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Feng Z, Xiang J, Liu H, Li J, Xu X, Sun G, Zheng R, Zhang S, Liu J, Yang S, Xu Q, Wen X, Yuan H, Sun H, Dai L. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Triazolone Derivatives as Potent PPARα/δ Dual Agonists for the Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2571-2592. [PMID: 35060744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors α/δ (PPARα/δ) are regarded as potential therapeutic targets for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, PPARα/δ dual agonist GFT-505 exhibited poor anti-NASH effects in a phase III clinical trial, probably due to its weak PPARα/δ agonistic activity and poor metabolic stability. Other reported PPARα/δ dual agonists either exhibited limited potency or had unbalanced PPARα/δ agonistic activity. Herein, we report a series of novel triazolone derivatives as PPARα/δ dual agonists. Among them, compound H11 exhibited potent and well-balanced PPARα/δ agonistic activity (PPARα EC50 = 7.0 nM; PPARδ EC50 = 8.4 nM) and a high selectivity over PPARγ (PPARγ EC50 = 1316.1 nM) in PPAR transactivation assays. The crystal structure of PPARδ in complex with H11 revealed a unique PPARδ-agonist interaction. H11, which had excellent PK properties and a good safety profile, showed potent in vivo anti-NASH effects in preclinical models. Together, H11 holds a great promise for treating NASH or other inflammatory and fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqi Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiehao Xiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangrui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Gang Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Runan Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shangran Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Junlong Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shanlin Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qinglong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiaoan Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haoliang Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy of Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Liang Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Disease, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Valicherla GR, Katekar RA, Dadge S, Riyazuddin M, Syed AA, Singh SK, Husain A, Wahajuddin M, Gayen JR. Evaluation of the Pharmacokinetics of the Pancreastatin Inhibitor PSTi8 Peptide in Rats: Integration of In Vitro and In Vivo Findings. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27020339. [PMID: 35056659 PMCID: PMC8780964 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PSTi8 is a pancreastatin inhibitory peptide that is effective in the treatment of diabetic models. This study investigates the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of PSTi8 in Sprague Dawley rats, for the first time. In vitro and in vivo PK studies were performed to evaluate the solubility, stability in plasma and liver microsomes, plasma protein binding, blood-plasma partitioning, bioavailability, dose proportionality, and gender difference in PK. Samples were analyzed using the validated LC-MS/MS method. The solubility of PSTi8 was found to be 9.30 and 25.75 mg/mL in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. The protein binding of PSTi8 was estimated as >69% in rat plasma. PSTi8 showed high stability in rat plasma and liver microsomes and the blood-plasma partitioning was >2. The bioavailability of PSTi8 after intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration was found to be 95.00 ± 12.15 and 78.47 ± 17.72%, respectively, in rats. PSTi8 showed non-linear PK in dose proportionality studies, and has no gender difference in the PK behavior in rats. The high bioavailability of PSTi8 can be due to high water solubility and plasma protein binding, low clearance and volume of distribution. Our in vitro and in vivo findings support the development of PSTi8 as an antidiabetic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guru R. Valicherla
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Roshan A. Katekar
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shailesh Dadge
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Mohammed Riyazuddin
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
| | - Anees A. Syed
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandeep K. Singh
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Athar Husain
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Muhammad Wahajuddin
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Jiaur R. Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India; (G.R.V.); (R.A.K.); (S.D.); (M.R.); (A.A.S.); (S.K.S.); (A.H.); (M.W.)
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Lucknow 226031, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-522-2772450 (ext. 4845)
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Hu YH, Quan ZY, Li DK, Wang CY, Sun ZX. Inhibition of CYP3A4 enhances aloe-emodin induced hepatocyte injury. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 79:105276. [PMID: 34875353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aloe-emodin (AE) is a natural hydroxyanthraquinone derivative that was found in many medicinal plants and ethnic medicines. AE showed a wide array of pharmacological activities including anticancer, antifungal, laxative, antiviral, and antibacterial effects. However, increasing number of published studies have shown that AE may have some hepatotoxicity effects but the mechanism is not fully understood. Studies have shown that the liver injury induced by some free hydroxyanthraquinone compounds is associated with the inhibition of some metabolic enzymes. In this study, the CYP3A4 and CYP3A1 were found to be the main metabolic enzymes of AE in human and rat liver microsomes respectively. And AE was metabolized by liver microsomes to produce hydroxyl metabolites and rhein. When CYP3A4 was knocked down in L02 and HepaRG cells, the cytotoxicity of AE was increased significantly. Furthermore, AE increased the rates of apoptosis of L02 and HepaRG cells, accompanied by Ca2+ elevation, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) loss and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. The mRNA expression of heme oxygenase-1 in L02 and HepaRG cells increased significantly in the high-dose of AE (40 μmol/L) group, and the mRNA expression of quinone oxidoreductase-1 was activated by AE in all concentrations. Taken together, the inhibition of CYP3A4 enhances the hepatocyte injury of AE. AE can induce mitochondrial injury and the imbalance of oxidative stress of hepatocytes, which results in hepatocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Huan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Quan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Deng-Ke Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Cheng-Yu Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhen-Xiao Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Zhang C, Li Y, Yin C, Zheng J, Liu G. In vitro study on the effect of peucedanol on the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes. Pharm Biol 2021; 59:935-940. [PMID: 35294326 PMCID: PMC8274509 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1944223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Peucedanol is a major extract of Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. (Apiaceae) roots, which is a commonly used herb in paediatrics. Its interaction with cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) would lead to adverse effects or even failure of therapy. OBJECTIVE The interaction between peucedanol and CYP450s was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peucedanol (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 μM) was incubated with eight human liver CYP isoforms (CYP1A2, 2A6, 3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 2E1), in pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) for 30 min with specific inhibitors as positive controls and untreated HLMs as negative controls. The enzyme kinetics and time-dependent study (0, 5, 10, 15, and 30 min) were performed to obtain corresponding parameters in vitro. RESULTS Peucedanol significantly inhibited the activity of CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4 in a dose-dependent manner with IC50 values of 6.03, 13.57, and 7.58 μM, respectively. Peucedanol served as a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 with a Ki value of 4.07 μM and a competitive inhibitor of CYP1A2 and 2D6 with a Ki values of 3.39 and 6.77 μM, respectively. Moreover, the inhibition of CYP3A4 was time-dependent with the Ki/Kinact value of 5.44/0.046 min/μM. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS In vitro inhibitory effect of peucedanol on the activity of CYP1A2, 2A6, and 3A4 was reported in this study. As these CYPs are involved in the metabolism of various drugs, these results implied potential drug-drug interactions between peucedanol and drugs metabolized by CYP1A2, 2D6, and 3A4, which needs further in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Yongwei Li
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Changlong Yin
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Guozhi Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
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Zhang G, Zhang Y, Ma X, Yang X, Cai Y, Yin W. Pogostone inhibits the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1 in vitro. Pharm Biol 2021; 59:532-536. [PMID: 33915070 PMCID: PMC8871619 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1917630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pogostone possesses various pharmacological activities, which makes it widely used in the clinic. Its effect on the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450s) could guide its clinical combination. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of pogostone on the activity of human CYP450s. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of pogostone on the activity of CYP450s was evaluated in human liver microsomes (HLMs) compared with blank HLMs (negative control) and specific inhibitors (positive control). The corresponding parameters were obtained with 0-100 μM pogostone and various concentrations of substrates. RESULTS Pogostone was found to inhibit the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1 with the IC50 values of 11.41, 12.11, and 14.90 μM, respectively. The inhibition of CYP3A4 by pogostone was revealed to be performed in a non-competitive and time-dependent manner with the Ki value of 5.69 μM and the KI/Kinact value of 5.86/0.056/(μM/min). For the inhibition of CYP2C9 and 2E1, pogostone acted as a competitive inhibitor with the Ki value of 6.46 and 7.67 μM and was not affected by the incubation time. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of pogostone on the activity of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2E1 has been disclosed in this study, implying the potential risk during the co-administration of pogostone and drugs metabolized by these CYP450s. The study design provides a reference for further in vivo investigations to validate the potential interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Xianjie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Yuyan Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
| | - Wenli Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, People’s Hospital of Rizhao, Rizhao, China
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Zhang H, Ou YC, Su D, Wang F, Wang L, Sahasranaman S, Tang Z. In vitro investigations into the roles of CYP450 enzymes and drug transporters in the drug interactions of zanubrutinib, a covalent Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00870. [PMID: 34664792 PMCID: PMC8524670 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Zanubrutinib is a highly selective, potent, orally available, targeted covalent inhibitor (TCI) of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). This work investigated the in vitro drug metabolism and transport of zanubrutinib, and its potential for clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Phenotyping studies indicated cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A are the major CYP isoform responsible for zanubrutinib metabolism, which was confirmed by a clinical DDI study with itraconazole and rifampin. Zanubrutinib showed mild reversible inhibition with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 ) of 4.03, 5.69, and 7.80 μM for CYP2C8, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, respectively. Data in human hepatocytes disclosed induction potential for CYP3A4, CYP2B6, and CYP2C enzymes. Transport assays demonstrated that zanubrutinib is not a substrate of human breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1/1B3, organic cation transporter (OCT)2, or organic anion transporter (OAT)1/3 but is a potential substrate of the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Additionally, zanubrutinib is neither an inhibitor of P-gp at concentrations up to 10.0 μM nor an inhibitor of BCRP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OAT1, and OAT3 at concentrations up to 5.0 μM. The in vitro results with CYPs and transporters were correlated with the available clinical DDIs using basic models and mechanistic static models. Zanubrutinib is not likely to be involved in transporter-mediated DDIs. CYP3A inhibitors and inducers may impact systemic exposure of zanubrutinib. Dose adjustments may be warranted depending on the potency of CYP3A modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dan Su
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Fan Wang
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., LtdBeijingChina
| | - Lai Wang
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., LtdBeijingChina
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Zhang J, Liu L, Li H, Zhang B. Pharmacokinetic study on the interaction between pachymic acid and bavachin and its potential mechanism. Pharm Biol 2021; 59:1256-1259. [PMID: 34517743 PMCID: PMC8439242 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2021.1942924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Pachymic acid and bavachin are commonly used drugs in the therapy of lung cancer. OBJECTIVE The co-administration of pachymic acid and bavachin was investigated to evaluate their potential drug-drug interaction. MATERIALS AND METHODS The pharmacokinetics of bavachin (10 mg/kg) was studied in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats in the presence of pachymic acid (5 mg/kg) (n = 6). The rats without pre-treatment of pachymic acid were set as the control and the pre-treatment of pachymic acid was conducted for 7 days before the administration of bavachin. The effect of pachymic acid on the activity of CYP2C9 was also estimated in rat liver microsomes with corresponding probe substrates. RESULTS Pachymic acid influenced the pharmacokinetic profile of bavachin with the increased AUC (32.82 ± 4.61 vs. 19.43 ± 3.26 μg/L/h), the prolonged t1/2 (3.21 ± 0.65 vs. 2.32 ± 0.28 h), and the decreased CLz/F (307.25 ± 44.35 vs. 523.81 ± 88.67 L/h/kg) in vivo. The metabolic stability of bavachin was enhanced by pachymic acid and the transport of bavachin was inhibited by pachymic acid. Pachymic acid was found to inhibit the activity of CYP2C9 with the IC50 of 21.25 µM as well as the activity of P-gp. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The interaction between pachymic acid and bavachin results from the inhibition of CYP2C9 and P-gp. The dose of bavachin should be adjusted when combining with pachymic acid. The study design can be generalized to a broader study population with adjustment in the dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of TCM, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Liu Q, Xue Y, Liu J, Ren S, Xu J, Yang J, Xing Y, Zhang Z, Song R. Saikosaponins and the deglycosylated metabolites exert liver meridian guiding effect through PXR/CYP3A4 inhibition. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 279:114344. [PMID: 34147617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Radix Bupleuri (RB), traditionally used to treat inflammatory disorders and infectious diseases, represents one of the most successful and widely used herbal drugs in Asia over the past 2000 years. Being realized the role in regulating metabolism and controlling Yin/Yang, RB is not only chosen specifically for treating liver meridian and the corresponding organs, but also believed to have liver meridian guiding property and help potentiate the therapeutic effects of liver. However, the ingredients in RB with liver meridian guiding property and the underly mechanism have not been comprehensively investigated. AIM OF STUDY Considering the important role of CYP3A4 in first-pass metabolism and the liver exposure of drugs, the present study aimed to determine whether saikosaponins (SSs) and the corresponding saikogenins (SGs) have a role in inhibiting the catalytic activity of CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes and HepG2 hepatoma cells and whether they could suppress CYP3A4 expression by PXR-mediated pathways in HepG2 hepatoma cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of SSs and SGs on CYP3A4-mediated midazolam1'-hydroxylation activities in pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) was first studied. Dose-dependent experiments were performed to obtain the half inhibit concentration (IC50) values. HepG2 cells were used to assay catalytic activity of CYP3A4, reporter function, mRNA levels, and protein expression. The inhibitory effects of SSa and SSd on CYP3A4 activity are negligible, while the corresponding SGs (SGF and SGG) have obvious inhibitory effects on CYP3A4 activity, with IC50 values of 0.45 and 1.30 μM. The similar results were obtained from testing CYP3A4 catalytic activity in HepG2 cells, which correlated well with the suppression of the mRNA and protein levels of CYP3A4. Time-dependent testing of CYP3A4 mRNA and protein levels, as well as co-transfection experiments using the CYP3A4 promoter luciferase plasmid, further confirmed that SSs and SGs could inhibit the expression of CYP3A4 at the transcription level. Furthermore, PXR protein expression decreased in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after cells were exposed to SSs and SGs. PXR overexpression and RNA interference experiments further showed that SSs and SGs down-regulate the catalytic activity and expression of CYP3A4 in HepG2 may be mainly through PXR-dependent manner. CONCLUSION SSs and SGs inhibit the catalytic activity and expression of CYP3A4 in a PXR-dependent manner, which may be highly related to the liver meridian guiding property of RB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yunwen Xue
