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Aguayo-Ortiz R, Creech J, Jiménez-Vázquez EN, Guerrero-Serna G, Wang N, da Rocha AM, Herron TJ, Espinoza-Fonseca LM. A multiscale approach for bridging the gap between potency, efficacy, and safety of small molecules directed at membrane proteins. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16580. [PMID: 34400719 PMCID: PMC8368179 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96217-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane proteins constitute a substantial fraction of the human proteome, thus representing a vast source of therapeutic drug targets. Indeed, newly devised technologies now allow targeting "undruggable" regions of membrane proteins to modulate protein function in the cell. Despite the advances in technology, the rapid translation of basic science discoveries into potential drug candidates targeting transmembrane protein domains remains challenging. We address this issue by harmonizing single molecule-based and ensemble-based atomistic simulations of ligand-membrane interactions with patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based experiments to gain insights into drug delivery, cellular efficacy, and safety of molecules directed at membrane proteins. In this study, we interrogated the pharmacological activation of the cardiac Ca2+ pump (Sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, SERCA2a) in human iPSC-derived cardiac cells as a proof-of-concept model. The combined computational-experimental approach serves as a platform to explain the differences in the cell-based activity of candidates with similar functional profiles, thus streamlining the identification of drug-like candidates that directly target SERCA2a activation in human cardiac cells. Systematic cell-based studies further showed that a direct SERCA2a activator does not induce cardiotoxic pro-arrhythmogenic events in human cardiac cells, demonstrating that pharmacological stimulation of SERCA2a activity is a safe therapeutic approach targeting the heart. Overall, this novel multiscale platform encompasses organ-specific drug potency, efficacy, and safety, and opens new avenues to accelerate the bench-to-patient research aimed at designing effective therapies directed at membrane protein domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Aguayo-Ortiz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jeffery Creech
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Eric N Jiménez-Vázquez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Guadalupe Guerrero-Serna
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Nulang Wang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Andre Monteiro da Rocha
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Todd J Herron
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Frankel Cardiovascular Regeneration Core Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- CARTOX, Inc., 56655 Grand River Ave., PO Box 304, New Hudson, MI, 48165, USA
| | - L Michel Espinoza-Fonseca
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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Chiang TY, Wang HJ, Wang YC, Chia-Hui Tan E, Lee IJ, Yun CH, Ueng YF. Effects of Shengmai San on key enzymes involved in hepatic and intestinal drug metabolism in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 271:113914. [PMID: 33571617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shengmai San (SMS) has been commonly used as a traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, of which drug interactions need to be assessed for the safety concern. There is little evidence for the alterations of hepatic and intestinal drug-metabolizing enzymes after repeated SMS treatments to assess drug interactions. AIM OF THE STUDY The studies aim to illustrate the effects of repeated treatments with SMS on cytochrome P450s (CYPs), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate)-quinone oxidoreductase (NQO), uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) using in vivo rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SMS was prepared using Schisandrae Fructus, Ginseng Radix, and Ophiopogonis Radix (OR) (1:2:2). Chromatographic analyses of decoctions were performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and LC-mass spectrometry. Sprague-Dawley rats were orally treated with the SMS and its component herbal decoctions for 2 or 3 weeks. Hepatic and intestinal enzyme activities were determined. CYP3A expression and the kinetics of intestinal nifedipine oxidation (NFO, a CYP3A marker reaction) were determined. RESULTS Schisandrol A, schisandrin B, ginsenoside Rb1 and ophiopogonin D were identified in SMS. SMS selectively suppressed intestinal, but not hepatic, NFO activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Hepatic and intestinal UGT, NQO and GST activities were not affected. A 3-week SMS treatment decreased the maximal velocity of intestinal NFO by 50%, while the CYP3A protein level remained unchanged. Among SMS component herbs, the decoction of OR decreased intestinal NFO activity. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that 3-week treatment with SMS and OR suppress intestinal, but not hepatic CYP3A function. It suggested that the potential interactions of SMS with CYP 3A drug substrates should be noticed, especially the drugs whose bioavailability depends heavily on intestinal CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yi Chiang
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jaan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Cih Wang
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Elise Chia-Hui Tan
- Division of Clinical Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Jung Lee
- Department of Herbal Medicine, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Morisseau C, Kodani SD, Kamita SG, Yang J, Lee KSS, Hammock BD. Relative Importance of Soluble and Microsomal Epoxide Hydrolases for the Hydrolysis of Epoxy-Fatty Acids in Human Tissues. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094993. [PMID: 34066758 PMCID: PMC8125816 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy-fatty acids (EpFAs) are endogenous lipid mediators that have a large breadth of biological activities, including the regulation of blood pressure, inflammation, angiogenesis, and pain perception. For the past 20 years, soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) has been recognized as the primary enzyme for degrading EpFAs in vivo. The sEH converts EpFAs to the generally less biologically active 1,2-diols, which are quickly eliminated from the body. Thus, inhibitors of sEH are being developed as potential drug therapeutics for various diseases including neuropathic pain. Recent findings suggest that other epoxide hydrolases (EHs) such as microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and epoxide hydrolase-3 (EH3) can contribute significantly to the in vivo metabolism of EpFAs. In this study, we used two complementary approaches to probe the relative importance of sEH, mEH, and EH3 in 15 human tissue extracts: hydrolysis of 14,15-EET and 13,14-EDP using selective inhibitors and protein quantification. The sEH hydrolyzed the majority of EpFAs in all of the tissues investigated, mEH hydrolyzed a significant portion of EpFAs in several tissues, whereas no significant role in EpFAs metabolism was observed for EH3. Our findings indicate that residual mEH activity could limit the therapeutic efficacy of sEH inhibition in certain organs.
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Kawiński A, Miklaszewska M, Stelter S, Głąb B, Banaś A. Lipases of germinating jojoba seeds efficiently hydrolyze triacylglycerols and wax esters and display wax ester-synthesizing activity. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:50. [PMID: 33468064 PMCID: PMC7814598 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba) is the only plant known to store wax esters instead of triacylglycerols in its seeds. Wax esters are composed of very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and fatty alcohols and constitute up to 60% of the jojoba seed weight. During jojoba germination, the first step of wax ester mobilization is catalyzed by lipases. To date, none of the jojoba lipase-encoding genes have been cloned and characterized. In this study, we monitored mobilization of storage reserves during germination of jojoba seeds and performed detailed characterization of the jojoba lipases using microsomal fractions isolated from germinating seeds. RESULTS During 26 days of germination, we observed a 60-70% decrease in wax ester content in the seeds, which was accompanied by the reduction of oleosin amounts and increase in glucose content. The activity of jojoba lipases in the seed microsomal fractions increased in the first 50 days of germination. The enzymes showed higher activity towards triacylglycerols than towards wax esters. The maximum lipase activity was observed at 60 °C and pH around 7 for triacylglycerols and 6.5-8 for wax esters. The enzyme efficiently hydrolyzed various wax esters containing saturated and unsaturated acyl and alcohol moieties. We also demonstrated that jojoba lipases possess wax ester-synthesizing activity when free fatty alcohols and different acyl donors, including triacylglycerols and free fatty acids, are used as substrates. For esterification reactions, the enzyme utilized both saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols, with the preference towards long chain and very long chain compounds. CONCLUSIONS In in vitro assays, jojoba lipases catalyzed hydrolysis of triacylglycerols and different wax esters in a broad range of temperatures. In addition, the enzymes had the ability to synthesize wax esters in the backward reaction. Our data suggest that jojoba lipases may be more similar to other plant lipases than previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kawiński
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Miklaszewska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Szymon Stelter
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Bartosz Głąb
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
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Haduch A, Pukło R, Alenina N, Nikiforuk A, Popik P, Bader M, Daniel WA. The effect of ageing and cerebral serotonin deficit on the activity of cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) in the brain and liver of male rats. Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104884. [PMID: 33091481 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain cytochrome P450 (CYP) contributes to the local metabolism of endogenous substrates and drugs. The aim of present study was to ascertain whether the cytochrome P450 2D (CYP2D) activity changes with ageing and in cerebral serotonin deficit. Kinetics of 5-methoxytryptamine O-demethylation to serotonin was studied and the CYP2D activity was measured in brain and liver microsomes of Dark Agouti wild type (WT) rats (mature 3.5-month-old and senescent 21-month-old rats) and in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 (TPH2)-deficient senescent rats. The CYP2D activity and protein level decreased in the frontal cortex of senescent WT rats, but increased in senescent TPH2-deficient rats (compared to senescent WT). In contrast, in the hippocampus, hypothalamus and striatum the CYP2D activity/protein level increased with ageing, but did not change in senescent TPH2-deficient animals (compared to senescent WT). The activity and protein level of liver CYP2D was lower in senescent WT rats than in the mature animals and further decreased in senescent TPH2-deficient rats. In conclusion, ageing and TPH2-deficit affect the CYP2D activity and protein level, which may have a positive impact on neurotransmitter synthesis in brain structures involved in cognitive, emotional or motor functions, but a negative effect on drug metabolism in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Haduch
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Renata Pukło
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Nikiforuk
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Popik
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience and Drug Development, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michael Bader
