1
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Oeser P, Tobrman T. Organophosphates as Versatile Substrates in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2024; 29:1593. [PMID: 38611872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the applications of organophosphates in organic synthesis. After a brief introduction, it discusses cross-coupling reactions, including both transition-metal-catalyzed and transition-metal-free substitution reactions. Subsequently, oxidation and reduction reactions are described. In addition, this review highlights the applications of organophosphates in the synthesis of natural compounds, demonstrating their versatility and importance in modern synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Oeser
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Tobrman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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2
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Kelly JT, McNamara LE, Hoover ME, Rubenstein HM, Houthuijs K, Martens J. Development of Nontargeted Workflow of Occupational Exposure by Infrared Ion Spectroscopy and Silicone Wristbands' Passive Sampling. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2024. [PMID: 38564189 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
A new approach using orthogonal analytical techniques is developed for chemical identification. High resolution mass spectrometry and infrared ion spectroscopy are applied through a 5-level confidence paradigm to demonstrate the effectiveness of nontargeted workflow for the identification of hazardous organophosphates. Triphenyl phosphate is used as a surrogate organophosphate for occupational exposure, and silicone wristbands are used to represent personal samplers. Spectral data of a target compound is combined with spectral data of the sodium adduct and quantum chemical calculations to achieve a confirmed identification. Here, we demonstrate a nontargeted workflow that identifies organophosphate exposure and provides a mechanism for selecting validated methods for quantitative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Kelly
- Savannah River National Laboratory, 301 Gateway Drive, Aiken, South Carolina 29803, United States
| | - Louis E McNamara
- Savannah River National Laboratory, 301 Gateway Drive, Aiken, South Carolina 29803, United States
| | - Megan E Hoover
- Savannah River National Laboratory, 301 Gateway Drive, Aiken, South Carolina 29803, United States
| | - H Mitchell Rubenstein
- United States Air Force - Air Force Research Laboratory, 711th Human Performance Wing, 2510 Fifth Street, Area B, Building 840, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Kas Houthuijs
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Martens
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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Radić Z. Connectivity between surface and interior in catalytic subunits of acetylcholinesterases inferred from their X-ray structures. J Neurochem 2024; 168:386-396. [PMID: 36892323 PMCID: PMC10491739 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic activity and function of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; EC 3.1.1.7) have been recognized and studied for over a century and its quaternary and primary structures for about half a century, and its tertiary structure has been known for about 33 years. Clear understanding of relationships between the structure and the function is still pending for this enzyme. Hundreds of crystallographic, static snapshots of AChEs from different sources reveal largely one general backbone conformation with narrow entry into the active center gorge, tightly fit to accept one acetylcholine (ACh) molecule, in contrast to its high catalytic turnover. This short review of available X-ray structures of AChEs from electric ray Torpedo californica, mouse and human, finds some limited, yet consistent deviations in conformations of selected secondary structure elements of AChE relevant for its function. The observed conformational diversity of the acyl pocket loop of AChE, unlike the large Ω-loop, appears consistent with structurally dynamic INS data and solution-based SAXS experiments to explain its dominant role in controlling the size of the active center gorge opening, as well as connectivity between the immediate surroundings of the buried active Ser, and catalytically relevant sites on the AChE surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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4
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Andrew PM, Feng W, Calsbeek JJ, Antrobus SP, Cherednychenko GA, MacMahon JA, Bernardino PN, Liu X, Harvey DJ, Lein PJ, Pessah IN. The α4 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Is Necessary for the Initiation of Organophosphate-Induced Neuronal Hyperexcitability. Toxics 2024; 12:263. [PMID: 38668486 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Acute intoxication with organophosphorus (OP) cholinesterase inhibitors can produce seizures that rapidly progress to life-threatening status epilepticus. Significant research effort has been focused on investigating the involvement of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in OP-induced seizure activity. In contrast, there has been far less attention on nicotinic AChRs (nAChRs) in this context. Here, we address this data gap using a combination of in vitro and in vivo models. Pharmacological antagonism and genetic deletion of α4, but not α7, nAChR subunits prevented or significantly attenuated OP-induced electrical spike activity in acute hippocampal slices and seizure activity in mice, indicating that α4 nAChR activation is necessary for neuronal hyperexcitability triggered by acute OP exposures. These findings not only suggest that therapeutic strategies for inhibiting the α4 nAChR subunit warrant further investigation as prophylactic and immediate treatments for acute OP-induced seizures, but also provide mechanistic insight into the role of the nicotinic cholinergic system in seizure generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Andrew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jonas J Calsbeek
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Shane P Antrobus
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Gennady A Cherednychenko
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeremy A MacMahon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pedro N Bernardino
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xiuzhen Liu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Danielle J Harvey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, UC Davis School of Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pamela J Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Isaac N Pessah
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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5
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Kronenberg J, Chu S, Olsen A, Britton D, Halvorsen L, Guo S, Lakshmi A, Chen J, Kulapurathazhe MJ, Baker CA, Wadsworth BC, Van Acker CJ, Lehman JG, Otto TC, Renfrew PD, Bonneau R, Montclare JK. Computational Design of Phosphotriesterase Improves V-Agent Degradation Efficiency. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202300263. [PMID: 38426687 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) are a class of neurotoxic acetylcholinesterase inhibitors including widely used pesticides as well as nerve agents such as VX and VR. Current treatment of these toxins relies on reactivating acetylcholinesterase, which remains ineffective. Enzymatic scavengers are of interest for their ability to degrade OPs systemically before they reach their target. Here we describe a library of computationally designed variants of phosphotriesterase (PTE), an enzyme that is known to break down OPs. The mutations G208D, F104A, K77A, A80V, H254G, and I274N broadly improve catalytic efficiency of VX and VR hydrolysis without impacting the structure of the enzyme. The mutation I106 A improves catalysis of VR and L271E abolishes activity, likely due to disruptions of PTE's structure. This study elucidates the importance of these residues and contributes to the design of enzymatic OP scavengers with improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kronenberg
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Stanley Chu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Andrew Olsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Dustin Britton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Leif Halvorsen
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Shengbo Guo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Ashwitha Lakshmi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Jason Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Maria Jinu Kulapurathazhe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Cetara A Baker
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - Benjamin C Wadsworth
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - Cynthia J Van Acker
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - John G Lehman
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - Tamara C Otto
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, United States
| | - P Douglas Renfrew
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Richard Bonneau
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Department of Biomaterials, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York, United States
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6
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Xia JD, Wang H, Hua LW, Xu M, Zheng X, Zhang K. Comparative analysis of organophosphorus versus carbamate pesticide poisoning: a case study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2024; 75:81-84. [PMID: 38548379 PMCID: PMC10978098 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2024-75-3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus poisoning is a critical condition that can cause central nervous system depression, respiratory failure, and death early on. As its clinical manifestations closely resemble those of carbamate pesticide poisoning, the aim of this case study is to present a case of misdiagnosis, initially identifying carbofuran poisoning as organophosphate in a patient suspect of a heatstroke. We also present a case of intentional self-poisoning with organophosphate dichlorvos to underline the likelihood of pesticide poisoning in patients exhibiting acute cholinergic symptoms when the ingested substance is not known. In such cases, empirical treatment with atropine and oxime can be started pending timely differential diagnosis to adjust treatment as necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-ding Xia
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Intensive Care Unit, Chengde, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Intensive Care Unit, Chengde, China
| | - Li-wei Hua
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Intensive Care Unit, Chengde, China
| | - Min Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Intensive Care Unit, Chengde, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Intensive Care Unit, Chengde, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University, Intensive Care Unit, Chengde, China
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7
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Corby G. Pralidoxime Is no Longer Fit for Purpose as an Antidote to Organophosphate Poisoning in the United Kingdom. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2024; 18:e32. [PMID: 38384185 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2024.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Pralidoxime is the only oxime antidote to organophosphate poisoning stocked in the United Kingdom, produced by rational drug design in the 1950s. Typically, it is used alongside atropine, to reverse the effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. However, its efficacy has been questioned by recent meta-analyses of use treating attempted suicides in less economically developed countries, where organophosphate poisoning is more common. This policy analysis assesses the likely efficacy of pralidoxime in the United Kingdom, in scenarios largely different from those evaluated in meta-analyses. In all scenarios, the UK delay in antidote administration poses a major problem, as pralidoxime acts in a time-critical reactivation mechanism before "ageing" of acetylcholinesterase occurs. Additionally, changes in the organophosphates used today versus those pralidoxime was rationally designed to reverse, have reduced efficacy since the 1950s. Finally, the current dosage regimen may be insufficient. Therefore, one must re-evaluate our preparedness and approach to organophosphate poisoning in the United Kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Corby
- St John's College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Hernandes N, Qi XM, Bhide S, Brown C, Camm BJ, Baxter SW, Robin C. Acetylcholine esterase of Drosophila melanogaster: a laboratory model to explore insecticide susceptibility gene drives. Pest Manag Sci 2024. [PMID: 38344908 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the proposed applications of gene drives has been to revert pesticide resistant mutations back to the ancestral susceptible state. Insecticides that have become ineffective because of the rise of resistance could have reinvigorated utility and be used to suppress pest populations again, perhaps at lower application doses. RESULTS We have created a laboratory model for susceptibility gene drives that replaces field-selected resistant variants of the acetylcholine esterase (Ace) locus of Drosophila melanogaster with ancestral susceptible variants. We constructed a CRISPR/Cas9 homing drive and found that homing occurred in many genetic backgrounds with varying efficiencies. While the drive itself could not be homozygous, it converted resistant alleles into susceptible ones and produced recessive lethal alleles that could suppress populations. Our studies provided evidence for two distinct classes of gene drive resistance (GDR): rather than being mediated by the conventional non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway, one seemed to involve short homologous repair and the other was defined by genetic background. Additionally, we used simulations to explore a distinct application of susceptibility drives; the use of chemicals to prevent the spread of synthetic gene drives into protected areas. CONCLUSIONS Insecticide susceptibility gene drives could be useful tools to control pest insects however problems with particularities of target loci and GDR will need to be overcome for them to be effective. Furthermore, realistic patterns of pest dispersal and high insecticide exposure rates would be required if susceptibility were to be useful as a 'safety-switch' to prevent the unwanted spread of gene drives. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Hernandes
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaomeng Mollyann Qi
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Soumitra Bhide
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Courtney Brown
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Camm
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon W Baxter
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charles Robin
