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Shi Y, Qu Q, Wang C, He Y, Yang Y, Wu Y. Involvement of CYP2 and mitochondrial clan P450s of Helicoverpa armigera in xenobiotic metabolism. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 140:103696. [PMID: 34800643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect CYP2 and mitochondrial clan P450s are relatively conserved genes encoding enzymes generally thought to be involved in biosynthesis or metabolism of endobiotics. However, emerging evidence argues they have potential roles in chemical defense as well, but their actual detoxification functions remain largely unknown. Here, we focused on the full complement of 8 CYP2 and 10 mitochondrial P450s in the generalist herbivore, Helicoverpa armigera. Their varied spatiotemporal expression profiles were analyzed and reflected their specific functions. For functional study of the mitochondrial clan P450s, the redox partners, adrenodoxin reductase (AdR) and adrenodoxin (Adx), were identified from genomes of eight insects and an efficient in vitro electron transfer system of mitochondrial P450 was established by co-expression with Adx and AdR of H. armigera. All CYP2 clan P450s and 8 mitochondrial P450s were successfully expressed in Sf9 cells and compared functionally. In vitro metabolism assays showed that two CYP2 clan P450s (CYP305B1 and CYP18A1) and CYP333B3 (mito clan) could epoxidize aldrin to dieldrin, while CYP305B1 and CYP339A1 (mito clan) have limited but significant hydroxylation capacities to esfenvalerate. CYP303A1 of the CYP2 clan exhibits high metabolic efficiency to 2-tridecanone. Screening the xenobiotic metabolism competence of CYP2 and mitochondrial clan P450s not only provides new insights on insect chemical defense but also can give indications on their physiological functions in H. armigera and other insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Qiong Qu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Chenyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yingshi He
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Yidong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Han H, Nakaoka HJ, Hofmann L, Zhou JJ, Yu C, Zeng L, Nan J, Seo G, Vargas RE, Yang B, Qi R, Bardwell L, Fishman DA, Cho KWY, Huang L, Luo R, Warrior R, Wang W. The Hippo pathway kinases LATS1 and LATS2 attenuate cellular responses to heavy metals through phosphorylating MTF1. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:74-87. [PMID: 35027733 PMCID: PMC9022944 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00813-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heavy metals are both integral parts of cells and environmental toxicants, and their deregulation is associated with severe cellular dysfunction and various diseases. Here we show that the Hippo pathway plays a critical role in regulating heavy metal homeostasis. Hippo signalling deficiency promotes the transcription of heavy metal response genes and protects cells from heavy metal-induced toxicity, a process independent of its classic downstream effectors YAP and TAZ. Mechanistically, the Hippo pathway kinase LATS phosphorylates and inhibits MTF1, an essential transcription factor in the heavy metal response, resulting in the loss of heavy metal response gene transcription and cellular protection. Moreover, LATS activity is inhibited following heavy metal treatment, where accumulated zinc directly binds and inhibits LATS. Together, our study reveals an interplay between the Hippo pathway and heavy metals, providing insights into this growth-related pathway in tissue homeostasis and stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Han
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hiroki J Nakaoka
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Line Hofmann
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Jiajing Zhou
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Clinton Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lisha Zeng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Junyu Nan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gayoung Seo
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Bing Yang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ruxi Qi
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lee Bardwell
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Dmitry A Fishman
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ken W Y Cho
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ray Luo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rahul Warrior
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Wenqi Wang
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Abstract
Benzodiazepine and related sedative use has been increasing. There has been a growing number of unregulated novel psychoactive substances, including designer benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines have neurobiological and pharmacologic properties that result in a high potential for misuse and physical dependence. Options for discontinuing long-term benzodiazepine use include an outpatient benzodiazepine taper or inpatient withdrawal management at a hospital or detoxification facility. The quality of evidence on medications for benzodiazepine discontinuation is overall low, whereas cognitive behavioral therapy has shown the most benefit in terms of behavioral treatments. Benzodiazepines may also have significant adverse effects, increasing the risk of overdose and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Peng
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Addiction Medicine Section, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L475, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
| | - Kenneth L Morford
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Program in Addiction Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 367 Cedar Street, ES Harkness A, Room 417A, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
| | - Ximena A Levander
- Department of Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Addiction Medicine Section, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L475, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA. https://twitter.com/XimenaLevander
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Aja E, Mishra A, Dou Y, Fletcher HM. Role of the Filifactor alocis Hypothetical Protein FA519 in Oxidative Stress Resistance. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0121221. [PMID: 34756068 PMCID: PMC8579941 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01212-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the periodontal pocket, there is a direct correlation between environmental conditions, the dynamic oral microbial flora, and disease. The relative abundance of several newly recognized microbial species in the oral microenvironment has raised questions on their impact on disease development. One such organism, Filifactor alocis, is significant to the pathogenic biofilm structure. Moreover, its pathogenic characteristics are highlighted by its ability to survive in the oxidative-stress microenvironment of the periodontal pocket and alter the microbial community dynamics. There is a gap in our understanding of its mechanism(s) of oxidative stress resistance and impact on pathogenicity. Several proteins, including HMPRFF0389-00519 (FA519), were observed in high abundance in F. alocis during coinfection of epithelial cells with Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. Bioinformatics analysis shows that FA519 contains a "Cys-X-X-Cys zinc ribbon domain" which could be involved in DNA binding and oxidative stress resistance. We have characterized FA519 to elucidate its roles in the oxidative stress resistance and virulence of F. alocis. Compared to the wild-type strain, the F. alocis isogenic gene deletion mutant, FLL1013 (ΔFA519::ermF), showed significantly reduced sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide-induced stress. The ability to form biofilm and adhere to and invade gingival epithelial cells was also reduced in the isogenic mutant. The recombinant FA519 protein was shown to protect DNA from Fenton-mediated damage with an intrinsic ability to reduce hydrogen peroxide and disulfide bonds. Collectively, these results suggest that FA519 is involved in oxidative stress resistance and can modulate important virulence attributes in F. alocis. IMPORTANCE Filifactor alocis is an emerging member of the periodontal community and is now proposed to be a diagnostic indicator of periodontal disease. However, due to the lack of genetic tools available to study this organism, not much is known about its virulence attributes. The mechanism(s) of oxidative stress resistance in F. alocis is unknown. Therefore, identifying the adaptive mechanisms utilized by F. alocis to survive in the oxidative stress environment of the periodontal pocket would lead to understanding its virulence regulation, which could help develop novel therapeutic treatments to combat the effects of periodontal disease. This study is focused on the characterization of FA519, a hypothetical protein in F. alocis, as a multifunctional protein that plays an important role in the reactive oxygen species-detoxification pathway. Collectively, our results suggest that FA519 is involved in oxidative stress resistance and can modulate important virulence attributes in F. alocis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezinne Aja
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Arunima Mishra
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Yuetan Dou
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Hansel M. Fletcher
- Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA
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Teslenko I, Watson CJW, Xia Z, Chen G, Lazarus P. Characterization of Cytosolic Glutathione S-Transferases Involved in the Metabolism of the Aromatase Inhibitor, Exemestane. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1047-1055. [PMID: 34593616 PMCID: PMC11025106 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exemestane (EXE) is a hormonal therapy used to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer by inhibiting the final step of estrogen biosynthesis catalyzed by the enzyme aromatase. Cysteine conjugates of EXE and its active metabolite 17β-dihydro-EXE (DHE) are the major metabolites found in both the urine and plasma of patients taking EXE. The initial step in cysteine conjugate formation is glutathione conjugation catalyzed by the glutathione S-transferase (GST) family of enzymes. The goal of the present study was to identify cytosolic hepatic GSTs active in the GST-mediated metabolism of EXE and 17β-DHE. Twelve recombinant cytosolic hepatic GSTs were screened for their activity against EXE and 17β-DHE, and glutathionylated EXE and 17β-DHE conjugates were detected by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. GST α (GSTA) isoform 1, GST μ (GSTM) isoform 3 and isoform 1 were active against EXE, whereas only GSTA1 exhibited activity against 17β-DHE. GSTM1 exhibited the highest affinity against EXE with a Michaelis-Menten constant (KM) value that was 3.8- and 7.1-fold lower than that observed for GSTA1 and GSTM3, respectively. Of the three GSTs, GSTM3 exhibited the highest intrinsic clearance against EXE (intrinsic clearance = 0.14 nl·min-1·mg-1). The KM values observed for human liver cytosol against EXE (46 μM) and 17β-DHE (77 μM) were similar to those observed for recombinant GSTA1 (53 and 30 μM, respectively). Western blot analysis revealed that GSTA1 and GSTM1 composed 4.3% and 0.57%, respectively, of total protein in human liver cytosol; GSTM3 was not detected. These data suggest that GSTA1 is the major hepatic cytosolic enzyme involved in the clearance of EXE and its major active metabolite, 17β-DHE. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Most previous studies related to the metabolism of the aromatase inhibitor exemestane (EXE) have focused mainly on phase I metabolic pathways and the glucuronidation phase II metabolic pathway. However, recent studies have indicated that glutathionylation is the major metabolic pathway for EXE. The present study is the first to characterize hepatic glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity against EXE and 17β-dihydro-EXE and to identify GST α 1 and GST μ 1 as the major cytosolic GSTs involved in the hepatic metabolism of EXE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Teslenko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Zuping Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
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Parikh SJ, Kamat S, Phillips M, Boyson SP, Yarbrough T, Davie D, Zhang Q, Glass KC, Shah MB. Insights into the Genetic Variations of Human Cytochrome P450 2C9: Structural Analysis, Characterization and Comparison. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10206. [PMID: 34638547 PMCID: PMC8508694 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYP) are one of the major xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes with increasing importance in pharmacogenetics. The CYP2C9 enzyme is responsible for the metabolism of a wide range of clinical drugs. More than sixty genetic variations have been identified in CYP2C9 with many demonstrating reduced activity compared to the wild-type (WT) enzyme. The CYP2C9*8 allele is predominantly found in persons of African ancestry and results in altered clearance of several drug substrates of CYP2C9. The X-ray crystal structure of CYP2C9*8, which represents an amino acid variation from arginine to histidine at position 150 (R150H), was solved in complex with losartan. The overall conformation of the CYP2C9*8-losartan complex was similar to the previously solved complex with wild type (WT) protein, but it differs in the occupancy of losartan. One molecule of losartan was bound in the active site and another on the surface in an identical orientation to that observed in the WT complex. However, unlike the WT structure, the losartan in the access channel was not observed in the *8 complex. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry studies illustrated weaker binding of losartan to *8 compared to WT. Interestingly, the CYP2C9*8 interaction with losartan was not as weak as the CYP2C9*3 variant, which showed up to three-fold weaker average dissociation constant compared to the WT. Taken together, the structural and solution characterization yields insights into the similarities and differences of losartan binding to CYP2C9 variants and provides a useful framework for probing the role of amino acid substitution and substrate dependent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia J. Parikh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.J.P.); (S.K.); (M.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.Y.); (D.D.); (K.C.G.)