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Siqi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jinni Yang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yuanyue Xing
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Rui Song
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control & Pharmacovigilance (China Pharmaceutical University), Ministry of Educational, Nanjing, 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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Stawarska A, Czerwonka M, Jelińska M, Piasecka I, Bobrowska-Korczak B. The Influence of Supplementation with Zinc in Micro and Nano Forms on the Metabolism of Fatty Acids in Livers of Rats with Breast Cancer. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113821. [PMID: 34836077 PMCID: PMC8623502 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of zinc supplementation (in the form of nano or microparticles) on the profile and metabolism of fatty acids in the liver microsomes of rats with induced breast cancer. The activity of desaturases (Δ5, Δ6, Δ9) and the level of cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives were measured. The aim of this study was also to determine the effect of various forms of zinc supplements on rats that were on 5-, 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic (5-, 12- and 15-HETE) and hydroxyoctadecadienoic (HODE) acids, and the level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Female Spraque-Dawley rats (n = 24) were divided into 2 groups that were supplemented with zinc in the micro form (342 nm) or nano form (99 nm) particles, respectively, and a group with a standard diet (control group). All animals received 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene twice for the induction of breast cancer. Dietary nano-Zn supplementation increased vaccenic acid content (p = 0.032) and decreased Δ6-desaturase activity (p = 0.006), whereas micro-Zn increased cholesterol (p = 0.006), ∑COPs (total cholesterol-oxidation products) (p = 0.019) and PGE2 (p = 0.028) content. Dietary enrichment with Zn microparticles resulted in lower concentrations of the metabolites 15-, 12- and 5-HETE and HODE. Our study indicates that the effect of zinc supplementation on the metabolism of fatty acids in the liver microsomes under neoplastic conditions depends on the form in which it is administered.
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Zhang J, Pei ZT, Zhao YN, Zhang M, Zhang LL, Wang WQ, Wu JY, Yu R, Sun LW. Mutagenicity evaluation to UV filters of benzophenone-6, benzophenone-8, and 4-methylbenzylidene camphor by Ames test. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255504. [PMID: 34473729 PMCID: PMC8412341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzophenone (BPs) and 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor are used as ultraviolet (UV) filters to protect the skin and hair in personal care products. The discharging of the three chemicals may endanger the receiving water ecosystem. In the present study, the mutagenicity of BP-6, BP-8, and 4-Methylbenzylidene Camphor was tested using the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation test (Ames test) in the system with and without rat liver microsomal preparations (S9). Four S.typhimurium strains, TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102 were employed in the Ames tests. The mutagenicity was detected from all three chemicals. The addition of S9 increased the mutation ratios of three chemicals to four strains, except BP-6 to TA100 strain and 4-MBC to TA97 and TA98 strain. In the mixed experiment, all positive effects were detected in the absence of S9. However, the results all became negative in the presence of S9. For the mixture of BP-6 and 4-MBC, positive results were detected on four tester strains except for the TA100 strain. For the mixture of BP-6, BP-8, and 4-MBC, positive results were detected on four strains. The mixture test results showed antagonism in mutagenicity for the mixture of BP-6 and 4-MBC to TA98 and TA100 strains and the mixture of BP-6, BP-8, and 4-MBC to TA100 and TA102 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhou-Tao Pei
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Ni Zhao
- Water Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration Engineering Laboratory of Xizang, School of Information Engineering, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Ling Zhang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Wang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing-Ya Wu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ran Yu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Wei Sun
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Taihu Lake Water Environment Engineering Research Center (Wuxi), Southeast University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Kumar A, Kaushik P, Incerpi S, Pedersen JZ, Goel S, Prasad AK, Rohil V, Parmar VS, Saso L, Len C. Evaluation of the Free Radical Scavenging Activities of Ellagic Acid and Ellagic Acid Peracetate by EPR Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164800. [PMID: 34443388 PMCID: PMC8399592 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities of ellagic acid (EA) and ellagic acid peracetate (EAPA) by measuring their reactions with the radicals, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and galvinoxyl using EPR spectroscopy. We have also evaluated the influence of EA and EAPA on the ROS production in L-6 myoblasts and rat liver microsomal lipid peroxidation catalyzed by NADPH. The results obtained clearly indicated that EA has tremendous ability to scavenge free radicals, even at concentration of 1 µM. Interestingly even in the absence of esterase, EAPA, the acetylated product of EA, was also found to be a good scavenger but at a relatively slower rate. Kinetic studies revealed that both EA and EAPA have ability to scavenge free radicals at the concentrations of 1 µM over extended periods of time. In cellular systems, EA and EAPA were found to have similar potentials for the inhibition of ROS production in L-6 myoblasts and NADPH-dependent catalyzed microsomal lipid peroxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Haryana, 39, RGEC, Sonepat 131 029, India; (A.K.); (P.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (S.G.); (V.R.)
| | - Preeti Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Haryana, 39, RGEC, Sonepat 131 029, India; (A.K.); (P.K.)
| | - Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University of Rome “Roma Tre”, 00146 Rome, Italy;
| | - Jens Z. Pedersen
- Department of Biology, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca, Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Department of Biochemistry, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (S.G.); (V.R.)
| | - Ashok K. Prasad
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (A.K.P.); (V.S.P.)
| | - Vishwajeet Rohil
- Department of Biochemistry, V. P. Chest Institute, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (S.G.); (V.R.)
| | - Virinder S. Parmar
- Bioorganic Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India; (A.K.P.); (V.S.P.)
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, 1638 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11225, USA
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University, P. le. Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Christophe Len
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR8060, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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Danek PJ, Kuban W, Daniel WA. The Effect of Chronic Iloperidone Treatment on Cytochrome P450 Expression and Activity in the Rat Liver: Involvement of Neuroendocrine Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168447. [PMID: 34445153 PMCID: PMC8395164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to achieve a desired therapeutic effect in schizophrenia patients and to maintain their mental wellbeing, pharmacological therapy needs to be continued for a long time, usually from the onset of symptoms and for the rest of the patients' lives. The aim of our present research is to find out the in vivo effect of chronic treatment with atypical neuroleptic iloperidone on the expression and activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in rat liver. Male Wistar rats received a once-daily intraperitoneal injection of iloperidone (1 mg/kg) for a period of two weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last dose, livers were excised to study cytochrome P450 expression (mRNA and protein) and activity, pituitaries were isolated to determine growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), and blood was collected for measuring serum concentrations of hormones and interleukin. The results showed a broad spectrum of changes in the expression and activity of liver CYP enzymes, which are important for drug metabolism (CYP1A, CYP2B, CYP2C, and CYP3A) and xenobiotic toxicity (CYP2E1). Iloperidone decreased the expression and activity of CYP1A2, CP2B1/2, CYP2C11, and CYP3A1/2 enzymes but increased that of CYP2E1. The CYP2C6 enzyme remained unchanged. At the same time, the level of GHRH, GH, and corticosterone decreased while that of T3 increased, with no changes in IL-2 and IL-6. The presented results indicate neuroendocrine regulation of the investigated CYP enzymes during chronic iloperidone treatment and suggest a possibility of pharmacokinetic/metabolic interactions produced by the neuroleptic during prolonged combined treatment with drugs that are substrates of iloperidone-affected CYP enzymes.
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Ruan Q, Comstock K. A New Workflow for Drug Metabolite Profiling by Utilizing Advanced Tribrid Mass Spectrometry and Data-Processing Techniques. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2021; 32:2050-2061. [PMID: 33998806 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Drug metabolite profiling utilizes liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) to acquire ample information for metabolite identification and structural elucidation. However, there are still challenges in detecting and characterizing all potential metabolites that can be masked by a high biological background, especially the unknown and uncommon ones. In this work, a novel metabolite profiling workflow was established on a platform using a state-of-the-art tribrid high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) system. Primarily, an instrumental method was developed based on the novel design of the tribrid system that facilitates in-depth MSn scans with two fragmentation devices. Additionally, different advanced data acquisition techniques were assessed and compared, and automatic background exclusion and deep-scan approaches were adopted to promote assay efficiency and metabolite coverage. Finally, different data-analysis techniques were explored to fully extract metabolite data from the information-rich MS/MS data sets. Overall, a workflow combining tribrid mass spectrometry and advanced acquisition methodology has been developed for metabolite characterization in drug discovery and development. It maximizes the tribrid HRMS platform's utility and enhances the coverage, efficiency, quality, and speed of metabolite profiling assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ruan
- Non-clinical Disposition and Bioanalysis, BMS, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Kate Comstock
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, California 95134, United States
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Dračínská H, Indra R, Jelínková S, Černá V, Arlt VM, Stiborová M. Benzo[ a]pyrene-Induced Genotoxicity in Rats Is Affected by Co-Exposure to Sudan I by Altering the Expression of Biotransformation Enzymes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158062. [PMID: 34360828 PMCID: PMC8347376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental pollutant benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a human carcinogen that reacts with DNA after metabolic activation catalysed by cytochromes P450 (CYP) 1A1 and 1B1 together with microsomal epoxide hydrolase. The azo dye Sudan I is a potent inducer of CYP1A1/2. Here, Wistar rats were either treated with single doses of BaP (150 mg/kg bw) or Sudan I (50 mg/kg bw) alone or with both compounds in combination to explore BaP-derived DNA adduct formation in vivo. Using 32P-postlabelling, DNA adducts generated by BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-epoxide were found in livers of rats treated with BaP alone or co-exposed to Sudan I. During co-exposure to Sudan I prior to BaP treatment, BaP-DNA adduct levels increased 2.1-fold in comparison to BaP treatment alone. Similarly, hepatic microsomes isolated from rats exposed to Sudan I prior to BaP treatment were also the most effective in generating DNA adducts in vitro with the activated metabolites BaP-7,8-dihydrodiol or BaP-9-ol as intermediates. DNA adduct formation correlated with changes in the expression and/or enzyme activities of CYP1A1, 1A2 and 1B1 in hepatic microsomes. Thus, BaP genotoxicity in rats in vivo appears to be related to the enhanced expression and/or activity of hepatic CYP1A1/2 and 1B1 caused by exposure of rats to the studied compounds. Our results indicate that the industrially employed azo dye Sudan I potentiates the genotoxicity of the human carcinogen BaP, and exposure to both substances at the same time seems to be hazardous to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Dračínská
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-221-951-241
| | - Radek Indra
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
| | - Sandra Jelínková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
| | - Věra Černá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
| | | | - Marie Stiborová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 8, 12843 Prague, Czech Republic; (R.I.); (S.J.); (V.Č.)