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin, Germany; Institute for Biology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Władysława A Daniel
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Demski K, Jeppson S, Lager I, Misztak A, Jasieniecka-Gazarkiewicz K, Waleron M, Stymne S, Banaś A. Isoforms of Acyl-CoA:Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase2 Differ Substantially in Their Specificities toward Erucic Acid. Plant Physiol 2019; 181:1468-1479. [PMID: 31619508 PMCID: PMC6878005 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In most oilseeds, two evolutionarily unrelated acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT) enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, are the main contributors to the acylation of diacylglycerols in the synthesis of triacylglycerol. DGAT1 and DGAT2 are both present in the important crop oilseed rape (Brassica napus), with each type having four isoforms. We studied the activities of DGAT isoforms during seed development in microsomal fractions from two oilseed rape cultivars: edible, low-erucic acid (22:1) MONOLIT and nonedible high-erucic acid MAPLUS. Whereas the specific activities of DGATs were similar with most of the tested acyl-CoA substrates in both cultivars, MAPLUS had 6- to 14-fold higher activity with 22:1-CoA than did MONOLIT. Thus, DGAT isoforms with different acyl-CoA specificities are differentially active in the two cultivars. We characterized the acyl-CoA specificities of all DGAT isoforms in oilseed rape in the microsomal fractions of yeast cells heterologously expressing these enzymes. All four DGAT1 isoforms showed similar and broad acyl-CoA specificities. However, DGAT2 isoforms had much narrower acyl-CoA specificities: two DGAT2 isoforms were highly active with 22:1-CoA, while the ability of the other two isoforms to use this substrate was impaired. These findings elucidate the importance, which a DGAT isoform with suitable acyl-CoA specificity may have, when aiming for high content of a particular fatty acid in plant triacylglycerol reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Demski
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Simon Jeppson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Ida Lager
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Agnieszka Misztak
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Małgorzata Waleron
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-307 Gdańsk, Poland
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Liu W, Tian J, Hou N, Yu N, Zhang Y, Liu Z. Identification, genomic organization and expression pattern of glutathione transferase in Pardosa pseudoannulata. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2019; 32:100626. [PMID: 31669773 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2019.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The pond wolf spider, Pardosa pseudoannulata, is one of the dominant natural enemies in farmlands and plays important roles in controlling a range of insect pests. The spider is less sensitive to many insecticides than the target pests such as the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens. The different sensitivity to a certain insecticide between species is mostly attributed to the differences in both molecular targets and detoxification enzymes. As one of the most important detoxification enzymes, glutathione transferases (GSTs) play a key role as phase II enzyme in the enzymic detoxification in organisms. Until now, there are few studies on spiders' GSTs, limiting the understanding of insecticide selectivity between insect pests and natural enemy spiders. In this study, based on the transcriptome and genome sequencing of P. pseudoannulata, thirteen full-length transcripts encoding GSTs were identified and analyzed. Interestingly, Delta family, which is thought to be specific to the Insecta, was identified in P. pseudoannulata. Further, vertebrate/mammalian-specific Mu family was also identified in P. pseudoannulata. The mRNA expression levels of cytosolic GSTs in different tissues were determined, and most GST genes were abundant in the gut and the fat body. To investigate GST candidates involving in insecticide detoxification, the mRNA levels of cytosolic GSTs were tested after spiders' exposure to either imidacloprid or deltamethrin. The results showed that PpGSTD3 and PpGSTT1 responded to at least one of these two insecticides. The present study helped understand the function of GSTs in P. pseudoannulata and enriched the genetic information of natural enemy spiders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiahua Tian
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Nannan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Yu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
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Zaworra M, Nauen R. New approaches to old problems: Removal of phospholipase A 2 results in highly active microsomal membranes from the honey bee, Apis mellifera. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2019; 161:68-76. [PMID: 31685199 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 50 years numerous studies were published by insect toxicologists using native microsomal membrane preparations in order to investigate in vitro cytochrome P450-(P450) mediated oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, including insecticides. Whereas the preparation of active microsomal membranes from many pest insect species is straightforward, their isolation from honey bees, Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera: Apidae) remained difficult, if not impossible, due to the presence of a yet unidentified endogenous inhibitory factor released during abdominal gut membrane isolation. Thus hampering in vitro toxicological studies on microsomal oxidative phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics, including compounds of ecotoxicological concern. The use of microsomal membranes rather than individually expressed P450s offers advantages and allows to develop a better understanding of phase 1 driven metabolic fate of foreign compounds. Here we biochemically investigated the problems associated with the isolation of active honey bee microsomes and developed a method resulting in highly active native microsomal preparations from adult female worker abdomens. This was achieved by removal of the abdominal venom gland sting complex prior to microsomal membrane preparation. Molecular sieve chromatography of the venom sac content leads to the identification of phospholipase A2 as the enzyme responsible for the immediate inhibition of cytochrome P450 activity in microsomal preparations. The substrate specificity of functional honey bee microsomes was investigated with different fluorogenic substrates, and revealed a strong preference for coumarin over resorufin derivatives. Furthermore we were able to demonstrate the metabolism of insecticides by honey bee microsomes using an approach coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis of hydroxylated metabolites. Our work provides access to a new and simple in vitro tool to study honey bee phase 1 metabolism of xenobiotics utilising the entire range of microsomal cytochrome P450s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Zaworra
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany; University of Bonn, INRES, Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Str. 13, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel Str. 50, D-40789 Monheim, Germany.
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Yadav J, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Impact of Lipid Partitioning on the Design, Analysis, and Interpretation of Microsomal Time-Dependent Inactivation. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:732-742. [PMID: 31043439 PMCID: PMC6556519 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.085969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonspecific drug partitioning into microsomal membranes must be considered for in vitro-in vivo correlations. This work evaluated the effect of including lipid partitioning in the analysis of complex TDI kinetics with numerical methods. The covariance between lipid partitioning and multiple inhibitor binding was evaluated. Simulations were performed to test the impact of lipid partitioning on the interpretation of TDI kinetics, and experimental TDI datasets for paroxetine (PAR) and itraconazole (ITZ) were modeled. For most kinetic schemes, modeling lipid partitioning results in statistically better fits. For MM-IL simulations (KI,u = 0.1 µM, kinact = 0.1 minute-1), concurrent modeling of lipid partitioning for an fumic range (0.01, 0.1, and 0.5) resulted in better fits compared with post hoc correction (AICc: -526 vs. -496, -579 vs. -499, and -636 vs. -579, respectively). Similar results were obtained with EII-IL. Lipid partitioning may be misinterpreted as double binding, leading to incorrect parameter estimates. For the MM-IL datasets, when fumic = 0.02, MM-IL, and EII model fits were indistinguishable (δAICc = 3). For less partitioned datasets (fumic = 0.1 or 0.5), the inclusion of partitioning resulted in better models. The inclusion of lipid partitioning can lead to markedly different estimates of KI,u and kinact A reasonable alternate experimental design is nondilution TDI assays, with post hoc fumic incorporation. The best fit models for PAR (MIC-M-IL) and ITZ (MIC-EII-M-IL and MIC-EII-M-Seq-IL) were consistent with their reported mechanism and kinetics. Overall, experimental fumic values should be concurrently incorporated into TDI models with complex kinetics, when dilution protocols are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaydeep Yadav
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Harrison PJ, Gable K, Somashekarappa N, Kelly V, Clarke DJ, Naismith JH, Dunn TM, Campopiano DJ. Use of isotopically labeled substrates reveals kinetic differences between human and bacterial serine palmitoyltransferase. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:953-962. [PMID: 30792183 PMCID: PMC6495160 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m089367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Isotope labels are frequently used tools to track metabolites through complex biochemical pathways and to discern the mechanisms of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Isotopically labeled l-serine is often used to monitor the activity of the first enzyme in sphingolipid biosynthesis, serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT), as well as labeling downstream cellular metabolites. Intrigued by the effect that isotope labels may be having on SPT catalysis, we characterized the impact of different l-serine isotopologues on the catalytic activity of recombinant SPT isozymes from humans and the bacterium Sphingomonas paucimobilis Our data show that S. paucimobilis SPT activity displays a clear isotope effect with [2,3,3-D]l-serine, whereas the human SPT isoform does not. This suggests that although both human and S. paucimobilis SPT catalyze the same chemical reaction, there may well be underlying subtle differences in their catalytic mechanisms. Our results suggest that it is the activating small subunits of human SPT that play a key role in these mechanistic variations. This study also highlights that it is important to consider the type and location of isotope labels on a substrate when they are to be used in in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Harrison
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom; Division of Structural Biology Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genomics, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Gable
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
| | | | - Van Kelly
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - David J Clarke
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - James H Naismith
- Division of Structural Biology Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genomics, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom; Research Complex at Harwell Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom; The Rosalind Franklin Institute Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa M Dunn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
| | - Dominic J Campopiano
- EastChem School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom.