- The School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jiménez-Barbosa IA, Grajales Herrera D, Rodríguez Alvarez MF, Khuu SK. Pupil size change in agricultural workers exposed to pesticides. Clin Exp Optom 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38194492 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2023.2294810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Pupil size evaluation using clinical examination may be important for detecting and monitoring individuals at risk of neurotoxic effects from chemical exposure, as it may enable early intervention and the implementation of preventive measures. BACKGROUND This work aimed to investigate the association between pesticide exposure and pupil size. Pupil size is regulated by muscarinic and nicotinic receptors, and it is well-established that common pesticide chemicals disrupt this regulation. METHODS Twenty agricultural workers exposed to pesticides, and twenty participants not exposed, underwent visual screening, and pupil size evaluation under mesopic and photopic conditions. Additionally, signs of neurotoxicity and pesticide exposure in both groups were evaluated using the modified version of the neurotoxic symptoms questionnaire (Q16) and measuring cholinesterase (AChE) levels in blood, respectively. RESULTS Agricultural workers exposed to pesticides had a score indicating medium-high level of neurotoxicity (49.85 (SD ± 8.94)) which was significantly higher (t (36) = 7.659, p ≤ 0.0001) than non-exposed participants who had low levels of neurotoxicity (27.25 SD ± 8.86). There was a significant difference in pupil size (mm) under mesopic (t (19) 4.42 p = 0.003) and scotopic (t (19) 4.63, p = 0.0002) conditions between the two groups. Additionally, there was a significant difference in AChE blood levels (t (19) 2.94 p = 0.008) between exposed and non-exposed participants, indicating that exposed workers had low levels of this enzyme (average exposed group 3381 U/L (SD ± 1306)) compared to the non-exposed group (average non-exposed group 4765 U/L (SD ± 1300)). A significant negative correlation between AChE levels, years of exposure, and pupil size was found. The latter finding importantly showed that smaller pupils are associated with the accumulation of acetylcholine or a decrease in the activity of the enzyme AChE. CONCLUSION Pupil size of agricultural workers exposed to pesticides can be abnormal and is associated with neurotoxicity as indicated by symptomatology and cholinesterase levels. Evaluation of pupil size may be useful for clinically detecting neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Astrid Jiménez-Barbosa
- Health Sciences Faculty, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Sieu K Khuu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Mohy-Ud-Din W, Chen F, Bashir S, Akhtar MJ, Asghar HN, Farooqi ZUR, Zulfiqar U, Haider FU, Afzal A, Alqahtani MD. Unlocking the potential of glyphosate-resistant bacterial strains in biodegradation and maize growth. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1285566. [PMID: 38204469 PMCID: PMC10777731 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1285566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)-glycine] is a non-selective herbicide with a broad spectrum activity that is commonly used to control perennial vegetation in agricultural fields. The widespread utilization of glyphosate in agriculture leads to soil, water, and food crop contamination, resulting in human and environmental health consequences. Therefore, it is imperative to devise techniques for enhancing the degradation of glyphosate in soil. Rhizobacteria play a crucial role in degrading organic contaminants. Limited work has been done on exploring the capabilities of indigenously existing glyphosate-degrading rhizobacteria in Pakistani soils. This research attempts to discover whether native bacteria have the glyphosate-degrading ability for a sustainable solution to glyphosate contamination. Therefore, this study explored the potential of 11 native strains isolated from the soil with repeated glyphosate application history and showed resistance against glyphosate at higher concentrations (200 mg kg-1). Five out of eleven strains outperformed in glyphosate degradation and plant growth promotion. High-pressure liquid chromatography showed that, on average, these five strains degraded 98% glyphosate. In addition, these strains promote maize seed germination index and shoot and root fresh biomass up to 73 and 91%, respectively. Furthermore, inoculation gave an average increase of acid phosphatase (57.97%), alkaline phosphatase (1.76-fold), and dehydrogenase activity (1.75-fold) in glyphosate-contaminated soil. The findings indicated the importance of using indigenous rhizobacteria to degrade glyphosate. Therefore, by maintaining soil health, indigenous soil biodiversity can work effectively for the bioremediation of contaminated soils and sustainable crop production in a world facing food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqas Mohy-Ud-Din
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Safdar Bashir
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Javed Akhtar
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Naeem Asghar
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ur Rahman Farooqi
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Usman Zulfiqar
- Department of Agronomy, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Fasih Ullah Haider
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aneeqa Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mashael Daghash Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Nejati R, Nematollahi A, Doraghi HK, Sayadi M, Alipanah H. Probiotic bacteria alleviate chlorpyrifos-induced rat testicular and renal toxicity: A possible mechanism based on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2023; 133:743-756. [PMID: 37732939 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) has caused many potential toxicities in nontarget organisms. Fewer studies have been conducted on the effects of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in mitigating tissue damage induced by CPF in vivo. Therefore, we investigated CPF renal and testicular toxicity and the alleviating effect of probiotic lactobacilli, based on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, on induced toxicity in an animal model. Biochemical assays showed that CPF induced oxidative stress along with a change in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity in a tissue-dependent manner. After treatment with CPF, testicular and renal levels of TNF-α were significantly reduced and enhanced, respectively, compared to the control group. The probiotic treatment restored renal and testicular TNF-α levels and modulated and blocked the increasing effect of CPF on renal IL-1β levels. Testicular IL-1β levels in the probiotic-treated and CPF groups demonstrated similar values. Exposure to CPF significantly induced renal histopathological damage that, of course, was completely inhibited by treatment with Lactobacillus casei and the LAB mixture. In summary, CPF showed significant toxicological effects on oxidative stress and the inflammation rate in CPF-exposed rats. Therefore, supplementation with probiotic bacteria may alleviate CPF renal toxicity and mitigate its oxidative stress and inflammation effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Nejati
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Amene Nematollahi
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | | | - Mehran Sayadi
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hiva Alipanah
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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12
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Almeida SSF, da Silva RHS, Oliveira IM, Alonso LB, Gonzaga BS, Barros ACM, Vicente MC, Melo MM, Borges NC, Martins DB, Botelho AFM. Serum butyrylcholinesterase activity in healthy dogs with and without exposure to diazinon. Vet Clin Pathol 2023; 52:646-653. [PMID: 37914538 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholinesterase is a biomarker for poisonings by anticholinesterase agents, but its reference values are scarce, and possible interaction with collars containing parasiticides has not been studied. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate the serum cholinesterase activity of healthy dogs without a history of contact with anticholinesterase agents and healthy animals exposed to commercial collars containing organophosphate. METHODS Ninety-nine dogs were used and included healthy animals without recent exposure to anticholinesterase agents and healthy animals previously exposed to diazinon collars. Serum quantification of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BuchE) through spectrophotometry was conducted on all samples. In experiment 1, BuchE activity was quantified at time 0 and 7 days after, a time when the samples were kept at -18°C. In experiment 2, sampling times were 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 56 days. RESULTS Time 0 values were 4622.38 ± 1311.53 U/L. After 7 days, a significant decay was observed, with a mean of 3934.45 ± 1430.45 U/L. Spearman's test was performed, finding a weak correlation between ALT, creatinine, total plasma proteins, age, weight, red blood cells, platelets, leukocytes, and BuchE activities. In experiment 2, the mean at time 0 was 4753 ± 454.8 U/L. With exposure to the collar, there was a decay of up to 93% after 14 days. CONCLUSIONS Normality values of serum BuchE in healthy dogs without a history of exposure to anticholinesterase agents were 4360.8-4883.96 U/L. Freezing serum caused a decrease in BuchE activity. Exposure to commercial collars containing diazinon also reduced BuchE activity without clinical signs, indicating that previously exposed animals should be evaluated carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara S F Almeida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Rayanne H S da Silva
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Iago M Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luma B Alonso
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Beatriz S Gonzaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Alexandre C M Barros
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Monica C Vicente
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Marília M Melo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Naida C Borges
- Radiology and Ultrasonography, Clinic and Surgery Sector, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine. School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Danieli B Martins
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Clinic and Surgery Sector, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ana F M Botelho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Veterinary Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Goiás Federal University, Goiás, Brazil
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Dym O, Aggarwal N, Ashani Y, Leader H, Albeck S, Unger T, Hamer-Rogotner S, Silman I, Tawfik DS, Sussman JL. The impact of molecular variants, crystallization conditions and the space group on ligand-protein complexes: a case study on bacterial phosphotriesterase. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:992-1009. [PMID: 37860961 PMCID: PMC10619419 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323007672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A bacterial phosphotriesterase was employed as an experimental paradigm to examine the effects of multiple factors, such as the molecular constructs, the ligands used during protein expression and purification, the crystallization conditions and the space group, on the visualization of molecular complexes of ligands with a target enzyme. In this case, the ligands used were organophosphates that are fragments of the nerve agents and insecticides on which the enzyme acts as a bioscavenger. 12 crystal structures of various phosphotriesterase constructs obtained by directed evolution were analyzed, with resolutions of up to 1.38 Å. Both apo forms and holo forms, complexed with the organophosphate ligands, were studied. Crystals obtained from three different crystallization conditions, crystallized in four space groups, with and without N-terminal tags, were utilized to investigate the impact of these factors on visualizing the organophosphate complexes of the enzyme. The study revealed that the tags used for protein expression can lodge in the active site and hinder ligand binding. Furthermore, the space group in which the protein crystallizes can significantly impact the visualization of bound ligands. It was also observed that the crystallization precipitants can compete with, and even preclude, ligand binding, leading to false positives or to the incorrect identification of lead drug candidates. One of the co-crystallization conditions enabled the definition of the spaces that accommodate the substituents attached to the P atom of several products of organophosphate substrates after detachment of the leaving group. The crystal structures of the complexes of phosphotriesterase with the organophosphate products reveal similar short interaction distances of the two partially charged O atoms of the P-O bonds with the exposed β-Zn2+ ion and the buried α-Zn2+ ion. This suggests that both Zn2+ ions have a role in stabilizing the transition state for substrate hydrolysis. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the challenges and considerations involved in studying the crystal structures of ligand-protein complexes, highlighting the importance of careful experimental design and rigorous data analysis in ensuring the accuracy and reliability of the resulting phosphotriesterase-organophosphate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Dym
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nidhi Aggarwal
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yacov Ashani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Haim Leader
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shira Albeck
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tamar Unger
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shelly Hamer-Rogotner
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dan S. Tawfik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Joel L. Sussman
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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14
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Cardoso ERN, Carvalho SF, Dias SA, Santos RA, Tavares MA, Neves LC, Paula WVDF, Pádua GT, de Lima NJ, Paludo RLDR, Silva IS, Bittencourt RBM, dos Santos GC, Nascimento FGDJ, de Paula LGF, Dantas-Torres F, Monteiro CMDO, Krawczak FDS. Susceptibility of Amblyomma sculptum, Vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, Ticks from a National Park and an Experimental Farm to Different Synthetic Acaricides. Pathogens 2023; 12:1304. [PMID: 38003769 PMCID: PMC10675591 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Amblyomma sculptum is a relevant tick species from a One Health perspective, playing an important role as a vector of Rickettsia rickettsii, the main agent of spotted fever rickettsiosis in Brazil. In this study, we evaluated the susceptibility of two A. sculptum populations from Goiás state (midwestern Brazil) to different acaricides. The first tick population (GYN strain) originated from an experimental farm, where the ticks are annually exposed to acaricides. The second (PNE strain) was collected in a national park (Emas National Park), where the ticks had not been exposed to acaricides. Immersion tests were conducted with 21-day-old laboratory-reared larvae and nymphs originating from adult ticks collected in the areas mentioned above. The chosen acaricides were two synthetic pyrethroids (cypermethrin and deltamethrin), one organophosphate (chlorfenvinphos), one formamidine (amitraz), and two combinations of pyrethroids and organophosphates (cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos and citronellal; cypermethrin, fenthion and chlorpyrifos). Mortality data were used to determine the lethal concentration (LC) values at which 50%, 90%, and 99% of the ticks died (LC50, LC90, and LC99, respectively), and resistance ratios (RR) were calculated based on the LC values. The RR revealed differences between the acaricide-exposed (GYN) and unexposed (PNE) tick strains. The PNE strain larvae and nymphs were susceptible to all the tested acaricides. The GYN strain larvae were tolerant to cypermethrin, whereas the nymphs were tolerant to deltamethrin, chlorfenvinphos, and the combination of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronellal (2 < RR ≤ 10). The GYN strain nymphs were resistant to amitraz (RR > 10). This is the first report of A. sculptum nymphs with resistance to amitraz and tolerance to deltamethrin, chlorfenvinphos, and the combination of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronellal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ennya Rafaella Neves Cardoso
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Stephani Félix Carvalho
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Sarah Alves Dias
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Rayane Almeida Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Mariana Avelar Tavares
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Lucianne Cardoso Neves
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Warley Vieira de Freitas Paula
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Gracielle Teles Pádua
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Nicolas Jalowitzki de Lima
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Raquel Loren dos Reis Paludo
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia, Ecologia e Controle de Carrapatos—LABEC, Centro de Parasitologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (I.S.S.); (C.M.D.O.M.)
