1
|
Oropesa AL, González-Sánchez B, Beltrán FJ. Sensitivity of cholin esterases and carboxylesterases to pharmaceutical products in Tinca tinca. Environ Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38558378 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Discharges to the aquatic environment of pharmaceuticals represent a hazard to the aquatic organisms. Subchronic assay with 17-alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and in vitro essays with pharmaceuticals of environmental concern were conducted to examine the sensitivity of tissue acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CbE) activities of Tinca tinca to them. Subchronic exposure to 17-alpha-EE2 caused significant effects on brain, liver, and muscle CbE, but no on AChE activities. Most of the pharmaceuticals tested in vitro were considered as weak inhibitors of tissular AChE activity. Depending on the tissues, some compounds were classified as moderate inhibitors of CbE activity while other were categorized as weak enzymatic inhibitors. An opposite trend was observed depending on the tissue, while brain and liver CbE activities were inhibited, the muscle CbE activity was induced. Changes experienced on enzymatic activities after exposure to pharmaceuticals might affect the physiological functions in which these enzymes are involved. In vitro exposure to 17-alpha-EE2 in tench could be an informative, but not a surrogate model to know the effect of this synthetic estrogen on AChE and CbE activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Lourdes Oropesa
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Biotecnología Ganadera y Cinegética (INBIO G+C), Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | | | - Fernando J Beltrán
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Instituto Universitario de Investigación del Agua, Cambio Climático y Sostenibilidad (IACYS), Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goncharov NV, Avdonin PP, Voitenko NG, Voronina PA, Popova PI, Novozhilov AV, Blinova MS, Popkova VS, Belinskaia DA, Avdonin PV. Searching for New Biomarkers to Assess COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study. Metabolites 2023; 13:1194. [PMID: 38132876 PMCID: PMC10745512 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
During the initial diagnosis of urgent medical conditions, which include acute infectious diseases, it is important to assess the severity of the patient's clinical state as quickly as possible. Unlike individual biochemical or physiological indicators, derived indices make it possible to better characterize a complex syndrome as a set of symptoms, and therefore quickly take a set of adequate measures. Recently, we reported on novel diagnostic indices containing butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity, which is decreased in COVID-19 patients. Also, in these patients, the secretion of von Willebrand factor (vWF) increases, which leads to thrombosis in the microvascular bed. The objective of this study was the determination of the concentration and activity of vWF in patients with COVID-19, and the search for new diagnostic indices. One of the main objectives was to compare the prognostic values of some individual and newly derived indices. Patients with COVID-19 were retrospectively divided into two groups: survivors (n = 77) and deceased (n = 24). According to clinical symptoms and computed tomography (CT) results, the course of disease was predominantly moderate in severity. The first blood sample (first point) was taken upon admission to the hospital, the second sample (second point)-within 4-6 days after admission. Along with the standard spectrum of biochemical indicators, BChE activity (BChEa or BChEb for acetylthiocholin or butyrylthiocholin, respectively), malondialdehyde (MDA), and vWF analysis (its antigen level, AGFW, and its activity, ActWF) were determined and new diagnostic indices were derived. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC), as well as Likelihood ratio (LR) and Odds ratio (OR) were calculated. The level of vWF antigen in the deceased group was 1.5-fold higher than the level in the group of survivors. Indices that include vWF antigen levels are superior to indices using vWF activity. It was found that the index [Urea] × [AGWF] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]) had the best discriminatory power to predict COVID-19 mortality (AUC = 0.91 [0.83, 1.00], p < 0.0001; OR = 72.0 [7.5, 689], p = 0.0002). In addition, [Urea] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]) was a good predictor of mortality (AUC = 0.95 [0.89, 1.00], p < 0.0001; OR = 31.5 [3.4, 293], p = 0.0024). The index [Urea] × [AGWF] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]) was the best predictor of mortality associated with COVID-19 infection, followed by [Urea] × 1000/(BChEb × [ALB]). After validation in a subsequent cohort, these two indices could be recommended for diagnostic laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V. Goncharov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (N.G.V.); (P.A.V.); (A.V.N.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Piotr P. Avdonin
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (P.P.A.); (M.S.B.); (V.S.P.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Natalia G. Voitenko
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (N.G.V.); (P.A.V.); (A.V.N.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Polina A. Voronina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (N.G.V.); (P.A.V.); (A.V.N.); (D.A.B.)
| | | | - Artemy V. Novozhilov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (N.G.V.); (P.A.V.); (A.V.N.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Maria S. Blinova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (P.P.A.); (M.S.B.); (V.S.P.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Victoria S. Popkova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (P.P.A.); (M.S.B.); (V.S.P.); (P.V.A.)
| | - Daria A. Belinskaia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (N.G.V.); (P.A.V.); (A.V.N.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Pavel V. Avdonin
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119334, Russia; (P.P.A.); (M.S.B.); (V.S.P.); (P.V.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gil-Rivas A, de Pascual-Teresa B, Ortín I, Ramos A. New Advances in the Exploration of Esterases with PET and Fluorescent Probes. Molecules 2023; 28:6265. [PMID: 37687094 PMCID: PMC10488407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Esterases are hydrolases that catalyze the hydrolysis of esters into the corresponding acids and alcohols. The development of fluorescent probes for detecting esterases is of great importance due to their wide spectrum of biological and industrial applications. These probes can provide a rapid and sensitive method for detecting the presence and activity of esterases in various samples, including biological fluids, food products, and environmental samples. Fluorescent probes can also be used for monitoring the effects of drugs and environmental toxins on esterase activity, as well as to study the functions and mechanisms of these enzymes in several biological systems. Additionally, fluorescent probes can be designed to selectively target specific types of esterases, such as those found in pathogenic bacteria or cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the recent fluorescent probes described for the visualization of cell viability and some applications for in vivo imaging. On the other hand, positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear-based molecular imaging modality of great value for studying the activity of enzymes in vivo. We provide some examples of PET probes for imaging acetylcholinesterases and butyrylcholinesterases in the brain, which are valuable tools for diagnosing dementia and monitoring the effects of anticholinergic drugs on the central nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Gil-Rivas
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Beatriz de Pascual-Teresa
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Irene Ortín
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Ana Ramos
- Departamento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pais JP, Antoniuk O, Freire R, Pires D, Valente E, Anes E, Constantino L. Nitrobenzoates and Nitrothiobenzoates with Activity against M. tuberculosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040969. [PMID: 37110393 PMCID: PMC10142844 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Esters of weak acids have shown improved antimycobacterial activity over the corresponding free acids and nitro benzoates in particular have previously shown to have a very intriguing activity. To expand the potential of nitro-derivatives of benzoic acid as antimycobacterial drugs and explore the effects of various structural features on the activity of these compounds, we have obtained a library of 64 derivatives containing esters and thioesters of benzoates and studied their activity against M. tuberculosis, the stability of the compounds, their activation by mycobacterial enzymes and the potential cytotoxicity against human monocytic THP-1 cell line. Our results showed that the most active compounds are those with an aromatic nitro substitution, with the 3,5-dinitro esters series being the most active. Also, the greater antitubercular activity for the nitro derivatives was shown to be unrelated to their pKa values or hydrolysis rates. Given the conventional relationship between nitro-containing substances and toxicity, one might anticipate that the great antimicrobial activity of nitro compounds would be associated with high toxicity; yet, we have not found such a relationship. The nitrobenzoate scaffold, particularly the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate scaffold, merits further investigation, because it has the potential to generate future antimycobacterial agents with improved activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João P Pais
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Olha Antoniuk
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Freire
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Emília Valente
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luis Constantino
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.UL), Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Papanikolaou A, Chatzikonstantinou AV, Zarafeta D, Kourkoumelis N, Skretas G, Pavlidis ΙV, Stamatis H. Substrate Specificity of the Highly Thermostable Esterase EstDZ3. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200642. [PMID: 36545817 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Esterases are among the most studied enzymes, and their applications expand into several branches of industrial biotechnology. Yet, despite the fact that information on their substrate specificity is crucial for selecting or designing the best fitted biocatalyst for the desired application, it cannot be predicted from their amino acid sequence. In this work, we studied the substrate scope of the newly discovered hydrolytic extremozyme, EstDZ3, against a library of esters with variable carbon chain lengths in an effort to understand the crucial amino acids for the substrate selectivity of this enzyme. EstDZ3 appears to be active against a wide range of esters with high selectivity towards medium- to long-carbon chain vinyl esters. In-silico studies of its 3D structure revealed that the selectivity might arise from the mainly hydrophobic nature of the active site's environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angelos Papanikolaou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexandra V Chatzikonstantinou