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Liu X, Sun H, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Wang W, Xu L, Liu W. Clozapine affects the pharmacokinetics of risperidone and inhibits its metabolism and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport in vivo and in vitro: A safety attention to antipsychotic polypharmacy with clozapine and risperidone. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 422:115560. [PMID: 33957192 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP), as one maintenance treatment strategy in patients with schizophrenia, has gained popularity in real-world clinical settings. Risperidone (RIS) and clozapine (CLZ) are the most commonly prescribed second-generation antipsychotics, and they are often used in combination as APP. In this study, the pharmacokinetics of RIS and CLZ in rats were examined after co-administration to explore the reliability and rationality of co-medication with RIS and CLZ. In addition, the effects of CLZ on RIS metabolism and transport in vitro were investigated. The results illustrated that in the 7-day continuous administration test in rats, when co-administered with CLZ, the area under curve and peak concentrations of RIS were increased by 2.2- and 3.1-fold at the first dose, respectively, increased by 3.4- and 6.2-fold at the last dose, respectively. The metabolite-to-parent ratio of RIS was approximately 22% and 33% lower than those of RIS alone group at the first and last doses, respectively. Moreover, CLZ significantly increased RIS concentrations in the brain (3.0-4.8 folds) and cerebrospinal fluid (2.1-3.5 folds) in rats, which was slightly lower than the impact of verapamil on RIS after co-medication. Experiments in vitro indicated that CLZ competitively inhibited the conversion of RIS to 9-hydroxy-RIS with the inhibition constants of 1.36 and 3.0 μM in rat and human liver microsomes, respectively. Furthermore, the efflux ratio of RIS in Caco-2 monolayers was significantly reduced by CLZ at 1 μM. Hence, CLZ may affect the exposure of RIS by inhibiting its metabolism and P-glycoprotein-mediated transport. These findings highlighted that APP with RIS and CLZ might increase the plasma concentrations of RIS and 9-hydroxy-RIS beyond the safety ranges and cause toxic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Heyuan Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Yumu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Yufei Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Wenyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China.
| | - Lixiao Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
| | - Wanhui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Drug Delivery System and Biotech Drugs in Universities of Shandong, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, PR China
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Yang D, Li X, Fu Y, Tao X, Zheng F, Yu J, Yue H, Dai Y. Metabolic study of ginsenoside Rg3 and glimepiride in type 2 diabetic rats by liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2021; 35:e9083. [PMID: 33742471 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ginsenoside Rg3 and glimepiride have been applied to treat type 2 diabetes (T2DM) because of their good hypoglycemic effects. In this study, the effects of ginsenoside Rg3 acting synergistically with glimepiride were investigated in liver microsomes from rats with type 2 diabetes. METHODS An in vitro incubation system with normal rat liver microsomes (RLM) and type 2 diabetic rat liver microsomes (TRLM) was developed. The system also included two experimental groups consisting of RLM and TRLM pretreated with ginsenoside Rg3 and glimepiride (named the RLMR and TRLMR groups, respectively). The metabolism in the different groups was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-Orbitrap MS). RESULTS The results showed that the concentration of glimepiride increased in RLM and TRLM after treatment with ginsenoside Rg3. Five metabolites (M1-M5) of glimepiride were found, and they were named 3N-hydroxyglimepiride, hydroxyglimepiride, 1,2-epoxy ether-3-hydroxyglimepiride, 1N-hydroxyglimepiride and 1N,2C,S,O,O-epoxy ether-3-hydroxyglimepiride. The metabolite of ginsenoside Rg3 was ginsenoside Rh2. CONCLUSIONS An in vitro incubation system with RLM and TRLM was developed. The system revealed pathways that produce glimepiride metabolites. Ginsenoside Rg3 may inhibit the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. The present study showed that ginsenoside Rg3 and glimepiride may be combined for the treatment of T2DM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat
- Drug Synergism
- Ginsenosides/pharmacokinetics
- Ginsenosides/pharmacology
- Ginsenosides/therapeutic use
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacokinetics
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Male
- Microsomes, Liver/drug effects
- Microsomes, Liver/enzymology
- Molecular Structure
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Streptozocin
- Sulfonylurea Compounds/analysis
- Sulfonylurea Compounds/pharmacokinetics
- Sulfonylurea Compounds/therapeutic use
- Tandem Mass Spectrometry/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xue Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yunhua Fu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Xingyu Tao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiangbo Yu
- Postdoctoral Work Station of Jilin Aodong Medicine Group Co., Ltd., Dunhua, 133700, China
| | - Hao Yue
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Yulin Dai
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China
- Postdoctoral Work Station of Jilin Aodong Medicine Group Co., Ltd., Dunhua, 133700, China
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Luo N, Sun M, Han X, Li L, Wang L, Cheng Z. Preclinical metabolic characterization of mefunidone, a novel anti-renal fibrosis drug. Life Sci 2021; 280:119666. [PMID: 34087279 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The preclinical evaluation of innovative drugs plays an important role in the new drugs development. As a derivative of pirfenidone (PFD), mefunidone (MFD) has shown better anti-fibrosis and anti-inflammatory activity in both cell lines and animal models. To support the clinical investigations of MFD, the metabolic characterization of MFD was initially evaluated in preclinical models. MAIN METHODS The potential metabolites of MFD were analyzed by LC-MS/MS methods. The induction effect of MFD on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, and CYP3A4 was performed in primary human hepatocytes, and the inhibition of CYP enzymes by MFD was also evaluated in human liver microsomes. Finally, the pharmacokinetic profiles of MFD were assessed in SD rats after the rats had received multiple doses (62.5 mg/kg) of MFD. KEY FINDINGS MFD was metabolized in three pathways including oxidation, N-demethylation, and hydroxylation. Except for slight inhibition on the activity of CYP2D6, MFD exerted no effect on other CYP enzymes. Moreover, drug accumulation of MFD was not observed in rats after repeated dosing of MFD. SIGNIFICANCE MFD was first discovered in preclinical investigations without inducing and inhibiting metabolic enzymes. This work provides some important information about the metabolic characterization of MFD for its further clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Luo
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xuhua Han
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Linling Li
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
| | - Zeneng Cheng
- Research Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, School of Xiangya Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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Buckley BJ, Aboelela A, Majed H, Bujaroski RS, White KL, Powell AK, Wang W, Katneni K, Saunders J, Shackleford DM, Charman SA, Cook GM, Kelso MJ, Ranson M. Systematic evaluation of structure-property relationships and pharmacokinetics in 6-(hetero)aryl-substituted matched pair analogs of amiloride and 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 37:116116. [PMID: 33799173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The K+-sparing diuretic amiloride elicits anticancer activities in multiple animal models. During our recent medicinal chemistry campaign aiming to identify amiloride analogs with improved properties for potential use in cancer, we discovered novel 6-(hetero)aryl-substituted amiloride and 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) analogs with up to 100-fold higher potencies than the parent compounds against urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), one of amiloride's putative anticancer targets, and no diuretic or antikaliuretic effects. Here, we report the systematic evaluation of structure-property relationships (lipophilicity, aqueous solubility and in vitro metabolic stability in human and mouse liver microsomes) in twelve matched pair analogs selected from our 6-substituted amiloride and HMA libraries. Mouse plasma stability, plasma protein binding, Caco-2 cell permeability, cardiac ion channel activity and pharmacokinetics in mice (PO and IV) and rats (IV) are described alongside amiloride and HMA comparators for a subset of the four most promising matched-pair analogs. The findings combined with earlier uPA activity/selectivity and other data ultimately drove selection of two analogs (AA1-39 and AA1-41) that showed efficacy in separate mouse cancer metastasis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW 2750, Australia.
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Hiwa Majed
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richard S Bujaroski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew K Powell
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Wen Wang
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica Saunders
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW 2750, Australia
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19
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Kumar S, Bouic PJ, Rosenkranz B. Investigation of CYP2B6, 3A4 and β-esterase interactions of Withania somnifera (L.) dunal in human liver microsomes and HepG2 cells. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 270:113766. [PMID: 33395575 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (Solanaceae) is a traditional herb, used in African indigenous systems of medicine for the treatment of various diseases (including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis). The relevance of clinically significant interactions of Withania with ARVs and anti-TB drugs needs to be investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study evaluated the effects of its roots on cytochromes P450 (CYPs) 2B6, 3A4, and rifampicin metabolism pathway, using methanol, ethanol, aqueous, and ethyl acetate solvent extractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The extracts were tested on human liver microsomes (HLM) for CYP inhibition, mRNA expression in HepG2 cells for CYP induction. Biochemical qualitative tests and LC-MS/MS methodology were used to determine active phytoconstituents. RESULTS The methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts inhibited CYP2B6 with IC50s 79.16 and 57.96 μg/ml respectively, while none of the extracts had any effect on rifampicin metabolism or showed time-dependant inhibition (TDI). All extracts were moderate inducers of CYP3A4; the aqueous extract exhibited 38%-fold shift induction of CYP3A4 compared to the control. The methanolic extract had the lowest CTC50 (50% of cytotoxicity inhibition) (67.13 ± 0.83 μg/ml). LC-MS/MS-PDA full scans were consistent with the presence of flavone salvigenin (m/z 327), alkaloid isopelletierine (m/z 133), steroidal lactone 2,3-dihydrowithaferin-A (m/z 472), and other withanolides including withaperuvin I (m/z 533), withaferin derivative (m/z 567), some of these compounds likely being responsible for the observed CYP2B6 inhibition and CYP3A4 induction. The putative gastrointestinal tract (GIT) concentration for the active extracts was 1800 μg/ml and the hepatic circulation concentrations were estimated at about 220 μg/ml and 13.5 μg/ml for the methanolic and ethyl acetate extracts, respectively. The extrapolated in vivo percentage of inhibition was at 85% for the methanolic extract against CYP2B6. CONCLUSIONS The findings reported in this study suggest that W. somnifera extracts have the potential of causing clinically significant herb-drug interactions (HDI) as moderate inducer of CYP3A4 and inhibitor of CYP2B6 metabolism pathway (methanol and ethyl acetate extracts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saneesh Kumar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Patrick J Bouic
- Division of Medical Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa; Synexa Life Sciences, Montague Gardens, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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20
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Lee JY, Lee K, Lee K, Kang JS, Kim MJ, Yoo DG, Kim JA, Shin EJ, Oh SJ. Pharmacokinetic Characterization of LW6, a Novel Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α (HIF-1α) Inhibitor in Mice. Molecules 2021; 26:2226. [PMID: 33921487 PMCID: PMC8070284 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
LW6, an (aryloxyacetylamino)benzoic acid derivative, was recently identified to be an inhibitor of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is an attractive target for cancer therapeutics. Although LW6 is known to act by inhibiting the accumulation of HIF-1α, pharmacokinetics needs to be evaluated to assess its potential as an anti-tumor agent. Here, we investigated the plasma pharmacokinetics and metabolism of LW6 in mice. LW6 exhibited a small volume of distribution (0.5 ± 0.1 L/kg), and a short terminal half-life (0.6 ± 0.1 h). Following intravenous or oral administration, LW6 was rapidly converted to its active metabolite, (4-adamantan-1-yl-phenoxy)acetic acid (APA). Although LW6 was rapidly absorbed, its oral bioavailability, estimated using AUClast values, was low (1.7 ± 1.8%). It was slowly degraded in mouse liver microsomes (t1/2 > 1 h) and serum (t1/2 > 6 h). About 54% or 44.8% of LW6 was available systemically as APA in the mouse after a single intravenous or oral administration, respectively. Thus, our results indicated the need to simultaneously consider the active metabolite as well as the parent compound for successful evaluation during lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yoon Lee
- Convergence Medical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea;
| | - Kyeong Lee
- BK21 FOUR Team and Integrated Research Institute for Drug Development, College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University—Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Jong Soon Kang
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, KRIBB, Chungbuk 28116, Korea; (J.S.K.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Min Ju Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, KRIBB, Chungbuk 28116, Korea; (J.S.K.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Dong Gu Yoo
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.G.Y.); (J.A.K.); (E.J.S.)
| | - Jung Ah Kim
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.G.Y.); (J.A.K.); (E.J.S.)
| | - Eun Jin Shin
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.G.Y.); (J.A.K.); (E.J.S.)
| | - Soo Jin Oh
- Convergence Medical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea;
- Department of Medical Science, Asan Medical Institute of Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.G.Y.); (J.A.K.); (E.J.S.)