| | - Raphaela Bueno Mendes Bittencourt
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Gabriel Cândido dos Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Flavia Giovana de Jesus Nascimento
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Luiza Gabriella Ferreira de Paula
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife 50740-465, Brazil;
| | - Caio Marcio De Oliveira Monteiro
- Laboratório de Biologia, Ecologia e Controle de Carrapatos—LABEC, Centro de Parasitologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (I.S.S.); (C.M.D.O.M.)
| | - Felipe da Silva Krawczak
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias—LADOPAR, Setor de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás—UFG, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil; (E.R.N.C.); (S.F.C.); (S.A.D.); (R.A.S.); (M.A.T.); (L.C.N.); (W.V.d.F.P.); (G.T.P.); (N.J.d.L.); (R.L.d.R.P.); (R.B.M.B.); (G.C.d.S.); (F.G.d.J.N.); (L.G.F.d.P.)
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Aroniadou-Anderjaska V, Figueiredo TH, de Araujo Furtado M, Pidoplichko VI, Braga MFM. Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Toxics 2023; 11:866. [PMID: 37888716 PMCID: PMC10611379 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) have applications in agriculture (e.g., pesticides), industry (e.g., flame retardants), and chemical warfare (nerve agents). In high doses or chronic exposure, they can be toxic or lethal. The primary mechanism, common among all OPs, that initiates their toxic effects is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. In acute OP exposure, the subsequent surge of acetylcholine in cholinergic synapses causes a peripheral cholinergic crisis and status epilepticus (SE), either of which can lead to death. If death is averted without effective seizure control, long-term brain damage ensues. This review describes the mechanisms by which elevated acetylcholine can cause respiratory failure and trigger SE; the role of the amygdala in seizure initiation; the role of M1 muscarinic receptors in the early stages of SE; the neurotoxic pathways activated by SE (excitotoxicity/Ca++ overload/oxidative stress, neuroinflammation); and neurotoxic mechanisms linked to low-dose, chronic exposure (Ca++ dyshomeostasis/oxidative stress, inflammation), which do not depend on SE and do not necessarily involve acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The evidence so far indicates that brain damage from acute OP exposure is a direct result of SE, while the neurotoxic mechanisms activated by low-dose chronic exposure are independent of SE and may not be associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki Aroniadou-Anderjaska
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (V.A.-A.); (V.I.P.)
- Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Taiza H. Figueiredo
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (V.A.-A.); (V.I.P.)
| | - Marcio de Araujo Furtado
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (V.A.-A.); (V.I.P.)
| | - Volodymyr I. Pidoplichko
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (V.A.-A.); (V.I.P.)
| | - Maria F. M. Braga
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Genetics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA; (V.A.-A.); (V.I.P.)
- Department of Psychiatry, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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Mthethwa M, Jeebhay M, Olaniyan T, Wiesner L, Parker B, Leaner J, Röösli M, Dalvie MA. The Association Between Urinary Concentrations of Organophosphate Metabolites and Asthma-Related Outcomes Among Schoolchildren From Informal Settlements. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1606174. [PMID: 37674664 PMCID: PMC10477361 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1606174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: There is inconsistent evidence on the relationship between pesticide exposure and childhood respiratory outcomes in non-agricultural settings. This study investigated the association between organophosphate (OP) pesticide exposure and asthma-related outcomes in children residing in four informal settlements. Methods: The study was a longitudinal study of 590 schoolchildren, with a 12 months follow-up period. A standardised questionnaire adopted from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood was administered to caregivers for child's respiratory symptoms and household characteristics. Spirometry and fractional-exhaled nitric oxide, including a phadiatop test (atopy status) and urinary dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites were measured at baseline and follow-up. DAP metabolites included diethylphosphate (DEP) and dimethyl phosphate (DMP) measured at baseline and follow-up and dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP) measured only at baseline. Results: The mean ages of schoolchildren were 9.9 ± 0.91 years and the overal incidence proportions of new doctor diagnosed asthma was 2.2%. No consistent patterns of increased risk of asthma outcomes with increasing DAP concentrations was found in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Future studies with longer follow-up periods and repeated OP biomonitoring are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashudu Mthethwa
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mohamed Jeebhay
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Occupational Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Toyib Olaniyan
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bhawoodien Parker
- Department of Environmental Affairs and Developmental Planning, Western Cape Government, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joy Leaner
- Department of Environmental Affairs and Developmental Planning, Western Cape Government, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Aqiel Dalvie
- Centre for Environmental and Occupational Health Research, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Fouad MM, Zawilla NH, Moubarez DA. Successful treatment of intermediate syndrome in a COVID-19 patient with severe organophosphate toxicity. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci 2023; 13:145-147. [PMID: 38023580 PMCID: PMC10664041 DOI: 10.4103/ijciis.ijciis_84_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning is one of the most common causes of poisoning in the world, due to its easy availability, low cost, and wide occupational exposure. It has a significant death and morbidity rate. Cholinergic syndrome, intermediate syndrome (IMS), and syndrome of delayed polyneuropathy are the three primary syndromes that define OP poisoning. We report the case of a 44-year-old male patient who had a history of OP poisoning by inhalation and later developed altered mental status (AMS). The patient transiently improved and regained consciousness following treatment with atropine and obidoxime. He deteriorated the following day with AMS and generalized muscle weakness consistent with IMS and was intubated for airway protection. Despite further complication by Klebsiella and COVID-19 infections, he recovered to hospital discharge on day 14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mohammed Fouad
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermin Hamdy Zawilla
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of National Environmental and Clinical Toxicology Research Center, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa Atef Moubarez
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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18
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De Rouck R, Benhassine M, Debacker M, Dugauquier C, Dhondt E, Van Utterbeeck F, Hubloue I. Creating realistic nerve agent victim profiles for computer simulation of medical CBRN disaster response. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1167706. [PMID: 37457279 PMCID: PMC10347399 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1167706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) threats have become serious risks prompting countries to prioritize preparedness for such incidents. As CBRN scenarios are very difficult and expensive to recreate in real life, computer simulation is particularly suited for assessing the effectiveness of contingency plans and identifying areas of improvement. These computer simulation exercises require realistic and dynamic victim profiles, which are unavailable in a civilian context. In this paper we present a set of civilian nerve agent injury profiles consisting of clinical parameters and their evolution, as well as the methodology used to create them. These injury profiles are based on military injury profiles and adapted to the civilian population, using sarin for the purpose of illustration. They include commonly measured parameters in the prehospital setting. We demonstrate that information found in military sources can easily be adjusted for a civilian population using a few simple assumptions and validated methods. This methodology can easily be expanded to other chemical warfare agents as well as different ways of exposure. The resulting injury profiles are generic so they can also be used in tabletop and live simulation exercises. Modeling and simulation, if used correctly and in conjunction with empirical data gathered from lessons learned, can assist in providing the evidence practices for effective and efficient response decisions and interventions, considering the contextual factors of the affected area and the specific disaster scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben De Rouck
- Research Group on Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mehdi Benhassine
- Department of Mathematics, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Debacker
- Research Group on Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christian Dugauquier
- Twenty-third Medical Battalion, Belgian Defence, Tournai, Belgium
- Belgian Delegate in The NATO Biological Medical Panel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Ives Hubloue
- Research Group on Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Milanković V, Tasić T, Pejčić M, Pašti I, Lazarević-Pašti T. Spent Coffee Grounds as an Adsorbent for Malathion and Chlorpyrifos-Kinetics, Thermodynamics, and Eco-Neurotoxicity. Foods 2023; 12:2397. [PMID: 37372608 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is one of the most popular beverages, with around 10.5 million tons manufactured annually. The same amount of spent coffee grounds (SCGs) might harm the environment if disposed of carelessly. On the other hand, pesticide contamination in food and biowaste is a rising problem. Because pesticides are hazardous and can cause serious health consequences, it is critical to understand how they interact with food biowaste materials. However, it is also a question if biowaste can be used to remediate rising pesticide residues in the environment. This study investigated the interactions of SCGs with the organophosphate pesticides malathion (MLT) and chlorpyrifos (CHP) and addressed the possibility of using SCGs as adsorbents for the removal of these pesticides from water and fruit extracts. The kinetics of MLT and CHP adsorption on SCGs fits well with the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The Langmuir isotherm model best describes the adsorption process, giving the maximal adsorption capacity for MLT as 7.16 mg g-1 and 7.00 mg g-1 for CHP. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, it can be deduced that MLT adsorption on SCGs is exothermic, while CHP adsorption is an endothermic process. The adsorption efficiency of MLT and CHP using SCGs in a complicated matrix of fruit extracts remained constant. The neurotoxicity results showed that no more toxic products were formed during adsorption, indicating that SCGs are a safe-to-use adsorbent for pesticide removal in water and fruit extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Milanković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Tasić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Pejčić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Igor Pašti
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Lazarević-Pašti
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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20
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Tasić T, Milanković V, Batalović K, Breitenbach S, Unterweger C, Fürst C, Pašti IA, Lazarević-Pašti T. Application of Viscose-Based Porous Carbon Fibers in Food Processing-Malathion and Chlorpyrifos Removal. Foods 2023; 12:2362. [PMID: 37372573 DOI: 10.3390/foods12122362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing usage of pesticides to boost food production inevitably leads to their presence in food samples, requiring the development of efficient methods for their removal. Here, we show that carefully tuned viscose-derived activated carbon fibers can be used for malathion and chlorpyrifos removal from liquid samples, even in complex matrices such as lemon juice and mint ethanol extract. Adsorbents were produced using the Design of Experiments protocol for varying activation conditions (carbonization at 850 °C; activation temperature between 670 and 870 °C; activation time from 30 to 180 min; and CO2 flow rate from 10 to 80 L h-1) and characterized in terms of physical and chemical properties (SEM, EDX, BET, FTIR). Pesticide adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were then addressed. It was shown that some of the developed adsorbents are also capable of the selective removal of chlorpyrifos in the presence of malathion. The selected materials were not affected by complex matrices of real samples. Moreover, the adsorbent can be regenerated at least five times without pronounced performance losses. We suggest that the adsorptive removal of food contaminants can effectively improve food safety and quality, unlike other methods currently in use, which negatively affect the nutritional value of food products. Finally, data-based models trained on well-characterized materials libraries can direct the synthesis of novel adsorbents for the desired application in food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tasić