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dimitra Zarafeta
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kourkoumelis
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgios Skretas
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Bio-innovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672, Vari, Greece
| | - Ιoannis V Pavlidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete Voutes, University Campus, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Haralambos Stamatis
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Son J, Choi W, Kim H, Kim M, Lee JH, Shin SC, Kim HW. Structural and biochemical insights into PsEst3, a new GHSR-type esterase obtained from Paenibacillus sp. R4. IUCrJ 2023; 10:220-232. [PMID: 36862488 PMCID: PMC9980389 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523001562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PsEst3, a psychrophilic esterase obtained from Paenibacillus sp. R4, which was isolated from the permafrost of Alaska, exhibits relatively high activity at low temperatures. Here, crystal structures of PsEst3 complexed with various ligands were generated and studied at atomic resolution, and biochemical studies were performed to analyze the structure-function relationship of PsEst3. Certain unique characteristics of PsEst3 distinct from those of other classes of lipases/esterases were identified. Firstly, PsEst3 contains a conserved GHSRA/G pentapeptide sequence in the GxSxG motif around the nucleophilic serine. Additionally, it contains a conserved HGFR/K consensus sequence in the oxyanion hole, which is distinct from that in other lipase/esterase families, as well as a specific domain composition (for example a helix-turn-helix motif) and a degenerative lid domain that exposes the active site to the solvent. Secondly, the electrostatic potential of the active site in PsEst3 is positive, which may cause unintended binding of negatively charged chemicals in the active site. Thirdly, the last residue of the oxyanion hole-forming sequence, Arg44, separates the active site from the solvent by sealing the acyl-binding pocket, suggesting that PsEst3 is an enzyme that is customized to sense an unidentified substrate that is distinct from those of classical lipases/esterases. Collectively, this evidence strongly suggests that PsEst3 belongs to a distinct family of esterases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyeon Son
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu–Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Choi
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseo Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Chul Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Woo Kim
- Research Unit of Cryogenic Novel Material, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Solis-Santoyo F, Villarreal-Treviño C, López-Solis AD, González-Cerón L, Rodríguez-Ramos JC, Vera-Maloof FZ, Danis-Lozano R, Penilla-Navarro RP. Resistance to Pyrethroids in the Malaria Vector Anopheles albimanus in Two Important Villages in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico, 2022. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:4258. [PMID: 36901269 PMCID: PMC10001879 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chiapas State comprises the largest malaria foci from Mexico, and 57% of the autochthonous cases in 2021, all with Plasmodium vivax infections, were reported in this State. Southern Chiapas is at constant risk of cases imported due to migratory human flow. Since chemical control of vector mosquitoes is the main entomological action implemented for the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases, this work aimed to investigate the susceptibility of Anopheles albimanus to insecticides. To this end, mosquitoes were collected in cattle in two villages in southern Chiapas in July-August 2022. Two methods were used to evaluate the susceptibility: the WHO tube bioassay and the CDC bottle bioassay. For the latter, diagnostic concentrations were calculated. The enzymatic resistance mechanisms were also analyzed. CDC diagnostic concentrations were obtained; 0.7 μg/mL deltamethrin, 12 μg/mL permethrin, 14.4 μg/mL malathion, and 2 μg/mL chlorpyrifos. Mosquitoes from Cosalapa and La Victoria were susceptible to organophosphates and to bendiocarb, but resistant to pyrethroids, with mortalities between 89% and 70% (WHO), and 88% and 78% (CDC), for deltamethrin and permethrin, respectively. High esterase levels are suggested as the resistance mechanism involved in the metabolism of pyrethroids in mosquitoes from both villages. Mosquitoes from La Victoria might also involve cytochrome P450. Therefore, organophosphates and carbamates are suggested to currently control An. albimanus. Its use might reduce the frequency of resistance genes to pyrethroids and vector abundance and may impede the transmission of malaria parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Solis-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Cuauhtémoc Villarreal-Treviño
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Alma D. López-Solis
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Lilia González-Cerón
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - José Cruz Rodríguez-Ramos
- Jurisdicción Sanitaria VII, Antiguo Hospital General de Tapachula, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto, Tapachula CP 30798, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Farah Z. Vera-Maloof
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Danis-Lozano
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Rosa Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuarta Norte y 19 Calle Poniente, Centro S/N, Tapachula CP 30700, Chiapas, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Calderini E, Drienovská I, Myrtollari K, Pressnig M, Sieber V, Schwab H, Hofer M, Kourist R. Simple Plug-In Synthetic Step for the Synthesis of (-)-Camphor from Renewable Starting Materials. Chembiochem 2021; 22:2951-2956. [PMID: 34033201 PMCID: PMC8596451 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Racemic camphor and isoborneol are readily available as industrial side products, whereas (1R)-camphor is available from natural sources. Optically pure (1S)-camphor, however, is much more difficult to obtain. The synthesis of racemic camphor from α-pinene proceeds via an intermediary racemic isobornyl ester, which is then hydrolyzed and oxidized to give camphor. We reasoned that enantioselective hydrolysis of isobornyl esters would give facile access to optically pure isoborneol and camphor isomers, respectively. While screening of a set of commercial lipases and esterases in the kinetic resolution of racemic monoterpenols did not lead to the identification of any enantioselective enzymes, the cephalosporin Esterase B from Burkholderia gladioli (EstB) and Esterase C (EstC) from Rhodococcus rhodochrous showed outstanding enantioselectivity (E>100) towards the butyryl esters of isoborneol, borneol and fenchol. The enantioselectivity was higher with increasing chain length of the acyl moiety of the substrate. The kinetic resolution of isobornyl butyrate can be easily integrated into the production of camphor from α-pinene and thus allows the facile synthesis of optically pure monoterpenols from a renewable side-product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Calderini
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Ivana Drienovská
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Kamela Myrtollari
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
- Henkel AG & Co. KGaAAdhesive Research/BioconjugatesHenkelstr. 6740191DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Michaela Pressnig
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Volker Sieber
- Chemistry of Biogenic ResourcesTechnical University of MunichSchulgasse 1694315StraubingGermany
- Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCatFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and BiotechnologySchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
| | - Helmut Schwab
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| | - Michael Hofer
- Bio, Electro and Chemocatalysis BioCatFraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and BiotechnologySchulgasse 11a94315StraubingGermany
| | - Robert Kourist
- Institute of Molecular BiotechnologyGraz University of TechnologyPetersgasse 148010GrazAustria
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Belinskaia DA, Voronina PA, Vovk MA, Shmurak VI, Batalova AA, Jenkins RO, Goncharov NV. Esterase Activity of Serum Albumin Studied by 1H NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Modelling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10593. [PMID: 34638934 PMCID: PMC8508922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum albumin possesses esterase and pseudo-esterase activities towards a number of endogenous and exogenous substrates, but the mechanism of interaction of various esters and other compounds with albumin is still unclear. In the present study, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) has been applied to the study of true esterase activity of albumin, using the example of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and p-nitrophenyl acetate (NPA). The site of BSA esterase activity was then determined using molecular modelling methods. According to the data obtained, the accumulation of acetate in the presence of BSA in the reaction mixture is much more intense as compared with the spontaneous hydrolysis of NPA, which indicates true esterase activity of albumin towards NPA. Similar results were obtained for p-nitophenyl propionate (NPP) as substrate. The rate of acetate and propionate release confirms the assumption that there is a site of true esterase activity in the albumin molecule, which is different from the site of the pseudo-esterase activity Sudlow II. The results of molecular modelling of BSA and NPA interaction make it possible to postulate that Sudlow site I is the site of true esterase activity of albumin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria A. Belinskaia
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.A.V.); (V.I.S.); (A.A.B.); (N.V.G.)
| | - Polina A. Voronina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.A.V.); (V.I.S.); (A.A.B.); (N.V.G.)
| | - Mikhail A. Vovk
- Centre for Magnetic Resonance, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetskij pr., 26, Peterhof, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Vladimir I. Shmurak
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.A.V.); (V.I.S.); (A.A.B.); (N.V.G.)
| | - Anastasia A. Batalova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.A.V.); (V.I.S.); (A.A.B.); (N.V.G.)