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21
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Priebbenow DL, Mathiew M, Shi DH, Harjani JR, Beveridge JG, Chavchich M, Edstein MD, Duffy S, Avery VM, Jacobs RT, Brand S, Shackleford DM, Wang W, Zhong L, Lee G, Tay E, Barker H, Crighton E, White KL, Charman SA, De Paoli A, Creek DJ, Baell JB. Discovery of Potent and Fast-Acting Antimalarial Bis-1,2,4-triazines. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4150-4162. [PMID: 33759519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel 3,3'-disubstituted-5,5'-bi(1,2,4-triazine) compounds with potent in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum parasites were recently discovered. To improve the pharmacokinetic properties of the triazine derivatives, a new structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigation was initiated with a focus on enhancing the metabolic stability of lead compounds. These efforts led to the identification of second-generation highly potent antimalarial bis-triazines, exemplified by triazine 23, which exhibited significantly improved in vitro metabolic stability (8 and 42 μL/min/mg protein in human and mouse liver microsomes). The disubstituted triazine dimer 23 was also observed to suppress parasitemia in the Peters 4-day test with a mean ED50 value of 1.85 mg/kg/day and exhibited a fast-killing profile, revealing a new class of orally available antimalarial compounds of considerable interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mitch Mathiew
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Da-Hua Shi
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jitendra R Harjani
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Julia G Beveridge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Marina Chavchich
- The Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4051, Australia
| | - Michael D Edstein
- The Department of Drug Evaluation, Australian Defence Force Malaria and Infectious Disease Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4051, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert T Jacobs
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), P.O. Box 1826, Route de Pré-Bois 20, CH-1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Brand
- Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), P.O. Box 1826, Route de Pré-Bois 20, CH-1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Wen Wang
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Longjin Zhong
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Given Lee
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Erin Tay
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Helena Barker
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Elly Crighton
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Amanda De Paoli
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J Creek
- Drug Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
- ARC Centre for Fragment-Based Design, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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22
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Takahashi M, Hirota I, Nakano T, Kotani T, Takani D, Shiratori K, Choi Y, Haba M, Hosokawa M. Effects of steric hindrance and electron density of ester prodrugs on controlling the metabolic activation by human carboxylesterase. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 38:100391. [PMID: 33872946 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase (CES) plays an important role in the hydrolysis metabolism of ester-type drugs and prodrugs. In this study, we investigated the change in the hydrolysis rate of hCE1 by focusing on the steric hindrance of the ester structure and the electron density. For 26 kinds of synthesized indomethacin prodrugs, the hydrolytic rate was measured in the presence of human liver microsomes (HLM), human small intestine microsomes (HIM), hCE1 and hCE2. The synthesized prodrugs were classified into three types: an alkyl ester type that is specifically metabolized by hCE1, a phenyl ester type that is more easily metabolized by hCE1 than by hCE2, and a carbonate ester type that is easily metabolized by both hCE1 and hCE2. The hydrolytic rate of 1-methylpentyl (hexan-2-yl) ester was 10-times lower than that of 4-methylpentyl ester in hCE1 solution. hCE2 was susceptible to electron density of the substrate, and there was a difference in the hydrolysis rate of up to 3.5-times between p-bromophenyl ester and p-acetylphenyl ester. By changing the steric hindrance and electron density of the alkoxy group, the factors that change the hydrolysis rate by CES were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan.
| | - Ibuki Hirota
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Nakano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kotani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takani
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Kana Shiratori
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Yura Choi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Masami Haba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
| | - Masakiyo Hosokawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiba Institute of Science, 15-8, Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba, 288-0025, Japan
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23
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Kamaura M, Kubo O, Sugimoto H, Noguchi N, Miyashita H, Abe S, Matsuda K, Tsujihata Y, Odani T, Iwasaki S, Murata T, Sato K. Discovery of a novel series of indolinylpyrimidine-based GPR119 agonists: Elimination of ether-a-go-go-related gene liability using a hydrogen bond acceptor-focused approach. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 34:116034. [PMID: 33548803 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified a novel series of indolinylpyrimidine derivatives exemplified by 2 in Figure 1, which is an indoline based derivative, as potent GPR119 agonists. Despite the attractive potency of 2, this compound inhibited the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) K+ channel. We elucidated crucial roles of the methylsulfonyl group of 2 in its interaction with the hERG channel and the GPR119 receptor, presumably as a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA). To remove the undesirable hERG inhibitory activity, a strategy was implemented to arrange an HBA on a less conformationally flexible framework at the indoline 5-position instead of the methylsulfonyl group. This successfully led to the discovery of a piperidinone ring as a desirable motif at the indoline 5-position, which could minimize hERG liability as shown by 24b. Further optimization focused on the reduction of lipophilicity in terms of more favorable drug-like properties. Consequently, the introduction of a hydroxy group at the 3-position of the piperidinone ring effectively reduced lipophilicity without compromising GPR119 potency, resulting in the identification of (3S)-3-hydroxy-1-{1-[6-({1-[3-(propan-2-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]piperidin-4-yl}oxy)pyrimidin-4-yl]- 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5-yl}piperidin-2-one ((S)-29) as a novel, potent, and orally bioavailable GPR119 agonist with a well-balanced profile. The pharmacological effects of this compound were also confirmed after single and chronic oral administration in diabetic animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kamaura
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Kubo
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Sugimoto
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Naoyoshi Noguchi
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hirohisa Miyashita
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Abe
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kae Matsuda
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsujihata
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Odani
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinji Iwasaki
- DMPK Research Laboratories, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiki Murata
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Sato
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Drug Discovery Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd, 26-1, Muraokahigashi 2-chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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24
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Dangi B, Davydova NY, Maldonado MA, Abbasi A, Vavilov NE, Zgoda VG, Davydov DR. Effects of alcohol-induced increase in CYP2E1 content in human liver microsomes on the activity and cooperativity of CYP3A4. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 698:108677. [PMID: 33197431 PMCID: PMC7856178 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of the alcohol-induced increase in the content of CYP2E1 in human liver microsomes (HLM) on the function of CYP3A4. Membrane incorporation of the purified CYP2E1 into HLM considerably increases the rate of metabolism of 7-benzyloxyquinoline (BQ) and attenuates the homotropic cooperativity observed with this CYP3A4-specific substrate. It also eliminates the activating effect of α-naphthoflavone (ANF) seen in some HLM samples. To probe the physiological relevance of these effects, we compared three pooled preparations of HLM from normal donors (HLM-N) with a pooled preparation from ten heavy alcohol consumers (HLM-A). The composition of the P450 pool in all samples was characterized by the mass-spectrometric determination of 11 cytochrome P450 species. The fractional content of CYP2E1 in HLM-A was from 2.0 to 3.4 times higher than in HLM-N. In contrast, the content of CYP3A4 in HLM-A was the lowest among all samples. Despite that, HLM-A exhibited a much higher metabolism rate and a lower homotropic cooperativity with BQ, similar to CYP2E1-enriched HLM-N. To substantiate the involvement of interactions between CYP2E1 and CYP3A4 in these effects, we probed hetero-association of these proteins in CYP3A4-containing Supersomes™ with a technique employing CYP2E1 labeled with BODIPY-618 maleimide. These experiments evinced the interactions between the two enzymes and revealed an inhibitory effect of ANF on their association. Our results demonstrate that the functional properties of CYP3A4 are fundamentally dependent on the composition of the cytochrome P450 ensemble and suggest a possible impact of chronic alcohol exposure on the pharmacokinetics of drugs metabolized by CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Dangi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Nadezhda Y Davydova
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Marc A Maldonado
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Armina Abbasi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | | | - Victor G Zgoda
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, 119121, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143025, Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Dmitri R Davydov
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA.
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25
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Kannt A, Rajagopal S, Hallur MS, Swamy I, Kristam R, Dhakshinamoorthy S, Czech J, Zech G, Schreuder H, Ruf S. Novel Inhibitors of Nicotinamide- N-Methyltransferase for the Treatment of Metabolic Disorders. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040991. [PMID: 33668468 PMCID: PMC7918612 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide-N-methyltransferase (NNMT) is a cytosolic enzyme catalyzing the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) to nicotinamide (Nam). It is expressed in many tissues including the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. Its expression in several cancer cell lines has been widely discussed in the literature, and recent work established a link between NNMT expression and metabolic diseases. Here we describe our approach to identify potent small molecule inhibitors of NNMT featuring different binding modes as elucidated by X-ray crystallographic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimo Kannt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology-ITMP, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Sridharan Rajagopal
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Mahanandeesha S. Hallur
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Indu Swamy
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Rajendra Kristam
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Saravanakumar Dhakshinamoorthy
- Jubilant Biosys Limited, #96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560022, India; (S.R.); (M.S.H.); (I.S.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Joerg Czech
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.C.); (G.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Gernot Zech
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.C.); (G.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Herman Schreuder
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.C.); (G.Z.); (H.S.)