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vedran Milanković
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katarina Batalović
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Breitenbach
- Wood K Plus-Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Unterweger
- Wood K Plus-Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Fürst
- Wood K Plus-Kompetenzzentrum Holz GmbH, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Igor A Pašti
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Lazarević-Pašti
- VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovica Alasa 12-14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Basarslan SK, Basarslan F. Intralipid and caffeic acid phenethyl ester reverse the neurotoxic effects of organophosphate poisoning in rats. Niger J Clin Pract 2023; 26:686-693. [PMID: 37470640 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_921_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Organophosphate (Op)-containing herbicides continue to be widely used in the world. Although its usage and intoxication are widespread, the studies on organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity and treatment protocols are very few in the literature. Aims This study aimed to investigate any potential effects of caffeic acid phenyl ester with/without intralipid on neurotoxicity produced by acute intoxication of glyphosate isopropylamine in an experimental rat model. Materials And Methods Forty-nine wistar albino rats were randomly allotted into seven experimental groups: I, control; II, intralipid (IL); III, caffeic acid phenyl esther (CAPE); IV, glyphosate isopropylamine (GI); V, GI + IL; VI, GI + CAPE; and VII, GI + IL + CAPE. Total antioxidant and oxidant status levels were gauged, and the oxidative stress index was calculated in the serum samples. On the other hand, the tissues were analyzed with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining protocol and counted up by immunohistochemical method. Statistical evaluations were conducted using SPSS 11.5 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA). Results Compared to the control, IL, and GI + IL + CAPE groups, the GI group significantly decreased the total antioxidant levels in brain tissues. In a supportive nature, a significant increase in the oxidative site index (OSI) in the GI group compared to other groups. Especially standing out point of these findings is the significant difference between the GI + IL + CAPE and the GI group. Parallelly, histopathological analysis extended severe neurotoxicity in the GI group. Neurotoxic status was reduced significantly in the GI + CAPE + IL group. The histopathologic examinations confirmed biochemical results. The results also revealed that CAPE and IL, probably their antioxidant effects, have a rehabilitative effect on neurotoxicity caused by GI. Conclusion Therefore, CAPE and IL may function as potential cleansing and scavenger agents for supportive therapy regarding tissue damage or facilitate the therapeutic effects of the routine treatment of the patient with GI poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Basarslan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hitit University, School of Medicine, Corum, Turkey
| | - F Basarslan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hitit University, School of Medicine, Corum, Turkey
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22
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Amin M, Yousuf M, Attaullah M, Ahmad N, Azra MN, Lateef M, Buneri ID, Zekker I, El-Saber Batiha G, Aboelenin SM, Zahoor M, Ikram M, Naeem M. Cholinesterase activity as a potential biomarker for neurotoxicity induced by pesticides in vivo exposed Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia): assessment tool for organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroids. Environ Technol 2023; 44:2148-2156. [PMID: 34962184 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2024276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are the most popular broad spectrum pesticides, used in agriculture as they have a strong pesticidal activity while also being biodegradable in the environment. The present study aimed to demonstrate the effects of these pesticides on the Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in brain, gills and body muscles of Oreochromis niloticus - an important enzyme for the assessment and biomonitoring pollution caused by neurotoxins in the environment. The fish were exposed for 24 and 48 h to the LC0 concentrations of the malathion (1.425 mg/L), the chlorpyrifos (0.125 mg/L) and the λ-cyhalothrin (0.0039 mg/L), respectively. The activity of the AChE was significantly increased (p < 0.05) at 24 h and decreased at 48 h (except for the chlorpyrifos-treated brain and gills while tissues had shown no activity at 48 h's exposure) in all pesticides-treated tissues. The maximum increase in the activity and inhibition in the AChE activity were recorded as +92% and -52% in the chlorpyrifos and the lambda-cyhalothrin exposed brain tissues, respectively. Thus, the alterations in the AChE activities indicated that the applied pesticides are highly neurotoxic to fish and the enzyme (AChE) could be used as a useful biomarker for estimation of water pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amin
- Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Masarrat Yousuf
- Department of Zoology, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Naveed Ahmad
- Department of Maritime Science, Bahria University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohamad Nor Azra
- Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mehreen Lateef
- Biochemistry Department, Bahria University Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | - Ivar Zekker
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicines, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | | | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Bio-Chemistry, University of Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ikram
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
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23
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Freidin D, Har-Even M, Rubovitch V, Murray KE, Maggio N, Shavit-Stein E, Keidan L, Citron BA, Pick CG. Cognitive and Cellular Effects of Combined Organophosphate Toxicity and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1481. [PMID: 37239152 PMCID: PMC10216664 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered the most common neurological disorder among people under the age of 50. In modern combat zones, a combination of TBI and organophosphates (OP) can cause both fatal and long-term effects on the brain. We utilized a mouse closed-head TBI model induced by a weight drop device, along with OP exposure to paraoxon. Spatial and visual memory as well as neuron loss and reactive astrocytosis were measured 30 days after exposure to mild TBI (mTBI) and/or paraoxon. Molecular and cellular changes were assessed in the temporal cortex and hippocampus. Cognitive and behavioral deficits were most pronounced in animals that received a combination of paraoxon exposure and mTBI, suggesting an additive effect of the insults. Neuron survival was reduced in proximity to the injury site after exposure to paraoxon with or without mTBI, whereas in the dentate gyrus hilus, cell survival was only reduced in mice exposed to paraoxon prior to sustaining a mTBI. Neuroinflammation was increased in the dentate gyrus in all groups exposed to mTBI and/or to paraoxon. Astrocyte morphology was significantly changed in mice exposed to paraoxon prior to sustaining an mTBI. These results provide further support for assumptions concerning the effects of OP exposure following the Gulf War. This study reveals additional insights into the potentially additive effects of OP exposure and mTBI, which may result in more severe brain damage on the modern battlefield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dor Freidin
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.F.); (M.H.-E.)
| | - Meirav Har-Even
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.F.); (M.H.-E.)
| | - Vardit Rubovitch
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.F.); (M.H.-E.)
| | - Kathleen E. Murray
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Research & Development, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 52626202, Israel
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Lee Keidan
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.F.); (M.H.-E.)
| | - Bruce A. Citron
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, VA New Jersey Health Care System, Research & Development, East Orange, NJ 07018, USA
- Rutgers School of Graduate Studies, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Chaim G. Pick
- Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel; (D.F.); (M.H.-E.)
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sylvan Adams Sports Institute, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Chair and Center for the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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24
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Kast C, Droz B, Kilchenmann V. Toxicity of coumaphos residues in beeswax foundation to the honey bee brood. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023. [PMID: 37144826 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Coumaphos is one of the most frequently detected pesticides in recycled beeswax. The objective was to assess the maximal level of coumaphos in foundation sheets that could exist without lethal effects on the honey bee larvae. Brood development was followed in cells drawn on foundation squares containing coumaphos ranging from 0 to 132 mg/kg. Furthermore, larval exposure was determined by measuring the coumaphos level in the drawn cells. Coumaphos levels in the initial foundation sheets up to 62 mg/kg did not increase brood mortality, since the emergence rates of bees raised on these foundation squares were similar to controls (median of 51%). After a single brood cycle, coumaphos levels in the drawn cells were up to three times lower than the initial levels in foundation sheets. Hence, coumaphos levels of 62 mg/kg in the initial foundation sheets, the one but highest exposures, resulted in levels of 21 mg/kg in drawn cells. A significantly reduced emergence rate (median of 14%) was observed for bees raised on foundation sheets with initial coumaphos levels of 132 mg/kg, indicating increased brood mortality. Such levels resulted in coumaphos concentrations of 51 mg/kg in drawn cells, which is close to the median lethal concentration of 50% (LC50 ) as determined in previous in vitro experiments. In conclusion, brood mortality was increased on wax foundation sheets with initial coumaphos levels of 132 mg/kg, while no elevated mortality was observed for levels up to 62 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kast
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Droz
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
| | - Verena Kilchenmann
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Schwarzenburgstrasse 161, Bern, 3003, Switzerland
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25
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Araújo MF, Castanheira EMS, Sousa SF. The Buzz on Insecticides: A Review of Uses, Molecular Structures, Targets, Adverse Effects, and Alternatives. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083641. [PMID: 37110875 PMCID: PMC10144373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Insecticides play a critical role in controlling the spread of insect-borne diseases and preserving crop health. These chemical substances are specifically formulated to kill or manage insect populations. Over the years, various types of insecticides have been developed, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids, each with unique modes of action, physiological targets, and efficacy. Despite the advantages that insecticides offer, it is imperative to recognize the potential consequences on non-target species, the environment, and human health. It is therefore crucial to follow recommended label instructions and employ integrated pest management practices for the judicious use of insecticides. This review article provides an in-depth examination of the various types of insecticides, including their modes of action, physiological targets, environmental and human health impacts, and alternatives. The aim is to furnish a comprehensive overview of insecticides and to emphasize the significance of responsible and sustainable utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria F Araújo