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12
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Zhou Y, Underhill SJR. Plasma membrane H + -ATPase activity and graft success of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) onto interspecific rootstocks of marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2018; 20:978-985. [PMID: 30047203 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is primarily grown as a staple tree crop for food security in Oceania. Significant wind damage has driven interest in developing its dwarfing rootstocks. Due to the predominantly vegetative propagation of the species, grafting onto interspecific seedlings is an approach to identifying dwarfing rootstocks. However, grafting of breadfruit onto unrelated Artocarpus species has not been investigated. Here we first report the success of breadfruit grafting onto interspecific rootstocks, marang (A. odoratissimus) and pedalai (A. sericicarpus). To address the low graft survival, we investigated the relationship of plasma membrane (PM) H+ -ATPase activity to graft success. We provide the first evidence for a positive correlation between PM H+ -ATPase activity and graft survival. The graft unions of successful grafts had higher PM H+ -ATPase activity compared to those of failed grafts. Rootstocks with low PM H+ -ATPase activity in leaf microsomes before grafting had lower graft survival than those with high enzyme activity, with graft success of 10% versus 60% and 0% versus 30% for marang and pedalai rootstocks, respectively. There was a positive correlation between graft success and the PM H+ -ATPase activity measured from the rootstock stem microsomes 2 months after grafting [marang, r(7) = 0.9203, P = 0.0004; pedalai (r(7) = 0. 8820, P = 0.0017]. Removal of scion's own roots decreased the leaf PM H+ -ATPase activity of grafted plants regardless of the final graft outcome. Recovery of the enzyme activity was only found in the successful grafts. The function of PM H+ -ATPase in graft union development and graft success improvement is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhou
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
| | - S J R Underhill
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
- Faculty of Science, Education and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Qld, Australia
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13
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Napagoda M, Gerstmeier J, Butschek H, Lorenz S, Kanatiwela D, Qader M, Nagahawatte A, De Soyza S, Wijayaratne GB, Svatoš A, Jayasinghe L, Koeberle A, Werz O. Lipophilic extracts of Leucas zeylanica, a multi-purpose medicinal plant in the tropics, inhibit key enzymes involved in inflammation and gout. J Ethnopharmacol 2018; 224:474-481. [PMID: 29727733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leucas zeylanica (L.) W.T. Aiton is a popular, multi-purpose medicinal plant in Sri Lanka but the pharmacological potential and the chemical profile have not been systematically investigated to understand and rationalize the reported ethnobotanical significance. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study was undertaken to scientifically validate the traditional usage of this plant for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, gout and microbial infections. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase (mPGES)-1 and xanthine oxidase (XO) by different extracts of L. zeylanica was investigated to determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-gout activity, respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were also studied and the relevant constituents in the bioactive extracts were tentatively identified. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell-free and/or cell-based assays were employed in order to investigate the effects of the extracts against the activity of human 5-LO, mPGES-1 and XO as well as to assess antioxidant properties. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by the broth micro-dilution method against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus while the agar dilution method was employed to determine the anti-Candida activity. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis enabled the characterization of secondary metabolites in the extracts. RESULTS The dichloromethane extract of L. zeylanica efficiently inhibited 5-LO activity in stimulated human neutrophils (IC50 = 5.5 µg/mL) and isolated human 5-LO and mPGES-1 (IC50 = 2.2 and 0.4 µg/mL). Potent inhibition of XO was observed by the same extract (IC50 = 47.5 μg/mL), which is the first report of XO-inhibitory activity of a Sri Lankan medicinal plant. Interestingly, significant radical scavenging activity was not observed by this extract. Only the n-hexane extract exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus with a MIC of 250 µg/mL while the anti-Candida activity was moderate. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of phytosterols, fatty acids, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and several other types of secondary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Potent inhibition of 5-LO, mPGES-1 and XO rationalizes the ethnopharmacological use of L. zeylanica as anti-inflammatory and anti-gout remedy. Interestingly, the antimicrobial activities were not prominent, despite its wide utility as an antimicrobial medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuri Napagoda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Hannah Butschek
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Sybille Lorenz
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Dinusha Kanatiwela
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Mallique Qader
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ajith Nagahawatte
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Sudhara De Soyza
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ruhuna, Galle 80000, Sri Lanka.
| | | | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knoell-Strasse 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
| | - Lalith Jayasinghe
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka.
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
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14
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Venkateshwari V, Vijayakumar A, Vijayakumar AK, Reddy LPA, Srinivasan M, Rajasekharan R. Leaf lipidome and transcriptome profiling of Portulaca oleracea: characterization of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase. Planta 2018; 248:347-367. [PMID: 29736624 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Portulaca leaves serve as an alternative bioresource for edible PUFAs. Transcriptome data provide information to explore Portulaca as a model system for galactolipids, leaf lipid metabolism, and PUFA-rich designer lipids. Poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are gaining importance due to their innumerable health benefits, and hence, understanding their biosynthesis in plants has attained prominence in recent years. The most common source of PUFAs is of marine origin. Although reports have identified Portulaca oleracea (purslane) as a leaf source of omega-3 fatty acids in the form of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), the mechanism of ALA accumulation and its distribution into various lipids has not been elucidated. Here, we present the lipid profiles of leaves and seeds of several accessions of P. oleracea. Among the nineteen distinct accessions, the RR04 accession has the highest amount of ALA and is primarily associated with galactolipids. In addition, we report the transcriptome of RR04, and we have mapped the potential genes involved in lipid metabolism. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the major site of acyl editing, which is catalyzed by lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT), an integral membrane protein that plays a major role in supplying oleate to the PC pool for further unsaturation. Our investigations using mass spectrometric analysis of leaf microsomal fractions identified LPCAT as part of a membrane protein complex. Both native and recombinant LPCAT showed strong acyltransferase activity with various acyl-CoA substrates. Altogether, the results suggest that ALA-rich glycerolipid biosynthetic machinery is highly active in nutritionally important Portulaca leaves. Furthermore, lipidome, transcriptome, and mass spectrometric analyses of RR04 provide novel information for exploring Portulaca as a potential resource and a model system for studying leaf lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadarajan Venkateshwari
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Anitha Vijayakumar
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Arun Kumar Vijayakumar
- Food Safety and Analytical Quality Control Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - L Prasanna Anjaneya Reddy
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Malathi Srinivasan
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Ram Rajasekharan
- Department of Lipid Science, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, Karnataka, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India.
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15
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Ashmore JH, Luo S, Watson CJW, Lazarus P. Carbonyl reduction of NNK by recombinant human lung enzymes: identification of HSD17β12 as the reductase important in (R)-NNAL formation in human lung. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:1079-1088. [PMID: 29788210 PMCID: PMC6067128 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
4-(Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) is the most abundant and carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamine in tobacco and tobacco smoke. The major metabolic pathway for NNK is carbonyl reduction to form the (R) and (S) enantiomers of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) which, like NNK, is a potent lung carcinogen. The goal of this study was to characterize NNAL enantiomer formation in human lung and identify the enzymes responsible for this activity. While (S)-NNAL was the major enantiomer of NNAL formed in incubations with NNK in lung cytosolic fractions, (R)-NNAL comprised ~60 and ~95% of the total NNAL formed in lung whole cell lysates and microsomes, respectively. In studies examining the role of individual recombinant cytosolic reductase enzymes in lung NNAL enantiomer formation, AKR1C1, AKR1C2, AKR1C3, AKR1C4 and CBR1 all exhibited (S)-NNAL-formation activity. To identify the microsomal enzymes responsible for (R)-NNAL formation, 28 microsomal reductase enzymes were screened for expression by real-time PCR in normal human lung. HSD17β6, HSD17β12, KDSR, NSDHL, RDH10, RDH11 and SDR16C5 were all expressed at levels ≥HSD11β1, the only previously reported microsomal reductase enzyme with NNK-reducing activity, with HSD17β12 the most highly expressed. Of these lung-expressing enzymes, only HSD17β12 exhibited activity against NNK, forming primarily (>95%) (R)-NNAL, a pattern consistent with that observed in lung microsomes. siRNA knock-down of HSD17β12 resulted in significant decreases in (R)-NNAL-formation activity in HEK293 cells. These data suggest that both cytosolic and microsomal enzymes are active against NNK and that HSD17β12 is the major active microsomal reductase that contributes to (R)-NNAL formation in human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Ashmore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Shaman Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
- Alkali Soil Natural Environmental Science Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Christy J W Watson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
| | - Philip Lazarus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, USA
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16
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Franco ME, Sutherland GE, Lavado R. Xenobiotic metabolism in the fish hepatic cell lines Hepa-E1 and RTH-149, and the gill cell lines RTgill-W1 and G1B: Biomarkers of CYP450 activity and oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 206-207:32-40. [PMID: 29496489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The use of fish cell cultures has proven to be an effective tool in the study of environmental and aquatic toxicology. Valuable information can be obtained from comparisons between cell lines from different species and organs. In the present study, specific chemicals were used and biomarkers (e.g. 7-Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS)) were measured to assess the metabolic capabilities and cytotoxicity of the fish hepatic cell lines Hepa-E1 and RTH-149, and the fish gill cell lines RTgill-W1 and G1B. These cell lines were exposed to β-naphthoflavone (BNF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), the pharmaceutical tamoxifen (TMX), and the organic peroxide tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP). Cytotoxicity in gill cell lines was significantly higher than in hepatic cells, with BNF and TMX being the most toxic compounds. CYP1-like associated activity, measured through EROD activity, was only detected in hepatic cells; Hepa-E1 cells showed the highest activity after exposure to both BNF and BaP. Significantly higher levels of CYP3A-like activity were also observed in Hepa-E1 cells exposed to TMX, while gill cell lines presented the lowest levels. Measurements of ROS and antioxidant enzymes indicated that peroxide levels were higher in gill cell lines in general. However, levels of superoxide were significantly higher in RTH-149 cells, where no distinctive increase of superoxide-related antioxidants was observed. The present study demonstrates the importance of selecting adequate cell lines in measuring specific metabolic parameters and provides strong evidence for the fish hepatocarcinoma Hepa-E1 cells to be an excellent alternative in assessing metabolism of xenobiotics, and in expanding the applicability of fish cell lines for in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Franco
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Grace E Sutherland
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA.