| | - Richard O. Jenkins
- Leicester School of Allied Health Sciences, De Montfort University, The Gateway, Leicester LE1 9BH, UK;
| | - Nikolay V. Goncharov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Torez 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia; (P.A.V.); (V.I.S.); (A.A.B.); (N.V.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Belinskaia DA, Voronina PA, Shmurak VI, Jenkins RO, Goncharov NV. Serum Albumin in Health and Disease: Esterase, Antioxidant, Transporting and Signaling Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10318. [PMID: 34638659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Being one of the main proteins in the human body and many animal species, albumin plays a decisive role in the transport of various ions-electrically neutral and charged molecules-and in maintaining the colloidal osmotic pressure of the blood. Albumin is able to bind to almost all known drugs, as well as many nutraceuticals and toxic substances, largely determining their pharmaco- and toxicokinetics. Albumin of humans and respective representatives in cattle and rodents have their own structural features that determine species differences in functional properties. However, albumin is not only passive, but also an active participant of pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic processes, possessing a number of enzymatic activities. Numerous experiments have shown esterase or pseudoesterase activity of albumin towards a number of endogeneous and exogeneous esters. Due to the free thiol group of Cys34, albumin can serve as a trap for reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, thus participating in redox processes. Glycated albumin makes a significant contribution to the pathogenesis of diabetes and other diseases. The interaction of albumin with blood cells, blood vessels and tissue cells outside the vascular bed is of great importance. Interactions with endothelial glycocalyx and vascular endothelial cells largely determine the integrative role of albumin. This review considers the esterase, antioxidant, transporting and signaling properties of albumin, as well as its structural and functional modifications and their significance in the pathogenesis of certain diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Accumulation of plastics in the oceans presents a major threat to diverse ecosystems. The introduction of biodegradable plastics into the market aims to alleviate the ecological burden caused by recalcitrant plastics. Poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is a biodegradable commercial plastic that can be biodegraded similarly to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by PETase-like enzymes and MHETases. The role of MHETases is to hydrolyze the intermediate degradation product of PET, mono-2-hydroxyethyl terephthalate (MHET) to its monomers. We recently identified a homolog of the MHETase of the PET-degrading bacterium Ideonella sakaiensis, Mle046, from a marine microbial consortium. In this consortium, Mle046 was highly expressed when a PBAT-based blend film (PF) was supplied as the sole carbon source. In this study, we recombinantly expressed and biochemically characterized Mle046 under different conditions. Mle046 degrades MHET but also 4-(4-hydroxybutoxycarbonyl) benzoic acid (Bte), the intermediate of PF degradation. Mle046 is a mesophilic enzyme adapted to marine conditions, which rapidly degrades MHET to terephthalate and ethylene glycol at temperatures between 20 and 40°C. Mle046 degradation rates were similar for Bte and MHET. Despite its mesophilic tendency, Mle046 retains a considerable amount of activity at temperatures ranging from 10 to 60°C. In addition, Mle046 is active at a range of pH values from 6.5 to 9. These characteristics make Mle046 a promising candidate for biotechnological applications related to plastic recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid E Meyer-Cifuentes
- Junior Research Group Microbial Biotechnology, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Başak Öztürk
- Junior Research Group Microbial Biotechnology, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu Z, Pu X, Shu B, Bin S, Lin J. Transcriptome analysis of putative detoxification genes in the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. Pest Manag Sci 2020; 76:3857-3870. [PMID: 32483911 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), is a notorious pest that transmits the causal agent of huanglongbing (also called citrus greening disease). Resistance to insecticide in this destructive pest poses a serious threat to the citrus industry. To date, no systemic studies on genes coding for detoxification enzymes has been carried out on D. citri. RESULTS Multiple transcriptomes were generated through deep sequencing of RNA libraries. Candidate genes potentially involved in detoxification including cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs), glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and esterases (ESTs) were systematically identified by searching the transcriptomes and a draft genome assembly. A total of 49, 14 and 20 genes were found encoding CYPs, GSTs, and ESTs, respectively, in D. citri. The total numbers of candidate detoxification genes were much smaller than the counterparts reported in other insect species, which may reflect the strict oligophagy of this insect species. Developmental stage- and tissue-specific expression patterns of the identified genes as well as their responses to insecticide treatments identified a small set of genes that could participate in detoxifying plant secondary metabolites and insecticides. CONCLUSION Our studies represent the most comprehensive investigation to date on identification, characterization and expression profiling of detoxification genes in D. citri. The information revealed in this study shall be useful in designing strategies to manage this important insect pest. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongzhen Wu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhua Pu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Benshui Shu
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuying Bin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jintian Lin
- Guangzhou City Key Laboratory of Subtropical Fruit Tree Outbreak Control, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Qaseem MF, Wu AM. Balanced Xylan Acetylation is the Key Regulator of Plant Growth and Development, and Cell Wall Structure and for Industrial Utilization. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217875. [PMID: 33114198 PMCID: PMC7660596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylan is the most abundant hemicellulose, constitutes about 25–35% of the dry biomass of woody and lignified tissues, and occurs up to 50% in some cereal grains. The accurate degree and position of xylan acetylation is necessary for xylan function and for plant growth and development. The post synthetic acetylation of cell wall xylan, mainly regulated by Reduced Wall Acetylation (RWA), Trichome Birefringence-Like (TBL), and Altered Xyloglucan 9 (AXY9) genes, is essential for effective bonding of xylan with cellulose. Recent studies have proven that not only xylan acetylation but also its deacetylation is vital for various plant functions. Thus, the present review focuses on the latest advances in understanding xylan acetylation and deacetylation and explores their effects on plant growth and development. Baseline knowledge about precise regulation of xylan acetylation and deacetylation is pivotal to developing plant biomass better suited for second-generation liquid biofuel production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Faisal Qaseem
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ai-Min Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architectures, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
De Roos J, Verce M, Weckx S, De Vuyst L. Temporal Shotgun Metagenomics Revealed the Potential Metabolic Capabilities of Specific Microorganisms During Lambic Beer Production. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1692. [PMID: 32765478 PMCID: PMC7380088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lambic beer production processes are characterized by a temporal succession of well-adapted microbial species. Temporal metagenomic analysis of a Belgian, traditional, lambic beer production process, which was examined microbiologically and metabolomically before, confirmed that the microbial diversity is limited. Moreover, it allowed to link the consumption and production of certain compounds to specific microbial groups or species. Fermentation characteristics, such as the conversion of malic acid into lactic acid and acetoin production, were retrieved and could be attributed to specific microorganisms, namely Pediococcus damnosus and Acetobacter species, respectively. Traits previously ascribed to brewery-specific Dekkera bruxellensis strains were confirmed during the lambic beer production process examined multiphasically; in particular, the higher production of 4-ethylguaiacol compared to 4-ethylphenol was further shown by mass spectrometric analysis. Moreover, the absence of phenolic acid decarboxylase in Brettanomyces custersianus was shown culture-independently and could explain its late occurrence during the maturation phase. Furthermore, the potential of maltooligosaccharide degradation could be ascribed metagenomically to not only Brettanomyces species but also Saccharomyces kudriavzevii, possibly explaining their degradation early in the lambic beer production process. Also, acetic acid bacteria (AAB) seemed to be able to consume maltooligosaccharides via their conversion into trehalose. Furthermore, these AAB possessed esterase genes, potentially capable of forming ethyl acetate, which may contribute to the flavor of lambic beer. Improved knowledge on the reasons behind certain community dynamics and the role of the different microorganisms in terms of potential functionality could improve brewery practices to assure to produce more quality-stable end-products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas De Roos
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marko Verce
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Weckx
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Müller H, Becker A, Palm GJ, Berndt L, Badenhorst CPS, Godehard SP, Reisky L, Lammers M, Bornscheuer UT. Sequence-Based Prediction of Promiscuous Acyltransferase Activity in Hydrolases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11607-11612. [PMID: 32243661 PMCID: PMC7383625 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Certain hydrolases preferentially catalyze acyl transfer over hydrolysis in an aqueous environment. However, the molecular and structural reasons for this phenomenon are still unclear. Herein, we provide evidence that acyltransferase activity in esterases highly correlates with the hydrophobicity of the substrate-binding pocket. A hydrophobicity scoring system developed in this work allows accurate prediction of promiscuous acyltransferase activity solely from the amino acid sequence of the cap domain. This concept was experimentally verified by systematic investigation of several homologous esterases, leading to the discovery of five novel promiscuous acyltransferases. We also developed a simple yet versatile colorimetric assay for rapid characterization of novel acyltransferases. This study demonstrates that promiscuous acyltransferase activity is not as rare as previously thought and provides access to a vast number of novel acyltransferases with diverse substrate specificity and potential applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Müller