| | - Sumit Kamat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.J.P.); (S.K.); (M.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.Y.); (D.D.); (K.C.G.)
| | - Margaret Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.J.P.); (S.K.); (M.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.Y.); (D.D.); (K.C.G.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Samuel P. Boyson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.J.P.); (S.K.); (M.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.Y.); (D.D.); (K.C.G.)
| | - Thomas Yarbrough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.J.P.); (S.K.); (M.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.Y.); (D.D.); (K.C.G.)
| | - Dylan Davie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.J.P.); (S.K.); (M.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.Y.); (D.D.); (K.C.G.)
| | - Qinghai Zhang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Karen C. Glass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.J.P.); (S.K.); (M.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.Y.); (D.D.); (K.C.G.)
- Department of Pharmacology, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Manish B. Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, 106 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA; (S.J.P.); (S.K.); (M.P.); (S.P.B.); (T.Y.); (D.D.); (K.C.G.)
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Vermillion Maier ML, Siddens LK, Uesugi SL, Choi J, Leonard SW, Pennington JM, Tilton SC, Smith JN, Ho E, Chow HHS, Nguyen BD, Kolluri SK, Williams DE. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane Exhibits Significant Metabolism after Oral Dosing in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:694-705. [PMID: 34035125 PMCID: PMC8407664 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), a major phytochemical derived from ingestion of cruciferous vegetables, is also a dietary supplement. In preclinical models, DIM is an effective cancer chemopreventive agent and has been studied in a number of clinical trials. Previous pharmacokinetic studies in preclinical and clinical models have not reported DIM metabolites in plasma or urine after oral dosing, and the pharmacological actions of DIM on target tissues is assumed to be solely via the parent compound. Seven subjects (6 males and 1 female) ranging from 26-65 years of age, on a cruciferous vegetable-restricted diet prior to and during the study, took 2 BioResponse DIM 150-mg capsules (45.3 mg DIM/capsule) every evening for one week with a final dose the morning of the first blood draw. A complete time course was performed with plasma and urine collected over 48 hours and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. In addition to parent DIM, two monohydroxylated metabolites and 1 dihydroxylated metabolite, along with their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates, were present in both plasma and urine. Results reported here are indicative of significant phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism and differ from previous pharmacokinetic studies in rodents and humans, which reported only parent DIM present after oral administration. 3-((1H-indole-3-yl)methyl)indolin-2-one, identified as one of the monohydroxylated products, exhibited greater potency and efficacy as an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist when tested in a xenobiotic response element-luciferase reporter assay using Hepa1 cells. In addition to competitive phytochemical-drug adverse reactions, additional metabolites may exhibit pharmacological activity highlighting the importance of further characterization of DIM metabolism in humans. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: 3,3'-Diindolylmethane (DIM), derived from indole-3-carbinol in cruciferous vegetables, is an effective cancer chemopreventive agent in preclinical models and a popular dietary supplement currently in clinical trials. Pharmacokinetic studies to date have found little or no metabolites of DIM in plasma or urine. In marked contrast, we demonstrate rapid appearance of mono- and dihydroxylated metabolites in human plasma and urine as well as their sulfate and glucuronide conjugates. The 3-((1H-indole-3-yl)methyl)indolin-2-one metabolite exhibited significant aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist activity, emphasizing the need for further characterization of the pharmacological properties of DIM metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica L Vermillion Maier
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Lisbeth K Siddens
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Sandra L Uesugi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Jaewoo Choi
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Scott W Leonard
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Jamie M Pennington
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Susan C Tilton
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Jordan N Smith
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Emily Ho
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - H H Sherry Chow
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Bach D Nguyen
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - Siva K Kolluri
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
| | - David E Williams
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology (M.L.V.M., L.K.S., S.C.T., B.D.N., S.K.K., D.E.W.), the Linus Pauling Institute (M.L.V.M., S.L.U., J.C., S.W.L., J.M.P., E.H., D.E.W.), School of Biological and Population Health Sciences (E.H.), Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR; Systems Toxicology & Exposure Science, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA (J.N.S.); and Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (H.H.S.C.)
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8
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Bhushan B, Molina L, Koral K, Stoops JW, Mars WM, Banerjee S, Orr A, Paranjpe S, Monga SP, Locker J, Michalopoulos GK. Yes-Associated Protein Is Crucial for Constitutive Androstane Receptor-Driven Hepatocyte Proliferation But Not for Induction of Drug Metabolism Genes in Mice. Hepatology 2021; 73:2005-2022. [PMID: 32794202 PMCID: PMC7885729 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) agonists, such as 1,4-bis [2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP), are known to cause robust hepatocyte proliferation and hepatomegaly in mice along with induction of drug metabolism genes without any associated liver injury. Yes-associated protein (Yap) is a key transcription regulator that tightly controls organ size, including that of liver. Our and other previous studies suggested increased nuclear localization and activation of Yap after TCPOBOP treatment in mice and the potential role of Yap in CAR-driven proliferative response. Here, we investigated a direct role of Yap in CAR-driven hepatomegaly and hepatocyte proliferation using hepatocyte-specific Yap-knockout (KO) mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Adeno-associated virus 8-thyroxine binding globulin promoter-Cre recombinase vector was injected to Yap-floxed mice for achieving hepatocyte-specific Yap deletion followed by TCPOBOP treatment. Yap deletion did not decrease protein expression of CAR or CAR-driven induction of drug metabolism genes (including cytochrome P450 [Cyp] 2b10, Cyp2c55, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1a1 [Ugt1a1]). However, Yap deletion substantially reduced TCPOBOP-induced hepatocyte proliferation. TCPOBOP-driven cell cycle activation was disrupted in Yap-KO mice because of delayed (and decreased) induction of cyclin D1 and higher expression of p21, resulting in decreased phosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein. Furthermore, the induction of other cyclins, which are sequentially involved in progression through cell cycle (including cyclin E1, A2, and B1), and important mitotic regulators (such as Aurora B kinase and polo-like kinase 1) was remarkably reduced in Yap-KO mice. Microarray analysis revealed that 26% of TCPOBOP-responsive genes that were mainly related to proliferation, but not to drug metabolism, were altered by Yap deletion. Yap regulated these proliferation genes through alerting expression of Myc and forkhead box protein M1, two critical transcriptional regulators of CAR-mediated hepatocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed an important role of Yap signaling in CAR-driven hepatocyte proliferation; however, CAR-driven induction of drug metabolism genes was independent of Yap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Laura Molina
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Kelly Koral
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - John W. Stoops
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Wendy M. Mars
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Swati Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Anne Orr
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Shirish Paranjpe
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Satdarshan P. Monga
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - Joseph Locker
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
| | - George K. Michalopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPAUSA
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9
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Shibazaki C, Ohe T, Takahashi K, Nakamura S, Mashino T. Development of fluorescent-labeled trapping reagents based on cysteine to detect soft and hard electrophilic reactive metabolites. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 39:100386. [PMID: 34091122 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Trapping assays are conducted at lead optimization stages to detect reactive metabolites (RMs) that can contribute to drug toxicity. The commonly used dansyl glutathione (dGSH) provides a sensitive analysis owing to the fluorescent label, however, it captures only soft electrophilic RMs. TRs for hard electrophilic RMs, few of which are labeled fluorescently, can detect hard electrophilic aldehydes only by forming unstable imine derivatives. In this study, we aimed to develop novel fluorescently labeled TRs that detect both soft and hard electrophilic RMs and form stable ring structures with aldehydes. We designed four dansylated TRs based on cysteine, which has both soft and hard nucleophilic groups. To evaluate the reactivity of the TRs, we incubated them with several substrates and found that one of the TRs (CysGlu-Dan) detected all the soft and hard electrophilic RMs. We also examined the inhibition potential of each TR for seven major CYPs involved in drug metabolism and found that CysGlu-Dan showed an inhibitory profile similar to that of dGSH. In conclusion, CysGlu-Dan can be used to evaluate the risk of RMs in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Shibazaki
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ohe
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, Nippon Medical School, 1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadahiko Mashino
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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10
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Kang SY, Yu KN, Joshi P, Lee MY. High-Throughput Assessment of Metabolism-Induced Toxicity of Compounds on a 384-Pillar Plate. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2089:191-207. [PMID: 31773656 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0163-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
A variety of oxidative and conjugative enzymes are involved in the metabolism of compounds including drugs, which can be converted into toxic metabolites by Phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs), such as the cytochromes P450 (CYP450s), and/or detoxified by Phase II DMEs, such as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), sulfotransferases (SULTs), and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Traditionally, primary hepatocytes containing a complete set of DMEs have been widely used as a gold standard to assess metabolism-induced compound toxicity. However, primary hepatocytes are expensive, have high donor variability in expression levels of DMEs, and rapidly lose liver-specific functions when the cells are maintained under standard in vitro cell culture conditions over time. To address this issue and rapidly profile metabolism-induced drug toxicity, we have developed a 384-pillar plate, which is complementary to conventional 384-well plates. In this chapter, we provide step-by-step procedures for three-dimensional (3D) cell printing on the 384-pillar plate coupled with DMEs and compounds in the 384-well plate for high-throughput assessment of metabolism-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Yeon Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kyeong-Nam Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pranav Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Moo-Yeal Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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11
