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Rudolph AM, Doubrovinskaia S, Knabbe J, Seliger C, Lenhard T. Case report: A 33 years-old alcoholic male with diarrhea and progressive muscle weakness mimicking Guillain-Barré syndrome. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1212497. [PMID: 37609656 PMCID: PMC10440691 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1212497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A subacute manifestation of muscle weakness in temporal association with a diarrheal intestinal infection is always suspicious of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). GBS is characterized as an acute inflammatory polyneuroradiculopathy, mediated by cross-reacting autoantibodies and typically triggered by various infections, vaccinations or other causes. Hyponatremia can be associated with GBS and is usually seen in more severe cases. However, the presence of relevant hyponatremia in a case suspicious of GBS can lead to a diagnostic dilemma. We here describe an intriguing and initially misleading case of hyponatremia mimicking GBS, where repeated and thorough electrophysiology was the key to the correct diagnosis. Case presentation A 33 years-old man with a history of severe alcohol dependence and schizophrenia developed progressive muscle weakness in the course of a preceding episode of diarrhea. Neurological examination revealed a leg-accentuated tetraplegia with global areflexia. There was also a complex oculomotor dysfunction. Laboratory tests showed hyponatremia of 110 mM. Cerebrospinal-fluid analysis showed a normal cell count and cytological evaluation, protein concentration within the normal range. Electroneurography showed severe proximal nerve conduction block as evidenced by prolonged F-wave latency and distal nerve conduction block as evidenced by prolonged distal motor latencies and reduced motor nerve conduction velocities (NCV) in all peripheral nerves examined. GBS-associated ganglioside autoantibodies were absent. After compensation of hyponatremia alone, muscle weakness improved rapidly and nerve conduction velocity improved similarly. These dynamics are not consistent with GBS and unnecessary immunoglobulin treatment could be avoided. Conclusion Suspicion of GBS in the presence of relevant hyponatremia can be misleading as hyponatremia is able to mimic GBS. We demonstrate that repeated and accurate nerve conduction studies together with F-wave diagnostics is helpful to make the correct diagnosis. We discuss the mechanisms of the causes of hyponatremia in GBS and contrast these with the electropyhsiological changes caused by hyponatremia itself. The correct diagnosis will prevent the uncritical use of intravenous immunoglobulins and save unnecessary costs. Also, a possible aggravation of the hyponatremia by immunoglobulin treatment can be averted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Thorsten Lenhard
- Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Jarius S, Pache F, Körtvelyessy P, Jelčić I, Stettner M, Franciotta D, Keller E, Neumann B, Ringelstein M, Senel M, Regeniter A, Kalantzis R, Willms JF, Berthele A, Busch M, Capobianco M, Eisele A, Reichen I, Dersch R, Rauer S, Sandner K, Ayzenberg I, Gross CC, Hegen H, Khalil M, Kleiter I, Lenhard T, Haas J, Aktas O, Angstwurm K, Kleinschnitz C, Lewerenz J, Tumani H, Paul F, Stangel M, Ruprecht K, Wildemann B. Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19: a multicenter study of 150 lumbar punctures in 127 patients. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:19. [PMID: 35057809 PMCID: PMC8771621 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comprehensive data on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile in patients with COVID-19 and neurological involvement from large-scale multicenter studies are missing so far. OBJECTIVE To analyze systematically the CSF profile in COVID-19. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 150 lumbar punctures in 127 patients with PCR-proven COVID-19 and neurological symptoms seen at 17 European university centers RESULTS: The most frequent pathological finding was blood-CSF barrier (BCB) dysfunction (median QAlb 11.4 [6.72-50.8]), which was present in 58/116 (50%) samples from patients without pre-/coexisting CNS diseases (group I). QAlb remained elevated > 14d (47.6%) and even > 30d (55.6%) after neurological onset. CSF total protein was elevated in 54/118 (45.8%) samples (median 65.35 mg/dl [45.3-240.4]) and strongly correlated with QAlb. The CSF white cell count (WCC) was increased in 14/128 (11%) samples (mostly lympho-monocytic; median 10 cells/µl, > 100 in only 4). An albuminocytological dissociation (ACD) was found in 43/115 (37.4%) samples. CSF L-lactate was increased in 26/109 (24%; median 3.04 mmol/l [2.2-4]). CSF-IgG was elevated in 50/100 (50%), but was of peripheral origin, since QIgG was normal in almost all cases, as were QIgA and QIgM. In 58/103 samples (56%) pattern 4 oligoclonal bands (OCB) compatible with systemic inflammation were present, while CSF-restricted OCB were found in only 2/103 (1.9%). SARS-CoV-2-CSF-PCR was negative in 76/76 samples. Routine CSF findings were normal in 35%. Cytokine levels were frequently elevated in the CSF (often associated with BCB dysfunction) and serum, partly remaining positive at high levels for weeks/months (939 tests). Of note, a positive SARS-CoV-2-IgG-antibody index (AI) was found in 2/19 (10.5%) patients which was associated with unusually high WCC in both of them and a strongly increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) index in one (not tested in the other). Anti-neuronal/anti-glial autoantibodies were mostly absent in the CSF and serum (1509 tests). In samples from patients with pre-/coexisting CNS disorders (group II [N = 19]; including multiple sclerosis, JC-virus-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, HSV/VZV encephalitis/meningitis, CNS lymphoma, anti-Yo syndrome, subarachnoid hemorrhage), CSF findings were mostly representative of the respective disease. CONCLUSIONS The CSF profile in COVID-19 with neurological symptoms is mainly characterized by BCB disruption in the absence of intrathecal inflammation, compatible with cerebrospinal endotheliopathy. Persistent BCB dysfunction and elevated cytokine levels may contribute to both acute symptoms and 'long COVID'. Direct infection of the CNS with SARS-CoV-2, if occurring at all, seems to be rare. Broad differential diagnostic considerations are recommended to avoid misinterpretation of treatable coexisting neurological disorders as complications of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florence Pache
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Körtvelyessy
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) in Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ilijas Jelčić
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Stettner
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Emanuela Keller
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Intensive Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Neumann
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, DONAUISAR Klinikum Deggendorf, Deggendorf, Germany
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Makbule Senel
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Axel Regeniter
- Medica Medical Laboratories Dr. F. Kaeppeli AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rea Kalantzis