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Ann‐Kristin Becker
- Institute of BioinformaticsUniversity Medicine Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Gottfried J. Palm
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Leona Berndt
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Christoffel P. S. Badenhorst
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Simon P. Godehard
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Lukas Reisky
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department of Synthetic and Structural BiochemistryInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Department of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisInstitute of BiochemistryUniversity of Greifswald17487GreifswaldGermany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Acero-Sandoval A, Penilla-Navarro RP, López-Ordóñez T, Rodríguez MH, Ordóñez-González JG, Solís-Santoyo F, Rodríguez AD. Determination of insecticides' lethal concentrations and metabolic enzyme levels in Triatoma dimidiata. Salud Publica Mex 2020; 62:402-409. [PMID: 32516870 DOI: 10.21149/10133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The feasibility of the use of WHO impregnated paper and biochemical assays to determine lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC99) and insecticide metabolic enzyme levels of Triatoma dimidiata. MATERIALS AND METHODS LC50 and LC99 were calculated with WHO papers impregnated at different concentrations of malathion, propoxur and deltamethrin; the percentage of insensitive acetylcholinesterase (iAChE); and the levels of esterases, glutathione S-transferases, and monooxygenases in laboratory nymphs of the first stage (5 to 7 days), were undertaken using the WHO biochemical assays. RESULTS Respectively the LC50 and LC99 μg/cm2 obtained for malathion were 43.83 and 114.38, propoxur 4.71 and 19.29, and deltamethrin 5.80 and 40.46. A 30% of the population had an iAChE, and only a few individuals had high P450 and β-eterase levels. CONCLUSIONS Impregnated papers and biochemical tests developed by WHO for other insects, proved to be feasible methods in monitoring insecticide resistance and metabolic enzymes involved in T. dimidiata.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Acero-Sandoval
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - R Patricia Penilla-Navarro
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Teresa López-Ordóñez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Mario H Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - José Genaro Ordóñez-González
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Francisco Solís-Santoyo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Américo D Rodríguez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hu IH, Chen SM, Lee CY, Neoh KB. Insecticide Resistance, and Its Effects on Bait Performance in Field-Collected German Cockroaches (Blattodea: Ectobiidae) From Taiwan. J Econ Entomol 2020; 113:1389-1398. [PMID: 32221516 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Insecticide resistance in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.), is a significant challenge to the pest management professionals worldwide. We collected 24 field populations of B. germanica from different localities in Taiwan island, reared them for one to two generations, and evaluated them for their resistance to deltamethrin, propoxur, and fipronil using the surface-contact method. Results showed that deltamethrin resistance ratio ranged from 1.5 to 817.5×. Among the strains, TC Supermarket, TC Sanshang Logistics, TC THSR, and TC 1Taichungsteak strains showed very high resistance to deltamethrin, which mortality ranged between 0 and 33% at 7-d post-treatment. On the other hand, resistance to propoxur and fipronil RR were 0.70-7.13× and 1.67-3.72×, respectively. Synergism studies using piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) suggested the major involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and minor involvement of esterases. However, deltamethrin resistance in two strains (i.e., TC Supermarket and TC THSR) was not affected by both PBO and DEF, indicating that other mechanisms are involved in the resistance, including kdr resistance. Evaluation of the field strains using commercial gel baits containing fipronil, imidacloprid, hydramethylnon, and indoxacarb for up to 7 d resulted in 24.4-100%, 11.3-78.5%, 15.8-75.5%, and 63.3-100% mortality, respectively. We found that high deltamethrin resistance in some strains could affect the performance of fipronil, imidacloprid, and indoxacarb baits, indicating the potential involvement of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in reducing the effectiveness of the bait toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Hu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, South District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Min Chen
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, South District, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chow-Yang Lee
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, South District, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Buchwald
- Diabetes Research Institute and Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Fernandes G, Renné WG, Visser MB, Sabatini C. Esterase Inhibition and Copper Release from Copper Iodide Dental Adhesives - An In Vitro Study. J Adhes Dent 2020; 22:265-274. [PMID: 32435767 DOI: 10.3290/j.jad.a44550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether dental adhesives modified with polyacrylic acid copper iodide particles could inhibit esterase activity in vitro and the copper release rate from resin matrices, as well as the correlation between the two variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different concentrations of copper iodide (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml) were incorporated into three commercially available adhesives representative of each type. Disk specimens (n = 3) were fabricated and incubated in cholesterol esterase and pseudo-cholinesterase solutions for 16 days (37°C, pH 7.0). The enzymatic activity and rate of copper release from resin matrices were evaluated at different 4, 8, 12, and 16 days with a UV/visible-light spectrophotometer. RESULTS Increased copper release and reduced enzymatic activity were observed with higher concentrations of copper iodide (p < 0.001). Greater copper release with reduced enzymatic activity was also demonstrated at the earlier time periods with this relationship reversing over time (p < 0.001). A moderate negative correlation between the variables was evident (-0.441; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Adhesives containing copper iodide can inhibit esterase activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The correlation between the variables suggests that enzymatic activity may depend on the availability of copper.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kiplimo D, Mugweru J, Kituyi S, Kipnyargis A, Mwirichia R. Diversity of esterase and lipase producing haloalkaliphilic bacteria from Lake Magadi in Kenya. J Basic Microbiol 2019; 59:1173-1184. [PMID: 31621083 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201900353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are hydrocarbons comprised of long-chain fatty acids and are found in all living things. In the environment, microorganisms degrade them to obtain energy using esterases and lipases. These enzymes are nowadays used in different industrial applications. We report isolation of 24 bacteria with esteresic and lipolytic activity from Lake Magadi, Kenya. The isolates were characterised using morphological, biochemical, and molecular methods. Isolates grew at an optimum salt concentration of 5-8% (w/v), pH range of 8.0-9.0, and temperature range of 35-40°C. The isolates were positive for esterase and lipase assay as well as other extracellular enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene showed that the isolates were affiliated to the genus Bacillus, Alkalibacterium, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Halomonas, and Alkalilimnicola. None of the bacterial isolates produced antimicrobial agents, and all of them were resistant to trimethoprim and nalidixic acid but susceptible to streptomycin, amoxillin, chloramphenicol, and cefotaxime. Growth at elevated pH, salt, and temperature is an indicator that the enzymes from these organisms could function well under haloalkaline conditions. Therefore, Lake Magadi could be a good source of isolates with the potential to produce unique biocatalysts for the biotechnology industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Kiplimo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Julius Mugweru
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Sarah Kituyi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Alex Kipnyargis
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| | - Romano Mwirichia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Embu, Embu, Kenya
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Meriç P, Buduneli N, Kanmaz B, Gürlek Ö, Çömlekoğlu E, Calvert G, Lappin DF, Nile C. Cholinergic signalling mechanisms and early implant healing phases in healthy versus generalized aggressive periodontitis patients: A prospective, case-control study. J Clin Periodontol 2019; 46:1155-1163. [PMID: 31444906 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Periodontal diseases negatively affect implant osseointegration. Perturbations in non-neuronal cholinergic signalling mechanisms are associated with periodontitis; however, their role in generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAgP) is unknown. The aim of this prospective case-control study was to determine the relationship between non-neuronal cholinergic signalling mechanisms, secreted Ly-6/uPAR-related protein-1 (SLURP-1), interleukin-17 (IL-17) family cytokines and healing of dental implants in health and GAgP. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirteen GAgP patients and seven periodontally healthy individuals (PH) were recruited. Peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) was obtained at baseline and 1 month post-placement. Acetylcholine (ACh) levels and cholinesterase activity were determined biochemically. SLURP-1, IL-17A and IL-17E levels were determined by ELISA. Marginal bone loss (MBL) at 1 and 6 months post-placement was determined radiographically. RESULTS The concentration of ACh, cholinesterase activity and IL-17A levels was elevated in PICF of patients with GAgP compared to PH individuals at baseline and 1 month post-placement. The concentration of ACh and cholinesterase activity levels in PICF correlated with levels of IL-17A and MBL around implants 1 month post-placement in patients with GAgP. CONCLUSIONS Non-neuronal cholinergic mechanisms may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of GAgP and may directly or indirectly, through modulation of IL-17A, influence early implant osseointegration and potential long-term implant survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Meriç