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Himstedt R, Wagner S, Jaeger RJR, Lieunang Watat M, Backenköhler J, Rupcic Z, Stadler M, Spiteller P. Formaldehyde as a Chemical Defence Agent of Fruiting Bodies of Mycena rosea and its Role in the Generation of the Alkaloid Mycenarubin C. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1613-1620. [PMID: 31972067 PMCID: PMC7318143 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mycenarubin C, a previously unknown red pyrroloquinoline alkaloid, was isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom Mycena rosea and its structure was elucidated mainly by NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Unlike mycenarubin A, the major pyrroloquinoline alkaloid in fruiting bodies of M. rosea, mycenarubin C, contains an eight-membered ring with an additional C1 unit that is hitherto unprecedented for pyrroloquinoline alkaloids known in nature. Incubation of mycenarubin A with an excess of formaldehyde revealed that mycenarubin C was generated nearly quantitatively from mycenarubin A. An investigation into the formaldehyde content of fresh fruiting bodies of M. rosea showed the presence of considerable amounts of formaldehyde, with values of 5 μg per gram of fresh weight in fresh fruiting bodies. Although mycenarubin C did not show bioactivity against selected bacteria and fungi, formaldehyde inhibits the growth of the mycoparasite Spinellus fusiger at concentrations present in fruiting bodies of M. rosea. Therefore, formaldehyde might play an ecological role in the chemical defence of M. rosea against S. fusiger. In turn, S. fusiger produces gallic acid-presumably to detoxify formaldehyde by reaction of this aldehyde with amino acids and gallic acid to Mannich adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieke Himstedt
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Silke Wagner
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Robert J. R. Jaeger
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | | | - Jana Backenköhler
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
| | - Zeljka Rupcic
- Mikrobielle WirkstoffeHelmholtz-Zentrum für InfektionsforschungInhoffenstrasse 738124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Marc Stadler
- Mikrobielle WirkstoffeHelmholtz-Zentrum für InfektionsforschungInhoffenstrasse 738124BraunschweigGermany
| | - Peter Spiteller
- Institut für Organische und Analytische ChemieUniversität BremenLeobener Strasse 728359BremenGermany
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12
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Fronza G, Roca-Acevedo G, Mougabure-Cueto GA, Sierra I, Capriotti N, Toloza AC. Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Triatoma infestans (Reduviidae: Triatominae): The Putative Role of Enhanced Detoxification and Knockdown Resistance (kdr) Allele in a Resistant Hotspot From the Argentine Chaco. J Med Entomol 2020; 57:837-844. [PMID: 31901169 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjz249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease affects around 6 million people in the world, and in Latin America, it is mainly transmitted by the kissing bug. Chemical control of the vector with pyrethroid insecticides has been the most frequently used tool to reduce the disease incidence. Failures of field control have been detected in areas of the Argentinian Gran Chaco that correlate with high levels of insecticide resistance. Here, we provide evidence of the mechanisms involved in the resistance to insecticides of field populations of T. infestans from General Güemes Department (Chaco Province, Argentina). The biochemical analysis suggests the increase in the activity of the degradative enzymes P450 oxidases and esterases as a minor contributive mechanism in low-resistance populations. The molecular study revealed high frequencies of the kdr L925I mutation at the voltage-gated sodium channel as responsible for the high resistance ratios detected. This knowledge contributes to the generation of comprehensive vector control strategies that reduce the incidence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Fronza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF/CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores, Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (UNSAM/CONICET), 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gonzalo Roca-Acevedo
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF/CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gaston A Mougabure-Cueto
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Triatominos, Centro de Referencia de Vectores (Coordinación de Vectores, Ministerio de Salud y Desarrollo Social), Pabellón Rawson s/n, Santa María de Punilla, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ivana Sierra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Insectos, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (UNLP), Boulevard 120 1461, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Natalia Capriotti
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología de Insectos, Centro Regional de Estudios Genómicos (UNLP), Boulevard 120 1461, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ariel C Toloza
- Centro de Investigaciones de Plagas e Insecticidas (UNIDEF/CONICET), Juan B. de La Salle 4397, Villa Martelli, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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13
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Wu SY, Chen CY, Huang TL, Tsai MC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glutathione peroxidase as state biomarkers in alcohol use disorder patients undergoing detoxification. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19938. [PMID: 32332675 PMCID: PMC7440265 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is not totally clear. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and oxidative stress markers in AUD patients during alcohol detoxification. Evaluation of changes in BDNF, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase, superoxide dismutase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, 8-hydroxy 2'-deoxyguanosine, PCC and S100B were carried out.14 AUD inpatients and 20 healthy control subjects were recruited for this study. The serum BDNF, S100B and oxidative stress markers were measured with assay kits.Serum levels of catalase, GPX, PCC and 8-hydroxy 2'-deoxyguanosine were significantly higher in the AUD group subjects than in the controls (P < .05). However, BDNF levels were lower in the AUD group than in the controls (P < .05). After alcohol detoxification treatment, the GPX levels in the AUD group dropped (P < .05) and the BDNF levels rose (P < .05).The results suggest that serum BDNF and GPX levels might be state biomarkers for AUD patients undergoing alcohol detoxification.
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14
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Kerr K, Morse G, Graves D, Zuo F, Lipowicz A, Carpenter DO. A Detoxification Intervention for Gulf War Illness: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:E4143. [PMID: 31661809 PMCID: PMC6862571 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 30% of the 700,000 US veterans of the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War developed multiple persistent symptoms called Gulf War illness. While the etiology is uncertain, several toxic exposures including pesticides and chemical warfare agents have shown associations. There is no effective medical treatment. An intervention to enhance detoxification developed by Hubbard has improved quality of life and/or reduced body burdens in other cohorts. We evaluated its feasibility and efficacy in ill Gulf War (GW) veterans in a randomized, waitlist-controlled, pilot study at a community-based rehabilitation facility in the United States. Eligible participants (n = 32) were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 22) or a four-week waitlist control (n = 10). The daily 4-6 week intervention consisted of exercise, sauna-induced sweating, crystalline nicotinic acid and other supplements. Primary outcomes included recruitment, retention and safety; and efficacy was measured via Veteran's Short Form-36 (SF-36) quality of life, McGill pain, multidimensional fatigue inventory questionnaires and neuropsychological batteries. Scoring of outcomes was blinded. All 32 completed the trial and 21 completed 3-month follow-up. Mean SF-36 physical component summary score after the intervention was 6.9 (95% CI; -0.3, 14.2) points higher compared to waitlist control and 11 of 16 quality of life, pain and fatigue measures improved, with no serious adverse events. Most improvements were retained after 3 months. The Hubbard regimen was feasible, safe and might offer relief for symptoms of GW illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Kerr
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada.
| | - Gayle Morse
- Department of Psychology, The Sage Colleges, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12144, USA.
| | - Donald Graves
- Department of Psychology, The Sage Colleges, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Fei Zuo
- Applied Health Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1B1, Canada.
| | - Alain Lipowicz
- Trillium Gift of Life Network, Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, Toronto, ON M5G 2C9, Canada.
| | - David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12144, USA.
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15
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Wang J, Tanaka Y, Ohno H, Jia J, Mori T, Xiao T, Yan B, Kawagishi H, Hirai H. Biotransformation and detoxification of the neonicotinoid insecticides nitenpyram and dinotefuran by Phanerochaete sordida YK-624. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:856-862. [PMID: 31202138 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides have been widely used throughout the world over the last two decades. In the present study, we investigated the degradation of neonicotinoid insecticides nitenpyram (NIT) and dinotefuran (DIN) by the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624. While NIT was completely degraded by P. sordida YK-624 under ligninolytic conditions, only a 20% decrease was observed under nonligninolytic conditions. On the other hand, P. sordida YK-624 degraded 31% of DIN under ligninolytic conditions after a 20-day incubation, while it did not degrade DIN under nonligninolytic conditions. We found that cytochromes P450 played a key role in the biotransformation of NIT and DIN by P. sordida YK-624. A novel NIT metabolite (E)-N-((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-N-ethyl-N'-hydroxy acetimidamide (CPMHA) and a novel DIN metabolite N-((4aS,7aS,E)-1-methylhexahydrofuro[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-ylidene)nitramide (PHPF) were identified in this study. In addition, to evaluate neurotoxicity, the effects of NIT, DIN and their metabolites on the viability of human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y were determined. PHPF showed higher neurological toxicity than DIN, whereas the metabolite of NIT, CPMHA, showed no toxic effect. Our results indicated that the neurological toxicity of NIT could be effectively removed by P. sordida YK-624.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yusuke Tanaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Haruka Ohno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Jianbo Jia
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Toshio Mori
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tangfu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hirokazu Kawagishi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Hirai
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan; Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, 422-8529, Japan.