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17
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Laursen T, Stonebloom SH, Pidatala VR, Birdseye DS, Clausen MH, Mortimer JC, Scheller HV. Bifunctional glycosyltransferases catalyze both extension and termination of pectic galactan oligosaccharides. Plant J 2018; 94:340-351. [PMID: 29418030 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectins are the most complex polysaccharides of the plant cell wall. Based on the number of methylations, acetylations and glycosidic linkages present in their structures, it is estimated that up to 67 transferase activities are involved in pectin biosynthesis. Pectic galactans constitute a major part of pectin in the form of side-chains of rhamnogalacturonan-I. In Arabidopsis, galactan synthase 1 (GALS1) catalyzes the addition of galactose units from UDP-Gal to growing β-1,4-galactan chains. However, the mechanisms for obtaining varying degrees of polymerization remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that AtGALS1 is bifunctional, catalyzing both the transfer of galactose from UDP-α-d-Gal and the transfer of an arabinopyranose from UDP-β-l-Arap to galactan chains. The two substrates share a similar structure, but UDP-α-d-Gal is the preferred substrate, with a 10-fold higher affinity. Transfer of Arap to galactan prevents further addition of galactose residues, resulting in a lower degree of polymerization. We show that this dual activity occurs both in vitro and in vivo. The herein described bifunctionality of AtGALS1 may suggest that plants can produce the incredible structural diversity of polysaccharides without a dedicated glycosyltransferase for each glycosidic linkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Laursen
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Solomon H Stonebloom
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Venkataramana R Pidatala
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Devon S Birdseye
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jenny C Mortimer
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
| | - Henrik Vibe Scheller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute and Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94702, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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18
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Adesanya AW, Held DW, Liu N. Geranium intoxication induces detoxification enzymes in the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica Newman. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 143:1-7. [PMID: 29183576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Popillia japonica is a generalist herbivore that feeds on >300 host plant species in at least 72 plant families. It is unknown why P. japonica, despite possessing active detoxification enzymes in its gut, is paralyzed when feeding on the petals of one of its preferred host plant, Pelargonium×hortorum, or on artificial diet containing quisqualic acid (QA), the active compound in zonal geranium. We hypothesized that Pelargonium×hortorum or QA do not induce activity of the cytochrome P450, glutathione S transferase (GST), and carboxylesterase (CoE) detoxification enzymes in P. japonica. In this study, P. japonica were fed petals of zonal geranium or agar plugs containing QA, or rose petals, another preferred but non-toxic host. Midgut enzyme activities of P450, GST, and CoE were then assayed after 6, 12, or 24h of feeding. In most cases, P450, GST, and CoE activities were significantly induced in P. japonica midguts by geranium petals and QA, though the induction was slower than with rose petals. Induced enzyme activity reached a peak at 24h after consumption, which coincides with the period of highest recovery from geranium and QA paralysis. This study shows that toxic geranium and QA induce detoxification enzyme activity, but the induced enzymes do not effectively protect P. japonica from paralysis by QA. Further investigation is required through in vitro studies to know if the enzymes induced by geranium are capable of metabolizing QA. This study highlights a rare physiological mismatch between the detoxification tool kit of a generalist and its preferred host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle W Adesanya
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36830, United States; Department of Entomology, Washington State University, 279A FSHN building, Pullman, WA 99163, United States.
| | - David W Held
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36830, United States.
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36830, United States
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19
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Rizzi J, Pérez-Albaladejo E, Fernandes D, Contreras J, Froehner S, Porte C. Characterization of quality of sediments from Paranaguá Bay (Brazil) by combined in vitro bioassays and chemical analyses. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:1811-1819. [PMID: 27390921 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterizes the quality of sediments from the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex (South Brazil). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were determined in sediment samples together with a series of different in vitro bioassays. The fish hepatoma cell line (PLHC-1) was used to determine the presence of cytotoxic compounds and CYP1A- and oxidative stress-inducing agents in sediment extracts. Ovarian microsomal fractions from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were used to detect the presence of endocrine disrupters that interfered with the synthesis of estrogens (ovarian CYP19). Despite the relatively low levels of pollutants and no evidence of negative effects based on guideline levels, sediments collected close to harbors were enriched with CYP1A-inducing agents and they showed higher cytotoxicity. In contrast, sediments from internal areas inhibited CYP19 activity, which suggests the presence of endocrine disrupters at these sites. Overall, the selected bioassays and the chemistry data led to the identification of potentially impacted areas along the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex that would require further action to improve their environmental quality. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1811-1819. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Rizzi
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Elisabet Pérez-Albaladejo
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Denise Fernandes
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Javier Contreras
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Sandro Froehner
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cinta Porte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research, Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
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20
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Shinohara H, Matsubayashi Y. Expression of Plant Receptor Kinases in Tobacco BY-2 Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1621:29-35. [PMID: 28567640 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7063-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Although more than 600 single-transmembrane receptor kinase genes have been found in the Arabidopsis genome, only a few of them have known physiological functions, and even fewer plant receptor kinases have known specific ligands. Ligand-binding analysis must be operated using the functionally expressed receptor form. However, the relative abundance of native receptor kinase molecules in the plasma membrane is often quite low. Here, we present a method for stable and functional expression of plant receptor kinases in tobacco BY-2 cells that allows preparation of microsomal fractions containing the receptor. This procedure provides a sufficient amount of receptor proteins while maintaining its ligand-binding activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Shinohara
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.
| | - Yoshikatsu Matsubayashi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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21
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Shaban NZ, Hegazy WA, Abdel-Rahman SM, Awed OM, Khalil SA. Potential effect of Olea europea leaves, Sonchus oleraceus leaves and Mangifera indica peel extracts on aromatase activity in human placental microsomes and CYP19A1 expression in MCF-7 cell line: Comparative study. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2016; 62:11-19. [PMID: 27585256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) provide novel approaches to the adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers. In this study, different plant extracts from Olea europaea leaves (OLE), Sonchus oleraceus L. (SOE) and Mangifera indica peels (MPE) were prepared to identify phytoconstituents and measure antioxidant capacities. The effects of these three extracts on aromatase activity in human placental microsomes were evaluated. Additionally, the effects of these extracts on tissue-specific promoter expression of CYP19A1 gene in cell culture model (MCF-7) were assessed using qRT-PCR. Results showed a concentration-dependent decrease in aromatase activity after treatment with OLE and MPE, whereas, SOE showed a biphasic effect. The differential effects of OLE, SOE and MPE on aromatase expression showed that OLE seems to be the most potent suppressor followed by SOE and then MPE. These findings indicate that OLE has effective inhibitory action on aromatase at both the enzymatic and expression levels, in addition to its cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 cells. Also, MPE may be has the potential to be used as a tissue-specific aromatase inhibitor (selective aromatase inhibitor) and it may be promising to develop a new therapeutic agent against ER+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Z Shaban
- Alexandria University Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Alexandria Egypt
| | - W A Hegazy
- Alexandria University Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Alexandria Egypt
| | - S M Abdel-Rahman
- City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications Department of Nucleic Acid Research, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute Alexandria Egypt
| | - O M Awed
- Alexandria University Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Alexandria Egypt
| | - S A Khalil
- Alexandria University Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Alexandria Egypt
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22
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Gao R, Liu M, Chen Y, Xia C, Zhang H, Xiong Y, Huang S. Identification and characterization of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases responsible for the in vitro glucuronidation of ursolic acid. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:261-8. [PMID: 27474355 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to characterize the glucuronidation kinetics of ursolic acid (UA) in human liver microsomes (HLMs) and intestinal microsomes (HIMs) and identify the main UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) involved. In our present study, only one type of UA glucuronide was observed after incubation with HLMs and HIMs respectively and was identified as a UA hydroxyl O-glucuronide. The glucuronidation of UA can be shown in HLMs and HIMs with Km values of 3.29 ± 0.16 and 3.74 ± 0.22 μM and Vmax values of 0.33 ± 0.03 and 0.42 ± 0.03 nmol/min/(mg protein). Among the 12 recombinant UGT enzymes investigated, UGT1A3 and UGT1A4 were identified as the major enzymes catalyzing the glucuronidation of UA [Km values of 2.58 ± 0.12 and 4.66 ± 0.60 μM, Vmax values of 0.72 ± 0.01 and 1.00 ± 0.06 nmol/min/(mg protein)]. The chemical inhibition study showed that the IC50 for hecogenin inhibition of UA glucuronidation was 51.79 ± 4.32 μM in HLMs. And chenodeoxycholic acid inhibited UA glucuronidation in HLMs with an IC50 of 28.26 ± 2.91 μM. In addition, UA glucuronidation in a panel of eight HLM was significantly correlated with telmisartan glucuronidation (r(2) = 0.7660, p < 0.01) and trifluoperazine glucuronidation (r(2) = 0.5866, p < 0.01) respectively. These findings collectively indicate that UGT1A3 and UGT1A4 were the main enzymes responsible for the glucuronidation of UA in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China; Peking University Binhai Hospital (Tianjin Fifth Center Hospital), Tianjin, 300450, PR China
| | - Mingyi Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Yu Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
| | - Hong Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Shibo Huang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
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23
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Vences-Mejía A, Labra-Ruíz N, Hernández-Martínez N, Dorado-González V, Gómez-Garduño J, Pérez-López I, Nosti-Palacios R, Camacho Carranza R, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. The Effect of Aspartame on Rat Brain Xenobiotic-Metabolizing Enzymes. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 25:453-9. [PMID: 16937917 DOI: 10.1191/0960327106het646oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that chronic aspartame (ASP) consumption leads to an increase of phase I metabolizing enzymes (cytochrome P450 (CYP)) in rat brain. Wistar rats were treated by gavage with ASP at daily doses of 75 and 125 mg/kg body weight for 30 days. Cerebrum and cerebellum were used to obtain microsomal fractions to analyse activity and protein levels of seven cytochrome P450 enzymes. Increases in activity were consistently found with the 75 mg/kg dose both in cerebrum and cerebellum for all seven enzymes, although not at the same levels: CYP 2E1-associated 4-nitrophenol hydroxylase (4-NPH) activity was increased 1.5-fold in cerebrum and 25-fold in cerebellum; likewise, CYP2B1-associated penthoxyresorufin O-dealkylase (PROD) activity increased 2.9- and 1.7-fold respectively, CYP2B2-associated benzyloxyresorufin O-dealkylase (BROD) 4.5- and 1.1- fold, CYP3A-associated erythromycin N-demethylase (END) 1.4- and 3.3-fold, CYP1A1-associated ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) 5.5- and 2.8-fold, and CYP1A2- associated methoxyresorufin O-demethylase (MROD) 3.7- and 1.3-fold. Furthermore, the pattern of induction of CYP immunoreactive proteins by ASP paralleled that of 4-NHP-, PROD-, BROD-, END-, EROD- and MROD-related activities only in the cerebellum. Conversely, no differences in CYP concentration and activity were detected in hepatic microsomes of treated animals with respect to the controls, suggesting a brain-specific response to ASP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vences-Mejía
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Insurgentes Sur, 3700-C, 04530 México, DF Mdxico
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24
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Marchenko MM, Ketsa OV, Shmarakov IO, Abutnaritsa KH. Monooxygenase system in Guerin’s carcinoma of rats under conditions of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids administration. Ukr Biochem J 2016; 88:48-56. [PMID: 29235764 DOI: 10.15407/ubj88.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the variations of function in components of monooxygenase system (MOS) of rat Guerin’s carcinoma under ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) administration. The activity of Guerin’s carcinoma microsomal NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase, the content and the rate of cytochrome b5 oxidation-reduction, the content and the rate of cytochrome Р450 oxidation-reduction have been investigated in rats with tumor under conditions of ω-3 PUFAs administration. ω-3 PUFAs supplementation before and after transplantation of Guerin’s carcinoma resulted in the increase of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase activity and decrease of cytochrome b5 level in the Guerin’s carcinoma microsomal fraction in the logarithmic phases of carcinogenesis as compared to the tumor-bearing rats. Increased activity of NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase facilitates higher electron flow in redox-chain of MOS. Under decreased cytochrome b5 levels the electrons are transferred to oxygen, which leads to heightened generation of superoxide (O2•-) in comparison to control. It was shown, that the decrease of cytochrome P450 level in the Guerin’s carcinoma microsomal fraction in the logarithmic phases of oncogenesis under ω-3 PUFAs administration may be associated with its transition into an inactive form – cytochrome P420. This decrease in cytochrome P450 coincides with increased generation of superoxide by MOS oxygenase chain.