| | - Sven Ruf
- Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland Gmbh, Industriepark Hoechst, 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (J.C.); (G.Z.); (H.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Kar A, Mukherjee PK, Saha S, Banerjee S, Goswami D, Matsabisa MG, Charoensub R, Duangyod T. Metabolite profiling and evaluation of CYP450 interaction potential of 'Trimada'- an Ayurvedic formulation. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 266:113457. [PMID: 33039629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Trimada is well-known polyherbal Ayurvedic formulation used in Indian Traditional medicine since ancient times. It consisted of three inebriant herbs including "Chitraka" (Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Family- Plumabaginaceae), "Musta" (Cyperus rotundus Linn. Family- Cyperaceae) and Vidanga (Embelia ribes Burm. F. Family- Myrsinaceae) in equal ratios as mentioned in Ayurveda. Trimada is traditionally used to increase the functioning of the digestive system and metabolism. Along with these, it also assists in the reduction of cholesterol as well as reduces stomach aches and chest pain. AIM OF THE STUDY This study is aimed to identify the metabolites present in this polyherbal formulation. Further, the cytotoxicity and interaction potential of the formulation and individual herbs with Cytochrome P450 isozymes (CYP3A4, 2D6, 2C9, 1A2) was evaluated by MTT assay and CYP450 enzyme inhibition. The concentration of heavy metals was also determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis was performed to detect and identify the phytoconstituents in the formulation. Cytotoxicity of the formulation was evaluated by MTT assay. CYP450 enzyme interaction potential of the individual herbs and the Trimada formulation was carried out through CYP-CO assay and fluorometric high throughput screening (HTS) assay for individual isozymes. The content of heavy metal in the formulation was quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. RESULTS Trimada formulation exhibited lower cytotoxicity to human liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2). CYP-CO assay revealed that the interaction potential of individual herbs and Trimada on the liver microsomes was found to be lesser than the standard inhibitor ketoconazole. Individual herbs and Trimada formulation displayed higher IC50 values than the respective standard inhibitors in the fluorimetric assay. UPLC-QTOF-MS analysis showed the presence of a number of active phytoconstituents including sesquiterpenes, phenolic acids, benzoquinones, triterpenes and flavonoids. The heavy metal concentration in the traditional medicinal herbal formulation was found within the approved limit. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested that the individual herbs and Trimada formulation exhibited low cytotoxicity and contributes insignificant interaction with CYP450 isozymes. So, the formulation is considered to be safe for its therapeutic management without any potential drug interaction involving CYP 450 isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kar
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Pulok K Mukherjee
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India; Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, An Autonomous Institute Under Dept. of Biotechnology, Govt. of India, Imphal, 795001, India.
| | - Sankarshan Saha
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Subhadip Banerjee
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Debayan Goswami
- School of Natural Product Studies, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
| | - Motlalepula G Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, PO Box 339, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa.
| | - Rawiwan Charoensub
- School of Health Science, Dept. of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine & Center of Excellence in Medicinal Plants and Thai Tradition Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
| | - Thidarat Duangyod
- School of Health Science, Dept. of Applied Thai Traditional Medicine & Center of Excellence in Medicinal Plants and Thai Tradition Medicine, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand.
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Nair PC, Gillani TB, Rawling T, Murray M. Differential inhibition of human CYP2C8 and molecular docking interactions elicited by sorafenib and its major N-oxide metabolite. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 338:109401. [PMID: 33556367 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib (SOR) is being used increasingly in combination with other anticancer agents like paclitaxel, but this increases the potential for drug toxicity. SOR inhibits several human CYPs, including CYP2C8, which is a major enzyme in the elimination of oncology drugs like paclitaxel and imatinib. It has been reported that CYP2C8 inhibition by SOR in human liver microsomes is potentiated by NADPH-dependent biotransformation. This implicates a SOR metabolite in enhanced inhibition, although the identity of that metabolite is presently unclear. The present study evaluated the capacity of the major N-oxide metabolite of SOR (SNO) to inhibit CYP2C8-dependent paclitaxel 6α-hydroxylation. The IC50 of SNO against CYP2C8 activity was found to be 3.7-fold lower than that for the parent drug (14 μM versus 51 μM). In molecular docking studies, both SOR and SNO interacted with active site residues in CYP2C8, but four additional major hydrogen and halogen bonding interactions were identified between SNO and amino acids in the B-B' loop region and helixes F' and I that comprise the catalytic region of the enzyme. In contrast, the binding of both SOR and SNO to active site residues in the closely related human CYP2C9 enzyme was similar, as were the IC50s determined against CYP2C9-mediated losartan oxidation. These findings suggest that the active metabolite SNO could impair the elimination of coadministered drugs that are substrates for CYP2C8, and mediate toxic adverse events, perhaps in those individuals in whom SNO is formed extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C Nair
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Tina B Gillani
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Tristan Rawling
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, 2007, Australia
| | - Michael Murray
- Pharmacogenomics and Drug Development Group, Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Kushida H, Matsumoto T, Ikarashi Y, Nishimura H, Yamamoto M. Gender differences in plasma pharmacokinetics and hepatic metabolism of geissoschizine methyl ether from Uncaria hook in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2021; 264:113354. [PMID: 32898626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Geissoschizine methyl ether (GM), an indole alkaloid from Uncaria hook, is an active ingredient in the traditional Japanese Kampo medicine yokukansan, which is used to treat neurosis, insomnia, irritability, and night crying in children. AIM OF THE STUDY Recent our pharmacokinetic studies suggested that there may be gender differences in the plasma concentrations of GM in rats, but not in humans. However, the details of this difference remain unverified. The purpose of this study was to clarify the reasons for the gender differences in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS GM plasma pharmacokinetics was compared in male and female rats orally administered yokukansan (4 g/kg). To confirm the involvement of cytochrome P450 (CYP) in GM liver metabolism, GM was incubated with male and female rat liver S9 fraction in the absence or presence of 1-aminobenzotriazole (a nonspecific CYP inhibitor). CYP isoforms involved in GM metabolism were estimated using recombinant rat CYP isoforms and anti-rat CYP antibodies. RESULTS The maximum GM plasma concentrations were significantly higher in female than in male rats. When GM was incubated with rat liver S9 fractions, GM reduction was more striking in male S9 (69.3%) than that in female S9 (10.0%) and was completely blocked with nonspecific CYP inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole. Screening experiments using recombinant rat cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms showed that CYP1A1, CYP2C6, CYP2C11, CYP2D1, and CYP3A2 were involved in GM metabolism. Of these CYP isoforms, the use of anti-rat CYP antibodies indicated that male-dependent CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 were predominantly involved in the liver microsomal GM metabolism with gender differences. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the cause of gender differences in plasma GM pharmacokinetics in rats is most likely because of male-dependent CYP2C11 and CYP3A2, and provide also useful information to further evaluate the pharmacological and toxicological effects in future. This study is the first to demonstrate that the gender differences in plasma GM pharmacokinetics in rats are caused by the gender-dependent metabolism of GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Kushida
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Takashi Matsumoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Ikarashi
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Nishimura
- Botanical Raw Materials Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Yamamoto
- Tsumura Kampo Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., 3586 Yoshiwara, Ami-machi, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki, 300-1192, Japan.
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Jamalan M, Barzegari E, Gholami-Borujeni F. Structure-Based Screening to Discover New Inhibitors for Papain-like Proteinase of SARS-CoV-2: An In Silico Study. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:1015-1026. [PMID: 33350309 PMCID: PMC7770893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) expresses a multifunctional papain-like proteinase (PLpro), which mediates the processing of the viral replicase polyprotein. Inhibition of PLpro has been shown to suppress the viral replication. This study aimed to explore new anti-PLpro candidates by applying virtual screening based on GRL0617, a known PLpro inhibitor of SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV). The three-dimensional (3D) structure of SARS-CoV-2 PLpro was built by homology modeling, using SARS-CoV PLpro as the template. The model was refined and studied through molecular dynamic simulation. AutoDock Vina was then used to perform virtual screening where 50 chemicals with at least 65% similarity to GRL0617 were docked with the optimized SARS-CoV-2 PLpro. In this screening, 5-(aminomethyl)-2-methyl-N-[(1R)-1-naphthalen-1-ylethyl]benzamide outperformed GRL0617 in terms of binding affinity (-9.7 kcal/mol). Furthermore, 2-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5-nitro-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione (previously introduced as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2), 3-nitro-N-[(1r)-1-phenylethyl]-5-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide (inhibitor against Mycobacterium tuberculosis), as well as the recently introduced SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitor 5-acetamido-2-methyl-N-[(1S)-1-naphthalen-1-ylethyl]benzamide showed promising affinity for the viral proteinase. All of the identified compounds demonstrated an acceptable pharmacokinetic profile. In conclusion, our findings represent rediscovery of analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, or antiviral drugs as promising pharmaceutical candidates against the ongoing coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Jamalan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Abadan Faculty of Medical
Sciences, Abadan 6313833177, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Barzegari
- Medical
Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Fathollah Gholami-Borujeni
- Department
of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University
of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran 4815733971, Iran
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Qin XL, Li JL, Wang SH, Chen X, Huang M, Bi HC. Co-administration of Wuzhi tablet (Schisandra sphenanthera extract) alters tacrolimus pharmacokinetics in a dose- and time-dependent manner in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 263:113233. [PMID: 32768638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY RELEVANCE Tacrolimus is a well-known potent but expensive immunosuppressant. We previously clarified the herb-drug interaction between tacrolimus and Wuzhi tablet (WZ), a prescribed drug of ethanol extract of Schisandra sphenanthera, and showed the ideal effect of WZ on maintaining therapeutic level of tacrolimus and reducing the total drug expense. However, WZ possesses a biphasic effect on regulating CYP3A (the major metabolizing enzyme of tacrolimus), which could induce the mRNA and protein expression after long-term treatment while transiently inhibit the activity of CYP3A. In clinic, clinicians are confused about the relationship between the blood concentration of tacrolimus and the dose and the duration of pretreatment of WZ. Therefore, the effects of the pretreatment time and the dose of WZ on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus is urgently needed to be clarified to better combine the use of WZ and tacrolimus in clinic. AIM OF THE STUDY AND METHOD This study aimed to investigate the effects of the pretreatment time and the dose of WZ on the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus in rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS After pretreated rats with WZ for 0, 0.5, 2, 6, 12 or 24 h, the area under the curve (AUC) of tacrolimus was 2.27 ± 0.59, 1.87 ± 1.14, 2.86 ± 0.64, 1.62 ± 0.70, 1.54 ± 1.06 and 1.12 ± 0.69-fold of that of the tacrolimus alone group, respectively. The ratio of AUC of tacrolimus to that of the co-administration group with 0, 62.5, 125, 250, 500 or 750 mg/kg of WZ was 1.00: 1.07: 1.44: 2.60: 2.32: 2.42, respectively. These findings suggested that WZ increased tacrolimus AUC in a pretreatment time- and dose-dependent manner. In line with the in vivo findings, WZ extract inhibited CYP3A activity in a pre-treatment time- and concentration-dependent manner in human liver microsomes. In conclusion, the pharmacokinetics of tacrolimus was significantly affected by the pretreatment time and the dose of WZ. Oral pretreatment with WZ for 0-2 h or co-dosing of 250 mg/kg of WZ most significantly increased the blood concentration of tacrolimus. These findings would be helpful for guiding the reasonable use of WZ and tacrolimus in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Qin