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16
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Yan Y, Sun S, Zhao N, Yang W, Shi Q, Gong B. COMT1 overexpression resulting in increased melatonin biosynthesis contributes to the alleviation of carbendazim phytotoxicity and residues in tomato plants. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:51-61. [PMID: 31146238 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (Mel) serves as an important signalling molecule in various aspects of stress tolerance in plants. However, the function of Mel in pesticide metabolism remains unknown. Here, selecting the widely used fungicide carbendazim (MBC) as the model, we found that exogenous Mel had the ability to alleviate pesticide phytotoxicity and residues in tomato as well as in some other vegetables. Additionally, overexpression of the Mel biosynthetic gene caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 (COMT1) significantly enhanced the capacity of the tomato to reduce MBC phytotoxicity and residue. This outcome was mainly because of the Mel-induced antioxidant capability, as well as the key detoxification process. Indeed, levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxides significantly decreased after applying exogenous Mel or overexpressing COMT1, which resulted from direct ROS scavenging, and increased Mel levels significantly enhanced antioxidant enzymatic activity. More importantly, Mel activated the ascorbate-glutathione cycle to participate in glutathione S-transferase-mediated pesticide detoxification. A grafting experiment showed that rootstocks from COMT1 transgenic plants increased the Mel accumulation of wild-type scions, resulting in MBC metabolism in the scions. To our knowledge, this is the first report providing evidence of Mel-induced pesticide metabolism, which provides a novel approach for minimizing pesticide residues in crops by exploiting plant self-detoxification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Huang-Huai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Shasha Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Huang-Huai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Ning Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Huang-Huai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Wanying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Huang-Huai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Qinghua Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Huang-Huai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China
| | - Biao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Creation in Huang-Huai Region, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, PR China.
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Wang W, Meng M, Li L. Arsenic detoxification in Eucalyptus: subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and sulfhydryl substances. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:24372-24379. [PMID: 31230238 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05701-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Eucalyptus cultivation acreage was large in Guangxi provinces. Guanglin 9 (Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla) is a widely cultivated Eucalyptus species and has been found to grow normally in soils contaminated by heavy metals such as arsenic (As), but the detoxification mechanisms are not clear yet. Through hydroponic experiment, the adsorption and detoxification of As in Eucalyptus were studied from three aspects, namely subcellular distribution of As, chemical forms of As, and the response of sulfhydryl substances. The subcellular distribution data showed that in the Eucalyptus roots, As was mainly present in the soluble fraction (66.3-79.9%), in leaves in the soluble fraction (50.6-53.8%), and the cell wall fraction (35.6-40.0%) under As stress. The chemical form data showed that in roots, As was mainly present in ethanol extraction state (29.5-40.0%), deionized water extraction state (28.3-31.7%), and sodium chloride extraction state (24.1-33.8%). As stress can induce the formation of non-protein thiols (NPT), glutathione (GSH), and phytochelatins (PCs). With the increasing As concentration, the NPT (maximum increase 55.9%) and GSH (maximum increase 79.9%) contents in roots significantly increased, while the PC content significantly increased and then significantly decreased. It is concluded that the As detoxification mechanisms of Eucalyptus are mainly vacuolar compartmentalization and the chelation of sulfhydryl substances, while cell wall adsorption and As chemical forms have limited effects on As detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng Wang
- College of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Meng
- College of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, People's Republic of China
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18
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Saremba BM, Murch SJ, Tymm FJM, Rheault MR. The metabolic fate of dietary nicotine in the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). J Insect Physiol 2018; 109:1-10. [PMID: 29859839 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) larvae are generalist herbivores that feed on numerous cultivated plants and weeds including crucifers, other vegetables, flowers, and field crops. Consuming plant material from a wide range of plant species exposes these larvae to a considerable variety of plant secondary metabolites involved in chemical defense against herbivory. The ability of the cabbage looper larvae to detoxify plant secondary metabolites, such as nicotine, has been attributed to the rapid induction of excretion via the Malpighian tubules. However, the role of metabolism in the detoxification of plant secondary metabolites in cabbage looper larvae is not well studied. We investigated nicotine metabolism in 4th larval instar cabbage looper using UPLC-MS/MS analysis to resolve the time course of nicotine metabolism, the kinetic distribution of nicotine, and the presence or absence of major metabolites of nicotine in larval tissue and excretions. The major metabolite found in our analysis was cotinine, with trace amounts of cotinine N-oxide and nicotine N-oxide. The nicotine metabolites detected are similar to those of the nicotine-tolerant Lepidopteran tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta). The results of our study demonstrate that the 5'C-oxidation of nicotine to cotinine is the primary pathway for nicotine metabolism in cabbage looper larvae. This study showed that metabolism of nicotine and subsequent excretion of nicotine and its metabolites occurs in the larvae of the cabbage looper. Our results suggest that 5'C-oxidation in lepidopteran insects is a conserved metabolic pathway for the detoxification of plant secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett M Saremba
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Susan J Murch
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada.
| | - Fiona J M Tymm
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mark R Rheault
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada.
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19
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Yang S, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li Y, Jin Y, Zhang S, De Saeger S, Li Y, Zhou J, Sun F, De Boevre M. Deglucosylation of zearalenone-14-glucoside in animals and human liver leads to underestimation of exposure to zearalenone in humans. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2779-2791. [PMID: 30019167 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2267-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone-14-glucoside (ZEN-14G), the modified mycotoxin of zearalenone (ZEN), has attracted considerable attention due to its high potential to be hydrolyzed into ZEN, which would exert toxicity. It has been confirmed that the microflora could metabolize ZEN-14G to ZEN. However, the metabolic profile of ZEN-14G and whether it could be deglucosidated in the liver are unknown. To thoroughly investigate the metabolism of ZEN-14G, in vitro metabolism including phase I and phase II metabolism was studied using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Additionally, in vivo metabolism of ZEN-14G was conducted in model animals, rats, by oral administration. As a result, 29 phase I metabolites and 6 phase II metabolites were identified and significant inter-species metabolic differences were observed as well. What is more, ZEN-14G could be considerably deglucosidated into its free form of ZEN after the incubation with animals and human liver microsomes in the absence of NADPH, which was mainly metabolized by human carboxylesterase CES-I and II. Furthermore, results showed that the major metabolic pathways of ZEN-14G were deglucosylation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation and glucuronidation. Although interspecies differences in the biotransformation of ZEN-14G were observed, ZEN, α-ZEL-14G, β-ZEL-14G, α-ZEL, ZEN-14G-16GlcA and ZEN-14GlcA were the major metabolites of ZEN-14G. Additionally, a larger yield of 6-OH-ZEN-14G and 8-OH-ZEN-14G was also observed in human liver microsomes. The obtained data would be of great importance for the safety assessment of modified mycotoxin, ZEN-14G, and provide another perspective for risk assessment of mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinzhen Zhang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanshen Li
- College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jin
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yi Li
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhui Zhou
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Marthe De Boevre
- Laboratory of Food Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Reed L, Arlt VM, Phillips DH. The role of cytochrome P450 enzymes in carcinogen activation and detoxication: an in vivo-in vitro paradox. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:851-859. [PMID: 29726902 PMCID: PMC6124610 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chemical carcinogens require metabolic activation via xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in order to exert their genotoxic effects. Evidence from numerous in-vitro studies, utilizing reconstituted systems, microsomal fractions and cultured cells, implicates cytochrome P450 enzymes as being the predominant enzymes responsible for the metabolic activation of many procarcinogens. With the development of targeted gene disruption methodologies, knockout mouse models have been generated that allow investigation of the in-vivo roles of P450 enzymes in the metabolic activation of carcinogens. This review covers studies in which five procarcinogens representing different chemical classes, benzo[a]pyrene, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine, 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, have been administered to different P450 knockout mouse models. Paradoxically, while in-vitro studies using subcellular fractions enriched with P450 enzymes and their cofactors have been widely used to determine the pathways of activation of carcinogens, there is evidence from the in-vivo studies of cases where these same enzyme systems appear to have a more predominant role in carcinogen detoxication rather than activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Reed
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
| | - Volker M Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Health Hazards at King’s College London in Partnership with Public Health England, London, UK
| | - David H Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, London, UK
- NIHR Health Protection Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Health Hazards at King’s College London in Partnership with Public Health England, London, UK
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21
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Pedras MSC, Abdoli A, Sarma-Mamillapalle VK. Inhibitors of the Detoxifying Enzyme of the Phytoalexin Brassinin Based on Quinoline and Isoquinoline Scaffolds. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22081345. [PMID: 28805743 PMCID: PMC6152025 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The detoxification of the phytoalexin brassinin to indole-3-carboxaldehyde and S-methyl dithiocarbamate is catalyzed by brassinin oxidase (BOLm), an inducible fungal enzyme produced by the plant pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Twenty-six substituted quinolines and isoquinolines are synthesized and evaluated for antifungal activity against L. maculans and inhibition of BOLm. Eleven compounds that inhibit BOLm activity are reported, of which 3-ethyl-6-phenylquinoline displays the highest inhibitory effect. In general, substituted 3-phenylquinolines show significantly higher inhibitory activities than the corresponding 2-phenylquinolines. Overall, these results indicate that the quinoline scaffold is a good lead to design paldoxins (phytoalexin detoxification inhibitors) that inhibit the detoxification of brassinin by L. maculans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Soledade C Pedras
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
| | - Abbas Abdoli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
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22
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Velmurugan G, Ramprasath T, Gilles M, Swaminathan K, Ramasamy S. Gut Microbiota, Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, and the Diabetes Epidemic. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:612-625. [PMID: 28571659 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is rapidly emerging as one of the biggest health concerns worldwide, with profound implications for disability, mortality, and costs. This suddenly escalating rate of diabetes correlates with global industrialization and the production of plastics, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, electronic waste, and food additives that release endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) into the environment and the food chain. Emerging evidence indicates an association between exposure of EDCs and diabetes. In humans, these chemicals are also metabolized by the gut microbiota and thereby their toxicodynamics are altered. In this review we highlight studies that focus on the role of gut microbiota in EDC-induced hyperglycemia and dysregulated glucose homeostasis. We also discuss the translational implications of understanding EDC-microbiota interactions for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesan Velmurugan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Tharmarajan Ramprasath
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mithieux Gilles
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) Unité 1213, Lyon, France
| | - Krishnan Swaminathan
- KMCH Research Foundation, Kovai Medical Centre and Hospital (KMCH), Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Subbiah Ramasamy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre for Excellence in Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
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23
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Alyokhin A, Chen YH. Adaptation to toxic hosts as a factor in the evolution of insecticide resistance. Curr Opin Insect Sci 2017; 21:33-38. [PMID: 28822486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance is a serious economic problem that jeopardizes sustainability of chemical control of herbivorous insects and related arthropods. It can be viewed as a specific case of adaptation to toxic chemicals, which has been driven in large part, but not exclusively, by the necessity for insect pests to tolerate defensive compounds produced by their host plants. Synthetic insecticides may simply change expression of specific sets of detoxification genes that have evolved due to ancestral associations with host plants. Feeding on host plants with more abundant or novel secondary metabolites has even been shown to prime insect herbivores to tolerate pesticides. Clear understanding of basic evolutionary processes is important for achieving lasting success in managing herbivorous arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Alyokhin
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, 5722 Deering Hall, Orono, ME 04469, United States.