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nurcan Buduneli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Kanmaz
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İzmir Demokrasi University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Önder Gürlek
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Erhan Çömlekoğlu
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gareth Calvert
- Oral Sciences Research Group, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David F Lappin
- Oral Sciences Research Group, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher Nile
- Oral Sciences Research Group, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ruiz Rodríguez LG, Mohamed F, Bleckwedel J, Medina R, De Vuyst L, Hebert EM, Mozzi F. Diversity and Functional Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated From Wild Fruits and Flowers Present in Northern Argentina. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1091. [PMID: 31164879 PMCID: PMC6536596 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are capable of converting carbohydrate substrates into organic acids (mainly lactic acid) and producing a wide range of metabolites. Due to their interesting beneficial properties, LAB are widely used as starter cultures, as probiotics, and as microbial cell factories. Exploring LAB present in unknown niches may lead to the isolation of unique species or strains with relevant technological properties. Autochthonous rather than allochthonous starter cultures are preferred in the current industry of fermented food products, due to better adaptation and performance of autochthonous strains to the matrix they originate from. In this work, the lactic microbiota of eight different wild tropical types of fruits and four types of flowers were studied. The ability of the isolated strains to produce metabolites of interest to the food industry was evaluated. The presence of 21 species belonging to the genera Enterococcus, Fructobacillus, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, and Weissella was evidenced by using culture-dependent techniques. The isolated LAB corresponded to 95 genotypically differentiated strains by applying rep-PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene; subsequently, representative strains of the different isolated species were studied for technological properties, such as fast growth rate and acidifying capacity; pectinolytic and cinnamoyl esterase activities, and absence of biogenic amine biosynthesis. Additionally, the strains' capacity to produce ethyl esters as well as mannitol was evaluated. The isolated fruit- and flower-origin LAB displayed functional properties that validate their potential use in the manufacture of fermented fruit-based products setting the background for the design of novel functional foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G Ruiz Rodríguez
- Technology and Development Laboratory, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Florencia Mohamed
- Technology and Development Laboratory, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Juliana Bleckwedel
- Technology and Development Laboratory, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Roxana Medina
- Technology and Development Laboratory, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luc De Vuyst
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elvira M Hebert
- Technology and Development Laboratory, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Mozzi
- Technology and Development Laboratory, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tian F, Li C, Wang Z, Liu J, Zeng X. Identification of detoxification genes in imidacloprid-resistant Asian citrus psyllid (Hemiptera: Lividae) and their expression patterns under stress of eight insecticides. Pest Manag Sci 2019; 75:1400-1410. [PMID: 30411865 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, is one of the major pests in citrus-growing areas around the world. The application of insecticides is the most effective method to reduce the population of D. citri. However, D. citri has developed resistance to multiple classes of insecticides. Understanding resistance mechanisms is crucial to the management of D. citri. In this study, molecular assays were performed to characterize imidacloprid resistance mechanisms. RESULTS Based on the D. citri transcriptome database and other known insect resistance genes, 16 cytochrome P450, eight glutathione-S-transferase and six esterase genes were selected for cloning and sequencing. The gene expression analysis of 30 detoxification genes demonstrated that the relative expression of CYP4g15, CYP303A1, CYP4C62, CYP6BD5, GSTS1 and EST-6 were moderately high (>5-fold increase) in the imidacloprid-resistant strain. Feeding of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) reduced the expression of the six genes (46.7%-72.1%) and resulted in significant adult mortality (65.62%-82.76%). We also determined the ability of different insecticides to induce the six selected genes. The expression of CYP4C62 and GSTS1 genes were the most significantly upregulated in adults treated with all insecticides, except for chlorfenapyr. In chlorfenapyr-treated D. citri, expression of CYP4g15 and CYP303A1 were the most highly induced. CONCLUSION Overexpressed detoxification genes were associated with imidacloprid resistance, as confirmed by RNA interference feeding tests. The induction of the six selected genes when exposed to different insecticides supported the hypothesis that they were involved in the metabolism of the tested insecticides. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fajun Tian
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengbing Wang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiali Liu
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinnian Zeng
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ek-Ramos MJ, Gomez-Flores R, Orozco-Flores AA, Rodríguez-Padilla C, González-Ochoa G, Tamez-Guerra P. Bioactive Products From Plant-Endophytic Gram-Positive Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:463. [PMID: 30984118 PMCID: PMC6449470 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytes constitute plant-colonizing microorganisms in a mutualistic symbiosis relationship. They are found in most ecosystems reducing plant crops' biotic and abiotic stressors by stimulating immune responses, excluding plant pathogens by niche competition, and participating in antioxidant activities and phenylpropanoid metabolism, whose activation produces plant defense, structural support, and survival molecules. In fact, metabolomic studies have demonstrated that endophyte genes associated to specific metabolites are involved in plant growth promotion (PGP) by stimulating plant hormones production such as auxins and gibberellins or as plant protective agents against microbial pathogens, cancer, and insect pests, but eco-friendly and eco-safe. A number of metabolites of Gram-positive endophytes isolated from agriculture, forest, mangrove, and medicinal plants, mainly related to the Firmicutes phyla, possess distinctive biocontrol and plant growth-promoting activities. In general, Actinobacteria and Bacillus endophytes produce aromatic compounds, lipopeptides, plant hormones, polysaccharides, and several enzymes linked to phenylpropanoid metabolism, thus representing high potential for PGP and crop management strategies. Furthermore, Actinobacteria have been shown to produce metabolites with antimicrobial and antitumor activities, useful in agriculture, medicine, and veterinary areas. The great endophytes diversity, their metabolites production, and their adaptation to stress conditions make them a suitable and unlimited source of novel metabolites, whose application could reduce agrochemicals usage in food and drugs production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María J. Ek-Ramos
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Gomez-Flores
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Alonso A. Orozco-Flores
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Padilla
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe González-Ochoa
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, División de Ciencias e Ingeniería, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa, Mexico
| | - Patricia Tamez-Guerra
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Intirach J, Junkum A, Lumjuan N, Chaithong U, Somboon P, Jitpakdi A, Riyong D, Champakaew D, Muangmoon R, Chansang A, Pitasawat B. Biochemical Effects of Petroselinum crispum (Umbellifereae) Essential Oil on the Pyrethroid Resistant Strains of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Insects 2018; 10:E1. [PMID: 30586929 DOI: 10.3390/insects10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In ongoing screening research for edible plants, Petroselinum crispum essential oil was considered as a potential bioinsecticide with proven antimosquito activity against both the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant strains of Aedes aegypti. Due to the comparative mosquitocidal efficacy on these mosquitoes, this plant essential oil is promoted as an attractive candidate for further study in monitoring resistance of mosquito vectors. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of P. crispum essential oil on the biochemical characteristics of the target mosquito larvae of Ae. aegypti, by determining quantitative changes of key enzymes responsible for xenobiotic detoxification, including glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), α- and β-esterases (α-/β-ESTs), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), acid and alkaline phosphatases (ACP and ALP) and mixed-function oxidases (MFO). Three populations of Ae. aegypti, comprising the pyrethroid susceptible Muang Chiang Mai-susceptible (MCM-S) strain and the pyrethroid resistant Pang Mai Dang-resistant (PMD-R) and Upakut-resistant (UPK-R) strains, were used as test organisms. Biochemical study of Ae. aegypti larvae prior to treatment with P. crispum essential oil revealed that apart from AChE, the baseline activity of most defensive enzymes, such as GSTs, α-/β-ESTs, ACP, ALP and MFO, in resistant UPK-R or PMD-R, was higher than that determined in susceptible MCM-S. However, after 24-h exposure to P. crispum essential oil, the pyrethroid susceptible and resistant Ae. aegypti showed similarity in biochemical features, with alterations of enzyme activity in the treated larvae, as compared to the controls. An increase in the activity levels of GSTs, α-/β-ESTs, ACP and ALP was recorded in all strains of P. crispum oil-treated Ae. aegypti larvae, whereas MFO and AChE activity in these mosquitoes was decreased. The recognizable larvicidal capability on pyrethroid resistant Ae. aegypti, and the inhibitory effect on AChE and MFO, emphasized the potential of P. crispum essential oil as an attractive alternative application for management of mosquito resistance in current and future control programs.