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM-Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisabete M S Castanheira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory LaPMET, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F Sousa
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, BioSIM-Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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26
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Chali SEN, Khanbabaei R, Juybari AAD, Fatahi E, Kalai RB. Coenzyme Q10 treatment and diazinon exposure in parental male rats: effects of the exposure on their neonatal brains. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2023; 12:264-269. [PMID: 37125340 PMCID: PMC10141774 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfad012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal acute and chronic exposure to organophosphorus pesticides may evoke physical and behavioral impairments in offspring development. However, the mechanism of antioxidant consumption repair to cure these impairments remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of COQ10 against DZN toxicity by measuring Malondialdehyde (MDA) level, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, the expression of MH2A, DNMT1, H2AZ, and HDAC3, and the histopathology in the brain of neonatal Wistar albino rats whose male parents were exposed to DZN and COQ10. The results showed that COQ10 could significantly decrease MDA level, histopathological alteration, and expression of DNMT1 and HDAC3 in the neonatal brain (P < 0.05). Also, an increase in SOD activity and expression of MH2A and H2AZ were observed in the neonatal brain of this group (P < 0.05). These investigations suggest that COQ10 can reduce the effects of DZN on neuronal oxidative stress and its damage to the neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Ebadi Naft Chali
- Department of Biology, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 3149968111, Iran
| | - Ramzan Khanbabaei
- Department of Biology, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 3149968111, Iran
| | | | - Esmail Fatahi
- Department of Biology, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 3149968111, Iran
| | - Roya Bisheh Kalai
- Department of Biology, Qaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr 3149968111, Iran
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27
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Altuwaijri JK, Hamiduddin FM, Khafaji RH, Almaghrabi LT, Bakhsh HT, Thabit AK. Use of Antibiotics in Poisonous Ingestions of Corrosives and Organophosphates: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Toxics 2023; 11:300. [PMID: 37112527 PMCID: PMC10142973 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibiotics following oral poisoning by corrosives and organophosphates is controversial. We assessed the clinical outcomes of using antibiotics in acute poisonous ingestion involving corrosives or organophosphates by conducting a retrospective cohort study of patients presenting to the emergency department following ingestion of corrosives or organophosphates who received either antibiotics or supportive care. The endpoints included clinical stability, length of stay (LOS), and mortality. Of 95 patients, 40 received antibiotics and 55 received supportive care. The median age was 2.1 and 2.7 years, respectively (p = 0.053). Bacterial growth was shown in only 2 of 28 cultures (both were respiratory), but with hospital-acquired organisms as it was shown ≥4 days post-admission. Clinical stability rates were 60% and 89.1% in the antibiotic and supportive care groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Median LOS was 3 vs. 0 days (p < 0.001), and no mortality was recorded. NG/G-tube placement was the only factor associated with clinical failure (OR, 20.97; 95% CI, 2.36-186.13). Antibiotic use was not associated with higher chances of clinical stability, which may suggest that their use was unnecessary. Clinicians are encouraged to use antibiotics wisely, and only in the presence of a clear indication of an infection. This study provides a basis for future prospective studies to confirm its findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joud K. Altuwaijri
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma M. Hamiduddin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad H. Khafaji
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Leyan T. Almaghrabi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain T. Bakhsh
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar K. Thabit
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254-2265, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract
ChatGPT has recently been shown to pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). We tested ChatGPT (Feb 13, 2023 release) using a typical clinical toxicology case of acute organophosphate poisoning. ChatGPT fared well in answering all of our queries regarding it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Sabry Abdel-Messih
- Clinical Toxicology Centre, Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Epifano F, Genovese S, Palumbo L, Collevecchio C, Fiorito S. Protection of Mitochondrial Potential and Activity by Oxyprenylated Phenylpropanoids. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020259. [PMID: 36829818 PMCID: PMC9952183 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of five naturally occurring oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids, namely, the coumarins auraptene (7-geranyloxycoumarin) 1 and 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin 2, and the coumaric acid and ferulic acid derivatives, 4'-isopentenyloxycoumaric acid 3, boropinic acid 4, and 4'-geranyloxyferulic acid 5 were tested for their effects on mitochondrial functionality using the organophosphate pesticides glyphosate and chlorpyrifos, and resveratrol, as the reference. While not showing an appreciable in vitro antioxidant activity, and virtually no or a little effect on the viability of non-cancer cell lines BEAS-2B and SHSY-5Y, all phytochemicals exhibited a marked protective effect on mitochondrial potential and activity, with values that were comparable to resveratrol. Auraptene 1 and 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin 2 were seen to be the most effective secondary metabolite to this concern, in particular in being able to completely abolish the decrease of mitochondrial potential induced by increasing concentration of both glyphosate and chlorpyrifos. All the compounds tested also exhibited a protective effect on mitochondrial activity. The potency displayed will shed more light on the molecular basis of the beneficial effects of auraptene, 7-isopentenyloxycoumarin, and structurally related oxyprenylated phenylpropanoids reported to date in the literature.
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Morgan SE, Willis ML, Dianat G, Peterson GW, Mahle JJ, Parsons GN. Toxin-Blocking Textiles: Rapid, Benign, Roll-to-Roll Production of Robust MOF-Fabric Composites for Organophosphate Separation and Hydrolysis. ChemSusChem 2023; 16:e202201744. [PMID: 36288505 PMCID: PMC10100493 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Current approaches to create zirconium-based metal-organic framework (MOF) fabric composites for catalysis, water purification, wound healing, gas sorption, and other applications often rely on toxic solvents, long reaction/post processing times, and batch methods hindering process scalability. Here, a novel mechanism was reported for rapid UiO-66-NH2 synthesis in common low-boiling-point solvents (water, ethanol, and acetic acid) and revealed acid-base chemistry promoting full linker dissolution and vapor-based crystallization. The mechanism enabled scalable roll-to-roll production of mechanically resilient UiO-66-NH2 fabrics with superior chemical protective capability. Solvent choice and segregated spray delivery of organic linker and metal salt MOF precursor solutions allowed for rapid MOF nucleation on the fiber surface and decreased the energy and time needed for post-processing, producing an activated composite in less than 165 min, far outpacing conventional MOF-fabric synthesis approaches. The MOF-fabric hydrolyzed and blocked permeation of the chemical warfare agent soman, outperforming the protection-standard activated carbon cloth. This work presents both chemical insights into Zr-MOF powder and fabric composite formation by a rapid, industrially relevant approach and demonstrates its practicality and affordability for high-performing personal protective equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Morgan
- Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNorth Carolina27695United States
| | - Morgan L. Willis
- Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNorth Carolina27695United States
| | - Golnaz Dianat
- Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNorth Carolina27695United States
| | - Gregory W. Peterson
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center8198 Blackhawk RoadAberdeen Proving GroundMaryland21010United States
| | - John J. Mahle
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center8198 Blackhawk RoadAberdeen Proving GroundMaryland21010United States
| | - Gregory N. Parsons
- Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State University911 Partners WayRaleighNorth Carolina27695United States
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31
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Garmavy HMS, Mohammed AA, Rashid HM, Mohammad FK. A meta-analysis of normal human blood cholinesterase activities determined by a modified electrometric method. J Med Life 2023; 16:22-34. [PMID: 36873131 PMCID: PMC9979180 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2022-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Measurements of blood cholinesterase (ChE) activities, including those of erythrocytes (EChE), plasma or serum (PChE), and whole blood (WBChE), are used to assess exposure to ChE-inhibiting pesticides. The purpose of this review was to report normal reference ChE activities in the blood of healthy adult humans, as determined by a modified electrometric method. We performed a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. Single-group meta-analysis of means of PChE, EChE, and WBChE activities of adult healthy subjects was conducted using the random effects model. The programs used were Open-Meta Analyst and Meta-Essentials Version 1.5. Studies selected for analysis comprised 21, 19, and 4 reports of normal reference/baseline PChE, EChE, and WBChE activities in 690, 635, and 121 healthy adult males and/or females, respectively. The meta-analysis showed normal reference values of the means (effect sizes) with 95% CI of PChE, EChE, and WBChE activities of healthy adult subjects, which were 1.078 (1.015, 1.142), 1.075 (1.024, 1.125) and 1.331 (1.226, 1.436), respectively. By the subgroup analysis, heterogeneity (I2>89%) was considerably reduced in females to 4.4% and 30.1% for PChE and EChE, respectively. Funnel plots indicated no publication bias. However, Egger's regression confirmed the symmetry of the data points for PChE and WBChE activities with a significant effect on EChE. This meta-analysis showed normal reference values of PChE, EChE, and WBChE activities, measured by a modified electrometric method, in healthy adult humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ammar Ahmed Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
| | | | - Fouad Kasim Mohammad
- Department of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq
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Žnidaršič N, Štrbenc M, Grgurevič N, Snoj T. Potential revival of cholinesterase inhibitors as drugs in veterinary medicine. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1125618. [PMID: 36937006 PMCID: PMC10019356 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1125618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cholinergic system is involved in the regulation of all organ systems and has acetylcholine (ACh) as almost its only neurotransmitter. Any substance is called cholinergic if it can alter the action of acetylcholine. Cholinesterases (ChEs) are enzymes that enable the hydrolysis of acetylcholine and in this way ensure homeostasis in cholinergic synapses. Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEi) are a group of indirect-acting cholinergic agonists that influence the activity of the cholinergic system. Several compounds that can inhibit cholinesterases are of importance to veterinary medicine from pharmacological and toxicological perspective. The frequency of their use in veterinary medicine has fluctuated over the years and is now reduced to a minimum. They are mainly used in agriculture as pesticides, and some are rarely used as parasiticides for companion animals and livestock. In recent years, interest in the use of new cholinesterase inhibitors has increased since canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) became a recognized and extensively studied disease. Similar to Alzheimer's disease (AD) in humans, CCD can be treated with cholinesterase inhibitors that cross the blood-brain barrier. In this review, the mammalian cholinergic system and the drugs that interact with cholinesterases are introduced. Cholinesterase inhibitors that can be used for the treatment of CCD are described in detail.