| | - Yolanda H Chen
- Department of Plant and Soil Science, 63 Carrigan Dr., University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, United States
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24
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Mirza BS, Sorensen DL, Dupont RR, McLean JE. New Arsenate Reductase Gene (arrA) PCR Primers for Diversity Assessment and Quantification in Environmental Samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02725-16. [PMID: 27913413 PMCID: PMC5288830 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02725-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent of arsenic contamination in drinking water and its potential threat to human health have resulted in considerable research interest in the microbial species responsible for arsenic reduction. The arsenate reductase gene (arrA), an important component of the microbial arsenate reduction system, has been widely used as a biomarker to study arsenate-reducing microorganisms. A new primer pair was designed and evaluated for quantitative PCR (qPCR) and high-throughput sequencing of the arrA gene, because currently available PCR primers are not suitable for these applications. The primers were evaluated in silico and empirically tested for amplification of arrA genes in clones and for amplification and high-throughput sequencing of arrA genes from soil and groundwater samples. In silico, this primer pair matched (≥90% DNA identity) 86% of arrA gene sequences from GenBank. Empirical evaluation showed successful amplification of arrA gene clones of diverse phylogenetic groups, as well as amplification and high-throughput sequencing of independent soil and groundwater samples without preenrichment, suggesting that these primers are highly specific and can amplify a broad diversity of arrA genes. The arrA gene diversity from soil and groundwater samples from the Cache Valley Basin (CVB) in Utah was greater than anticipated. We observed a significant correlation between arrA gene abundance, quantified through qPCR, and reduced arsenic (AsIII) concentrations in the groundwater samples. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these primers can be useful for studying the diversity of arsenate-reducing microbial communities and the ways in which their relative abundance in groundwater may be associated with different groundwater quality parameters. IMPORTANCE Arsenic is a major drinking water contaminant that threatens the health of millions of people worldwide. The extent of arsenic contamination and its potential threat to human health have resulted in considerable interest in the study of microbial species responsible for the reduction of arsenic, i.e., the conversion of AsV to AsIII In this study, we developed a new primer pair to evaluate the diversity and abundance of arsenate-reducing microorganisms in soil and groundwater samples from the CVB in Utah. We observed significant arrA gene diversity in the CVB soil and groundwater samples, and arrA gene abundance was significantly correlated with the reduced arsenic (AsIII) concentrations in the groundwater samples. We think that these primers are useful for studying the ecology of arsenate-reducing microorganisms in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babur S Mirza
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Darwin L Sorensen
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - R Ryan Dupont
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
| | - Joan E McLean
- Utah Water Research Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, USA
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25
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AlJabr AM, Hussain A, Rizwan-Ul-Haq M, Al-Ayedh H. Toxicity of Plant Secondary Metabolites Modulating Detoxification Genes Expression for Natural Red Palm Weevil Pesticide Development. Molecules 2017; 22:E169. [PMID: 28117698 PMCID: PMC6155707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the larvicidal and growth-inhibiting activities, and underlying detoxification mechanism of red palm weevil against phenylpropanoids, an important class of plant secondary metabolites. Toxicity of α-asarone, eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, coumarin, coumarin 6, coniferyl aldehyde, diniconazole, ethyl cinnamate, and rosmarinic acid was evaluated by incorporation into the artificial diet. All of the phenylpropanoids exhibited dose- and time-dependent insecticidal activity. Among all the tested phenylpropanoids, coumarin exhibited the highest toxicity by revealing the least LD50 value (0.672 g/L). In addition, the most toxic compound (coumarin) observed in the current study, deteriorated the growth resulting tremendous reduction (78.39%) in efficacy of conversion of digested food (ECD), and (ECI) efficacy of conversion of ingested food (70.04%) of tenth-instar red palm weevil larvae. The energy-deficient red palm weevil larvae through their intrinsic abilities showed enhanced response to their digestibility resulting 27.78% increase in approximate digestibility (AD) compared to control larvae. The detoxification response of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae determined by the quantitative expression of cytochrome P450, esterases, and glutathione S-transferase revealed enhanced expression among moderately toxic and ineffective compounds. These genes especially cytochrome P450 and GST detoxify the target compounds by enhancing their solubility that leads rapid excretion and degradation resulting low toxicity towards red palm weevil larvae. On the other hand, the most toxic (coumarin) silenced the genes involved in the red palm weevil detoxification mechanism. Based on the toxicity, growth retarding, and masking detoxification activities, coumarin could be a useful future natural red palm weevil-controlling agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohammed AlJabr
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abid Hussain
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan-Ul-Haq
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Al-Ayedh
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
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26
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Aborode FA, Raab A, Voigt M, Costa LM, Krupp EM, Feldmann J. The importance of glutathione and phytochelatins on the selenite and arsenate detoxification in Arabidopsis thaliana. J Environ Sci (China) 2016; 49:150-161. [PMID: 28007170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs) on the detoxification of selenite using Arabidopsis thaliana. The wild-type (WT) of Arabidopsis thaliana and its mutants (glutathione deficient Cad 2-1 and phytochelatins deficient Cad 1-3) were separately exposed to varying concentrations of selenite and arsenate and jointly to both toxicants to determine their sensitivities. The results of the study revealed that, the mutants were about 20-fold more sensitive to arsenate than the WT, an indication that the GSH and PCs affect arsenate detoxification. On the contrary, the WT and both mutants showed a similar level of sensitivity to selenite, an indication that the GSH and PCs do not significantly affect selenite detoxification. However, the WT is about 8 times more sensitive to selenite than to arsenate, and the mutants were more resistant to selenite than arsenate by a factor of 2. This could not be explained by the accumulation of both elements in roots and shoots in exposure experiments. The co-exposure of the WT indicates a synergistic effect with regards to toxicity since selenite did not induce PCs but arsenic and selenium compete in their PC binding as revealed by speciation analysis of the root extracts using HPLC-ICP-MS/ESI-MS. In the absence of PCs an antagonistic effect has been detected which might suggest indirectly that the formation of Se glutathione complex prevent the formation of detrimental selenopeptides. This study, therefore, revealed that PC and GSH have only a subordinate role in the detoxification of selenite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatai Adigun Aborode
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Andrea Raab
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Matthias Voigt
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Leticia Malta Costa
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK; Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG CEP: 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Eva M Krupp
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK
| | - Joerg Feldmann
- Trace Element Speciation Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, UK.
