperm concentration and/or less motile spermatozoa have an increased risk of producing aneuploid spermatozoa. Selecting spermatozoa by hyaluronic acid (HA) binding may reduce genetic risks such as chromosomal rearrangements and numerical aberrations. Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) has been used to evaluate the presence of aneuploidies. This study examined spermatozoa of 10 oligozoospermic, 9 asthenozoospermic, 9 oligoasthenozoospermic and 17 normozoospermic men by HA binding and FISH. Mean percentage of HA-bound spermatozoa in the normozoospermic group was 81%, which was significantly higher than in the oligozoospermic (P<0.001), asthenozoospermic (P<0.001) and oligoasthenozoospermic (P<0.001) groups. Disomy of sex chromosomes (P=0.014) and chromosome 17 (P=0.0019), diploidy (P=0.03) and estimated numerical chromosome aberrations (P=0.004) were significantly higher in the oligoasthenozoospermic group compared with the other groups. There were statistically significant relationships (P<0.001) between sperm concentration and HA binding (r=0.658), between sperm concentration and estimated numerical chromosome aberrations (r=-0.668) and between HA binding and estimated numerical chromosome aberrations (r=-0.682). HA binding and aneuploidy studies of spermatozoa in individual cases allow prediction of reproductive prognosis and provision of appropriate genetic counselling. Infertile men with normal karyotypes and low sperm concentrations and/or less motile spermatozoa have significantly increased risks of producing aneuploid (diminished mature) spermatozoa. Selecting spermatozoa by hyaluronic acid (HA) binding, based on a binding between sperm receptors for zona pellucida and HA, may reduce the potential genetic risks such as chromosomal rearrangements and numerical aberrations. In the present study we examined sperm samples of 45 men with different sperm parameters by HA-binding assay and fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH). Mean percentage of HA-bound spermatozoa in the normozoospermic group was significantly higher than the oligozoospermic, the asthenozoospermic and the oligoasthenozoospermic groups. Using FISH, disomy of sex chromosomes and chromosome 17, diploidy and estimated numerical chromosome aberration frequencies were significantly higher in the oligoasthenozoospermic group compared with the three other groups. A significant positive correlation was found between the sperm concentration and the HA-binding capacity, and significant negative correlations between the sperm concentration and the estimated numerical chromosomes aberrations as well as between the HA-binding ability and the estimated numerical chromosome aberrations were identified. We conclude that HA-binding assay and sperm aneuploidy study using FISH may help to predict the reproductive ability of selected infertile male patients and to provide appropriate genetic counselling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Mokánszki
- Clinical Genetic Center, Department of Pediatrics, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Rümer S, Krischke M, Fekete A, Mueller MJ, Kaiser WM. DAF-fluorescence without NO: elicitor treated tobacco cells produce fluorescing DAF-derivatives not related to DAF-2 triazol. Nitric Oxide 2012; 27:123-35. [PMID: 22683597 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diaminofluorescein-dyes (DAFs) are widely used for visualizing NO· production in biological systems. Here it was examined whether DAF-fluorescence could be evoked by other means than nitrosation. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) suspension cells treated with the fungal elicitor cryptogein released compound(s) which gave a fluorescence increase in the cell-free filtrate after addition of DAF-2 or DAF-FM or DAR-4M. DAF-reactive compounds were relatively stable and identified as reaction products of H(2)O(2) plus apoplastic peroxidase (PO). CPTIO prevented formation of these products. Horseradish-peroxidase (HR-PO) plus H(2)O(2) also generated DAF-fluorescence in vitro. Using RP-HPLC with fluorescence detection, DAF derivatives were further analyzed. In filtrates from cryptogein-treated cells, fluorescence originated from two novel DAF-derivatives also obtained in vitro with DAF-2+HR-PO+H(2)O(2). DAF-2T was only detected when an NO donor (DEA-NO) was present. Using high resolution mass spectrometry, the two above-described novel DAF-reaction products were tentatively identified as dimers. In cells preloaded with DAF-2 DA and incubated with or without cryptogein, DAF-fluorescence originated from a complex pattern of multiple products different from those obtained in vitro. One specific peak was responsive to exogenous H(2)O(2), and another, minor peak eluted at or close to DAF-2T. Thus, in contrast to the prevailing opinion, DAF-2 can be enzymatically converted into a variety of highly fluorescing derivatives, both inside and outside cells, of which none (outside) or only a minor part (inside) appeared NO· dependent. Accordingly, DAF-fluorescence and its prevention by cPTIO do not necessarily indicate NO· production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Rümer