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25
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Adesanya A, Liu N, Held DW. Host suitability and diet mixing influence activities of detoxification enzymes in adult Japanese beetles. J Insect Physiol 2016; 88:55-62. [PMID: 26964493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Induction of cytochrome P450, glutathione S transferase (GST), and carboxylesterase (CoE) activity was measured in guts of the scarab Popillia japonica Newman, after consumption of single or mixed plant diets of previously ranked preferred (rose, Virginia creeper, crape myrtle and sassafras) or non-preferred hosts (boxelder, riverbirch and red oak). The goal of this study was to quantify activities of P450, GST and CoE enzymes in the midgut of adult P. japonica using multiple substrates in response to host plant suitability (preferred host vs non-preferred hosts), and single and mixed diets. Non-preferred hosts were only sparingly fed upon, and as a group induced higher activities of P450, GST and CoE than did preferred hosts. However, enzyme activities for some individual plant species were similar across categories of host suitability. Similarly, beetles tended to have greater enzyme activities after feeding on a mixture of plants compared to a single plant type, but mixing per se does not seem as important as the species represented in the mix. Induction of detoxification enzymes on non-preferred hosts, or when switching between hosts, may explain, in part, the perceived feeding preferences of this polyphagous insect. The potential consequences of induced enzyme activities on the ecology of adult Japanese beetles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adekunle Adesanya
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36830, United States
| | - Nannan Liu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36830, United States
| | - David W Held
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn, AL 36830, United States.
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Xie X, Wang X, Mick GJ, Kabarowski JH, Wilson LS, Barnes S, Walcott GP, Luo X, McCormick K. Effect of n-3 and n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Microsomal P450 Steroidogenic Enzyme Activities and In Vitro Cortisol Production in Adrenal Tissue From Yorkshire Boars. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1512-21. [PMID: 26889941 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of adrenal glucocorticoid production is increasingly recognized to play a supportive role in the metabolic syndrome although the mechanism is ill defined. The adrenal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, CYP17 and CYP21, are essential for glucocorticoid synthesis. The omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) may ameliorate metabolic syndrome, but it is unknown whether they have direct actions on adrenal CYP steroidogenic enzymes. The aim of this study was to determine whether PUFA modify adrenal glucocorticoid synthesis using isolated porcine microsomes. The enzyme activities of CYP17, CYP21, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH), and CYP2E1 were measured in intact microsomes treated with fatty acids of disparate saturated bonds. Cortisol production was measured in a cell-free in vitro model. Microsomal lipid composition after arachidonic acid (AA) exposure was determined by sequential window acquisition of all theoretical spectra-mass spectrometry. Results showed that adrenal microsomal CYP21 activity was decreased by docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, AA, and linoleic acid, and CYP17 activity was inhibited by DPA, DHA, eicosapentaenoic acid, and AA. Inhibition was associated with the number of the PUFA double bonds. Similarly, cortisol production in vitro was decreased by DPA, DHA, and AA. Endoplasmic enzymes with intraluminal activity were unaffected by PUFA. In microsomes exposed to AA, the level of AA or oxidative metabolites of AA in the membrane was not altered. In conclusion, these observations suggest that omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA, especially those with 2 or more double bonds (DPA, DHA, and AA), impede adrenal glucocorticoid production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Xie
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Gail J Mick
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Janusz H Kabarowski
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Landon Shay Wilson
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Stephen Barnes
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Gregory P Walcott
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Kenneth McCormick
- Departments of Pediatrics (X.X., X.W., G.J.M., K.M.), Microbiology (J.H.K.), Pharmacology and Toxicology (L.S.W., S.B.), and Cardiovascular Disease (G.P.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233; Department of Pediatrics (X..X., X.L.), Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (X.X.), Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
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27
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Afolabi OK, Wusu AD, Ogunrinola OO, Abam EO, Babayemi DO, Dosumu OA, Onunkwor OB, Balogun EA, Odukoya OO, Ademuyiwa O. Paraoxonase 1 activity in subchronic low-level inorganic arsenic exposure through drinking water. Environ Toxicol 2016; 31:154-162. [PMID: 25082665 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidences indicate close association between inorganic arsenic exposure via drinking water and cardiovascular diseases. While the exact mechanism of this arsenic-mediated increase in cardiovascular risk factors remains enigmatic, epidemiological studies indicate a role for paraoxonase 1 (PON1) in cardiovascular diseases. To investigate the association between inorganic arsenic exposure and cardiovascular diseases, rats were exposed to sodium arsenite (trivalent; 50, 100, and 150 ppm As) and sodium arsenate (pentavalent; 100, 150, and 200 ppm As) in their drinking water for 12 weeks. PON1 activity towards paraoxon (PONase) and phenylacetate (AREase) in plasma, lipoproteins, hepatic, and brain microsomal fractions were determined. Inhibition of PONase and AREase in plasma and HDL characterized the effects of the two arsenicals. While the trivalent arsenite inhibited PONase by 33% (plasma) and 46% (HDL), respectively, the pentavalent arsenate inhibited the enzyme by 41 and 34%, respectively. AREase activity was inhibited by 52 and 48% by arsenite, whereas the inhibition amounted to 72 and 67%, respectively by arsenate. The pattern of inhibition in plasma and HDL indicates that arsenite induced a dose-dependent inhibition of PONase whereas arsenate induced a dose-dependent inhibition of AREase. In the VLDL + LDL, arsenate inhibited PONase and AREase while arsenite inhibited PONase. In the hepatic and brain microsomal fractions, only the PONase enzyme was inhibited by the two arsenicals. The inhibition was more pronounced in the hepatic microsomes where a 70% inhibition was observed at the highest dose of pentavalent arsenic. Microsomal cholesterol was increased by the two arsenicals resulting in increased cholesterol/phospholipid ratios. Our findings indicate that decreased PON1 activity observed in arsenic exposure may be an incipient biochemical event in the cardiovascular effects of arsenic. Modulation of PON1 activity by arsenic may also be mediated through changes in membrane fluidity brought about by changes in the concentration of cholesterol in the microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun K Afolabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria
| | - Adedoja D Wusu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Lagos State University, Ojoo, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo O Ogunrinola
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Lagos State University, Ojoo, Nigeria
| | - Esther O Abam
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - David O Babayemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Oluwatosin A Dosumu
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Okechukwu B Onunkwor
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth A Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun O Odukoya
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Oladipo Ademuyiwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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28
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Abstract
The lack of a complete assembly of the sensitivity of subcellular aminopeptidase (AP) activities to insulin in different pathophysiological conditions has hampered the complete view of the adipocyte metabolic pathways and its implications in these conditions. Here we investigated the influence of insulin on basic AP (APB), neutral puromycin-sensitive AP (PSA), and neutral puromycin-insensitive AP (APM) in high and low density microsomal and plasma membrane fractions from adipocytes of healthy and obese rats. Catalytic activities of these enzymes were fluorometrically monitoring in these fractions with or without insulin stimulus. Canonical traffic such as insulin-regulated AP was not detected for these novel adipocyte APs in healthy and obese rats. However, insulin increased APM in low density microsomal and plasma membrane fractions from healthy rats, APB in high density microsomal fraction from obese rats and PSA in plasma membrane fraction from healthy rats. A new concept of intracellular compartment-dependent upregulation of AP enzyme activities by insulin emerges from these data. This relatively selective regulation has pathophysiological significance, since these enzymes are well known to act as catalysts and receptor of peptides directly related to energy metabolism. Overall, the regulation of each one of these enzyme activities reflects certain dysfunction in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fadoni Alponti
- Laboratory of PharmacologyUnit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, BrazilDepartment of PhysiologyUniversidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil Laboratory of PharmacologyUnit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, BrazilDepartment of PhysiologyUniversidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patricia Lucio Alves
- Laboratory of PharmacologyUnit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, BrazilDepartment of PhysiologyUniversidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Flavio Silveira
- Laboratory of PharmacologyUnit of Translational Endocrine Physiology and Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Avenida Vital Brasil, 1500, CEP05503-900 Sao Paulo, BrazilDepartment of PhysiologyUniversidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Petzer JP, Petzer A. Leflunomide, a Reversible Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2016; 16:112-119. [PMID: 26299850 DOI: 10.2174/1871524915666150824154329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A screening study aimed at identifying inhibitors of the enzyme, monoamine oxidase (MAO), among clinically used drugs have indicated that the antirheumatic drug, leflunomide, is an inhibitor of both MAO isoforms. Leflunomide inhibits human MAO-A and MAO-B and exhibits IC<sub>50</sub> values of 19.1 μM and 13.7 μM, respectively. The corresponding K<sub>i</sub> values are 17.7 μM (MAO-A) and 10.1 μM (MAO-B). Dialyses of mixtures of the MAO enzymes and leflunomide show that inhibition of the MAOs by leflunomide is reversible. The principal metabolite of leflunomide, teriflunomide (A77 1726), in contrast is not an MAO inhibitor. This study concludes that, although leflunomide is only moderately potent as an MAO inhibitor, isoxazole derivatives may represent a general class of MAO inhibitors and this heterocycle may find application in MAO inhibitor design. In this respect, MAO inhibitors are used in the clinic for the treatment of depressive illness and Parkinson's disease, and are under investigation as therapy for certain types of cancer, Alzheimer's disease and age-related impairment of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anél Petzer
- North-West University, 11 Hoffman street, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
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Pinto MR, Lucena MN, Faleiros RO, Almeida EA, McNamara JC, Leone FA. Effects of ammonia stress in the Amazon river shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum (Decapoda, Palaemonidae). Aquat Toxicol 2016; 170:13-23. [PMID: 26571214 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate the effects of total ammonia nitrogen-N (TAN) exposure for 72h on (Na(+),K(+))- and V(H(+))-ATPase activities and on their subunit expressions in gills of the diadromous freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum. Specific (Na(+),K(+))- and V(H(+))-ATPase activities increased roughly 1.5- to 2-fold, respectively, after exposure to 2.0mmolL(-1) TAN. Quantitative RT-PCR analyses revealed a 2.5-fold increase in V(H(+))-ATPase B subunit mRNA expression while (Na(+),K(+))-ATPase α-subunit expression was unchanged. Immunohistochemical analyses of the gill lamellae located the (Na(+),K(+))-ATPase throughout the intralamellar septal cells, independently of TAN concentration, while the V(H(+))-ATPase was located in both the apical pillar cell flanges and pillar cell bodies. Systemic stress parameters like total hemocyte count decreased by 30% after exposure to 2.0mmolL(-1) TAN, accompanied by increased activities of the oxidative stress enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the gills. The stress responses of M. amazonicum to elevated TAN include increases in gill (Na(+),K(+))- and V(H(+))-ATPase activities that are accompanied by changes in oxidative stress enzyme activities, immune system effects and an increase in gill V(H(+))-ATPase gene expression. These findings likely underpin physiological effects in a crustacean like M. amazonicum that exploits multiple ecosystems during its life cycle, as well as under culture conditions that may significantly impact shrimp production by the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo R Pinto
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto/USP, Brazil
| | - Malson N Lucena
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto/USP, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Alves Almeida
- Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - John C McNamara
- Departamento de Biologia -Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto/USP, Brazil
| | - Francisco A Leone
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto/USP, Brazil.