- Guangdong Food and Drug Vocational College, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jia-Li Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Si-Han Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Hui-Chang Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Abstract
Context: Cepharanthine (CEP) extracted from the roots of Stephania cepharantha Hayata (Menispermaceae), has a range of therapeutic potential in clinical conditions. Whether it affects the activity of human liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes remains unclear.Materials and methods: The effects of CEP (100 μM) on eight human liver CYP isoforms (i.e., 1A2, 3A4, 2A6, 2E1, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19 and 2C8) were investigated in vitro using human liver microsomes (HLMs) with specific probe actions and probe substrates. In addition, the enzyme kinetic parameters were calculated.Results: The results showed that the activity of CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP2C9 was inhibited by CEP, with IC50 values of 16.29, 25.62 and 24.57 μM, respectively, but other CYP isoforms were not affected. Enzyme kinetic studies showed that CEP was not only a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 but also a competitive inhibitor of CYP2E1 and CYP2C9, with Ki values of 8.12, 11.78 and 13.06 μM, respectively. Additionally, CEP is a time-dependent inhibitor for CYP3A4 with KI/Kinact value of 10.84/0.058 min/μM.Discussion and conclusions: The in vitro studies of CEP with CYP isoforms indicate that CEP has the potential to cause pharmacokinetic drug interactions with other co-administered drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP2C9. Further clinical studies are needed to evaluate the significance of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunge Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Ping Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Xinfu Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Chunxia Gou
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
| | - Ruimin Bian
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, PR China
- CONTACT Ruimin Bian Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, No. 661, Huanghe Road, Binzhou256603, Shandong, PR China
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Jiang N, Zhang M, Meng X, Sun B. Effects of curcumin on the pharmacokinetics of amlodipine in rats and its potential mechanism. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:465-468. [PMID: 32432949 PMCID: PMC7301706 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1764060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Context: Hyperlipidaemia and hypertension are often treated together with curcumin and amlodipine. It is necessary to investigate the drug-drug interaction between curcumin and amlodipine.Objective: The interaction between curcumin and amlodipine was investigated in rats and with rat liver microsomes.Methods: The pharmacokinetics of amlodipine (1 mg/kg) was investigated in rats with or without curcumin pre-treatment (2 mg/kg), six rats in each group. The metabolic stability of amlodipine was investigated with rat liver microsomes.Results: Curcumin significantly increased the Cmax (26.19 ± 2.21 versus 17.80 ± 1.56 μg/L), AUC(0-t) (507.27 ± 60.23 versus 238.68 ± 45.59 μg·h/L), and t1/2 (14.69 ± 1.64 versus 11.43 ± 1.20 h) of amlodipine (p < 0.05). The metabolic stability of amlodipine was significantly increased with the half-life time in rat liver microsomes increased from 34.23 ± 3.33 to 44.15 ± 4.12 min, and the intrinsic rate decreased from 40.49 ± 3.26 to 31.39 ± 2.78 μL/min/mg protein.Discussion and conclusions: These results indicated that drug-drug interaction might appear during the co-administration of curcumin and amlodipine. The potential mechanism may be due to the inhibition of CYP3A4 by curcumin. Thus, this interaction should be given special attention in the clinic and needs further experiments to characterize the effect in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Meicheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangzhi Meng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Emergency, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
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Xing H, Luo X, Li Y, Fan C, Liu N, Cui C, Li W. Effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of hydroxycamptothecin and its potential mechanism. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:152-156. [PMID: 31990625 PMCID: PMC7034088 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1717550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Context: Hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) has antitumor activity in various cancers, but its poor bioavailability and efflux limit its clinical application. Verapamil has been demonstrated to improve the bioavailability of many drugs. However, the effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of HCPT was not clear.Objective: The effect of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of HCPT was investigated to clarify the drug-drug interaction between HCPT and verapamil.Materials and methods: The pharmacokinetic profiles of oral administration of HCPT (50 mg/kg) in two group of Sprague-Dawley rats (six rats each), with pre-treatment of verapamil (10 mg/kg/day) for 7 days were investigated, with the group without verapamil pre-treatment as control. Additionally, the metabolic stability and transport of HCPT in the presence or absence of verapamil were also investigated with the employment of the rat liver microsomes and Caco-2 cell transwell model.Results: Verapamil significantly increased the peak plasma concentration (from 91.97 ± 11.30 to 125.30 ± 13.50 ng/mL), and decrease the oral clearance (from 63.85 ± 10.79 to 32.95 ± 6.17 L/h/kg). The intrinsic clearance rate was also significantly decreased (from 39.49 ± 0.42 to 28.64 ± 0.30 μL/min/mg protein) by the preincubation of verapamil. The results of Caco-2 cell transwell experiments showed the efflux of HCPT was inhibited by verapamil, as the efflux ratio decreased from 1.82 to 1.21.Discussion and conclusions: The system exposure of HCPT was increased by verapamil. Verapamil may exert this effect through inhibiting the activity of CYP3A4 or P-gp, which are related to the metabolism and transport of HCPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Xing
- Department of Breast Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Luo
- Department of Breast Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunni Fan
- Department of Breast Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunguo Cui
- Department of Breast Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- CONTACT Chunguo Cui
| | - Wenjia Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, China–Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Wenjia Li Department of Breast Surgery, China – Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, No. 126 of Xiantai Street, Changchun, Jilin Province130033, China
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Chong J, Chen H, Dai D, Wang S, Zhou Q, Liu J, Lü Y, Wu H, Du M, Chen F, Jiang H, Zhou Y, Yang J. Effects of ticagrelor on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban in rats. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:630-635. [PMID: 32633174 PMCID: PMC7470163 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1785510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Rivaroxaban and ticagrelor are two common drugs for the treatment of atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome. However, the drug-drug interaction between them is still unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of ticagrelor on the pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban in rats both in vivo and in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sensitive and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the determination of rivaroxaban in rat plasma. Ten Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into ticagrelor pre-treated group (10 mg/kg/day for 14 days) and control group. The pharmacokinetics of orally administered rivaroxaban (10 mg/kg, single dose) with or without ticagrelor pre-treatment was investigated with developed UPLC-MS/MS method. Additionally, Sprague-Dawley rat liver microsomes were also used to investigate the drug-drug interaction between these two drugs in vitro. RESULTS The C max (221.34 ± 53.33 vs. 691.18 ± 238.31 ng/mL) and the AUC(0-t) (1060.97 ± 291.21 vs. 3483.03 ± 753.83 μg·h/L) of rivaroxaban increased significantly (p < 0.05) with ticagrelor pre-treatment. The MRT(0-∞) of rivaroxaban increased from 4.41 ± 0.79 to 5.97 ± 1.11 h, while the intrinsic clearance decreased from 9.93 ± 2.55 to 2.89 ± 0.63 L/h/kg (both p < 0.05) after pre-treated with ticagrelor. Enzyme kinetic study indicated that ticagrelor decreased rivaroxaban metabolic clearance with the IC50 value of 14.04 μmol/L. CONCLUSIONS Our in vivo and in vitro results demonstrated that there is a drug-drug interaction between ticagrelor and rivaroxaban in rats. Further studies need to be carried out to verify whether similar interactions truly apply in humans and whether these interactions have clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chong
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine Department, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hao Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine Department, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Dapeng Dai
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shuanghu Wang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Junpeng Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine Department, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - You Lü
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine Department, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hualan Wu
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine Department, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Du
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine Department, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Chen
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Hui Jiang
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Yunfang Zhou
- The Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, The People’s Hospital of Lishui, Lishui, P.R. China
| | - Jiefu Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine Department, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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Zhang GY, Zhang Z, Li K, Liu J, Li B, Jin Z, Liu YH, Tang YZ. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pleuromutilin derivatives containing piperazine and 1,2,3-triazole linker. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104398. [PMID: 33137559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of novel pleuromutilin derivatives containing piperazine ring, 1, 2, 3-triazoles and secondary amines on the side chain of C14 were synthesized under mild conditions via click reaction. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the synthesized derivatives against four strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA ATCC 43300, ATCC 29213 ,144 and AD3) and one strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were evaluated by the broth dilution method. Among these derivatives, 22-[2-(4-((4-nitrophenyl piperazine)methyl)-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-1-(piperazine-1-yl) ethyl-1-one] deoxy pleuromutilin (compound 59) showed the most prominent in vitro antibacterial effect against MRSA (MIC = 1 μg/mL). Furthermore, compound 59 displayed more rapid bactericidal kinetic than tiamulin time-kill studies and possessed a longer PAE than tiamulin against MRSA in vitro. In addition, in vivo antibacterial activities of compound 59 against MRSA were further evaluated employing thigh infection model. And compound 59 (-8.89 log10 CFU/mL) displayed superior activities than tiamulin. Compound 59 was further evaluated in CYP450 inhibition assay and the results showed that it exhibited low to moderate inhibitory effects on CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes. The PK properties of compound 59 were then measured. The half-life (t1/2), clearance rate (Cl) and the area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC0→∞) of compound 59 were 0.74 h, 0.29 L/h/kg and 46.28 μg·h/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Abstract
CONTEXT Lysionotin, a major extraction of Lysionotus pauciflorus Maxim (Gesneriaceae), has a variety of pharmacological properties commonly used in the treatment of lung disease. A study of lysionotin on the activity of human liver cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes can provide guidance on the clinical application of lysionotin. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the interaction between lysionotin and CYPs. MATERIAL AND METHOD The effects of 100 μM lysionotin on eight human liver CYP isoforms (i.e., 1A2, 3A4, 2A6, 2E1, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19 and 2C8) were investigated in vitro using human liver microsomes (HLMs) with specific inhibitor as positive control and untreated HLMs as control. Meanwhile, the enzyme kinetic parameters were calculated. A time-dependent study was performed with a time interval of 5 min in 30 min. RESULTS Lysionotin was found to inhibit the activity of CYP3A4, 2C19, and 2C8, with IC50 values of 13.85, 24.95, and 30.05 μM, respectively. The inhibition of CYP3A4 was performed in a non-competitive manner with the Ki value of 6.83 μM, while the inhibition of CYP2C19 and 2C8 was performed in a competitive manner with Ki values of 12.41 and 14.51 μM. Moreover, it was found that the inhibition of CYP3A4 was time-dependent with K I/K inact value of 6.618/0.048 min/μM. Discussion and conclusions: The in vitro inhibitory effect of lysionotin on the activity of CYP3A4, 2C19, and 2C8 indicated potential drug interactions between lysionotin and drugs metabolised by CYP3A4, 2C19, and 2C8. Further in vivo experiments are needed to assess the potential interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Zibo No. 4 People’s Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of Laboratory, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Department of Oncology, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Keren Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Department of Hematology and Nephrology, Shanxian Central Hospital, Heze, China
- CONTACT Ying Cui Department of Hematology and Nephrology, Shanxian Central Hospital, No. 1, Wenhua Road, Heze274300, Shandong, China
| | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Haiping Wang Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 16, Jiangsu Road, Qingdao266000, Shandong, China
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Abstract
Context: Ganoderic acid A (GAA) is usually used to prevent cancers or other diseases, which make it likely to be used with other drugs metabolized by cytochromes P450.Objective: This study investigates the effect of GAA on eight major cytochrome P450 isoforms in human liver microsomes.Material and method: The effects of GAA (100 μM) on eight human liver CYP isoforms (i.e., 1A2, 3A4, 2A6, 2E1, 2D6, 2C9, 2C19, and 2C8) were investigated in vitro using human liver microsomes (HLMs) with specific substrates for the CYPs, and the enzyme kinetic parameters were calculated.Results: The results showed that GAA inhibited the activity of CYP3A4, 2D6, and 2E1, but did not affect other isoforms. The inhibition of CYP3A4, 2D6, and 2E1 was concentration-dependent with IC50 values of 15.05, 21.83, and 28.35 μM, respectively. Additionally, GAA was not only a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4, but also a competitive inhibitor of CYP2D6 and 2E1, with Ki values of 7.16, 10.07, and 13.45 μM. Meanwhile, the inhibition of CYP3A4 was time-dependent, with the KI/Kinact value of 7.91/0.048 μM/min.Discussion and conclusion: The in vitro study indicated that GAA has the potential to result in drug-drug interactions with other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4, 2D6, and 2E1. Further clinical studies are needed for the identification of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangchen Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fengqing Zhang
- Department of Tumor Intervention, Municipal Official Hospital of WeiFang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Dali Chen
- Department of Laboratory, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Keren Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxian Central Hospital (Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical University), Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanxian Central Hospital (Affiliated Huxi Hospital of Jining Medical University), Heze, Shandong, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Tumor, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- CONTACT Rui Jiang Department of Minimally Invasive Tumor, Shandong Provincial Hospital, No. 324, Jingweuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong250000, China
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Wang H, Dong L, Qu F, He H, Sun W, Man Y, Jiang H. Effects of glycyrrhizin on the pharmacokinetics of nobiletin in rats and its potential mechanism. Pharm Biol 2020; 58:352-356. [PMID: 32298152 PMCID: PMC7178892 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2020.1751661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Context: Both nobiletin (NBL) and glycyrrhizin (GL) have anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. These agents may be co-administered in the clinic. However, the drug-drug interaction between them is not clear.Objective: The drug-drug interaction between GL and NBL was investigated, to clarify the effect of GL on the pharmacokinetics of NBL, and its main mechanism.Materials and methods: The pharmacokinetic profiles of oral administration of NBL (50 mg/kg) in Sprague-Dawley rats of two groups with six each, with or without pre-treatment of GL (100 mg/kg/day for 7 days), were investigated. The effects of GL on the metabolic stability and transport of NBL were also investigated through the rat liver microsome and Caco-2 cell transwell models.Results: The results showed that GL significantly decreased the peak plasma concentration (from 1.74 ± 0.15 to 1.12 ± 0.10 μg/mL) and the t1/2 (7.44 ± 0.65 vs. 5.92 ± 0.68) of NBL, and the intrinsic clearance rate of NBL was increased by the pre-treatment with GL (39.49 ± 2.5 vs. 48.29 ± 3.4 μL/min/mg protein). The Caco-2 cell transwell experiments indicated that GL could increase the efflux ratio of NBL from 1.61 to 2.41.Discussion and conclusion: These results indicated that GL could change the pharmacokinetic profile of NBL, via increasing the metabolism and efflux of NBL in rats. It also suggested that the dose of NBL should be adjusted when co-administrated with GL in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fangfei Qu
- Department of Special Inspection, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin He
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yuqing Man
- Department of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, China
| | - Hongjie Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- CONTACT Hongjie Jiang Department of Pediatrics, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, No. 717, Jinbu Street, Yantai, Shandong, 264100, China
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Abstract
CONTEXT Anemarsaponin BII is one of the most active saponins isolated from Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge (Asparagaceae), a commonly used Chinese traditional paediatric medicine. OBJECTIVE This study investigates the effects of anemarsaponin BII on the activity of CYP450s to provide more guidance for the clinical use of anemarsaponin BII. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using various diagnostic substrates, the effects of a fixed concentration of anemarsaponin BII (100 μM) on the activity of eight main isoforms of CYP450s (CYP1A2, 2A6, 3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 2E1) was first studied with pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs). Then, dose-dependent (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 μM anemarsaponin BII) and time-dependent (0, 5, 10, 15 and 30 min) experiments were performed to obtain corresponding kinetic parameters. RESULTS Anemarsaponin BII showed significant inhibitory effects on the activity of CYP3A4, 2D6 and 2E1 with the IC50 values of 13.67, 16.26 and 19.72 μM. Anemarsaponin BII acted as a non-competitive inhibitor of CYP3A4 with the KI value of 6.72 μM and competitive inhibitors of CYP2D6 and 2E1 with the KI values of 8.26 and 9.82 μM, respectively. Additionally, the inhibition of CYP3A4 was revealed to be time-dependent with the KI value of 4.88 μM and the Kinact value of 0.053/min. CONCLUSIONS The inhibitory effect of anemarsaponin BII on the activity of CYP3A4, 2D6 and 2E1 indicated the potential drug-drug interaction between anemarsaponin BII and drugs metabolized by these CYP450s. Further in vivo experiments are needed to validate the potential drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingwei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
- CONTACT Mingwei Wang Department of Pediatrics, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, No.4138, South Linglongshan Road, Weifang262500, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Xiujuan Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
| | - Changlong Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yidu Central Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, China
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Kropf C, Begnaud F, Gimeno S, Berthaud F, Debonneville C, Segner H. In Vitro Biotransformation Assays Using Liver S9 Fractions and Hepatocytes from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Overcoming Challenges with Difficult to Test Fragrance Chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020; 39:2396-2408. [PMID: 32915480 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In vitro metabolic stability assays using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) isolated hepatocytes (RT-HEP) or hepatic S9 fractions (RT-S9) were introduced to provide biotransformation rate data for the assessment of chemical bioaccumulation in fish. The present study explored the suitability of the RT-HEP and RT-S9 assays for difficult test chemicals, and the in vitro-based predictions were compared to in silico-based predictions and in vivo-measured bioconcentration factors (BCFs). The results show that volatile or reactive chemicals can be tested with minor modifications of the in vitro protocols. For hydrophobic chemicals, a passive dosing technique was developed. Finally, a design-of-experiment approach was used to identify optimal in vitro assay conditions. The modified assay protocols were applied to 10 fragrances with diverse physicochemical properties. The in vitro intrinsic clearance rates were higher in the S9 than in the hepatocyte assay, but the in vitro-in vivo (IVIV) predictions were comparable between the 2 assays. The IVIV predictions classified the test chemicals as nonbioaccumulative (BCF < 2000), which was in agreement with the in vivo data but in contrast to the in silico-based predictions. The findings from the present study provide strong evidence that the RT-HEP and RT-S9 assays can provide reliable estimates of in vivo biotransformation rates for test chemicals with difficult physicochemical properties. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2396-2408. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kropf
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Begnaud
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvia Gimeno
- Legal and Compliance, Firmenich Belgium, Louvain-La-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Berthaud
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Debonneville
- Corporate R&D Division/Analytical Innovation, Firmenich International, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Tiwari SS, Dhiman V, Mukesh S, Sangamwar AT, Srinivas R, Talluri MVNK. Identification and characterization of novel metabolites of nintedanib by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry with in silico toxicological assessment. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2020; 34:e8915. [PMID: 32761944 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nintedanib, an oral, triple angiokinase inhibitor, is used alongside docetaxel in the management of locally recurrent non-small-cell lung cancer and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The present study deals with the identification and characterization of in vitro and in vivo stable and reactive (if any) metabolites of nintedanib and sheds light on some novel metabolites of the drug which have not been reported previously. METHODS The study involved an oral administration of the drug to male Wistar rats, followed by collection of the biological matrices (urine, plasma and feces) at specific intervals for determination of in vivo metabolites. In addition, in vitro studies were performed on human and rat liver microsomes in the presence of appropriate co-factors. The samples were subjected to protein precipitation and nitrogen evaporation prior to ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicities of all the metabolites were assessed in silico, employing ADMET Predictor™. RESULTS A total of 18 metabolites of nintedanib were identified in all the matrices, of which nine were found to be novel and unreported previously. The unreported metabolites were elucidated as oxidative, demethylated and glucuronide conjugates of nintedanib. Interestingly, acetonitrile adducts of a few metabolites (low concentration) were also observed. No reactive metabolites were observed in this study. CONCLUSIONS Characterization of hitherto unknown in vitro and in vivo metabolites of nintedanib adds to the existing knowledge on the metabolism of the drug. Identification on the basis of the solvated adducts can be a useful approach for characterization of minor metabolites, which remain undetected owing to sensitivity issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shristy S Tiwari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D, Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Vivek Dhiman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D, Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
| | - Sumit Mukesh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Abhay T Sangamwar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160 062, India
| | - Ragampeta Srinivas
- Analytical Department, CSIR - Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIRIICT), Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500 007, India
| | - M V N Kumar Talluri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, IDPL R&D, Campus, Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500 037, India
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Arzuk E, Karakuş F, Orhan H. Bioactivation of clozapine by mitochondria of the murine heart: Possible cause of cardiotoxicity. Toxicology 2020; 447:152628. [PMID: 33166605 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of clozapine-associated cardiotoxicity has not been elucidated. The formation of a reactive nitrenium ion from the drug has been suggested as the cause, however, the reason why the heart is a target remains unknown. The heart is one of the most perfused organs; therefore, it contains a large number of mitochondria per cell; these organelles are responsible for both oxygen metabolism and energy production due to high energy expenditure. Given that mitochondria play critical roles in cellular homeostasis and maintenance, this study tested the hypothesis that cardiac mitochondria are both a target and initiator of clozapine-induced cardiotoxicity through activating the drug. We investigated whether murine heart receives a relatively high amount of systemically administered drug (20 mg/kg, i.p., Wistar albino rats) and whether cardiac mice (Swiss albino) and rat (Wistar albino) mitochondria locally activate clozapine (100 μM) to a reactive metabolite. We observed a relatively large distribution of clozapine to heart tissue as well as the formation of reactive metabolites by cardiac mitochondria in situ. Mitochondrial cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP) in cardiac tissue responsible for biotransformation of clozapine were also characterized. CYP3A4 has been found to be the major enzyme catalyzes CLZ bioactivation, while CYP1A largely and CYP3A4 partially catalyzes the formation of stable metabolites of CLZ. At 100 μM concentration, clozapine caused a significant decline in mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in vitro as much as positive control (antimycin A), while it did not induce mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening. These data provide an explanation as to why the heart is a target for clozapine adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ege Arzuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
| | - Fuat Karakuş
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Orhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, 35040 Bornova-İzmir, Turkey.