- University of Wuerzburg, Julius-von-Sachs Institute of Biosciences, Julius-von-Sachs-Platz 2, D-97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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Abstract
In recent years, mass spectrometry has moved more than ever before into the front line of protein-centered research. After being established at the qualitative level, the more challenging question of quantification of proteins and peptides using mass spectrometry has become a focus for further development. In this chapter, we discuss and review the strategies and problems of the methods currently in use for the quantitative analysis of peptides, proteins, and finally proteomes by mass spectrometry. The common themes, the differences, and the potential pitfalls of the main approaches are presented in order to provide a survey of the emerging field of quantitative, mass spectrometry-based proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Nikolov
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, Germany
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Abstract
Under the European Commission's New Chemical Policy both currently used and new chemicals should be tested for their toxicities in several areas, one of which was reproductive/developmental toxicity. Thousands of chemicals will need testing which will require a large number of laboratory animals. In vitro systems (as pre-screens or as validated alternatives) appear to be useful tools to reduce the number of whole animals used or refine procedures and hence decrease the cost for the chemical industry. Validated in vitro systems exist for developmental toxicity/embryotoxicity testing. Indeed, three assays have recently been validated: the whole embryo culture (WEC), the rat limb bud micromass (MM), and the embryonic stem cell test (EST). In this article, the use of primary embryonic cell culture, and in particular micromass culture, including a relatively novel chick heart micromass (MM) culture system has been described and compared to the validated D3 mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) test.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pratten
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Hawkins BE, Frederickson CJ, Dewitt DS, Prough DS. Fluorophilia: fluorophore-containing compounds adhere non-specifically to injured neurons. Brain Res 2011; 1432:28-35. [PMID: 22137653 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionic (free) zinc (Zn(2+)) is implicated in apoptotic neuronal degeneration and death. In our attempt to examine the effects of Zn(2+) in neurodegeneration following brain injury, we serendipitously discovered that injured neurons bind fluorescein moieties, either alone or as part of an indicator dye, in histologic sections. This phenomenon, that we have termed "fluorophilia", is analogous to the ability of degenerating neuronal somata and axons to bind silver ions (argyrophilia - the basis of silver degeneration stains). To provide evidence that fluorophilia occurs in sections of brain tissue, we used a wide variety of indicators such as Fluoro-Jade (FJ), a slightly modified fluorescein sold as a marker for degenerating neurons; Newport Green, a fluorescein-containing Zn(2+) probe; Rhod-5N, a rhodamine-containing Ca(2+) probe; and plain fluorescein. All yielded remarkably similar staining of degenerating neurons in the traumatic brain-injured tissue with the absence of staining in our sham-injured brains. Staining of presumptive injured neurons by these agents was not modified when Zn(2+) in the brain section was removed by prior chelation with EDTA or TPEN, whereas staining by a non-fluorescein containing Zn(2+) probe, N-(6-methoxy-8-quinolyl)-p-toluenesulfonamide (TSQ), was suppressed by prior chelation. Thus, certain fluorophore-containing compounds nonspecifically stain degenerating neuronal tissue in histologic sections and may not reflect the presence of Zn(2+). This may be of concern to researchers using indicator dyes to detect metals in brain tissue sections. Further experiments may be advised to clarify whether Zn(2+)-binding dyes bind more specifically in intact neurons in culture or organotypic slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget E Hawkins
- Charles R. Allen Research Laboratories, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1102, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTIONDuring the past decades, many different fluorescent indicators have been developed for measuring intracellular ion concentrations. Of particular interest are fluorescent calcium indicators because of the fundamental role of Ca2+in various cellular processes such as contraction, secretion, and gene activation. For a quantitative understanding of the physiological roles of Ca2+, fluorescence signals measured with calcium indicators have to be converted to intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i). Similarly, changes in [Ca2+]iand the underlying calcium fluxes need to be inferred from the corresponding fluorescence changes. This article describes the theoretical background and the various principal methods for the calibration of calcium imaging data.