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27
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Keller R, Klein M, Thomas M, Dräger A, Metzger U, Templin MF, Joos TO, Thasler WE, Zell A, Zanger UM. Coordinating Role of RXRα in Downregulating Hepatic Detoxification during Inflammation Revealed by Fuzzy-Logic Modeling. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1004431. [PMID: 26727233 PMCID: PMC4699813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1004431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During various inflammatory processes circulating cytokines including IL-6, IL-1β, and TNFα elicit a broad and clinically relevant impairment of hepatic detoxification that is based on the simultaneous downregulation of many drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter genes. To address the question whether a common mechanism is involved we treated human primary hepatocytes with IL-6, the major mediator of the acute phase response in liver, and characterized acute phase and detoxification responses in quantitative gene expression and (phospho-)proteomics data sets. Selective inhibitors were used to disentangle the roles of JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K signaling pathways. A prior knowledge-based fuzzy logic model comprising signal transduction and gene regulation was established and trained with perturbation-derived gene expression data from five hepatocyte donors. Our model suggests a greater role of MAPK/PI3K compared to JAK/STAT with the orphan nuclear receptor RXRα playing a central role in mediating transcriptional downregulation. Validation experiments revealed a striking similarity of RXRα gene silencing versus IL-6 induced negative gene regulation (rs = 0.79; P<0.0001). These results concur with RXRα functioning as obligatory heterodimerization partner for several nuclear receptors that regulate drug and lipid metabolism. During inflammation, circulating proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFα, IL-1ß, and IL-6, which are produced by, e.g., Kupffer cells, macrophages, or tumor cells, play important roles in hepatocellular signaling pathways and in the regulation of cellular homeostasis. In particular, these cytokines are responsible for the acute phase response (APR) but also for a dramatic reduction of drug detoxification capacity due to impaired expression of numerous genes coding for drug metabolic enzymes and transporters. Here we used high-throughput (phospho-)proteomic and gene expression data to investigate the impact of canonical signaling pathways in mediating IL-6-induced downregulation of drug metabolism related genes. We performed chemical inhibition perturbations to show that most of the IL-6 effects on gene expression are mediated through the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways. We constructed a prior knowledge network as basis for a fuzzy logic model that was trained with extensive gene expression data to identify critical regulatory nodes. Our results suggest that the nuclear receptor RXRα plays a central role, which was convincingly validated by RXRα gene silencing experiments. This work shows how computational modeling can support identifying decisive regulatory events from large-scale experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Keller
- Center for Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dräger
- Center for Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Systems Biology Research Group, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ute Metzger
- NMI Institute of Natural and Medical Sciences, Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas O. Joos
- NMI Institute of Natural and Medical Sciences, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang E. Thasler
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplantation, Vascular and Thoracic Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Zell
- Center for Bioinformatics Tuebingen (ZBIT), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart
- University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Zhou L, Zhao Y, Wang S, Han S, Liu J. Lead in the soil-mulberry (Morus alba L.)-silkworm (Bombyx mori) food chain: translocation and detoxification. Chemosphere 2015; 128:171-7. [PMID: 25703900 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The translocation of lead (Pb) in the soil-mulberry-silkworm food chain and the process of Pb detoxification in the mulberry-silkworm chain were investigated. The amount of Pb in mulberry, silkworm, feces and silk increased in a dose-responsive manner to the Pb contents in the soils. Mulberry roots sequestered most of the Pb, ranging from 230.78 to 1209.25 mg kg(-1). Over 92% of the Pb in the mulberry leaves was deposited in the cell wall, and 95.29-95.57% of the Pb in the mulberry leaves was integrated with oxalic acid, pectates and protein, and it had low bioavailability. The Pb concentrations in the silkworm feces were 4.50-4.64 times higher than those in the leaves. The synthesis of metallothioneins in three tissues of the silkworms was induced to achieve Pb homeostasis under Pb stress. These results indicated the mechanism involved in Pb transfer along the food chain was controlled by the detoxification of Pb in different trophic levels. Planting mulberry and rearing silkworm could be a promising approach for the remediation of Pb-polluted soils due to the Pb tolerance of mulberry and silkworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry and Environment, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shuifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Analytical Testing Center, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shasha Han
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Kodani SD, Hammock BD. The 2014 Bernard B. Brodie award lecture-epoxide hydrolases: drug metabolism to therapeutics for chronic pain. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:788-802. [PMID: 25762541 PMCID: PMC4407705 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.063339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dr. Bernard Brodie's legacy is built on fundamental discoveries in pharmacology and drug metabolism that were then translated to the clinic to improve patient care. Similarly, the development of a novel class of therapeutics termed the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) inhibitors was originally spurred by fundamental research exploring the biochemistry and physiology of the sEH. Here, we present an overview of the history and current state of research on epoxide hydrolases, specifically focusing on sEHs. In doing so, we start with the translational project studying the metabolism of the insect juvenile hormone mimic R-20458 [(E)-6,7-epoxy-1-(4-ethylphenoxy)-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene], which led to the identification of the mammalian sEH. Further investigation of this enzyme and its substrates, including the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, led to insight into mechanisms of inflammation, chronic and neuropathic pain, angiogenesis, and other physiologic processes. This basic knowledge in turn led to the development of potent inhibitors of the sEH that are promising therapeutics for pain, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, arthritis, and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Kodani
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, California
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Emamverdian A, Ding Y, Mokhberdoran F, Xie Y. Heavy metal stress and some mechanisms of plant defense response. ScientificWorldJournal 2015; 2015:756120. [PMID: 25688377 PMCID: PMC4321847 DOI: 10.1155/2015/756120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Unprecedented bioaccumulation and biomagnification of heavy metals (HMs) in the environment have become a dilemma for all living organisms including plants. HMs at toxic levels have the capability to interact with several vital cellular biomolecules such as nuclear proteins and DNA, leading to excessive augmentation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This would inflict serious morphological, metabolic, and physiological anomalies in plants ranging from chlorosis of shoot to lipid peroxidation and protein degradation. In response, plants are equipped with a repertoire of mechanisms to counteract heavy metal (HM) toxicity. The key elements of these are chelating metals by forming phytochelatins (PCs) or metallothioneins (MTs) metal complex at the intra- and intercellular level, which is followed by the removal of HM ions from sensitive sites or vacuolar sequestration of ligand-metal complex. Nonenzymatically synthesized compounds such as proline (Pro) are able to strengthen metal-detoxification capacity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Another important additive component of plant defense system is symbiotic association with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. AM can effectively immobilize HMs and reduce their uptake by host plants via binding metal ions to hyphal cell wall and excreting several extracellular biomolecules. Additionally, AM fungi can enhance activities of antioxidant defense machinery of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolghassem Emamverdian
- Center of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yulong Ding
- Center of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Farzad Mokhberdoran
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad Branch, Mashhad 9187147578, Iran
| | - Yinfeng Xie
- Center of Modern Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Arini A, Daffe G, Gonzalez P, Feurtet-Mazel A, Baudrimont M. Detoxification and recovery capacities of Corbicula fluminea after an industrial metal contamination (Cd and Zn): a one-year depuration experiment. Environ Pollut 2014; 192:74-82. [PMID: 24892228 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the recovery capacity of the freshwater bivalve Corbicula fluminea subjected to industrial metal discharges (Cd, Zn). After a 24-day exposure in a metal-contaminated river, bivalves were transferred and maintained in the laboratory for one year under metal-free conditions. Metal accumulation, metallothionein production and genetic expressions of genes involved in metal stress were studied. Results demonstrated the high persistence of Cd in tissues (only 73% eliminated after 365 days) whereas Zn was rapidly depurated. The Cd half-life was estimated around 240 days. Metallothioneins were strongly induced within the 28 first days of decontamination, then decreased by 45% after 365 days. The metal exposure of bivalves led to a significant gene induction. After 28 days, most of the genes were no longer overexpressed, suggesting that the bivalves may withstand small amounts of non-essential metals in their tissues without showing signs of detrimental effects on the tested genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Arini
- University of Bordeaux 1, UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, Place du Docteur Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France
| | - G Daffe
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33405 Talence, Cedex, France
| | - P Gonzalez
- CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, 33405 Talence, Cedex, France
| | - A Feurtet-Mazel
- University of Bordeaux 1, UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, Place du Docteur Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France
| | - M Baudrimont
- University of Bordeaux 1, UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, Place du Docteur Peyneau, 33120 Arcachon, France.
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Abstract
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) constitute two of the largest groups of enzyme families that are responsible for detoxification of exogenous molecules in plants. Their activities differ from plant to plant with respect to metabolism and substrate specificity which is one of the reasons for herbicide selectivity. In the tuber forming yam bean, the legume Pachyrhizus erosus, their activities at the microsomal level were investigated to determine the detoxification status of the plant. The breakdown of the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) to two distinct metabolites, 1-OH-IPU and monodesmethyl-IPU, was demonstrated. GST activity was determined with model substrates, but also by the catalysed formation of the fluorescent glutathione bimane conjugate. This study demonstrates for the first time microsomal detoxification activity in Pachyrhizus and the fluorescence image description of microsomal GST catalysed reaction in a legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer J D Belford
- Institute of Soil Ecology, GSF--National Research Centre for Environment and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Masuda S. [Individualized immunosuppressive therapy after liver transplantation focusing on detoxifying mechanisms]. Fukuoka Igaku Zasshi 2014; 105:89-99. [PMID: 25076780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
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Aravindan V, Muthukumaravel S, Gunasekaran K. Interaction affinity of Delta and Epsilon class glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) to bind with DDT for detoxification and conferring resistance in Anopheles gambiae, a malaria vector. J Vector Borne Dis 2014; 51:8-15. [PMID: 24717196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES The enzyme glutathione-s-transferases (GSTs) are associated with detoxification of DDT, as experimentally proved in Anopheles gambiae. Insect GSTs are classified into six classes and among them Delta and Epsilon class GSTs have been implicated in detoxification of organochlorine insecticides. Both Delta and Epsilon GSTs produce, in total, 24 transcripts that result in the production of corresponding enzyme proteins. However, the conventional assay estimates the level of total GSTs and relates to development of resistance to DDT. Hence, it would be more reliable to estimate the level of the specific class GSTs that shows higher affinity with DDT. This would also lead to design a specific molecular tool for resistance diagnosis. METHODS Of the 24 GSTs, computational models for 23 GSTs, which are available in Swiss-Prot database, were retrieved and for the remaining one, D7-2, for which no model is available in the data bank, a structural model was developed using the sequence of An. dirus B with a PDB ID of 1R5A as the template. All the models were docked with DDT in the presence of reduced glutathione. RESULTS The energy output showed that Delta, D6 has the highest interaction affinity with DDT. Hence, this particular GST (D6) is likely to get elevated on exposure of mosquitoes to DDT. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION It would be, therefore, possible to design a specific molecular assay to determine the expression level of such high affinity transcript(s) and to use for resistance diagnosis reliably in the vector surveillance programme.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S Muthukumaravel
- Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Indira Nagar, Puducherry, India
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Iyer R, Iken B, Damania A. A comparison of organophosphate degradation genes and bioremediation applications. Environ Microbiol Rep 2013; 5:787-798. [PMID: 24249287 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) form the bulk of pesticides that are currently in use around the world accounting for more than 30% of the world market. They also form the core for many nerve-based warfare agents including sarin and soman. The widespread use and the resultant build-up of OP pesticides and chemical nerve agents has led to the development of major health problems due to their extremely toxic interaction with any biological system that encounters them. Growing concern over the accumulation of OP compounds in our food products, in the soils from which they are harvested and in wastewater run-off has fuelled a growing interest in microbial biotechnology that provides cheap, efficient OP detoxification to supplement expensive chemical methods. In this article, we review the current state of knowledge of OP pesticide and chemical agent degradation and attempt to clarify confusion over identification and nomenclature of two major families of OP-degrading enzymes through a comparison of their structure and function. The isolation, characterization, utilization and manipulation of the major detoxifying enzymes and the molecular basis of degradation of OP pesticides and chemical nerve agents are discussed as well as the achievements and technological advancements made towards the bioremediation of such compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Iyer
- College of Technology, University of Houston, 300 Technology Building Houston, TX 77204-4021, USA
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Yamashita M, Yamashita Y, Suzuki T, Kani Y, Mizusawa N, Imamura S, Takemoto K, Hara T, Hossain MA, Yabu T, Touhata K. Selenoneine, a novel selenium-containing compound, mediates detoxification mechanisms against methylmercury accumulation and toxicity in zebrafish embryo. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2013; 15:559-70. [PMID: 23709046 PMCID: PMC3742965 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-013-9508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The selenium (Se)-containing antioxidant selenoneine (2-selenyl-N α,N α,N α-trimethyl-L-histidine) has recently been discovered to be the predominant form of organic Se in tuna blood. Although dietary intake of fish Se has been suggested to reduce methylmercury (MeHg) toxicity, the molecular mechanism of MeHg detoxification by Se has not yet been determined. Here, we report evidence that selenoneine accelerates the excretion and demethylation of MeHg, mediated by a selenoneine-specific transporter, organic cations/carnitine transporter-1 (OCTN1). Selenoneine was incorporated into human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells transiently overexpressing OCTN1 and zebrafish blood cells by OCTN1. The K m for selenoneine uptake was 13.0 μM in OCTN1-overexpressing HEK293 cells and 9.5 μM in zebrafish blood cells, indicating high affinity of OCTN1 for selenoneine in human and zebrafish cells. When such OCTN1-expressing cells and embryos were exposed to MeHg-cysteine (MeHgCys), MeHg accumulation was decreased and the excretion and demethylation of MeHg were enhanced by selenoneine. In addition, exosomal secretion vesicles were detected in the culture water of embryos that had been microinjected with MeHgCys, suggesting that these may be responsible for MeHg excretion and demethylation. In contrast, OCTN1-deficient embryos accumulated MeHg, and MeHg excretion and demethylation were decreased. Furthermore, Hg accumulation was decreased in OCTN1-overexpressing HEK293 cells, but not in mock vector-transfected cells, indicating that selenoneine and OCTN1 can regulate MeHg detoxification in human cells. Thus, the selenoneine-mediated OCTN1 system regulates secretory lysosomal vesicle formation and MeHg demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiaki Yamashita
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-8648, Japan.