Collapse
|
26
|
Larsen EM, Johnson RJ. Microbial esterases and ester prodrugs: An unlikely marriage for combating antibiotic resistance. Drug Dev Res 2018; 80:33-47. [PMID: 30302779 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The rise of antibiotic resistance necessitates the search for new platforms for drug development. Prodrugs are common tools for overcoming drawbacks typically associated with drug formulation and delivery, with ester prodrugs providing a classic strategy for masking polar alcohol and carboxylic acid functionalities and improving cell permeability. Ester prodrugs are normally designed to have simple ester groups, as they are expected to be cleaved and reactivated by a wide spectrum of cellular esterases. However, a number of pathogenic and commensal microbial esterases have been found to possess significant substrate specificity and can play an unexpected role in drug metabolism. Ester protection can also introduce antimicrobial properties into previously nontoxic drugs through alterations in cell permeability or solubility. Finally, mutation to microbial esterases is a novel mechanism for the development of antibiotic resistance. In this review, we highlight the important pathogenic and xenobiotic functions of microbial esterases and discuss the development and application of ester prodrugs for targeting microbial infections and combating antibiotic resistance. Esterases are often overlooked as therapeutic targets. Yet, with the growing need to develop new antibiotics, a thorough understanding of the specificity and function of microbial esterases and their combined action with ester prodrug antibiotics will support the design of future therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik M Larsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
| | - R Jeremy Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dachuri VK, Lee C, Jang SH. Organic Solvent-Tolerant Esterase from Sphingomonas glacialis Based on Amino Acid CompositionAnalysis: Cloning and Characterization of EstSP2. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 28:1502-1510. [PMID: 30176710 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1806.06032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Organic solvent-tolerant (OST) enzymes are widely applied in various industries due to their activity and stability in organic solvents, higher substrate solubility, and increased stereo-selectivity. However, the criteria for identifying OST enzymes largely remain unresolved. In this study, we compared the amino acid composition of 19 OST esterases and 19 non-OST esterases. OST esterases have increased ratio of Ala and Arg residues and decreased ratio of Asn, Ile, Tyr, and Ser residues. Based on the amino acid composition analysis, we cloned acarboxylesterase (EstSP2) from a psychrophilic bacterium, Sphingomonas glacialis PAMC 26605, and characterized its recombinant protein. EstSP2 is substrate specific to p-nitrophenyl acetate and hydrolyzed aspirin, with optimal activityat 40°C; at 4°C, the activity is approximately 50% of its maximum. As expected, EstSP2showstolerance in up to 40% concentration of polar organic solvents, including dimethyl sulfoxide, methanol, and ethanol. The results of this study suggest that selection of OST esterases based on their amino acid composition analysis could be a novel approach to identify OST esterases produced from bacterial genomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Kumar Dachuri
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangWoo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Heon Jang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Center for Bio-Nanomaterials, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hanson D, Menard T, Blazek T, McHardy S, Gorski W. Synthesis and Characterization of Pyridine Compounds for Amperometric Measurements of Leukocyte Esterase. Chembiochem 2018; 19:1488-1491. [PMID: 29679431 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a new class of substrates (compounds I-III) for leukocyte esterase (LE) that react with LE yielding anodic current in direct proportion to LE activity. The kinetic constants Km and kcat for the enzymatic reactions were determined by amperometry at a glassy carbon electrode. The binding affinity of I-III for LE was two orders of magnitude better than that of existing optical LE substrates. The specificity constant kcat /Km was equal to 2.7, 3.8, and 5.8×105 m-1 s-1 for compounds containing the pyridine (I), methoxypyridine (II), and (methoxycarbonyl)pyridine (III), respectively, thus showing an increase in catalytic efficiency in this order. Compound III had the lowest octanol/water partition coefficient (log p=0.33) along with the highest topological surface area (tPSA=222 Å2 ) and the best aqueous solubility (4.0 mg mL-1 ). The average enzymatic activity of LE released from a single leukocyte was equal to 4.5 nU when measured with compound III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Travis Menard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Teresa Blazek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Stanton McHardy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Waldemar Gorski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Moreira DR, Sinópolis Gigliolli AA, Falco JRP, Julio AHF, Volnistem EA, Chagas FD, Toledo VDAAD, Ruvolo-Takasusuki MCC. Toxicity and effects of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam on Scaptotrigona bipunctata lepeletier, 1836 (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Environ Toxicol 2018; 33:463-475. [PMID: 29377569 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The neonicotinoid thiamethoxam is widely used in different agricultural crops, and it has a spectrum of action against insects, affecting both pests and pollinators, such as bees. In this study, the effects of exposure to sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam on stingless bees Scaptotrigona bipunctata were evaluated. Foragers bees were exposed to the insecticide and subjected to genetic biochemical, histochemical, and morphological analyses after 24, 48, and 72 h of ingestion. Analysis of isoenzyme esterases revealed significant alterations in the relative activity of EST-4, a type II cholinesterase. Evaluation of the S. bipunctata brain revealed changes in the state of chromatin condensation according to the exposure time and concentration of neonicotinoid compared with the control. Morphological changes were observed in the midgut of this species at all concentrations and exposure times, which may interfere with various physiological processes of these insects. We can conclude that, although thiamethoxam at the concentrations evaluated did not cause high mortality, it induced concentration-dependent changes in bees by activating enzymes related with the protection for xenobiotic, internal morphology and probably these changes may lead to alterations in the activity of bees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daiani Rodrigues Moreira
- Departament of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Francieli das Chagas
- Departament of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mede R, Hoffmann P, Neumann C, Görls H, Schmitt M, Popp J, Neugebauer U, Westerhausen M. Acetoxymethyl Concept for Intracellular Administration of Carbon Monoxide with Mn(CO) 3 -Based PhotoCORMs. Chemistry 2018; 24:3321-3329. [PMID: 29314301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted administration of carbon monoxide with CO releasing molecules (CORMs) inside of cells proved to be very challenging. Consequently, there are only very few reports on intracellular uptake of CORMs requiring high extracellular CORM loading because an equilibrium between extra- and intracellular concentrations can be assumed. Here we present a strategy for a targeted intracellular administration of manganese(I)-based CORMs that are altered inside of cells to trap these complexes. Thereafter, carbon monoxide can be liberated by irradiation (photoCORMs). To achieve this innovative task, acetoxymethyl (AM) groups are attached at the periphery of the hydrophobic manganese(I) carbonyl complexes to not influence the CO release behavior. Inside of cells these AM substituents are cleaved by esterases yielding hydrophilic manganese(I) carbonyl compounds which are captured inside of cells. This objective is realized by using the bidentate bases 4-(acetoxymethoxycarbonyl)phenyl-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane (1) and 4-(acetoxymethoxy)phenyl-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolyl)methane (4) at facial (OC)3 MnBr fragments yielding CORM-AM1 (2) and CORM-AM2 (5), respectively. Besides synthesis, crystal structures and spectroscopic properties we present targeted administration and intracellular accumulation of these AM-containing CORMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Mede
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Patrick Hoffmann
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Clara Neumann
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ute Neugebauer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Westerhausen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 8, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Marashdeh MQ, Gitalis R, Levesque C, Finer Y. Enterococcus faecalis Hydrolyzes Dental Resin Composites and Adhesives. J Endod 2018; 44:609-613. [PMID: 29397213 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After root canal treatment, the dentin-sealer interface undergoes degradation, allowing for interfacial microbial biofilm proliferation and treatment failure. Saliva and cariogenic bacteria showed esterase-like activities (ie, cholesterol esterase [CE]-like and/or pseudocholinesterase [PCE]-like) that degrade methacrylate-based resin materials and/or the restoration-tooth interface, increasing microbial interfacial proliferation. Enterococcus faecalis is a gram-positive bacterium that is commonly detected in persistent endodontic infections. The aim of this study was to measure E. faecalis esterase-like, CE-like, and PCE-like activities and to assess the ability of the bacterium to degrade methacrylate-based resin composite (RC) and total-etch (TE) and self-etch (SE) adhesives. METHODS CE-like and PCE-like activities from E. faecalis were measured using nitrophenyl and butyrylthiocholine substrates, respectively. The ability of E. faecalis to degrade resin composite, total-etch and self-etch adhesives was examined by quantifying the release of a universal resin degradation by-product (ie, Bis[hydroxypropoxy]-phenyl propane [BisHPPP]) using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS E. faecalis showed CE-like (1.23 ± 0.13 U/μg dry bacteria) but no PCE-like activity. After 30 days and/or 14 days of incubation, the amount of BisHPPP released was significantly higher in the presence of bacteria versus media for TE and RC but not SE (P < .05). The amount of BisHPPP released after 30 days of incubation with bacteria was highest for TE (23.69 ± 1.72 μg/cm2) followed by RC (3.43 ± 1.20 μg/cm2) and lowest for SE (0.86 ± 0.44 μg/cm2) (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS E. faecalis possesses esterase-like degradative activity toward dental methacrylate resin restoration materials, which could accelerate the degradation of the dentin-methacrylate resin interface, increasing bacterial biofilm proliferation and penetration into the root canal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muna Q Marashdeh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russel Gitalis
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Celine Levesque
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoav Finer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Goncharov NV, Belinskaia DA, Shmurak VI, Terpilowski MA, Jenkins RO, Avdonin PV. Serum Albumin Binding and Esterase Activity: Mechanistic Interactions with Organophosphates. Molecules 2017; 22:E1201. [PMID: 28718803 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The albumin molecule, in contrast to many other plasma proteins, is not covered with a carbohydrate moiety and can bind and transport various molecules of endogenous and exogenous origin. The enzymatic activity of albumin, the existence of which many scientists perceive skeptically, is much less studied. In toxicology, understanding the mechanistic interactions of organophosphates with albumin is a special problem, and its solution could help in the development of new types of antidotes. In the present work, the history of the issue is briefly examined, then our in silico data on the interaction of human serum albumin with soman, as well as comparative in silico data of human and bovine serum albumin activities in relation to paraoxon, are presented. Information is given on the substrate specificity of albumin and we consider the possibility of its affiliation to certain classes in the nomenclature of enzymes.
Collapse
|
33
|
Müller CA, Perz V, Provasnek C, Quartinello F, Guebitz GM, Berg G. Discovery of Poly esterases from Moss-Associated Microorganisms. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e02641-16. [PMID: 27940546 PMCID: PMC5288828 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02641-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing pollution of the environment with plastic debris is a global threat which urgently requires biotechnological solutions. Enzymatic recycling not only prevents pollution but also would allow recovery of valuable building blocks. Therefore, we explored the existence of microbial polyesterases in microbial communities associated with the Sphagnum magellanicum moss, a key species within unexploited bog ecosystems. This resulted in the identification of six novel esterases, which were isolated, cloned, and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli The esterases were found to hydrolyze the copolyester poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) and the oligomeric model substrate bis[4-(benzoyloxy)butyl] terephthalate (BaBTaBBa). Two promising polyesterase candidates, EstB3 and EstC7, which clustered in family VIII of bacterial lipolytic enzymes, were purified and characterized using the soluble esterase substrate p-nitrophenyl butyrate (Km values of 46.5 and 3.4 μM, temperature optima of 48°C and 50°C, and pH optima of 7.0 and 8.5, respectively). In particular, EstC7 showed outstanding activity and a strong preference for hydrolysis of the aromatic ester bond in PBAT. Our study highlights the potential of plant-associated microbiomes from extreme natural ecosystems as a source for novel hydrolytic enzymes hydrolyzing polymeric compounds. IMPORTANCE In this study, we describe the discovery and analysis of new enzymes from microbial communities associated with plants (moss). The recovered enzymes show the ability to hydrolyze not only common esterase substrates but also the synthetic polyester poly(butylene adipate-co-butylene terephthalate), which is a common material employed in biodegradable plastics. The widespread use of such synthetic polyesters in industry and society requires the development of new sustainable technological solutions for their recycling. The discovered enzymes have the potential to be used as catalysts for selective recovery of valuable building blocks from this material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andrea Müller
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Christoph Provasnek
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- ACIB GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Felice Quartinello
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Georg M Guebitz
- ACIB GmbH, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