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31
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Barton MH, Darden JE, Clifton S, Vandenplas M. Effect of firocoxib on cyclooxygenase 2, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1, and cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene expression in equine mononuclear cells. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:1051-7. [PMID: 26618729 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.12.1051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate primer sets for use in reverse transcription quantitative PCR assays to measure gene expression of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (mPGES1) in equine mononuclear cells and determine the effects of firocoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) inhibitor, on COX-2, cPLA2, and mPGES1 gene expression following incubation of mononuclear cells with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). ANIMALS 8 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated by density gradient centrifugation and incubated at 37°C with medium alone, firocoxib (100 ng/mL), LPS (1 ng/mL or 1 μg/mL), or combinations of firocoxib and both LPS concentrations. After 4 hours, supernatants were collected and tested for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration with an enzyme inhibition assay, and gene expression in cell lysates was measured with PCR assays. RESULTS Primer pairs for cPLA2 and mPGES1 yielded single products on dissociation curve analyses, with mean assay efficiencies of 102% and 100%, respectively. Incubation with firocoxib and LPS significantly decreased PGE2 supernatant concentrations and significantly reduced COX-2 and mPGES1 gene expression, compared with values following incubation with LPS alone. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Primer sets for mPGES1 and cPLA2 gene expression in equine mononuclear cells were successfully validated. Firocoxib significantly decreased LPS-induced COX-2 and mPGES1 expression, suggesting that it may be useful in the control of diseases in which expression of these genes is upregulated.
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Stamatakis K, Jimenez-Martinez M, Jimenez-Segovia A, Chico-Calero I, Conde E, Galán-Martínez J, Ruiz J, Pascual A, Barrocal B, López-Pérez R, García-Bermejo ML, Fresno M. Prostaglandins induce early growth response 1 transcription factor mediated microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase up-regulation for colorectal cancer progression. Oncotarget 2015; 6:39941-59. [PMID: 26498686 PMCID: PMC4741871 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) has been associated with cell growth, invasiveness, tumor progression and metastasis of colorectal carcinomas. However, the downstream prostaglandin (PG)-PG receptor pathway involved in these effects is poorly characterized.We studied the PG-pathway in gene expression databases and we found that PTGS2 (prostaglandin G/H synthase and cyclooxygenase) and PTGES (prostaglandin E synthase) are co-expressed in human colorectal tumors. Moreover, we detected that COX2 and microsomal Prostaglandin E2 synthase 1 (mPGES1) proteins are both up-regulated in colorectal human tumor biopsies.Using colon carcinoma cell cultures we found that COX2 overexpression significantly increased mPGES1 mRNA and protein. This up-regulation was due to an increase in early growth response 1 (EGR1) levels and its transcriptional activity. EGR1 was induced by COX2-generated PGF2α. A PGF2α receptor antagonist, or EGR1 silencing, inhibited the mPGES1 induction by COX2 overexpression. Moreover, using immunodeficient mice, we also demonstrated that both COX2- and mPGES1-overexpressing carcinoma cells were more efficient forming tumors.Our results describe for the first time the molecular pathway correlating PTGS2 and PTGES in colon cancer progression. We demonstrated that in this pathway mPGES1 is induced by COX2 overexpression, via autocrine PGs release, likely PGF2α, through an EGR1-dependent mechanism. This signaling provides a molecular explanation to PTGS2 and PTGES association and contribute to colon cancer advance, pointing out novel potential therapeutic targets in this oncological context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Stamatakis
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Sanitario Princesa de Investigacion Sanitaria (IIS-P), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Jimenez-Martinez
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Jimenez-Segovia
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Chico-Calero
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Conde
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera de Colmenar, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Galán-Martínez
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julia Ruiz
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Pascual
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Carretera de Colmenar, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Barrocal
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo López-Pérez
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Fresno
- Centro de Biología Molecular ‘‘Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Sanitario Princesa de Investigacion Sanitaria (IIS-P), Madrid, Spain
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Aymé L, Jolivet P, Nicaud JM, Chardot T. Molecular Characterization of the Elaeis guineensis Medium-Chain Fatty Acid Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase DGAT1-1 by Heterologous Expression in Yarrowia lipolytica. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143113. [PMID: 26581109 PMCID: PMC4651311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) are involved in the acylation of sn-1,2-diacylglycerol. Palm kernel oil, extracted from Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) seeds, has a high content of medium-chain fatty acids mainly lauric acid (C12:0). A putative E. guineensis diacylglycerol acyltransferase gene (EgDGAT1-1) is expressed at the onset of lauric acid accumulation in the seed endosperm suggesting that it is a determinant of medium-chain triacylglycerol storage. To test this hypothesis, we thoroughly characterized EgDGAT1-1 activity through functional complementation of a Yarrowia lipolytica mutant strain devoid of neutral lipids. EgDGAT1-1 expression is sufficient to restore triacylglycerol accumulation in neosynthesized lipid droplets. A comparative functional study with Arabidopsis thaliana DGAT1 highlighted contrasting substrate specificities when the recombinant yeast was cultured in lauric acid supplemented medium. The EgDGAT1-1 expressing strain preferentially accumulated medium-chain triacylglycerols whereas AtDGAT1 expression induced long-chain triacylglycerol storage in Y. lipolytica. EgDGAT1-1 localized to the endoplasmic reticulum where TAG biosynthesis takes place. Reestablishing neutral lipid accumulation in the Y. lipolytica mutant strain did not induce major reorganization of the yeast microsomal proteome. Overall, our findings demonstrate that EgDGAT1-1 is an endoplasmic reticulum DGAT with preference for medium-chain fatty acid substrates, in line with its physiological role in palm kernel. The characterized EgDGAT1-1 could be used to promote medium-chain triacylglycerol accumulation in microbial-produced oil for industrial chemicals and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Aymé
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | - Pascale Jolivet
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
| | | | - Thierry Chardot
- INRA, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin Saclay Plant Sciences, Versailles, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, Versailles, France
- * E-mail:
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El-Serafi I, Afsharian P, Moshfegh A, Hassan M, Terelius Y. Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Influences CYP2B6 Activity in Cyclophosphamide Bioactivation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141979. [PMID: 26544874 PMCID: PMC4636385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cyclophosphamide is commonly used as an important component in conditioning prior to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, a curative treatment for several hematological diseases. Cyclophosphamide is a prodrug activated mainly by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) in the liver. A high degree of inter- and intra-individual variation in cyclophosphamide kinetics has been reported in several studies. Materials and Methods Hydroxylation of cyclophosphamide was investigated in vitro using three microsomal batches of CYP2B6*1 with different ratios of POR/CYP expression levels. Twenty patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation were also included in the study. All patients received an i.v. infusion of cyclophosphamide (60 mg/kg/day, for two days) as a part of their conditioning. Blood samples were collected from each patient before cyclophosphamide infusion, 6 h after the first dose and before and 6 h after the second dose. POR gene expression was measured by mRNA analysis and the pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide and its active metabolite were determined. Results A strong correlation between the in vitro intrinsic clearance of cyclophosphamide and the POR/CYP ratio was found. The apparent Km for CYP2B6.1 was almost constant (3-4 mM), while the CLint values were proportional to the POR/CYP ratio (3-34 μL/min/nmol CYP). In patients, the average expression of the POR gene in blood was significantly (P <0.001) up-regulated after cyclophosphamide infusion, with high inter-individual variations and significant correlation with the concentration ratio of the active metabolite 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide/cyclophosphamide. Nine patients were carriers for POR*28; four patients had relatively high POR expression. Conclusions This investigation shows for the first time that POR besides CYP2B6 can influence cyclophosphamide metabolism. Our results indicate that not only CYPs are important, but also POR expression and/or activity may influence cyclophosphamide bioactivation, affecting therapeutic efficacy and treatment related toxicity and hence on clinical outcome. Thus, both POR and CYP genotype and expression levels may have to be taken into account when personalizing treatment schedules to achieve optimal therapeutic drug plasma concentrations of cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim El-Serafi
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Parvaneh Afsharian
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ali Moshfegh
- Cancer Center of Karolinska (CCK), Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Moustapha Hassan
- Experimental Cancer Medicine (ECM), Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Research Centre, Karolinska University Hospital-Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Ylva Terelius
- Department of Discovery Research, Medivir AB, Huddinge, Sweden
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Abstract
This study checked the existence of a diverse array of aminopeptidase (AP) enzymes in high (HDM) and low (LDM) density microsomal and plasma membrane (MF) fractions from adipocytes of control, monosodium glutamate obese and food deprived rats. Gene expression was detected for ArgAP, AspAP, MetAP, and two AlaAP (APM and PSA). APM and PSA had the highest catalytic efficiency, whereas AspAP the highest affinity. Subcellular distribution of AP activities depended on metabolic status. Comparing catalytic levels, AspAP in HDM, LDM and MF was absent in obese and control under food deprivation; PSA in LDM was 3.5-times higher in obese than in normally fed control and control and obese under food deprivation; MetAP in MF was 4.5-times higher in obese than in food deprived obese. Data show new AP enzymes genetically expressed in subcellular compartments of adipocytes, three of them with altered catalytic levels that respond to whole-body energetic demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela Fadoni Alponti