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Scarpa M, Begley D. The blood-brain barrier friend or foe? J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:435-6. [PMID: 23620469 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9609-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Stoltz R, Cyong JC, Shah A, Parisi S. Pharmacokinetic and Safety Evaluation of Palonosetron, a 5-Hydroxytryptamine-3 Receptor Antagonist, in U.S. and Japanese Healthy Subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 44:520-31. [PMID: 15102873 DOI: 10.1177/0091270004264641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Palonosetron (Aloxi, Onicit) is a selective 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the prevention of acute and delayed chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. This study was performed to determine the pharmacokinetics and assess the safety and tolerability of intravenous (IV) palonosetron in healthy U.S. and Japanese subjects. Subjects were administered a single IV dose of palonosetron, ranging from 0.3 to 90 microg/kg in either of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose studies (n = 80 and n = 32, respectively). Serial blood samples were obtained in both studies to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of palonosetron and its N-oxide metabolite, M9. Intravenous palonosetron was well tolerated across a wide range of doses in both studies. The incidence and severity of adverse events (AEs) were similar between subjects receiving palonosetron and those receiving placebo, with no dose-dependent incidences. The most frequently reported AEs were headache, transient elevation of liver enzymes, and constipation. Systemic exposure (AUC and C(max)) for palonosetron generally increased with increasing dose. Mean total body clearance, elimination half-life, and apparent volume of distribution ranged from 1.11 to 3.90 mL/min/kg, 33.7 to 54.1 hours, and 3.85 to 12.6 L/kg, respectively, in U.S. subjects and from 2.58 to 3.50 mL/min/kg, 30.8 to 36.8 hours, and 6.96 to 9.85 L/kg, respectively, in Japanese subjects. The pharmacokinetics of palonosetron appeared to be independent of dose, with no dose adjustment required in Japanese subjects. The plasma concentration profile of palonosetron, as represented by a half-life of approximately 40 hours, may provide a clinical advantage over other 5-HT(3) antagonists.
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are reagents par excellence for analyzing the role of individual cytochrome P450 isoforms in multifunctional biological activities catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. The precision and utility of the monoclonal antibodies have heretofore been applied primarily to studies of human drug metabolism. The unique and precise specificity and high inhibitory activity toward individual cytochrome P450s make the monoclonal antibodies extraordinary tools for identifying and quantifying the role of each P450 isoform in the metabolism of a drug or nondrug xenobiotic. The monoclonal antibodies identify drugs metabolized by individual, several, or polymorphic P450s. A comprehensive collection of monoclonal antibodies has been isolated to human P450s: 1A1, 1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C family, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, 3A4/5, and 2J2. The monoclonal antibodies can also be used for identifying drugs and/or metabolites useful as markers for in vivo phenotyping. Clinical identification of a patient's phenotype, coupled with precise knowledge of a drug's metabolism, should lead to a reduction of adverse drug reactions and improved drug therapeutics, thereby promoting advances in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry V Gelboin
- Laboratory of Metabolism, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 3106, Bethesda, MD 20892-0001, USA
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Fernandes D, Dimastrogiovanni G, Blázquez M, Porte C. Metabolism of the polycyclic musk galaxolide and its interference with endogenous and xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Environ Pollut 2013; 174:214-221. [PMID: 23274450 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 11/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the metabolism and mode of action of galaxolide (HHCB) in the European sea bass -Dicentrarchus labrax- following a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg HHCB/kg body weight. In addition, a group of fish was injected with 50 mg/kg of ketoconazole (KCZ), a fungicide that is known to interfere with different Cyp isoenzymes. HHCB was actively metabolised by sea bass and acted as a weak inhibitor of the synthesis of oxyandrogens in gonads of male fish. Both, HHCB and a hydroxylated metabolite were detected in bile. The fungicide ketoconazole was a strong inhibitor of Cyp11β and Cyp3a-catalyzed activities. The work contributes to the better understanding of the impact of synthetic musks on fish and proposes the determination of HHCB and/or its hydroxylated metabolite in bile as a tool to assess environmental exposure in wild fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Fernandes
- Enviromental Chemistry Department, IDAEA-CSIC, C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Inoue H, Fukuoka D, Tatai Y, Kamachi H, Hayatsu M, Ono M, Suzuki S. Properties of lead deposits in cell walls of radish (Raphanus sativus) roots. J Plant Res 2013; 126:51-61. [PMID: 22644314 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-012-0494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Various mechanisms are involved in detoxification of heavy metals such as lead (Pb) in plant cells. Most of the Pb taken up by plants accumulates in their roots. However, the detailed properties of Pb complexes in roots remain unclear. We have investigated the properties of Pb deposits in root cell walls of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seedlings grown on glass beads bed containing Pb pellets, which are the source of Pb-contamination in shooting range soils. Pb deposits were tightly bound to cell walls. Cell wall fragments containing about 50,000 ppm Pb were prepared from the roots. After extracting Pb from the cell wall fragments using HCl, Pb ions were recombined with the Pb-extracted cell wall fragments in a solution containing Pb acetate. When the cell wall fragments were treated with pectinase (E.C. 3.2.1.15) and were chemically modified with 1-ethyl-3-dimethylamino-propylcarboimide, the Pb-rebinding ability of the treated cell wall fragments decreased. When acid-treated cell wall fragments were incubated in a solution containing Pb(2+) and excess amounts of a chelating agent, Pb recombined with the cell wall fragments were measured to estimate the affinity between Pb(2+) and the cell wall fragments. Our data show that Pb(2+) binds to carboxyl groups of cell walls. The source of the carboxyl groups is suggested to be pectic compounds. A stability constant of the Pb-cell wall complex was estimated to be about 10(8). The role of root cell walls in the mechanism underlying heavy metal tolerance was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Inoue
- Department of Environmental Biology and Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Toyama, Toyama 930-8555, Japan.