AlJabr AM, Hussain A, Rizwan-Ul-Haq M, Al-Ayedh H. Toxicity of Plant Secondary Metabolites Modulating Detoxification Genes Expression for Natural Red Palm Weevil Pesticide Development. Molecules 2017; 22:E169. [PMID: 28117698 PMCID: PMC6155707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the larvicidal and growth-inhibiting activities, and underlying detoxification mechanism of red palm weevil against phenylpropanoids, an important class of plant secondary metabolites. Toxicity of α-asarone, eugenol, isoeugenol, methyl eugenol, methyl isoeugenol, coumarin, coumarin 6, coniferyl aldehyde, diniconazole, ethyl cinnamate, and rosmarinic acid was evaluated by incorporation into the artificial diet. All of the phenylpropanoids exhibited dose- and time-dependent insecticidal activity. Among all the tested phenylpropanoids, coumarin exhibited the highest toxicity by revealing the least LD50 value (0.672 g/L). In addition, the most toxic compound (coumarin) observed in the current study, deteriorated the growth resulting tremendous reduction (78.39%) in efficacy of conversion of digested food (ECD), and (ECI) efficacy of conversion of ingested food (70.04%) of tenth-instar red palm weevil larvae. The energy-deficient red palm weevil larvae through their intrinsic abilities showed enhanced response to their digestibility resulting 27.78% increase in approximate digestibility (AD) compared to control larvae. The detoxification response of Rhynchophorus ferrugineus larvae determined by the quantitative expression of cytochrome P450, esterases, and glutathione S-transferase revealed enhanced expression among moderately toxic and ineffective compounds. These genes especially cytochrome P450 and GST detoxify the target compounds by enhancing their solubility that leads rapid excretion and degradation resulting low toxicity towards red palm weevil larvae. On the other hand, the most toxic (coumarin) silenced the genes involved in the red palm weevil detoxification mechanism. Based on the toxicity, growth retarding, and masking detoxification activities, coumarin could be a useful future natural red palm weevil-controlling agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohammed AlJabr
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abid Hussain
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Rizwan-Ul-Haq
- Laboratory of Bio-Control and Molecular Biology, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hassan Al-Ayedh
- Life Science and Environment Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hariprasad TP, Shetty NJ. Biochemical basis of alphamethrin resistance in different life stages of Anopheles stephensi strains of Bangalore, India. Pest Manag Sci 2016; 72:1689-1701. [PMID: 26598105 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is an important urban malaria vector in the Indian subcontinent. Extensive application of insecticides evokes microevolution, which results in resistance that can be traced back to their genotypes. In this study, resistant and susceptible strains of An. stephensi for alphamethrin were selected by selective inbreeding for 27 and ten generations respectively. The biochemical basis of resistance in all the life stages was investigated. Quantitative assays were performed for proteins (total and soluble), esterases (α, β and acetylcholine) and phosphatases (acid and alkaline) by spectrophotometry, and qualitative assays for the enzymes by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. RESULTS The enzyme quantities significantly varied in all life stages of the resistant strain as compared with the susceptible ones. Qualitative studies showed seven isoforms for α- and β-esterases, three each for acetylcholinesterase and alkaline phosphatase and two for acid phosphatase. Exclusive bands were found in the resistant strain, such as α-Est 1 and β-Est 1 in eggs and larvae, β-Est 3 in adult males, β-Est 2 in adult females and AlkP 1, AlkP 2 and AlkP 3 in adult females, larvae and adult males respectively. CONCLUSION Variations in the quantity and specific enzyme isoforms play a key role in the development of alphamethrin resistance in An. stephensi. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thiruvaipati Pn Hariprasad
- Centre for Applied Genetics, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Nadikere J Shetty
- Centre for Applied Genetics, Jnana Bharathi, Bangalore University, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lukacova V, Goelzer P, Reddy M, Greig G, Reigner B, Parrott N. A Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Ganciclovir and Its Prodrug Valganciclovir in Adults and Children. AAPS J 2016; 18:1453-1463. [PMID: 27450227 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9956-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed for ganciclovir and its prodrug valganciclovir. Initial bottom-up modeling based on physicochemical drug properties and measured in vitro inputs was verified in preclinical animal species, and then, a clinical model was verified in a stepwise fashion with pharmacokinetic data in adult, children, and neonatal patients. The final model incorporated conversion of valganciclovir to ganciclovir through esterases and permeability-limited tissue distribution of both drugs with active transport processes added in gut, liver, and kidney. A PBPK model which accounted for known age-related tissue volumes, composition and blood flows, and renal filtration clearance was able to simulate well the measured plasma exposures in adults and pediatric patients. Overall, this work illustrates the stepwise development of PBPK models which could be used to predict pharmacokinetics in infants and neonates, thereby assisting drug development in a vulnerable patient population where clinical data are challenging to obtain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Lukacova
- Simulations Plus, Inc., 42505 10th Street West, Lancaster, California, 93534, USA
| | - P Goelzer
- Teva Pharmaceuticals, West Chester, Pennsylvania, 19380, USA
| | - M Reddy
- Array BioPharma, Boulder, Colorado, 80301, USA
| | - G Greig
- Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Reigner
- Clinical Pharmacology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N Parrott
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Tecles F, Tvarijonaviciute A, De Torre C, Carrillo JM, Rubio M, García M, Cugat R, Cerón JJ. Total esterase activity in human saliva: Validation of an automated assay, characterization and behaviour after physical stress. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2016; 76:324-30. [PMID: 27045801 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2016.1163417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although saliva has esterase activity, this activity has not been characterized or studied in individuals subjected to physical stress. The aim of this report was to develop and validate an automated spectrophotometric assay for total esterase activity measurement in human saliva, as well as to study the contribution of different enzymes on this activity and its behaviour under physical stress in healthy subjects. The assay used 4-nitrophenyl acetate as substrate and was precise, accurate and provided low limits of detection and quantification. Inhibition with diisopropylfluorophosphate showed that cholinesterase, carboxylesterase and cholesterol esterase contributions not represented more than 20% of total esterase. Addition of standards of lipase and albumin to saliva samples showed that both proteins significantly contributed to esterase activity only when equal or higher than 11.6 IU/L and 250 μg/mL, respectively. Western blot analyses showed absence of paraoxonase-1 and high amount of carbonic anhydrase-VI. The high affinity of purified carbonic anhydrase-VI for the substrate supported a major contribution of this enzyme. Total esterase activity and alpha-amylase was measured in saliva samples from 12 healthy male students before and after participation in an indoor football match. The activity significantly increased after match and positively correlated with salivary alpha-amylase. This method could be used as a biomarker of physical stress in humans, with carbonic anhydrase-VI being the esterase that contributed more to the activity of the assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Tecles
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,c Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona
| | - Carlos De Torre
- d Proteomic Unit , Murcia's BioHealth Research Institute IMIB-Arrixaca, Clinical University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca , Murcia
| | - José M Carrillo
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,e Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n , Moncada , Valencia , Spain
| | - Mónica Rubio
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona ;,e Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery , Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Edificio Seminario s/n , Moncada , Valencia , Spain
| | | | - Ramón Cugat
- b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
| | - José J Cerón
- a Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis (Interlab-UMU) , Campus of Excellence Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia , Espinardo-Murcia ;,b Fundación García Cugat , Madrazo 43 , Barcelona
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) requires rapid diagnosis for the initiation of antibiotics. Its diagnosis is usually based on manual examination of ascitic fluid (AF) having long reporting time. AF infection is diagnosed when the fluid polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) concentration ≥250 cells/mm(3). AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Aim was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of leukocyte esterase (LE) reagent strip for rapid diagnosis of SBP in patients who underwent abdominal paracentesis and to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was carried out on 103 patients with ascites. Cell count of AF as determined by colorimetric scale of Multistix 10 SG reagent strip was compared with counting chamber method (PMNL count ≥250 cells/mm(3) was considered positive). RESULTS AND OBSERVATIONS Of the 103 patients SBP was diagnosed in 20 patients, 83 patients were negative for SBP by manual cell count. The sensitivity and specificity of the LE test for detecting neutrocytic SBP taking grade 2 as cut off were 95% and 96.4% respectively, with a positive predictive value of 86.4% and a negative predictive value of 98.8%. Diagnostic accuracy of LE test was 96.1%. DISCUSSION There was a good correlation between the reagent strip result and PMNL count. The LE strip test is based on the esterase activity of activated granulocytes which reacts with an ester-releasing hydroxyphenylpyrrole causing a colour change in the azo dye of reagent strip. It is a very sensitive and specific method for the prompt detection of elevated PMNL count, and represents a convenient, inexpensive, simple, and bedside method for diagnosis of SBP. A negative LE test result excludes SBP with a high degree of certainty.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Chugh
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Yuthika Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Vipin Goyal
- Department of Chest and TB, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary Medical College, Budhera, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Khatri
- Department of Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Ferrari JA. Genetic Characterization of Esterase Activity Variants Associated with an Esterase Gene Amplification in a Strain of Culex pipiens from California. J Am Mosq Control Assoc 2015; 31:7-15. [PMID: 25843171 DOI: 10.2987/14-6453r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the Culex pipiens complex, a common mechanism of insecticide resistance is amplification of esterase genes leading to overproduction of detoxifying esterase enzymes. A number of electrophoretic esterase alleles have been identified, and in field populations individuals with the same esterase electromorph can exhibit a wide range of esterase enzyme activities. We isolated and characterized esterase activity variants associated with the esterase B1 electromorph from a field strain. A mating scheme was used to isolate chromosomes with esterase genes from the strain into 45 families. Twenty-six of the families received esterase genes from the field strain that conferred elevated esterase activity. Mean esterase activities in these families ranged from 43 to 695 nmoles α-naphthyl acetate hydrolyzed/min/mg protein. Variance components indicated that genetic variance (i.e., genetic differences among families) accounted for 77% of the total variation in esterase activity. A comparison of mean esterase activities indicated that there were at least 11 different esterase activity variants contributing to the observed genetic variation in esterase activity among the 26 families. The relevance of these results to understanding the dynamics of amplified esterase genes in populations is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Ferrari
- Department of Biology, California State University, San Bernardino, CA 92407
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Nobili A, Tao Y, Pavlidis IV, van den Bergh T, Joosten HJ, Tan T, Bornscheuer UT. Simultaneous use of in silico design and a correlated mutation network as a tool to efficiently guide enzyme engineering. Chembiochem 2015; 16:805-10. [PMID: 25711719 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the efficiency of directed evolution experiments, in silico multiple-substrate clustering was combined with an analysis of the variability of natural enzymes within a protein superfamily. This was applied to a Pseudomonas fluorescens esterase (PFE I) targeting the enantioselective hydrolysis of 3-phenylbutyric acid esters. Data reported in the literature for nine substrates were used for the clustering meta-analysis of the docking conformations in wild-type PFE I, and this highlighted a tryptophan residue (W28) as an interesting target. Exploration of the most frequently, naturally occurring amino acids at this position suggested that the reduced flexibility observed in the case of the W28F variant leads to enhancement of the enantioselectivity. This mutant was subsequently combined with mutations identified in a library based on analysis of a correlated mutation network. By interrogation of <80 variants a mutant with 15-fold improved enantioselectivity was found.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Nobili
- Institute of Biochemistry, Dept. of Biotechnology and Enzyme Catalysis, Greifswald University, Felix-Hausdorff Strasse 4, 17487 Greifswald (Germany)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
In 2009, we reported that the product of the gene SCJ21.16 (XFa0032) from Xylella fastidiosa, a xylem-restricted plant pathogen that causes a range of diseases in several important crops, encodes a protein (XfHNL) with putative hydroxynitrile lyase activity. Sequence analysis and activity tests indicated that XfHNL exhibits an α/β-hydrolase fold and could be classified as a member of the family of FAD-independent HNLs. Here we provide a more detailed sequence analysis and new experimental data. Using pure heterologously expressed XfHNL we show that this enzyme cannot catalyse the cleavage/synthesis of mandelonitrile and that this protein is in fact a non-enantioselective esterase. Homology modelling and ligand docking simulations were used to study the active site and support these results. This finding could help elucidate the common ancestor of esterases and hydroxynitrile lyases with an α/β -hydrolase fold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guzman Torrelo
- Gebouw voor Scheikunde, Biokatalyse Afdeling Biotechnologie, Technische Universiteit Delft, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft (The Netherlands).