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Veronesi M, Rodriguez M, Marinho G, Bomfeti CA, Rocha BA, Barbosa F, Souza MCO, da Silva Faria MC, Rodrigues JL. Degradation of Praguicide Disulfoton Using Nanocompost and Evaluation of Toxicological Effects. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 20:786. [PMID: 36613108 PMCID: PMC9820053 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphates (OPPs) are an important element of modern agriculture; however, because they are being used excessively, their residues are leaching and accumulating in the soil and groundwater, contaminating aquatic and terrestrial food chains. An important OPP called disulfoton is frequently used to eradicate pests from a wide range of crops, including Brazil's coffee crops. Additionally, it does not easily degrade in the environment, and as such, this compound can slowly build up in living organisms such as humans. Moreover, this compound has been classified as "extremely hazardous" by the World Health Organization. This study evaluated the degradation efficiency of disulfoton using a Fenton-like reaction catalyzed by magnetite nanoparticles and determined the toxicity of the by-products of the degradation process using the bioindicator Allium cepa. Further, the removal efficiency of disulfoton was determined to be 94% under optimal conditions. On the other hand, the Allium cepa bioassay showed different toxic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic outcomes even after the remediation process. In conclusion, the Fenton process catalyzed by magnetite nanoparticles presents great efficiency for the oxidation of disulfoton. However, it is important to highlight that the high degradation efficiency of the Fenton-based process was not sufficient to achieve detoxification of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayne Veronesi
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil
| | - Mariandry Rodriguez
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil
| | - Grazielle Marinho
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil
| | - Cleide Aparecida Bomfeti
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/no, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/no, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Marília Cristina Oliveira Souza
- Analytical and System Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida do Cafe s/no, Ribeirao Preto 14040-903, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Cristina da Silva Faria
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil
| | - Jairo Lisboa Rodrigues
- Instituto de Ciência, Engenharia e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Campus Mucuri, Teófilo Otoni 39803-371, MG, Brazil
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Witchey SK, Sutherland V, Collins B, Roberts G, Shockley KR, Vallant M, Krause J, Cunny H, Waidyanatha S, Mylchreest E, Sparrow B, Moyer R, Behl M. Reproductive and developmental toxicity following exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers, triphenyl phosphate and isopropylated phenyl phosphate, in Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 2022; 191:374-386. [PMID: 36562586 PMCID: PMC9936205 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two organophosphate esters used as flame retardants and plasticizers, triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and isopropylated phenyl phosphate (IPP), have been detected in environmental samples around the world. Human exposure primarily occurs via oral ingestion with reported higher concentrations in children. Currently, there are no data to evaluate potential risk from exposure to either TPHP or IPP during fetal development. These short-term perinatal studies in rats provide preliminary toxicity data for TPHP and IPP, including information on transfer to fetus/offspring and across the pup blood-brain barrier. In separate experiments, TPHP or IPP were administered via dosed feed at concentrations 0, 1000, 3000, 10 000, 15 000, or 30 000 ppm to time-mated Hsd:Sprague Dawley SD rats from gestation day (GD) 6 through postnatal day (PND) 28; offspring were provided dosed feed at the same concentration as their dam (PND 28-PND 56). TPHP- and IPP-related toxicity resulted in removal of both 30 000 ppm groups on GD 12 and 15 000 ppm IPP group after parturition. Body weight and organ weights were impacted with exposure in remaining dams. Reproductive performance was perturbed at ≥10 000 ppm TPHP and all IPP exposure groups. In offspring, both TPHP- and IPP-related toxicity was noted in pups at ≥10 000 ppm as well as reduction in bodyweights, delays in pubertal endpoints, and/or reduced cholinesterase enzyme activity starting at 1000 ppm TPHP or IPP. Preliminary internal dose assessment indicated gestational and lactational transfer following exposure to TPHP or IPP. These findings demonstrate that offspring development is sensitive to 1000 ppm TPHP or IPP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannah K Witchey
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Vicki Sutherland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, PO Box 12233, Mail Drop K2-12, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. E-mail:
| | - Brad Collins
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Georgia Roberts
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Molly Vallant
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Jeffrey Krause
- Social and Scientific Systems, Durham, North Carolina 27703, USA
| | - Helen Cunny
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Suramya Waidyanatha
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
| | - Eve Mylchreest
- Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology, Bristol Myers Squibb, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Barney Sparrow
- Life Sciences, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA
| | - Robert Moyer
- Life Sciences, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio 43201, USA
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of Translational Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Sittiwang S, Nimmapirat P, Suttiwan P, Promduang W, Chaikittipornlert N, Wouldes T, Prapamontol T, Naksen W, Promkam N, Pingwong S, Breckheimer A, Cadorett V, Panuwet P, Barr DB, Baumert BO, Ohman-Strickland P, Fiedler N. The relationship between prenatal exposure to organophosphate insecticides and neurodevelopmental integrity of infants at 5-weeks of age. Front Epidemiol 2022; 2:1039922. [PMID: 36925965 PMCID: PMC10016628 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2022.1039922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are among the most abundantly used insecticides worldwide. Thailand ranked third among 15 Asian countries in its use of pesticides per unit hectare and fourth in annual pesticide use. More than 40% of Thai women of childbearing age work on farms where pesticides are applied. Thus, the potential for pregnant women and their fetuses to be exposed to pesticides is significant. This study investigated the relationship between early, mid, and late pregnancy maternal urine concentrations of OP metabolites and infant neural integrity at 5 weeks of age. Method We enrolled women employed on farms from two antenatal clinics in the Chiang Mai province of northern Thailand. We collected urine samples monthly during pregnancy, composited them by early, mid and late pregnancy and analyzed the composited samples for dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites of OP insecticides. At 5 weeks after birth, nurses certified in use of the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) completed the evaluation of 320 healthy infants. We employed generalized linear regression, logistic and Poisson models to determine the association between NNNS outcomes and DAP concentrations. All analyses were adjusted for confounders and included creatinine as an independent variable. Results We did not observe trimester specific associations between DAP concentrations and NNNS outcomes. Instead, we observed statistically significant inverse associations between NNNS arousal (β = -0.10; CI: -0.17, -0.002; p = 0.0091) and excitability [0.79 (0.68, 0.92; p = 0.0026)] among participants with higher average prenatal DAP concentrations across pregnancy. We identified 3 NNNS profiles by latent profile analysis. Higher prenatal maternal DAP concentrations were associated with higher odds of being classified in a profile indicative of greater self-regulation and attention, but arousal and excitability scores below the 50th percentile relative to US normative samples [OR = 1.47 (CI: 1.05, 2.06; p = 0.03)]. Similar findings are also observed among infants with prenatal exposure to substances of abuse (e.g., methamphetamine). Discussion Overall, the associations between prenatal DAP concentrations and NNNS summary scores were not significant. Further evaluations are warranted to determine the implications of low arousal and excitability for neurodevelopmental outcomes of attention and memory and whether these results are transitory or imply inadequate responsivity to stimulation among children as they develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supattra Sittiwang
- LIFE Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimjuta Nimmapirat
- LIFE Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panrapee Suttiwan
- LIFE Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wathoosiri Promduang
- LIFE Di Center, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Trecia Wouldes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Tippawan Prapamontol
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warangkana Naksen
- Faculty of Public Health, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattawadee Promkam
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Sureewan Pingwong
- Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Adrian Breckheimer
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Valerie Cadorett
- School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brittney O. Baumert
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Pamela Ohman-Strickland
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States
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Efa S, Elanga-Ndille E, Poumachu Y, Tene B, Mikande JZ, Zakariaou N, Wondji CS, Ndo C. Insecticide Resistance Profile and Mechanisms in An. gambiae s.l. from Ebolowa, South Cameroon. Insects 2022; 13:1133. [PMID: 36555042 PMCID: PMC9785700 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the trend of insecticide resistance and understanding associated genetic mechanisms is important for designing efficient malaria vector control strategies. This study was conducted to provide temporal data on insecticide resistance status and mechanisms in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from Ebolowa, Southern Cameroon. Methods: Larvae of An. gambiae s.l. were collected from typical breeding sites throughout the city and reared to adulthood. Emerging adults were morphologically identified and WHO tube assays were performed to determine their susceptibility to carbamate, organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides at diagnostic doses. When resistance was observed, its intensity was determined by performing WHO tube tests using 5 and 10 times the concentration of the diagnostic dose. Metabolic resistance mechanisms were investigated using insecticide-synergist assays. Sibling species of the An. gambiae complex were identified using SINE-PCR protocol. TaqMan assay was used to genotype the L1014F and L1014S kdr mutations, and the N1575Y mutation, an amplifier of the resistance conferred by the L1014F mutation. Results: Anopheles coluzzii was by far the dominant (99%) member of the An. gambiae s.l. complex in Ebolowa. The species was fully susceptible to carbamates and organophosphates, but resistant to all pyrethroid insecticides tested. Resistance was of moderate intensity for deltamethrin (mortality: 37%, 70% and 99% for 1×, 5× and 10× insecticide concentration, respectively) but rather of high intensity for permethrin (5% for 1×; 62% for 5× and 75% for 10×) and for alphacypermethrin (4.4% for 1×; 57% for 5× and 80% for 10×). Pre-exposure to the synergist PBO resulted in a full recovery of the susceptibility to delthametrin, but this was not observed for the other two pyrethroids tested. L1014S (kdr-East) and the N1575Y mutations were absent, whereas the L1014F (kdr-West) mutation was present at a high frequency (75%), showing a significant association with resistance to permethrin (OR = 3.8; 95%; CI [1.9−7.4]; p < 0.0001) and alphacypermethrin (OR = 3; 95%; CI [1.6−5.4]; p = 0.0002). Conclusion: The increased resistance of An. gambiae s.l. to pyrethroid insecticides as observed in Ebolowa poses a threat to the efficacy of LLINs used to protect populations from the bites of Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit malaria parasites. The present study further highlights the urgent need to implement resistance management strategies in order to maintain the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control interventions and prevent a rebound in malaria-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Efa
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O. Box 337, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Elanga-Ndille
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Vector Borne Parasitic and Infectious Diseases Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (VBID-LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Yacouba Poumachu
- Vector Borne Parasitic and Infectious Diseases Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Biology and Ecology (VBID-LABEA), Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Dschang, Dschang P.O. Box 067, Cameroon
| | - Billy Tene
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
| | - Jacqueline Ze Mikande
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Njoumémi Zakariaou
- Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé P.O Box 1364, Cameroon
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Cyrille Ndo
- Department of Medical Entomology, Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala P.O. Box 2701, Cameroon
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, V C, Dabhi D. A Study on the Profile of Poisoning in the Paediatric Population in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital of Chitradurga Region. Cureus 2022; 14:e32369. [PMID: 36632268 PMCID: PMC9827006 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most poisoning events among children are preventable and the major reason is lack of supervision by adults, including poor knowledge and attitude toward storage of such items. So, the prevention policy on children's poisoning shall take into account the age group, gender, socioeconomic status, residence, and other aspects such as the knowledge and attitude of adults. The present study was conducted to describe the profile of poisoning in the paediatric population in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods Our observational study was retrospective and was conducted at Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital (BMCH), Chitradurga, Karnataka, under the Department of Forensic Medicine for a duration of three months (February 2021 to April 2021). Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to the start of the study. As our study participants were paediatric patients (0-17 years) with acute poisoning (excluding homeopathic drug ingestion), a total of 81 paediatric patients' case sheets were finally reviewed and analysed. The data of paediatric poisoning cases were collected in a predesigned study proforma and included details about children's age (in years), gender (male, female), residence (rural, urban), outcome (death, discharge), nature of poisoning (accidental, suicidal), and toxic agents in poisoning. The collected data were entered and analysed in the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA). Results The incidence of acute poisoning among the paediatric population in our teaching hospital was 1.4%. The most common age group with acute poisoning was 13-17 years (30.9%). The prevalence of acute poisoning was higher in male children (56.8%) when compared to female children (43.2%). Around three-fourths of paediatric cases (71.6%) with acute poisoning were having a rural residence. The overall mortality rate among children due to acute poisoning was 9.9%. The most common toxic agents involved in acute poisoning among children were organophosphate compounds (35.8%), followed by organochlorine compounds (30.9%) and pyrethrum compounds (11.1%). Conclusion From this study, we concluded that acute poisoning among children is mainly accidental, and the most common toxic agent responsible for the poisoning is pesticide or insecticide. Most poisoning events among children are preventable, and the major reason is a lack of supervision by adults, including poor knowledge and attitude toward storage of such items.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Taneja R, Kaur N, Mehmi P. Management of Lambda-Cyhalothrin Poisoning in a North Indian Healthcare Setup: A Rare Case. Cureus 2022; 14:e32746. [PMID: 36686108 PMCID: PMC9851568 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Agricultural product (insecticides and pesticides) poisoning is common in the rural Indian setup, and in most cases, it occurs due to suicidal attempts rather than accidental intake. Furthermore, most cases of agrochemical poisoning are organophosphate poisoning rather than other less commonly used pesticides. Lambda-cyhalothrin is a less commonly used insecticide in India, and there have been a few instances in the literature where lambda-cyhalothrin poisoning and its subsequent management have been described. In this case report, we describe accidental lambda-cyhalothrin poisoning in a 26-year-old female and its management at our center.