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Huang TL, Nguyen QTT, Fu SF, Lin CY, Chen YC, Huang HJ. Transcriptomic changes and signalling pathways induced by arsenic stress in rice roots. Plant Mol Biol 2012; 80:587-608. [PMID: 22987115 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-012-9969-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is considered the most common toxic metalloid, but its molecular mode of action is not well understood. We investigated whether arsenate [As(V)] can induce intracellular reactive oxygen species production and calcium oscillation in rice roots. To better understand the molecular basis of plant cell responses to As, we performed a large-scale analysis of the rice transcriptome during As(V) stress. As(V) induced genes involved in abiotic stress, detoxification pathways and secondary metabolic process. Genes involved in secondary cell wall biogenesis, cell cycle and oligopeptide transport were mainly downregulated. Genes encoding signalling components such as receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases protein kinase, APETALA2/ethylene response factor, heat shock factor, MYB and zinc-finger protein expressed in inflorescence meristem transcription factors were increased in expression. The expression of GARP-G2-like and C3H transcription factors was specifically modulated by As(V) stress. The predominant families of As(V)-regulated transporters belonged to the ATP-binding cassette superfamily and telurite-resistance/dicarboxylate transporters. Several factors involved in signaling, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), MAPK kinase kinase and calcium-dependent protein kinase (CDPK), were also upregulated. Moreover, As(V) markedly increased the activity of MAPKs and CDPK-like kinases, and CDPK and NADPH oxidases were involved in As-induced MAPK activation. Further characterization of these As(V)-responsive genes and signalling pathways may help better understand the mechanisms of metalloid uptake, tolerance and detoxification in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Lien Huang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Road, 701 Tainan City, Taiwan
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43
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Krauss M, Schaller S, Borchers S, Findeisen R, Lippert J, Kuepfer L. Integrating cellular metabolism into a multiscale whole-body model. PLoS Comput Biol 2012; 8:e1002750. [PMID: 23133351 PMCID: PMC3486908 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism continuously processes an enormous range of external compounds into endogenous metabolites and is as such a key element in human physiology. The multifaceted physiological role of the metabolic network fulfilling the catalytic conversions can only be fully understood from a whole-body perspective where the causal interplay of the metabolic states of individual cells, the surrounding tissue and the whole organism are simultaneously considered. We here present an approach relying on dynamic flux balance analysis that allows the integration of metabolic networks at the cellular scale into standardized physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models at the whole-body level. To evaluate our approach we integrated a genome-scale network reconstruction of a human hepatocyte into the liver tissue of a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model of a human adult. The resulting multiscale model was used to investigate hyperuricemia therapy, ammonia detoxification and paracetamol-induced toxication at a systems level. The specific models simultaneously integrate multiple layers of biological organization and offer mechanistic insights into pathology and medication. The approach presented may in future support a mechanistic understanding in diagnostics and drug development. Cellular metabolism is a key element in human physiology. Ideally the metabolic network needs to be considered within the context of the surrounding tissue and organism since the various levels of biological organization are mutually influencing each other. To mechanistically describe the interplay between intracellular space and extracellular environment, we here integrate the genome-scale metabolic network model HepatoNet1 at the cellular scale into physiologically-based pharmacokinetic models at the whole-body level. The resulting multiscale model allows the quantitative description of metabolic behavior in the context of time-resolved metabolite concentration profiles in the body and the surrounding liver tissue. The model has been applied to three case studies covering fundamental aspects of medicine and pharmacology: drug administration, biomarker identification and drug-induced toxication. Most notably, our multiscale approach fosters an improved quantitative understanding of drug action and the impact of metabolic disorders at an organism level, based on a genome-scale representation of cellular metabolism. Computational models such as the one presented include various aspects of human physiology and may therefore significantly support rational approaches in medical diagnostics and pharmaceutical drug development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Krauss
- Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Computational Systems Biology, Leverkusen, Germany
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Sciences, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schaller
- Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Computational Systems Biology, Leverkusen, Germany
- Aachen Institute for Advanced Study in Computational Engineering Sciences, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Borchers
- Laboratory for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Findeisen
- Laboratory for Systems Theory and Automatic Control, Institute for Automation Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Lippert
- Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Computational Systems Biology, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Lars Kuepfer
- Bayer Technology Services GmbH, Computational Systems Biology, Leverkusen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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44
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Casey G. Metabolism and excretion: eliminating drugs from the body. Nurs N Z 2012; 18:20-24. [PMID: 23029795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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45
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Li AF, Shen GL, Jiao SY, Li H, Wang Q. [Metabolic detoxification of bakuchiol is mediated by cytochrome P450 enzymes in human liver microsomes]. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2012; 44:431-436. [PMID: 22692316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze cytochrome P450 (CYP) phenotyping for bakuchiol metabolism and study the mechanism of detoxification of bakuchiol by human liver microsomes (HLM) in vitro. METHODS The CYP phenotyping for bakuchiol metabolism was determined using HLM combined with CYP specific inhibitors and recombinant human CYP isoforms. The relative activities of CYP isoforms were determined by analyzing the formation of the substrate metabolites using HPLC-MS/MS, in presence or absence of 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT) which was CYP enzymes' broad spectrum inhibitor. The residual concentrations of bakuchiol in microsomal incubates were determined using HPLC to investigate ABT's effect on the metabolism of bakuchiol. The effects of CYP enzymes on the nephrotoxicity of bakuchiol were investigated using human kidney-2(HK-2) by MTT assay, in presence or absence of ABT. RESULTS CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 in HLM were involved in bakuchiol metabolism, among which CYP2C19 showed the highest metabolic rate. Co-incubation with ABT (2.5 mmol/L) could inhibit more than 90% of the enzyme activities for CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. ABT (2.5 mmol/L) could inhibit the HLM metabolism of bakuchiol with inhibition ratio 83.24%±2.13%. When preincubated with ABT, the metabolic detoxification of bakuchiol by HLM was significantly reduced (P<0.05). CONCLUSION The mechanism of metabolic detoxification of bakuchiol by HLM is associated with bakuchiol metabolism by CYP enzymes to form non toxic or lower toxic metabolites. The broad spectrum inhibitor of CYP could inverse the detoxification of HLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-fang Li
- Department of Toxicology, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
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46
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Willi-Robatel C, Senn L, Livio F, Zanetti G, Marchetti O, Buclin T. [Antimicrobial agents and renal elimination: towards individual dosage adjustment?]. Rev Med Suisse 2012; 8:894-900. [PMID: 22611626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy and safety of anti-infective treatments are associated with the drug blood concentration profile, which is directly correlated with a dosing adjustment to the individual patient's condition. Dosing adjustments to the renal function recommended in reference books are often imprecise and infrequently applied in clinical practice. The recent generalisation of the KDOQI (Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative) staging of chronically impaired renal function represents an opportunity to review and refine the dosing recommendations in patients with renal insufficiency. The literature has been reviewed and compared to a predictive model of the fraction of drug cleared by the kidney based on the Dettli's principle. Revised drug dosing recommendations integrating these predictive parameters are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Willi-Robatel
- Division de pharmacologie et toxicologie cliniques, Département des laboratoires, CHUV, Lausanne.
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47
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Casado-Martinez MC, Duncan E, Smith BD, Maher WA, Rainbow PS. Arsenic toxicity in a sediment-dwelling polychaete: detoxification and arsenic metabolism. Ecotoxicology 2012; 21:576-590. [PMID: 22083342 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation, subcellular distribution and speciation of arsenic in the polychaete Arenicola marina were investigated under different laboratory exposure conditions representing a range of metal bioavailabilities, to gain an insight into the physiological mechanisms of how A. marina handles bioaccumulated arsenic and to improve our understanding of the potential ecotoxicological significance of bioaccumulated arsenic in this deposit-feeder. The exposure conditions included exposure to sublethal concentrations of dissolved arsenate, exposure to sublethal concentrations of sediment-bound metal mining mixtures, and exposure to lethal concentrations of sediment-bound metal mining mixtures and arsenic- and multiple metal-spiked sediments. The sub-lethal exposures indicate that arsenic bioaccumulated by the deposit-feeding polychaete A. marina is stored in the cytosol as heat stable proteins (~50%) including metallothioneins, possibly as As (III)-thiol complexes. The remaining arsenic is mainly accumulated in the fraction containing cellular debris (~20%), with decreasing proportions accumulated in the metal-rich granules, organelles and heat-sensitive proteins fractions. A biological detoxified metal compartment including heat stable proteins and the fraction containing metal-rich granules is capable of binding arsenic coming into the cells at a constant rate under sublethal arsenic bioavailabilities. The remaining arsenic entering the cell is bound loosely into the cellular debris fraction, which can be subsequently released and diverted to an expanding detoxified pool. Our results suggest that a metal sensitive compartment comprising the cellular debris, enzymes and organelles fractions may be more representative of the toxic effects observed.
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48
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Neve EPA, Nordling Å, Andersson TB, Hellman U, Diczfalusy U, Johansson I, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Amidoxime reductase system containing cytochrome b5 type B (CYB5B) and MOSC2 is of importance for lipid synthesis in adipocyte mitochondria. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:6307-17. [PMID: 22203676 PMCID: PMC3307252 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.328237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduction of hydroxylamines and amidoximes is important for drug activation and detoxification of aromatic and heterocyclic amines. Such a reductase system was previously found to be of high activity in adipose tissue and liver, and furthermore, in vitro studies using recombinant truncated and purified enzymes suggested the participation of cytochrome b(5) reductase (CYB5R), cytochrome b(5) (CYB5), and molybdenum cofactor sulfurase C-terminal containing 1 and 2 (MOSC1 and -2). Here, we show that purified rat liver outer mitochondrial membrane contains high amidoxime reductase activity and that MOSC2 is exclusively localized to these membranes. Moreover, using the same membrane fraction, we could show direct binding of a radiolabeled benzamidoxime substrate to MOSC2. Following differentiation of murine 3T3-L1 cells into mature adipocytes, the MOSC2 levels as well as the amidoxime reductase activity were increased, indicating that the enzyme is highly regulated under lipogenic conditions. siRNA-mediated down-regulation of MOSC2 and the mitochondrial form of cytochrome b(5) type B (CYB5B) significantly inhibited the reductase activity in the differentiated adipocytes, whereas down-regulation of MOSC1, cytochrome b(5) type A (CYB5A), CYB5R1, CYB5R2, or CYB5R3 had no effect. Down-regulation of MOSC2 caused impaired lipid synthesis. These results demonstrate for the first time the direct involvement of MOSC2 and CYB5B in the amidoxime reductase activity in an intact cell system. We postulate the presence of a novel reductive enzyme system of importance for lipid synthesis that is exclusively localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane and is composed of CYB5B, MOSC2, and a third unknown component (a CYB5B reductase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne P. A. Neve
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
| | - Åsa Nordling
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
| | - Tommy B. Andersson
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal
| | - Ulf Hellman
- the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Ltd., Uppsala Branch, SE-75123 Uppsala, and
| | - Ulf Diczfalusy
- the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Inger Johansson
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
| | - Magnus Ingelman-Sundberg
- From the Section of Pharmacogenetics, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17177 Stockholm
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49
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Vernez D. [Pesticides]. Rev Med Suisse 2012; 8:180-181. [PMID: 22338505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D Vernez
- Institut universitaire romand de santé au travail, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne.
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50
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Praskova E, Zivna D, Stepanova S, Sevcikova M, Blahova J, Marsalek P, Siroka Z, Voslarova E, Svobodova Z. Acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid to juvenile and embryonic stages of Danio rerio. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2012; 33 Suppl 3:72-76. [PMID: 23353847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid to embryonic and juvenile stages of aquarium fish - zebrafish (Danio rerio), oxidative stress parameters and detoxifying enzyme. METHODS Tests were performed according to OECD No. 203 (Fish, acute toxicity test) and OECD No. 212 (Fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages) methodology. RESULTS The results showed the mean acetylsalicylic acid LC50 value to be 567.7 mg/L in juvenile zebrafish. The acute toxicity of acetylsalicylic acid for zebrafish embryos was 274.6 mg/L. Statistically significantly higher activity of GST was found in concentrations 340, 380 and 420 mg/L of acetylsalicylic acid. TBARS, GPx and GST didn't show statistically significant activity in tested concentrations of acetylsalicylic acid. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed a statistically significantly higher degree of sensitivity in the embryonic stages of zebrafish compared to its juveniles. Acetylsalicylic acid did not cause statistically significantly higher antioxidative defence in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Praskova
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic.
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