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Ridpath JR, Takeda S, Swenberg JA, Nakamura J. Convenient, multi-well plate-based DNA damage response analysis using DT40 mutants is applicable to a high-throughput genotoxicity assay with characterization of modes of action. Environ Mol Mutagen 2011; 52:153-60. [PMID: 20839229 PMCID: PMC3280086 DOI: 10.1002/em.20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemists continually synthesize myriad new chemicals (∼2,000/year), some of which make their way into the environment or otherwise pose possible threats to humans who potentially become exposed to the compounds. Regulators must determine whether these, along with the glut (∼80,000) of existing, chemicals are toxic and at what exposure levels. An important component of this determination is to ascertain the mode of action (MOA) of each compound as it relates to the pathway the compound uses to induce genotoxicity. Several assays have traditionally been used to reveal these effects to the genome: the Ames test, tests with yeast and mammalian cell lines, and animal studies. Previously, we described a new multi-well plate-based method which makes use of the DT40 isogenic cell line and its dozens of available mutants knocked out in DNA repair and cell cycle pathways and we now provide a detailed protocol of the further improvement of the assay. Although the DT40 line has existed for some time and has been used in numerous studies of DNA repair pathways, little use has been made of this valuable resource for toxicological investigations. Our method introduces the 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide dye scheme determination of cell survival in a manner that greatly increases throughput and reduces cost while maintaining reasonable sensitivity. Although this new genotoxicity assay requires validation with many more mutagens before becoming an established, regulatory decision-making analysis tool, we believe that this method will be very advantageous if eventually added to the repertoire of those investigating MOAs of potentially genotoxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Ridpath
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- Department of Radiation Genetics Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - James A. Swenberg
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jun Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Correspondence (and reprints) to: Jun Nakamura, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431, USA. , Ph: (919)966-6140, Fax: (919)966-6123
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Abstract
The MTT colorimetric assay is an established method of determining viable cell number in proliferation and cytotoxicity studies. This assay is based on the cleavage of the yellow tetrazolium salt, MTT, to form a soluble blue formazan product by mitochondrial enzymes, and the amount of formazan produced is directly proportional to the number of living, not dead cells, present during MTT exposure. Since the MTT assay is rapid, convenient, and economical, it has become a very popular technique for quantification of viable cells in culture. However, various parameters have been identified that can affect cellular metabolism and other factors, which significantly modify MTT-specific activity and can result in calculated false high or false low cell counts. Therefore, it is essential to establish assay parameters with the proper controls for each cell line and/or drug treatment in order to optimize assay conditions and minimize confounding effects. These parameters should include determining appropriate cell densities, culture medium, optimal concentrations and exposure times for MTT, fresh culture medium at the time of assay to avoid nutrient depletion, and controlling for drug treatment effects that may influence cellular metabolism. By controlling these important parameters, the MTT colorimetric assay provides accurate and reliable quantification of viable cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Sylvester
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, USA.
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Bargnoux AS, Cavalier E, Cristol JP, Simon N, Dupuy AM, Garrigue V, Badiou S, Delanaye P, Mourad G. Cystatin C is a reliable marker for estimation of glomerular filtration rate in renal transplantation: validation of a new turbidimetric assay using monospecific sheep antibodies. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 49:265-70. [PMID: 21110777 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2011.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential use of cystatin C was recently assessed in kidney transplantation. A new particle-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassay (PETIA) that uses sheep antibodies (Binding Site human cystatin C immunoassay) has been developed. Analytical performance of this new assay was evaluated. Clinical relevance was determined by comparison with a reference method in a cohort of kidney transplant patients. METHODS First, the analytical performance of the Binding Site cystatin C kit was tested on SPA(PLUS)® and Hitachi® analyzers. Second, a comparison study was performed using SPA(PLUS)® analyzer against two other cystatin C methods (the Siemens-PENIA method on BNII® and the Dako-PETIA application on Olympus AU640®). Third, the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated using several predictive cystatin C- and creatinine-based equations and compared to GFR measured by an isotopic method (⁹⁹(m)Tc-DTPA). These predictive algorithms were analyzed with respect to bias, precision and accuracy. RESULTS Total intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were below 5%. Values obtained with the SPA(PLUS)® correlated with the Siemens-PENIA and the Dako-PETIA methods. The creatinine and cystatin C-based equation allowed reliable assessment of GFR in our population of renal transplantation. CONCLUSIONS The use of algorithms based on cystatin C and creatinine could provide a reliable estimate of GFR in kidney transplantation.
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Hunt MA, Currie MJ, Robinson BA, Dachs GU. Optimizing transfection of primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells using commercially available chemical transfection reagents. J Biomol Tech 2010; 21:66-72. [PMID: 20592869 PMCID: PMC2884313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Primary cells, such as HUVEC, are notoriously difficult to transfect and are susceptible to the toxic effects of transfection reagents. A transfection reagent with a high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity was sought to retain sufficient viability of transfected HUVEC for subsequent assays. Nine chemical transfection reagents, currently commercially available, were compared for their ability to transfect HUVEC in vitro. A plasmid expressing the enhanced GFP (EGFP) was used for transfection, followed by flow cytometry of transfected HUVEC to determine the proportion of EGFP-expressing cells as a measure of transfection efficiency. Lipofectamine 2000 and Lipofectamine LTX (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) gave the highest transfection efficiencies of the reagents tested. Lipofectamine LTX was identified as the optimal transfection reagent as a result of its higher transfection efficiency at shorter periods of time following transfection when cytotoxicity was limited, allowing sufficient yield of transfected HUVEC for use in subsequent assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Hunt
- Angiogenesis and Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Margaret J. Currie
- Angiogenesis and Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Bridget A. Robinson
- Angiogenesis and Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gabi U. Dachs
- Angiogenesis and Cancer Research Group, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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