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua do Matao, Travessa 14, 101, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Flavio Silveira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Noha SM, Fischer K, Koeberle A, Garscha U, Werz O, Schuster D. Discovery of novel, non-acidic mPGES-1 inhibitors by virtual screening with a multistep protocol. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4839-4845. [PMID: 26088337 PMCID: PMC4528062 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (mPGES-1) inhibitors are considered as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of inflammatory pain and certain types of cancer. So far, several series of acidic as well as non-acidic inhibitors of mPGES-1 have been discovered. Acidic inhibitors, however, may have issues, such as loss of potency in human whole blood and in vivo, stressing the importance of the design and identification of novel, non-acidic chemical scaffolds of mPGES-1 inhibitors. Using a multistep virtual screening protocol, the Vitas-M compound library (∼1.3 million entries) was filtered and 16 predicted compounds were experimentally evaluated in a biological assay in vitro. This approach yielded two molecules active in the low micromolar range (IC50 values: 4.5 and 3.8 μM, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Noha
- Computer Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katrin Fischer
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Computer Aided Molecular Design (CAMD) Group, Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Roncalli V, Cieslak MC, Passamaneck Y, Christie AE, Lenz PH. Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) Gene Diversity in the Crustacean Calanus finmarchicus--Contributors to Cellular Detoxification. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123322. [PMID: 25945801 PMCID: PMC4422733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Detoxification is a fundamental cellular stress defense mechanism, which allows an organism to survive or even thrive in the presence of environmental toxins and/or pollutants. The glutathione S-transferase (GST) superfamily is a set of enzymes involved in the detoxification process. This highly diverse protein superfamily is characterized by multiple gene duplications, with over 40 GST genes reported in some insects. However, less is known about the GST superfamily in marine organisms, including crustaceans. The availability of two de novo transcriptomes for the copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, provided an opportunity for an in depth study of the GST superfamily in a marine crustacean. The transcriptomes were searched for putative GST-encoding transcripts using known GST proteins from three arthropods as queries. The identified transcripts were then translated into proteins, analyzed for structural domains, and annotated using reciprocal BLAST analysis. Mining the two transcriptomes yielded a total of 41 predicted GST proteins belonging to the cytosolic, mitochondrial or microsomal classes. Phylogenetic analysis of the cytosolic GSTs validated their annotation into six different subclasses. The predicted proteins are likely to represent the products of distinct genes, suggesting that the diversity of GSTs in C. finmarchicus exceeds or rivals that described for insects. Analysis of relative gene expression in different developmental stages indicated low levels of GST expression in embryos, and relatively high expression in late copepodites and adult females for several cytosolic GSTs. A diverse diet and complex life history are factors that might be driving the multiplicity of GSTs in C. finmarchicus, as this copepod is commonly exposed to a variety of natural toxins. Hence, diversity in detoxification pathway proteins may well be key to their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittoria Roncalli
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Matthew C. Cieslak
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Yale Passamaneck
- Kewalo Marine Laboratory, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Andrew E. Christie
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Petra H. Lenz
- Békésy Laboratory of Neurobiology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
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McCoy GD, Tambone PC, Wynder EL. Isolation and biochemical characterization of hamster cheek pouch epithelium. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2015; 24:28-36. [PMID: 43991 DOI: 10.1159/000402081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Hirota Y, Nakagawa K, Sawada N, Okuda N, Suhara Y, Uchino Y, Kimoto T, Funahashi N, Kamao M, Tsugawa N, Okano T. Functional characterization of the vitamin K2 biosynthetic enzyme UBIAD1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125737. [PMID: 25874989 PMCID: PMC4398444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein 1 (UBIAD1) plays a significant role in vitamin K2 (MK-4) synthesis. We investigated the enzymological properties of UBIAD1 using microsomal fractions from Sf9 cells expressing UBIAD1 by analysing MK-4 biosynthetic activity. With regard to UBIAD1 enzyme reaction conditions, highest MK-4 synthetic activity was demonstrated under basic conditions at a pH between 8.5 and 9.0, with a DTT ≥0.1 mM. In addition, we found that geranyl pyrophosphate and farnesyl pyrophosphate were also recognized as a side-chain source and served as a substrate for prenylation. Furthermore, lipophilic statins were found to directly inhibit the enzymatic activity of UBIAD1. We analysed the aminoacid sequences homologies across the menA and UbiA families to identify conserved structural features of UBIAD1 proteins and focused on four highly conserved domains. We prepared protein mutants deficient in the four conserved domains to evaluate enzyme activity. Because no enzyme activity was detected in the mutants deficient in the UBIAD1 conserved domains, these four domains were considered to play an essential role in enzymatic activity. We also measured enzyme activities using point mutants of the highly conserved aminoacids in these domains to elucidate their respective functions. We found that the conserved domain I is a substrate recognition site that undergoes a structural change after substrate binding. The conserved domain II is a redox domain site containing a CxxC motif. The conserved domain III is a hinge region important as a catalytic site for the UBIAD1 enzyme. The conserved domain IV is a binding site for Mg2+/isoprenyl side-chain. In this study, we provide a molecular mapping of the enzymological properties of UBIAD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Hirota
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (TO)
| | - Kimie Nakagawa
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Natsumi Sawada
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoko Okuda
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Suhara
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuri Uchino
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Kimoto
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Funahashi
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Maya Kamao
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoko Tsugawa
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshio Okano
- Department of Hygienic Sciences, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Kobe, Japan
- * E-mail: (YH); (TO)
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Wang N, Gao C, Xue F, Han Y, Li T, Cao X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wang ZL. Piezotronic-effect enhanced drug metabolism and sensing on a single ZnO nanowire surface with the presence of human cytochrome P450. ACS Nano 2015; 9:3159-3168. [PMID: 25758259 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) enzymes are involved in catalyzing the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous compounds. A rapid analysis of drug metabolism reactions by CYPs is required because they can metabolize 95% of current drugs in drug development and effective therapies. Here, we describe a study of piezotronic-effect enhanced drug metabolism and sensing by utilizing a single ZnO nanowire (ZnO NW) device. Owing to the unique hydrophobic feature of a ZnO NW that provides a desirable "microenvironment" for the immobilization of biomolecules, our device can effectively stimulate the tolbutamide metabolism by decorating a ZnO NW with cytochrome P4502C9/CYPs reductase (CYP2C9/CPR) microsomes. By applying an external compressive strain to the ZnO nanowire, the piezotronic effect, which plays a primary role in tuning the transport behavior of a ZnO NW utilizing the created piezoelectric polarization charges at the local interface, can effectively enhance the performance of the device. A theoretical model is proposed using an energy band diagram to explain the experimental data. This study provides a potential approach to study drug metabolism and trace drug detection based on the piezotronic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- §School of Chemistry and Environment, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Caizhen Gao
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- §School of Chemistry and Environment, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fei Xue
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Han
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- §School of Chemistry and Environment, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tao Li
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xia Cao
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- †School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- ‡Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- ∥School of Material Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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Davydov DR, Davydova NY, Sineva EV, Halpert JR. Interactions among cytochromes P450 in microsomal membranes: oligomerization of cytochromes P450 3A4, 3A5, and 2E1 and its functional consequences. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:3850-64. [PMID: 25533469 PMCID: PMC4319048 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.615443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The body of evidence of physiologically relevant P450-P450 interactions in microsomal membranes continues to grow. Here we probe oligomerization of human CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP2E1 in microsomal membranes. Using a technique based on luminescence resonance energy transfer, we demonstrate that all three proteins are subject to a concentration-dependent equilibrium between the monomeric and oligomeric states. We also observed the formation of mixed oligomers in CYP3A4/CYP3A5, CYP3A4/CYP2E1, and CYP3A5/CYP2E1 pairs and demonstrated that the association of either CYP3A4 or CYP3A5 with CYP2E1 causes activation of the latter enzyme. Earlier we hypothesized that the intersubunit interface in CYP3A4 oligomers is similar to that observed in the crystallographic dimers of some microsomal drug-metabolizing cytochromes P450 (Davydov, D. R., Davydova, N. Y., Sineva, E. V., Kufareva, I., and Halpert, J. R. (2013) Pivotal role of P450-P450 interactions in CYP3A4 allostery: the case of α-naphthoflavone. Biochem. J. 453, 219-230). Here we report the results of intermolecular cross-linking of CYP3A4 oligomers with thiol-reactive bifunctional reagents as well as the luminescence resonance energy transfer measurements of interprobe distances in the oligomers of labeled CYP3A4 single-cysteine mutants. The results provide compelling support for the physiological relevance of the dimer-specific peripheral ligand-binding site observed in certain CYP3A4 structures. According to our interpretation, these results reveal an important general mechanism that regulates the activity and substrate specificity of the cytochrome P450 ensemble through interactions between multiple P450 species. As a result of P450-P450 cross-talk, the catalytic properties of the cytochrome P450 ensemble cannot be predicted by simple summation of the properties of the individual P450 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri R Davydov