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Todd DA, Kellogg JJ, Wallace ED, Khin M, Flores-Bocanegra L, Tanna RS, McIntosh S, Raja HA, Graf TN, Hemby SE, Paine MF, Oberlies NH, Cech NB. Chemical composition and biological effects of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): In vitro studies with implications for efficacy and drug interactions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19158. [PMID: 33154449 PMCID: PMC7645423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The safety and efficacy of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) for treatment of pain is highly controversial. Kratom produces more than 40 structurally related alkaloids, but most studies have focused on just two of these, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Here, we profiled 53 commercial kratom products using untargeted LC-MS metabolomics, revealing two distinct chemotypes that contain different levels of the alkaloid speciofoline. Both chemotypes were confirmed with DNA barcoding to be M. speciosa. To evaluate the biological relevance of variable speciofoline levels in kratom, we compared the opioid receptor binding activity of speciofoline, mitragynine, and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine function as partial agonists of the human µ-opioid receptor, while speciofoline does not exhibit measurable binding affinity at the µ-, δ- or ƙ-opioid receptors. Importantly, mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine demonstrate functional selectivity for G-protein signaling, with no measurable recruitment of β-arrestin. Overall, the study demonstrates the unique binding and functional profiles of the kratom alkaloids, suggesting potential utility for managing pain, but further studies are needed to follow up on these in vitro findings. All three kratom alkaloids tested inhibited select cytochrome P450 enzymes, suggesting a potential risk for adverse interactions when kratom is co-consumed with drugs metabolized by these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - J J Kellogg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - E D Wallace
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - M Khin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - L Flores-Bocanegra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - R S Tanna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - S McIntosh
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - H A Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - T N Graf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - S E Hemby
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, High Point University, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - M F Paine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, 99202, USA
| | - N H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - N B Cech
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina Greensboro, 435 Sullivan Bldg., 301 McIver St., Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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Shiozawa A, Yamaori S, Kamijo S, Ohmori S. Effects of acid and lactone forms of statins on S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation catalyzed by human liver microsomes and recombinant CYP2C9 variants (CYP2C9.1 and CYP2C9.3). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 36:100364. [PMID: 33341662 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of CYP2C9-mediated warfarin metabolism by acid or lactone forms of statin converted in the body and effects of CYP2C9 genetic variants on their inhibition are not fully understood. Here, the effects of acid and lactone forms of statins on S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation were investigated in vitro. S-Warfarin 7-hydroxylase activities of human liver microsomes (HLMs), recombinant CYP2C9.1 (rCYP2C9.1), and rCYP2C9.3 (Ile359Leu variant) in the presence of statins were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Lactone forms of atorvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, and simvastatin inhibited the activity of HLMs more potently than the corresponding acid forms, whereas fluvastatin acid showed stronger inhibition than fluvastatin lactone. When the effects of statins on rCYP2C9 variants were examined, inhibition profiles of acid versus lactone forms of statins except for fluvastatin were similar between rCYP2C9.1 and rCYP2C9.3. However, the degrees of inhibition by atorvastatin lactone, fluvastatin acid, fluvastatin lactone, lovastatin lactone, and pitavastatin lactone (Ki values) were significantly different between these variants. These results indicated that lactone forms of statins other than fluvastatin showed more potent inhibition of CYP2C9-catalyzed S-warfarin 7-hydroxylation than the corresponding acid forms. Furthermore, our results indicated that Ile359Leu substitution in CYP2C9 affected the inhibitory potencies of statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Shiozawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yamaori
- Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Shinobu Kamijo
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ohmori
- Department of Pharmacy, Shinshu University Hospital, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan; Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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45
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de Albuquerque NCP, Carrão DB, Habenschus MD, Fonseca FS, Moreira da Silva R, Lopes NP, Rocha BA, Barbosa Júnior F, de Oliveira ARM. Risk assessment of the chiral pesticide fenamiphos in a human model: Cytochrome P450 phenotyping and inhibition studies. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 146:111826. [PMID: 33127494 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Fenamiphos (FS) is a chiral organophosphate pesticide that is used to control nematodes in several crops. Enantioselective differences may be observed in FS activity, bioaccumulation, metabolism, and toxicity. Humans may be exposed to FS through occupational and chronic (food, water, and environmental) exposure. FS may cause undesirable CYP450 pesticide-drug interactions, which may impact human health. Here, the CYP450 isoforms involved in enantioselective FS metabolism were identified, and CYP450 inhibition by rac-FS, (+)-FS, and (-)-FS was evaluated to obtain reliable information on enantioselective FS risk assessment in humans. CYP3A4 and CYP2E1 metabolized FS enantiomers, and CYP2B6 may participate in rac-FS metabolism. In addition, rac-FS, (+)-FS, and (-)-FS were reversible competitive CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4/5 inhibitors. High stereoselective inhibition potential was verified; rac-FS and (-)-FS strongly inhibited and (+)-FS moderately inhibited CYP1A2. Stereoselective differences were also detected for CYP2C19 and CYP3A4/5, which were strongly inhibited by rac-FS, (+)-FS, and (-)-FS. Our results indicated a high potential for CYP450 drug-pesticide interactions, which may affect human health. The lack of stereoselective research on the effect of chiral pesticides on the activity of CYP450 isoforms highlights the importance of assessing the risks of such pesticides in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayara Cristina Perez de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Blascke Carrão
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maísa Daniela Habenschus
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Franciele Saraiva Fonseca
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Moreira da Silva
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14090-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Departamento de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14090-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alves Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 09972-270, Campus Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa Júnior
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Anderson Rodrigo Moraes de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Unesp, Institute of Chemistry, P.O. Box 355, 14800-900, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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Andreev S, Pantsar T, El-Gokha A, Ansideri F, Kudolo M, Anton DB, Sita G, Romasco J, Geibel C, Lämmerhofer M, Goettert MI, Tarozzi A, Laufer SA, Koch P. Discovery and Evaluation of Enantiopure 9 H-pyrimido[4,5- b]indoles as Nanomolar GSK-3β Inhibitors with Improved Metabolic Stability. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217823. [PMID: 33105671 PMCID: PMC7659979 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is a potential target in the field of Alzheimer's disease drug discovery. We recently reported a new class of 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-based GSK-3β inhibitors, of which 3-(3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propanenitrile (1) demonstrated promising inhibitory potency. However, this compound underwent rapid degradation by human liver microsomes. Starting from 1, we prepared a series of amide-based derivatives and studied their structure-activity relationships against GSK-3β supported by 1 µs molecular dynamics simulations. The biological potency of this series was substantially enhanced by identifying the eutomer configuration at the stereocenter. Moreover, the introduction of an amide bond proved to be an effective strategy to eliminate the metabolic hotspot. The most potent compounds, (R)-3-(3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile ((R)-2) and (R)-1-(3-((7-bromo-9Hpyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one ((R)-28), exhibited IC50 values of 480 nM and 360 nM, respectively, and displayed improved metabolic stability. Their favorable biological profile is complemented by minimal cytotoxicity and neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Andreev
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Tatu Pantsar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ahmed El-Gokha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Gamal Abdel-Nasser Street, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Francesco Ansideri
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Mark Kudolo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Débora Bublitz Anton
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado 95914-014, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Giulia Sita
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Jenny Romasco
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto, 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (J.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Christian Geibel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical (Bio-)Analysis, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (C.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Márcia Ines Goettert
- Cell Culture Laboratory, Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, University of Vale do Taquari (Univates), Lajeado 95914-014, Brazil; (D.B.A.); (M.I.G.)
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Corso D’Augusto, 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy; (J.R.); (A.T.)
| | - Stefan A. Laufer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
| | - Pierre Koch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (S.A.); (T.P.); (A.E.-G.); (F.A.); (M.K.); (S.A.L.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry II, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(941)-943-2847
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Pinson AO, Pouncey DL, Schleiff MA, Fantegrossi WE, Prather PL, Radominska-Pandya A, Boysen G, Miller GP. Significance of Competing Metabolic Pathways for 5F-APINACA Based on Quantitative Kinetics. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204820. [PMID: 33092129 PMCID: PMC7587938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2020, nearly one-third of new drugs on the global market were synthetic cannabinoids including the drug of abuse N-(1-adamantyl)-1-(5-pentyl)-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide (5F-APINACA, 5F-AKB48). Knowledge of 5F-APINACA metabolism provides a critical mechanistic basis to interpret and predict abuser outcomes. Prior qualitative studies identified which metabolic processes occur but not the order and extent of them and often relied on problematic “semi-quantitative” mass spectroscopic (MS) approaches. We capitalized on 5F-APINACA absorbance for quantitation while leveraging MS to characterize metabolite structures for measuring 5F-APINACA steady-state kinetics. We demonstrated the reliability of absorbance and not MS for inferring metabolite levels. Human liver microsomal reactions yielded eight metabolites by MS but only five by absorbance. Subsequent kinetic studies on primary and secondary metabolites revealed highly efficient mono- and dihydroxylation of the adamantyl group and much less efficient oxidative defluorination at the N-pentyl terminus. Based on regiospecificity and kinetics, we constructed pathways for competing and intersecting steps in 5F-APINACA metabolism. Overall efficiency for adamantyl oxidation was 17-fold higher than that for oxidative defluorination, showing significant bias in metabolic flux and subsequent metabolite profile compositions. Lastly, our analytical approach provides a powerful new strategy to more accurately assess metabolic kinetics for other understudied synthetic cannabinoids possessing the indazole chromophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna O. Pinson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Harding University, Searcy, AR 72149, USA;
| | - Dakota L. Pouncey
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Mary A. Schleiff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.R.-P.)
| | - William E. Fantegrossi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (W.E.F.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Paul L. Prather
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (W.E.F.); (P.L.P.)
| | - Anna Radominska-Pandya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.R.-P.)
| | - Gunnar Boysen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Grover P. Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (M.A.S.); (A.R.-P.)
- Correspondence:
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Káňová K, Petrásková L, Pelantová H, Rybková Z, Malachová K, Cvačka J, Křen V, Valentová K. Sulfated Metabolites of Luteolin, Myricetin, and Ampelopsin: Chemoenzymatic Preparation and Biophysical Properties. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:11197-11206. [PMID: 32910657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Authentic standards of food flavonoids are important for human metabolic studies. Their isolation from biological materials is impracticable; however, they can be prepared in vitro. Twelve sulfated metabolites of luteolin, myricetin, and ampelopsin were obtained with arylsulfotransferase from Desulfitobacterium hafniense and fully characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography, MS, and NMR. The compounds were tested for their ability to scavenge 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine radicals, to reduce ferric ions and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, and to inhibit tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver microsomes. The activity differed considerably even between monosulfate isomers. The parent compounds and myricetin-3'-O-sulfate were the most active while other compounds displayed significantly lower activity, particularly luteolin sulfates. No mutagenic activity of the parent compounds and their main metabolites was observed; only myricetin showed minor pro-mutagenicity. The prepared sulfated metabolites are now available as authentic standards for future in vitro and in vivo metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristýna Káňová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, CZ 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Petrásková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Pelantová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Rybková
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, CZ 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malachová
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, CZ 710 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Cvačka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 2, CZ-16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Křen
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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49
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Zhang F, Huang J, He RJ, Wang L, Huo PC, Guan XQ, Fang SQ, Xiang YW, Jia SN, Ge GB. Herb-drug interaction between Styrax and warfarin: Molecular basis and mechanism. Phytomedicine 2020; 77:153287. [PMID: 32739573 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Styrax, one of the most famous folk medicines, has been frequently used for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and skin problems in Asia and Africa. It is unclear whether Styrax or Styrax-related herbal medicines may trigger clinically relevant herb-drug interactions. PURPOSE This study was carried out to investigate the inhibitory effects of Styrax on human cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) and to clarify whether this herb may modulate the pharmacokinetic behavior of the CYP-substrate drug warfarin when co-administered. STUDY DESIGN The inhibitory effects of Styrax on CYPs were assayed in human liver microsomes (HLM), while the pharmacokinetic interactions between Styrax and warfarin were investigated in rats. The bioactive constituents in Styrax with strong CYP3A inhibitory activity were identified and their inhibitory mechanisms were carefully investigated. METHODS The inhibitory effects of Styrax on human CYPs were assayed in vitro, while the pharmacokinetic interactions between Styrax and warfarin were studied in rats. Fingerprinting analysis of Styrax coupled with LC-TOF-MS/MS profiling and CYP inhibition assays were used to identify the constituents with strong CYP3A inhibitory activity. The inhibitory mechanism of oleanonic acid (the most potent CYP3A inhibitor occurring in Styrax) against CYP3A4 was investigated by a panel of inhibition kinetics analyses and in silico analysis. RESULTS In vitro assays demonstrated that Styrax extract strongly inhibited human CYP3A and moderately inhibited six other tested human CYPs, as well as potently inhibited warfarin 10-hydroxylation in liver microsomes from both humans and rats. In vivo assays demonstrated that compared with warfarin given individually in rats, Styrax (100 mg/kg) significantly prolonged the plasma half-life of warfarin by 2.3-fold and increased the AUC(0-inf) of warfarin by 2.7-fold when this herb was co-administrated with warfarin (2 mg/kg) in rats. Two LC fractions were found with strong CYP3A inhibitory activity and the major constituents in these fractions were characterized by LC-TOF-MS/MS. Five pentacyclic triterpenoid acids (including epibetulinic acid, betulinic acid, betulonic acid, oleanonic acid and maslinic acid) present in Styrax were potent CYP3A inhibitors, and oleanonic acid was a competitive inhibitor against CYP3A-mediated testosterone 6β-hydroxylation. CONCLUSION Styrax and the pentacyclic triterpenoid acids occurring in this herb strongly modulate the pharmacokinetic behavior of warfarin via inhibition of CYP3A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Shanghai Institute of Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong-Jing He
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng-Chao Huo
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Guan
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Quan Fang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200473, China
| | - Yan-Wei Xiang
- School of Rehabilitation Science, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shou-Ning Jia
- Qinghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200473, China.
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50
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Engers DW, Bollinger SR, Felts AS, Vadukoot AK, Williams CH, Blobaum AL, Lindsley CW, Hong CC, Hopkins CR. Discovery, synthesis and characterization of a series of 7-aryl-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-ylquinolines as activin-like kinase (ALK) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127418. [PMID: 32750526 PMCID: PMC7494637 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The activin-like kinases are a family of kinases that play important roles in a variety of disease states. Of this class of kinases, ALK2, has been shown by a gain-of-function to be the primary driver of the childhood skeletal disease fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) and more recently the pediatric cancer diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG). Herein, we report our efforts to identify a novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold as potent inhibitors of ALK2 with good in vivo pharmacokinetic properties suitable for future animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren W Engers
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Sean R Bollinger
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew S Felts
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Anish K Vadukoot
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6125, USA
| | - Charles H Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Anna L Blobaum
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Charles C Hong
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Corey R Hopkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6125, USA.
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