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Fluorogenic enzyme probes go from a dark to a bright state following hydrolysis and can provide a sensitive, real-time readout of enzyme activity. They are useful for examining enzymatic activity in bacteria, including the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Herein, we describe two fluorogenic esterase probes derived from the far-red fluorophore 7-hydroxy-9H-(1,3-dichloro-9,9-dimethylacridin-2-one) (DDAO). These probes offer enhanced optical properties compared to existing esterase probes because the hydrolysis product, DDAO, excites above 600 nm while retaining a good quantum yield (ϕ=0.40). We validated both probes with a panel of commercially available enzymes alongside known resorufin- and fluorescein-derived esterase substrates. Furthermore, we used these probes to reveal esterase activity in protein gel-resolved mycobacterial lysates. These probes represent new tools for esterase detection and characterization and should find use in a variety of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katie R Tallman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, CL3B, Portland, OR 97201 (USA)
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
In the United States, composites accounted for nearly 70% of the 173.2 million composite and amalgam restorations placed in 2006 (Kingman et al., 2012), and it is likely that the use of composite will continue to increase as dentists phase out dental amalgam. This trend is not, however, without consequences. The failure rate of composite restorations is double that of amalgam (Ferracane, 2013). Composite restorations accumulate more biofilm, experience more secondary decay, and require more frequent replacement. In vivo biodegradation of the adhesive bond at the composite-tooth interface is a major contributor to the cascade of events leading to restoration failure. Binding by proteins, particularly gp340, from the salivary pellicle leads to biofilm attachment, which accelerates degradation of the interfacial bond and demineralization of the tooth by recruiting the pioneer bacterium Streptococcus mutans to the surface. Bacterial production of lactic acid lowers the pH of the oral microenvironment, erodes hydroxyapatite in enamel and dentin, and promotes hydrolysis of the adhesive. Secreted esterases further hydrolyze the adhesive polymer, exposing the soft underlying collagenous dentinal matrix and allowing further infiltration by the pathogenic biofilm. Manifold approaches are being pursued to increase the longevity of composite dental restorations based on the major contributing factors responsible for degradation. The key material and biological components and the interactions involved in the destructive processes, including recent advances in understanding the structural and molecular basis of biofilm recruitment, are described in this review. Innovative strategies to mitigate these pathogenic effects and slow deterioration are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Spencer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Bioengineering Research Center
| | - Q Ye
- Bioengineering Research Center
| | - A Misra
- Bioengineering Research Center Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S E P Goncalves
- School of Dentistry of São José dos Campos, UNESP, Univ Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - J S Laurence
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
von Langermann J, Nedrud DM, Kazlauskas RJ. Increasing the reaction rate of hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis toward mandelonitrile by copying active site residues from an esterase that accepts aromatic esters. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1931-8. [PMID: 25044660 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The natural substrate of hydroxynitrile lyase from rubber tree (HbHNL, Hevea brasiliensis) is acetone cyanohydrin, but synthetic applications usually involve aromatic cyanohydrins such as mandelonitrile. To increase the activity of HbHNL toward this unnatural substrate, we replaced active site residues in HbHNL with the corresponding ones from esterase SABP2 (salicylic acid binding protein 2). Although this enzyme catalyzes a different reaction (hydrolysis of esters), its natural substrate (methyl salicylate) contains an aromatic ring. Three of the eleven single-amino-acid-substitution variants of HbHNL reacted more rapidly with mandelonitrile. The best was HbHNL-L121Y, with a kcat 4.2 times higher and high enantioselectivity. Site-saturation mutagenesis at position 121 identified three other improved variants. We hypothesize that the smaller active site orients the aromatic substrate more productively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan von Langermann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108 (USA); Institute of Chemistry, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3A, 18059 Rostock (Germany)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Xu L, Wu M, Han Z. Biochemical and molecular characterisation and cross-resistance in field and laboratory chlorpyrifos-resistant strains of Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) from eastern China. Pest Manag Sci 2014; 70:1118-1129. [PMID: 24115461 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory selection is often employed in resistance mechanism studies because field-derived populations commonly do not have high enough resistance for such studies. In the present study, a field-collected Laodelphax striatellus population from eastern China was laboratory selected for chlorpyrifos resistance and susceptibility, and the developed strains, along with a field population, were studied for cross-resistance and resistance mechanisms at biochemical and molecular levels. RESULTS A 158.58-fold chlorpyrifos-resistant strain (JH-chl) and a chlorpyrifos-susceptible strain (JHS) were established after laboratory selection of 25 generations. Cross-resistance to deltamethrin, diazinon, methomyl, carbosulfan, acephate and imidacloprid were detected in JH-chl and a field-collected strain (JHF). Synergism and enzyme activity data suggested potential involvement of P450s and esterases in JH-chl as well as AChE alteration. Furthermore, CYP6AY3v2, CYP306A2v2, CYP353D1v2 and LSCE36 genes were significantly overexpressed in JH-chl (6.87-12.14-fold). Feeding of dsRNAs reduced the expression of the four target genes (35.6-56.8%) and caused significant adult mortality (75.21-88.45%), implying resistance reduction. However, mechanism(s) conferring chlorpyrifos resistance in JHF were unclear. CONCLUSION In contrast to previous reports, multiple overexpressed detoxification genes were potentially associated with chlorpyrifos resistance, as confirmed by RNAi feeding tests. Chlorpyrifos resistance exhibits cross-resistance with insecticides in the same and different classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
A major reason for dental resin composite restoration replacement is related to secondary caries promoted by acid production from bacteria including Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). We hypothesized that S. mutans has esterase activities that degrade dental resin composites and adhesives. Standardized specimens of resin composite (Z250), total-etch (Scotchbond Multipurpose, SB), and self-etch (Easybond, EB) adhesives were incubated with S. mutans UA159 or uninoculated culture medium (control) for up to 30 days. Quantification of the BisGMA-derived biodegradation by-product, bishydroxy-propoxy-phenyl-propane (BisHPPP), was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Surface analysis of the specimens was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). S. mutans was shown to have esterase activities in levels comparable with those found in human saliva. A trend of increasing BisHPPP release throughout the incubation period was observed for all materials and was more elevated in the presence of bacteria vs. control medium for EB and Z250, but not for SB (p < .05). SEM confirmed the increased degradation of all materials with S. mutans UA159 vs. control. S. mutans has esterase activities at levels that degrade resin composites and adhesives; degree of degradation was dependent on the material's chemical formulation. This finding suggests that the resin-dentin interface could be compromised by oral bacteria that contribute to the progression of secondary caries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Bourbia
- Dental Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Prodrugs are effective tools in overcoming drawbacks typically associated with drug formulation and delivery. Those employing esterase-triggered functional groups are frequently utilized to mask polar carboxylic acids and phenols, increasing drug-like properties such as lipophilicity. Herein we detail a comprehensive assessment for strategies that effectively release hydroxy and phenolic moieties in the presence of an esterase. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) serve as our proof-of-concept target. Three distinct ester-responsive protecting groups are incorporated into MMP proinhibitors containing hydroxy moieties. Analytical evaluation of the proinhibitors demonstrates that the use of a benzyl ether group appended to the esterase trigger leads to considerably faster kinetics of conversion and enhanced aqueous stability when compared with more conventional approaches where the trigger is directly attached to the inhibitor. Biological assays confirm that all protecting groups effectively cleave in the presence of esterase to generate the active inhibitor. The superior reaction-based prodrug strategies presented here should serve as a platform for esterase-responsive prodrug design in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perez
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093 (USA)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Valegård K, Iqbal A, Kershaw NJ, Ivison D, Généreux C, Dubus A, Blikstad C, Demetriades M, Hopkinson RJ, Lloyd AJ, Roper DI, Schofield CJ, Andersson I, McDonough MA. Structural and mechanistic studies of the orf12 gene product from the clavulanic acid biosynthesis pathway. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2013; 69:1567-79. [PMID: 23897479 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444913011013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Structural and biochemical studies of the orf12 gene product (ORF12) from the clavulanic acid (CA) biosynthesis gene cluster are described. Sequence and crystallographic analyses reveal two domains: a C-terminal penicillin-binding protein (PBP)/β-lactamase-type fold with highest structural similarity to the class A β-lactamases fused to an N-terminal domain with a fold similar to steroid isomerases and polyketide cyclases. The C-terminal domain of ORF12 did not show β-lactamase or PBP activity for the substrates tested, but did show low-level esterase activity towards 3'-O-acetyl cephalosporins and a thioester substrate. Mutagenesis studies imply that Ser173, which is present in a conserved SXXK motif, acts as a nucleophile in catalysis, consistent with studies of related esterases, β-lactamases and D-Ala carboxypeptidases. Structures of wild-type ORF12 and of catalytic residue variants were obtained in complex with and in the absence of clavulanic acid. The role of ORF12 in clavulanic acid biosynthesis is unknown, but it may be involved in the epimerization of (3S,5S)-clavaminic acid to (3R,5R)-clavulanic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Valegård
- Department of Molecular Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 590, S-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Holland JP, Cumming P, Vasdev N. PET radiopharmaceuticals for probing enzymes in the brain. Am J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2013; 3:194-216. [PMID: 23638333 PMCID: PMC3627518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biologically important processes in normal brain function and brain disease involve the action of various protein-based receptors, ion channels, transporters and enzymes. The ability to interrogate the location, abundance and activity of these entities in vivo using non-invasive molecular imaging can provide unprecedented information about the spatio-temporal dynamics of brain function. Indeed, positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is transforming our understanding of the central nervous system and brain disease. Great emphasis has historically been placed on developing radioligands for the non-invasive detection of neuroreceptors. In contrast, relatively few enzymes have been amenable to examination by PET imaging procedures based upon trapping or accumulation of enzymatic products, because only a subset of enzymes have sufficient catalytic rate to produce measureable accumulation within the practical time-limit of PET recordings. However, high affinity inhibitors are now serving as tracers for enzymes, particularly for measuring the abundance of enzymes mediating intracellular signal transduction in the brain, which offer a rich diversity of potential targets for drug discovery. The purpose of this review is to summarize well-known radiotracers for brain enzymes, and draw attention to recent developments in PET radiotracers for imaging signal transduction pathways in the brain. The review is organized by target class and focuses on structural chemistry of the best-established radiotracers identified in each class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School55 Fruit St., White 427, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Universitätsklinikum ErlangenUlmenweg 18, Erlangen, Germany, 91054
| | - Neil Vasdev
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School55 Fruit St., White 427, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Park SY, Lee SH, Lee J, Jung CH, Kim JS. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of ybfF, a new esterase from Escherichia coli K12. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:1051-1053. [PMID: 18084091 PMCID: PMC2344105 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107055418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The product of the recently discovered ybfF gene, which belongs to the esterase family, does not show high sequence similarity to other esterases. To provide the molecular background to the enzymatic mechanism of the ybfF esterase, the ybfF protein from Escherichia coli K12 (Ec_ybfF) was cloned, expressed and purified. The Ec_ybfF protein was crystallized from 60% Tacsimate and 0.1 M bis-Tris propane buffer pH 7.0. Diffraction data were collected to 1.10 A resolution using synchrotron radiation. The crystal belongs to the orthorhombic space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 66.09, b = 90.71, c = 92.88 A. With two Ec_ybfF molecules in the asymmetric unit, the crystal volume per unit protein weight is 2.17 A(3) Da(-1), corresponding to a solvent content of 42%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk-Youl Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hak Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Che-Hun Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Sun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of Basic Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|