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and the V. N. Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 10 Pogodinskaya Str., Moscow 119832, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Y Davydova
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
| | - Elena V Sineva
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
| | - James R Halpert
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093 and
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Fedosejevs ET, Ying S, Park J, Anderson EM, Mullen RT, She YM, Plaxton WC. Biochemical and molecular characterization of RcSUS1, a cytosolic sucrose synthase phosphorylated in vivo at serine 11 in developing castor oil seeds. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33412-24. [PMID: 25313400 PMCID: PMC4246097 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.585554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose synthase (SUS) catalyzes the UDP-dependent cleavage of sucrose into UDP-glucose and fructose and has become an important target for improving seed crops via metabolic engineering. A UDP-specific SUS homotetramer composed of 93-kDa subunits was purified to homogeneity from the triacylglyceride-rich endosperm of developing castor oil seeds (COS) and identified as RcSUS1 by mass spectrometry. RcSUS1 transcripts peaked during early development, whereas levels of SUS activity and immunoreactive 93-kDa SUS polypeptides maximized during mid-development, becoming undetectable in fully mature COS. The cytosolic location of the enzyme was established following transient expression of RcSUS1-enhanced YFP in tobacco suspension cells and fluorescence microscopy. Immunological studies using anti-phosphosite-specific antibodies revealed dynamic and high stoichiometric in vivo phosphorylation of RcSUS1 at its conserved Ser-11 residue during COS development. Incorporation of (32)P(i) from [γ-(32)P]ATP into a RcSUS1 peptide substrate, alongside a phosphosite-specific ELISA assay, established the presence of calcium-dependent RcSUS1 (Ser-11) kinase activity. Approximately 10% of RcSUS1 was associated with COS microsomal membranes and was hypophosphorylated relative to the remainder of RcSUS1 that partitioned into the soluble, cytosolic fraction. Elimination of sucrose supply caused by excision of intact pods of developing COS abolished RcSUS1 transcription while triggering the progressive dephosphorylation of RcSUS1 in planta. This did not influence the proportion of RcSUS1 associated with microsomal membranes but instead correlated with a subsequent marked decline in SUS activity and immunoreactive RcSUS1 polypeptides. Phosphorylation at Ser-11 appears to protect RcSUS1 from proteolysis, rather than influence its kinetic properties or partitioning between the soluble cytosol and microsomal membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joonho Park
- the Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 139-743, Korea
| | - Erin M Anderson
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada, and
| | - Robert T Mullen
- the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada, and
| | - Yi-Min She
- the Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - William C Plaxton
- From the Departments of Biology and Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada,
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45
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Zhu WJ, Zhang ZW, Wang XS, Xu SW, Li M, Li S. Effects of avermectin on microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver and kidneys of pigeons. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 38:562-569. [PMID: 25194326 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Residues of avermectin (AVM) drugs have toxic effects on non-target organisms. Analyses of cytochrome P450 enzymes are among the most frequently employed indicators in pharmacology and toxicology studies. In this study, the responses of cytochrome P450 enzymes and pathological changes in the liver and kidney tissues of King pigeons (Columba livia) following subchronic exposure to avermectin for 30, 60 and 90d were investigated. Dose- and time-dependent decreases in the activities of P450 enzymes (i.e., aminopyrine-N-demethylase, erythromycin N-demethylase, aniline 4-hydroxylase and NADPH-cytochrome C reductase) and down-regulation of the P450 and b5 contents were observed. The microscopic structures were clearly altered, the severity of these alterations increased with the concentration of AVM and the exposure time. These results imply that AVM can inhibit the P450 enzyme systems in the liver and kidney tissues of pigeons. This research provides insight into the safe use of AVM and a comprehensive evaluation of the toxicological effects of AVM in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zi-Wei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xian-Song Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Shi-Wen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China; College of Life Science, Daqing Normal University, Daqing 163712, PR China.
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
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Abstract
This protocol describes how to prepare rat liver rough microsomes that contain undegraded membrane-bound polysomes and can function very well in an in vitro translation system. It uses endogenous ribonuclease inhibitor in all steps, avoiding pelleting rough microsomes in all steps and sacrificing good recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Sabatini
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Medical School, New York, New York 10016
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Barone M, Notarnicola M, Caruso MG, Scavo MP, Viggiani MT, Tutino V, Polimeno L, Pesetti B, Di Leo A, Francavilla A. Olive oil and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids suppress intestinal polyp growth by modulating the apoptotic process in ApcMin/+ mice. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1613-9. [PMID: 24632492 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The promotion and progression of carcinogenesis are susceptible to nutritional interventions aimed at counteracting cancer development. Lipid metabolism is essential in the onset and progression of tumors and for cancer cell survival. In this study, we tested the effects of diets enriched with natural compounds, such as olive oil and salmon oil, in mice that spontaneously develop intestinal polyps (Apc(Min/+) mice). For this purpose, we evaluated polyp number and volume, intestinal mucosa proliferation/apoptosis, estrogen receptors (ERs) expression, fatty acid synthase and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) reductase gene expression and enzymatic activity. Compared with the standard diet, the salmon oil-enriched diet, containing a high percentage of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and, to a lesser extent, olive oil-enriched diet reduced polyp number and volume through a reduction of proliferation and a marked proapoptotic effect. These biological effects were mediated by an inhibition of fatty acid synthase and HMGCoA reductase gene expression and activity and an increase of ERβ/ERα ratio. Our findings suggest that a proper dietary lifestyle could contribute to primary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy, Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Maria G Caruso
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Maria P Scavo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Maria T Viggiani
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Valeria Tutino
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Lorenzo Polimeno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Barbara Pesetti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
| | - Alfredo Di Leo
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), University of Bari, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Antonio Francavilla
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases 'S. de Bellis', Castellana Grotte, Bari 70013, Italy and
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Abstract
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s and glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs) constitute two of the largest groups of enzyme families that are responsible for detoxification of exogenous molecules in plants. Their activities differ from plant to plant with respect to metabolism and substrate specificity which is one of the reasons for herbicide selectivity. In the tuber forming yam bean, the legume Pachyrhizus erosus, their activities at the microsomal level were investigated to determine the detoxification status of the plant. The breakdown of the herbicide isoproturon (IPU) to two distinct metabolites, 1-OH-IPU and monodesmethyl-IPU, was demonstrated. GST activity was determined with model substrates, but also by the catalysed formation of the fluorescent glutathione bimane conjugate. This study demonstrates for the first time microsomal detoxification activity in Pachyrhizus and the fluorescence image description of microsomal GST catalysed reaction in a legume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebenezer J D Belford
- Institute of Soil Ecology, GSF--National Research Centre for Environment and Health, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Bielecka M, Kaminski F, Adams I, Poulson H, Sloan R, Li Y, Larson TR, Winzer T, Graham IA. Targeted mutation of Δ12 and Δ15 desaturase genes in hemp produce major alterations in seed fatty acid composition including a high oleic hemp oil. Plant Biotechnol J 2014; 12:613-23. [PMID: 24506492 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We used expressed sequence tag library and whole genome sequence mining to identify a suite of putative desaturase genes representing the four main activities required for production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in hemp seed oil. Phylogenetic-based classification and developing seed transcriptome analysis informed selection for further analysis of one of seven Δ12 desaturases and one of three Δ15 desaturases that we designate CSFAD2A and CSFAD3A, respectively. Heterologous expression of corresponding cDNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed CSFAD2A to have Δx+3 activity, while CSFAD3A activity was exclusively at the Δ15 position. TILLING of an ethyl methane sulphonate mutagenized population identified multiple alleles including non-sense mutations in both genes and fatty acid composition of seed oil confirmed these to be the major Δ12 and Δ15 desaturases in developing hemp seed. Following four backcrosses and sibling crosses to achieve homozygosity, csfad2a-1 was grown in the field and found to produce a 70 molar per cent high oleic acid (18:1(Δ9) ) oil at yields similar to wild type. Cold-pressed high oleic oil produced fewer volatiles and had a sevenfold increase in shelf life compared to wild type. Two low abundance octadecadienoic acids, 18:2(Δ6,9) and 18:2(Δ9,15), were identified in the high oleic oil, and their presence suggests remaining endogenous desaturase activities utilize the increased levels of oleic acid as substrate. Consistent with this, CSFAD3A produces 18:2(Δ9,15) from endogenous 18:1(Δ9) when expressed in S. cerevisiae. This work lays the foundation for the development of additional novel oil varieties in this multipurpose low input crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bielecka
- Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
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50
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Huster D, Madhu PK. Simplifying solid-state NMR spectra for biophysical studies on membrane proteins: selective targeting of sites and interactions. Biophys J 2014; 106:2083-4. [PMID: 24853736 PMCID: PMC4052239 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2014.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Huster
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, Colaba, Mumbai, India.
| | - Perunthiruthy K Madhu
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Department of Chemical Sciences, Colaba, Mumbai, India; Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Narsingi, Hyderabad, India
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