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Salazar-Flores J, Lomelí-Martínez SM, Ceja-Gálvez HR, Torres-Jasso JH, Torres-Reyes LA, Torres-Sánchez ED. Impacts of Pesticides on Oral Cavity Health and Ecosystems: A Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:11257. [PMID: 36141526 PMCID: PMC9517265 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are chemical substances used to control, prevent, or destroy agricultural, domestic, and livestock pests. These compounds produce adverse changes in health, and they have been associated with the development of multiple chronic diseases. This study aimed to present a detailed review of the effect of pesticides on the oral cavity and the oral microbiome. In the oral cavity, pesticides alter and/or modify tissues and the microbiome, thereby triggering imbalance in the ecosystem, generating an inflammatory response, and activating hydrolytic enzymes. In particular, the imbalance in the oral microbiome creates a dysbiosis that modifies the number, composition, and/or functions of the constituent microorganisms and the local response of the host. Pesticide exposure alters epithelial cells, and oral microbiota, and disrupts the homeostasis of the oral environment. The presence of pesticides in the oral cavity predisposes the appearance of pathologies such as caries, periodontal diseases, oral cancer, and odontogenic infections. In this study, we analyzed the effect of organochlorines, organophosphates, pyrethroids, carbamates, bipyridyls, and triazineson oral cavity health and ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Salazar-Flores
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University Center of La Cienega (CUCIENEGA), University of Guadalajara, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Sarah M. Lomelí-Martínez
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University Center of La Cienega (CUCIENEGA), University of Guadalajara, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico
- Department of Integral Dental Clinics, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Hazael R. Ceja-Gálvez
- Institute of Research in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Juan H. Torres-Jasso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University Center of La Costa (CUCOSTA), University of Guadalajara, Puerto Vallarta 48280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis A. Torres-Reyes
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genomics, University Center of Health Sciences (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erandis D. Torres-Sánchez
- Department of Medical and Life Sciences, University Center of La Cienega (CUCIENEGA), University of Guadalajara, Ocotlan 47810, Jalisco, Mexico
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Maestre-Serrano R, Lara-Cobos J, Ochoa-Bohorquez L, Sarmiento-Rangel J, Olmos-Castro J, Gomez-Camargo D, Ponce-Garcia G, Pareja-Loaiza P, Flores AE. Susceptibility to Organophosphates in Culex quinquefasciatus from Colombia. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2022; 38:226-229. [PMID: 35839258 DOI: 10.2987/22-7058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to organophosphates was evaluated in 2 populations of Culex quinquefasciatus from the department of Atlantico, Colombia. Bioassays for temephos, malathion, and pirimiphos-methyl were performed with 3rd-stage larvae and adult females of Cx. quinquefasciatus from the municipalities of Soledad and Puerto Colombia, following the methods of the World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and 90% lethal concentration (LC90) resistance ratios (RRLC50 and RRLC90) were determined for each insecticide in the field populations evaluated, using the Cartagena strain as the susceptible control. Relative to LC50 and LC90 of the Cartagena strain, the population from Puerto Colombia was moderately resistant to temephos (RRLC50 5.7-fold) and malathion (RRLC50 8.6-fold, RRLC90 9-fold) and susceptible to pirimiphos-methyl (RRLC50 and RRLC90 < 5-fold). The population from Soledad was susceptible to temephos and pirimiphos-methyl (RRLC50 and RRLC90 < 5-fold) and showed moderate resistance to malathion (RRLC50 7.5-fold). It is important to emphasize that routine monitoring of insecticide resistance in Cx. quinquefasciatus helps us detect resistance early and improve the effectiveness of control strategies.
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Nagabooshanam S, Talluri B, Thomas T, Krishnamurthy S, Mathur A. Ultra-Sensitive Impedimetric Immunosensor Using Copper Oxide Quantum Dots Grafted on the Gold Microelectrode for the Detection of Parathion. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1385. [PMID: 36144008 PMCID: PMC9505414 DOI: 10.3390/mi13091385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of organophosphates (OPs) pollutes the environment, leading to serious health hazards for human beings. The current need is to fabricate a sensing platform that will be sensitive and selective towards the detection of OPs at trace levels in the nM to fM range. With this discussed in the present report, an ultra-sensitive immunosensing platform is developed using digestive-ripened copper oxide quantum dots grafted on a gold microelectrode (Au-µE) for the impedimetric detection of parathion (PT). The copper oxide quantum dots utilized in this study were of ultra-small size with a radius of approximately 2 to 3 nm and were monodispersed with readily available functional groups for the potential immobilization of antibody parathion (Anti-PT). The miniaturization is achieved by the utilization of Au-µE and the microfluidic platform utilized has the sample holding capacity of about 2 to 10 µL. The developed immunosensor provided a wide linear range of detection from 1 µM to 1 fM. The lower Limit of Detection (LoD) for the developed sensing platform was calculated to be 0.69 fM, with the sensitivity calculated to be 0.14 kΩ/nM/mm2. The stability of the sensor was found to be ~40 days with good selectivity. The developed sensor has the potential to integrate with a portable device for field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Nagabooshanam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida 201301, India
| | - Bhusankar Talluri
- Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Tiju Thomas
- Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Satheesh Krishnamurthy
- Nanoscale Energy and Surface Engineering School of Engineering and Innovation, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Ashish Mathur
- Department of Physics, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India
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Thia JA, Cheng X, Maino J, Umina PA, Hoffmann AA. Warmer temperatures reduce chemical tolerance in the redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor), an invasive winter-active pest. Pest Manag Sci 2022; 78:3071-3079. [PMID: 35437918 PMCID: PMC9325430 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantifying how chemical tolerance of pest arthropods varies with temperature is important for understanding the outcomes of chemical control, for measuring and monitoring resistance, and for predicting how pesticide resistance will evolve under future climate change. We studied the redlegged earth mite, Halotydeus destructor (Tucker), a winter-active invasive agricultural pest in Australia. Using a replicated block experiment, we tested the effect of different thermal conditions on the expression of chemical tolerance to a pyrethroid and two organophosphates. Our chemical bioassays were conducted on two redlegged earth mite populations: one possessed organophosphate resistance, whilst the other was susceptible to pesticides. Mites were first acclimated at cool (4 °C) and warm (14 °C) conditions and then exposed to pesticides in both cool (11 °C) and warm (18 °C) test conditions. RESULTS Warm test conditions generally reduced chemical tolerance to all pesticides relative to cool test conditions. Median lethal dose (LD50 ) values of mites tested under cool conditions were 1.12-3.57-fold greater than of mites tested under warm conditions. Acclimation had a variable and small impact on chemical responses. Thermal factors (ratio between test temperatures) were similar between populations for each active ingredient. Despite reduced chemical tolerances under warm test conditions for individual mite populations, resistance factors (ratio between resistant and susceptible mite populations) were relatively consistent. CONCLUSION Our data provides context for prior theoretical work demonstrating climatically constrained pesticide resistances in Australian redlegged earth mites. Estimates of temperature dependent toxicity measured in this study may be useful in parameterizing models of redlegged earth mite control under an increasingly warm and more variable climate. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Thia
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | - Xuan Cheng
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
| | | | - Paul A Umina
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
- Cesar AustraliaBrunswickAustralia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Bio21 Institute, School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleAustralia
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Samareh A, Asadikaram G, MojtabaAbbasi-Jorjandi, Abdollahdokht D, Abolhassani M, Khanjani N, Nematollahi MH. Occupational exposure to pesticides in farmworkers and the oxidative markers. Toxicol Ind Health 2022; 38:455-469. [PMID: 35701988 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221106754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OPPs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are the two predominant forms of pesticides extensively used all around the world and are being reconsidered as environmental pollutants. The current study sought to assess the role of socioeconomic factors on the level of pesticides residues and the oxidative effects of exposure to OPPs and OCPs among the farmworkers of southeast Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 192 farmworkers and 74 non-farmworkers (controls) were involved. Gas chromatography (GC) was performed to measure the serum levels of organochlorine chemicals (2,4-DDT, 4,4-DDT, 2,4-DDE, 4,4-DDE, α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH). Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, arylesterase activity of paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), and several oxidative stress (OS) markers were assessed. In addition, the impact of several parameters such as home to farm distance, education level, ventilation status, and personal protective equipment (PPE) on pesticide levels was analyzed. The levels of OCPs in the farmworkers were significantly higher than the control subjects. In addition, AChE activity, arylesterase activity of PON-1, and total antioxidant capacity in farmworkers were significantly less, and MDA levels were higher than the controls. Education level was associated with farmworkers' protective behavior. The current findings suggested that some phased out OCPs can still be measured in human samples in the southeast of Iran. Furthermore, the current study demonstrated that exposure to OCPs and OPPs was accompanied by adverse consequences regarding OS parameters and subsequent health problems. In addition, the findings of the present study suggest that improving farmworkers' education might be associated with reduced exposure to pesticides and less adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samareh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - MojtabaAbbasi-Jorjandi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Physiology Research center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Danial Abdollahdokht
- Physiology Research center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moslem Abolhassani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Narges Khanjani
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad H Nematollahi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.,Physiology Research center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, 48463Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Fukushima AR, Peña-Muñoz JW, Leoni LAB, Nicoletti MA, Ferreira GM, Delorenzi JCMOB, Ricci EL, Brandão ME, Pantaleon LDP, Gonçalves-Junior V, Waziry PAF, Maiorka PC, Spinosa HDS. Development, Optimization, and Validation of Forensic Analytical Method for Quantification of Anticholinesterase Pesticides in Biological Matrices from Suspected Cases of Animal Poisoning. Toxics 2022; 10:toxics10050269. [PMID: 35622682 PMCID: PMC9144076 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Anticholinesterase pesticides are a main cause of the intentional or accidental poisoning of animals. Anticholinesterases include several substances that cause the overstimulation of both central and peripheral acetylcholine-dependent neurotransmission. Forensic analyses of poisoning cases require high levels of expertise, are costly, and often do not provide reliable quantitative information for unambiguous conclusions. The purpose of the present study was to develop and validate a method of high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC−DAD) for the identification and quantitation of n-methyl carbamates, organophosphates and respective metabolites from biological samples of animals that were suspected of poisoning. HPLC−DAD is reliable, fast, simplistic and cost-effective. The method was validated for biological samples obtained from stomach contents, liver, vitreous humor and blood from four different animal species. The validation of the method was achieved using the following analytical parameters: linearity, precision, accuracy, selectivity, recovery, and matrix effect. The method showed linearity at the range of 25−500 μg/mL, and the correlation coefficient (r2) values were >0.99 for all matrices. Precision and accuracy were determined by the (a) coefficient of variation (CV), (b) relative standard deviation low-quality control (LQC), (c) medium-quality control (QCM), and (d) high-quality control (QCA). The indicated parameters were all less than 15%. The recovery of analytes ranged from 31 to 71%. The analysis of results showed no significant interfering peaks due to common xenobiotics or matrix effects. The abovementioned method was used to positively identify pesticide analytes in 44 of the 51 animal samples that were suspected of poisoning, demonstrating its usefulness as a forensic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Rinaldi Fukushima
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.d.P.P.); (V.G.-J.); (P.C.M.); (H.d.S.S.)
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde IGESP (FASIG), São Paulo 01301-000, Brazil; (E.L.R.); (M.E.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | | | | | - Maria Aparecida Nicoletti
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.A.N.); (G.M.F.)
| | - Glaucio Monteiro Ferreira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil; (M.A.N.); (G.M.F.)
| | | | - Esther Lopes Ricci
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde IGESP (FASIG), São Paulo 01301-000, Brazil; (E.L.R.); (M.E.B.)
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, São Paulo 01302-907, Brazil;
| | - Marlos Eduardo Brandão
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde IGESP (FASIG), São Paulo 01301-000, Brazil; (E.L.R.); (M.E.B.)
| | - Lorena de Paula Pantaleon
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.d.P.P.); (V.G.-J.); (P.C.M.); (H.d.S.S.)
| | - Vagner Gonçalves-Junior
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.d.P.P.); (V.G.-J.); (P.C.M.); (H.d.S.S.)
| | | | - Paulo Cesar Maiorka
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.d.P.P.); (V.G.-J.); (P.C.M.); (H.d.S.S.)
| | - Helenice de Souza Spinosa
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-270, Brazil; (L.d.P.P.); (V.G.-J.); (P.C.M.); (H.d.S.S.)
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Blini Marengo Malheiros F, Vicente EF, Gois Morales A, Alberto-Silva C. Efficiency of the removal of tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) pesticide in water: use of cork granules as a natural adsorbent on acetylcholinesterase activity in neuronal PC12 cell. J Environ Sci Health B 2022; 57:554-560. [PMID: 35583269 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2022.2077608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP) is an organophosphate pesticide that irreversibly inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Cork powder or granules have been recommended as a sustainable sorbent to remove pesticides from water. In the present study, we evaluated the effectiveness of removing TEPP from water using wine corks to obtain cork granules as natural adsorbent, analyzing the TEPP effects on AChE activity in commercial enzyme from Electrophorus electricus and secreted by neuronal PC12 cells. TEPP inhibited AChE activity in a concentration-dependent manner. For the first time, we showed that different concentrations of TEPP diluted in water after adsorption experiments using cork granules decreased TEPP's inhibitory effects on AChE activity in commercial enzyme and neuronal PC12 cell culture medium. Our results suggest that the optimum removal of TEPP from water by corks was 91.4 ± 4.0%. Overall, the findings support the hypothesis that cork granules can be used to remediate pesticide-contaminated environments, such as those contaminated by organophosphate pesticides, and demonstrate a new application of a biochemical assay on AChE activity using a commercial enzyme or secreted by neuronal PC12 cells in culture as a possible methodologic strategy for evaluating the success of TEPP removal from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Blini Marengo Malheiros
- Postgraduate Course in Agribusiness and Development, Research Group on Environmental Management and Education (PGEA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Science and Engineering, Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Angélica Gois Morales
- Research Group on Environmental Management and Education (PGEA), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Department of Management, Development and Tecnology, Tupã, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto-Silva
- Natural and Humanities Sciences Center, Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil
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Thammachai A, Sapbamrer R, Rohitrattana J, Tongprasert S, Hongsibsong S, Wangsan K. Differences in Knowledge, Awareness, Practice, and Health Symptoms in Farmers Who Applied Organophosphates and Pyrethroids on Farms. Front Public Health 2022; 10:802810. [PMID: 35186843 PMCID: PMC8847372 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.802810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study aimed to examine farmers' knowledge, awareness, practices regarding pesticide use, and prevalence of health symptoms related to pesticides exposure among farmers who applied organophosphates (OP) and pyrethroids (PY). METHODS Data regarding demographic variables and health symptoms pertinent to pesticide use was collected from 67 farmers who applied OP and 50 farmers who applied PY using interviews from January to March 2021. RESULTS The farmers who applied OP had lower knowledge, awareness, and prevention practices regarding pesticide use than those who applied PY. After adjustment of covariate variables, the farmers who applied OP had a significantly higher prevalence of respiratory conditions (OR = 8.29 for chest pain, OR = 6.98 for chest tightness, OR = 27.54 for dry throat, and OR = 5.91 for cough), neurological symptoms (OR = 10.62 for fatigue and OR = 6.76 for paresthesia), and neurobehavioral symptoms (OR = 13.84 for poor concentration, OR = 3.75 for short term memory, and OR = 8.99 for insomnia) related to pesticide exposure than those who applied PY. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that OP had a more adverse effect on human health than PY, resulting in a higher prevalence of pesticide-related symptoms. The outcomes of this study have the benefit of providing vital information for all stakeholders with regard to the implementation of safe practices in the utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE) and pesticide use in a health intervention and health promotion program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajchamon Thammachai
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Juthasiri Rohitrattana
- Center for Safety, Health and Environment of Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Siam Tongprasert
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Surat Hongsibsong
- School of Health Sciences Research, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kampanat Wangsan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Orzeł AK, Flieger W, Szlichta D, Terpiłowska B, Terpiłowski M, Orzeł Z, Tchórz M, Szponar J. Assessment of hospitalizations of patients after intoxication with organophosphates used in agriculture. Ann Agric Environ Med 2022; 29:143-148. [PMID: 35352918 DOI: 10.26444/aaem/145769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Clinical manifestation of organophosphates toxicity may be differentiate and include cholinergic toxidrome, intermediate syndrome, OP-induced delayed polyneuropathy to chronic OP-induced neuropsychiatric disorder (OPIDN). Patients symptoms, along with decrease in cholinesterase serum level, determines the possible diagnosis of organophosphate poisoning. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to present the clinical manifestation and cholinesterase level changes in intoxication with organophosphorus compounds in patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A data base was created by analysis of the hospital documents of 34 patients hospitalized due to organophosphate intoxication. Statistical analysis involved frequency tables with percentage values, the application of non-parametric Chi-square test and parametric t-Student test (with homogeneity of variance Levine test). The level of static significance was set to p=0.05. RESULTS In fatal hospitalizations (20.6%), cholinesterase level was significantly lower (265.87 U/l) than in other patients (4254.78 U/l; p<0.05). Similarly, levels of cholinesterase were decreased in group of patients with acute respiratory failure (999.79 U/l vs 4943.86 U/l in other patients; p<0.05), patients with multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (244.13 U/l vs 4914.89 U/l in other patients; p<0.05) and those with cardiac arrest (547 U/l vs 4636.25 U/l in other patients). A statistically significant difference was also observed in cholinesterase level of patients who required mechanical ventilation (548.17 U/l vs 5219.71 U/l in other group). The study revealed that 29.4% of poisonings were suicidal. CONCLUSIONS The management of a patient with organophosphate poisoning remains challenging and requires continuous control. A significant step in the diagnostic process is the assessment changes in both the clinical picture and cholinesterase level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zbigniew Orzeł
- Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Economics and Innovation, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Tchórz
- Clinical Department of Toxicology and Cardiology, Stefan Wyszyński Regional Specialist Hospital, Lublin, Poland
- Toxicology Clinic, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Szponar
- Clinical Department of Toxicology and Cardiology, Stefan Wyszyński Regional Specialist Hospital, Lublin, Poland
- Toxicology Clinic, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
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Mdeni NL, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Analytical Evaluation of Carbamate and Organophosphate Pesticides in Human and Environmental Matrices: A Review. Molecules 2022; 27:618. [PMID: 35163876 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides are synthetic compounds that may become environmental contaminants through their use and application. The high productivity achieved in the agricultural industry can be credited to the use and application of pesticides by way of pest and insect control. As much as pesticides have a positive impact on the agricultural industry, some disadvantages come with their application in the environment because they are intentionally toxic, and this is more towards non-target organisms. They are grouped into chlorophenols, organochlorines, synthetic pyrethroid, carbamates, and organophosphorus based on their structure. The symptoms of exposure to carbamate (CM) and organophosphates (OP) are similar, although poisoning from CM is of a shorter duration. The analytical evaluation of carbamate and organophosphate pesticides in human and environmental matrices are reviewed using suitable extraction and analytical methods.
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Rodrigues ACM, Barbieri MV, Chino M, Manco G, Febbraio F. A FRET Approach to Detect Paraoxon among Organophosphate Pesticides Using a Fluorescent Biosensor. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:561. [PMID: 35062524 PMCID: PMC8778994 DOI: 10.3390/s22020561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of faster, sensitive and real-time methods for detecting organophosphate (OP) pesticides is of utmost priority in the in situ monitoring of these widespread compounds. Research on enzyme-based biosensors is increasing, and a promising candidate as a bioreceptor is the thermostable enzyme esterase-2 from Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius (EST2), with a lipase-like Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad with a high affinity for OPs. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) as a sensitive and reliable method to quantify OPs at environmentally relevant concentrations. For this purpose, the previously developed IAEDANS-labelled EST2-S35C mutant was used, in which tryptophan and IAEDANS fluorophores are the donor and the acceptor, respectively. Fluorometric measurements showed linearity with increased EST2-S35C concentrations. No significant interference was observed in the FRET measurements due to changes in the pH of the medium or the addition of other organic components (glucose, ascorbic acid or yeast extract). Fluorescence quenching due to the presence of paraoxon was observed at concentrations as low as 2 nM, which are considered harmful for the ecosystem. These results pave the way for further experiments encompassing more complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia C. M. Rodrigues
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Maria Vittoria Barbieri
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Marco Chino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Manco
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Ferdinando Febbraio
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (M.V.B.); (G.M.)
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Dhuguru J, Zviagin E, Skouta R. FDA-Approved Oximes and Their Significance in Medicinal Chemistry. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:66. [PMID: 35056123 PMCID: PMC8779982 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the scientific advancements, organophosphate (OP) poisoning continues to be a major threat to humans, accounting for nearly one million poisoning cases every year leading to at least 20,000 deaths worldwide. Oximes represent the most important class in medicinal chemistry, renowned for their widespread applications as OP antidotes, drugs and intermediates for the synthesis of several pharmacological derivatives. Common oxime based reactivators or nerve antidotes include pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, trimedoxime and methoxime, among which pralidoxime is the only FDA-approved drug. Cephalosporins are β-lactam based antibiotics and serve as widely acclaimed tools in fighting bacterial infections. Oxime based cephalosporins have emerged as an important class of drugs with improved efficacy and a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Among the several oxime based derivatives, cefuroxime, ceftizoxime, cefpodoxime and cefmenoxime are the FDA approved oxime-based antibiotics. Given the pharmacological significance of oximes, in the present paper, we put together all the FDA-approved oximes and discuss their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothi Dhuguru
- Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, 1660 SpringHill Avenue, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Eugene Zviagin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Rachid Skouta
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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