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan F. Willms
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Achim Berthele
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Busch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marco Capobianco
- Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital S. Luigi - Orbassano (I), Orbassano, Italy
| | - Amanda Eisele
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ina Reichen
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rick Dersch
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rauer
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Sandner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ilya Ayzenberg
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Catharina C. Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University and University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Harald Hegen
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Khalil
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ingo Kleiter
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lenhard
- Neuroinfectiology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Haas
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Orhan Aktas
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klemens Angstwurm
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Lewerenz
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hayrettin Tumani
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Specialty Hospital of Neurology Dietenbronn, Schwendi, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Stangel
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - ; in cooperation with the German Society for Cerebrospinal Fluid Diagnostics and Clinical Neurochemistry
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) in Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Medicine Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Neurocritical Care Unit, Department of Neurosurgery and Institute of Intensive Care, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, DONAUISAR Klinikum Deggendorf, Deggendorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Medica Medical Laboratories Dr. F. Kaeppeli AG, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Regional Referral Multiple Sclerosis Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital S. Luigi - Orbassano (I), Orbassano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Medical Center University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Neurology, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University and University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Neuroinfectiology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Specialty Hospital of Neurology Dietenbronn, Schwendi, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
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Ott D, Ulrich K, Ginsbach P, Öhme R, Bock-Hensley O, Falk U, Teinert M, Lenhard T. Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) prevalence in field-collected ticks (Ixodes ricinus) and phylogenetic, structural and virulence analysis in a TBE high-risk endemic area in southwestern Germany. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:303. [PMID: 32527288 PMCID: PMC7291635 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is the most common viral CNS infection with incidences much higher than all other virus infections together in many risk areas of central and eastern Europe. The Odenwald Hill region (OWH) in southwestern Germany is classified as a TBE risk region and frequent case numbers but also more severe infections have been reported within the past decade. The objective of the present study was to survey the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in Ixodes ricinus and to associate TBEV genetic findings with TBE infections in the OWH. METHODS Ticks were collected by the flagging methods supported by a crowdsourcing project implementing the interested public as collectors to cover completely and collect randomly a 3532 km2 area of the OWH TBE risk region. Prevalence of TBEV in I. ricinus was analysed by reversed transcription quantitative real-time PCR. Phylogeographic analysis was performed to classify OWH TBEV isolates within a European network of known TBEV strains. Mutational sequence analysis including 3D modelling of envelope protein pE was performed and based on a clinical database, a spatial association of TBE case frequency and severity was undertaken. RESULTS Using the crowd sourcing approach we could analyse a total of 17,893 ticks. The prevalence of TBEV in I. ricinus in the OWH varied, depending on analysed districts from 0.12% to 0% (mean 0.04%). Calculated minimum infection rate (MIR) was one decimal power higher. All TBEV isolates belonged to the European subtype. Sequence analysis revealed a discontinuous segregation pattern of OWH isolates with two putative different lineages and a spatial association of two isolates with increased TBE case numbers as well as exceptional severe to fatal infection courses. CONCLUSIONS TBEV prevalence within the OWH risk regions is comparatively low which is probably due to our methodological approach and may more likely reflect prevalence of natural TBEV foci. As for other European regions, TBEV genetics show a discontinuous phylogeny indicating among others an association with bird migration. Mutations within the pE gene are associated with more frequent, severe and fatal TBE infections in the OWH risk region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ott
- Neuroinfectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kristina Ulrich
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA Scotland, UK
| | | | - Rainer Öhme
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Landesgesundheitsamt Stuttgart, Nordbahnhofstraße 135, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oswinde Bock-Hensley
- Gesundheitsamt Rhein-Neckarkreis, Kurfürsten-Anlage 38-40, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Falk
- Gesundheitsamt Odenwaldkreis, Michelstädter Str. 12, 64711 Erbach, Germany
| | - Martina Teinert
- Gesundheitsamt Neckar-Odenwaldkreis, Neckarelzer Str. 7, 74821 Mosbach, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lenhard
- Neuroinfectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 350, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Meyding-Lamadé U, Jacobi C, Martinez-Torres F, Lenhard T, Kress B, Kieser M, Klose C, Einhäupl K, Bösel J, Mackert MB, Homberg V, Koennecke C, Weißheit G, Claus D, Kieseier B, Bardutzky J, Neumann-Haefelin T, Lorenz MW, Steinmetz H, Gerloff C, Schneider D, Grau A, Klein M, Dziewas R, Bogdahn U, Jakob W, Linker R, Fuchs K, Sander A, Luntz S, Hoppe-Tichy T, Hanley DF, von Kummer R, Craemer E. The German trial on Aciclovir and Corticosteroids in Herpes-simplex-virus-Encephalitis (GACHE): a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurol Res Pract 2019; 1:26. [PMID: 33324892 PMCID: PMC7650106 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-019-0031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Comprehensive treatment of Herpes-simplex-virus-encephalitis (HSVE) remains a major clinical challenge. The current therapy gold standard is aciclovir, a drug that inhibits viral replication. Despite antiviral treatment, mortality remains around 20% and a majority of survivors suffer from severe disability. Experimental research and recent retrospective clinical observations suggest a favourable therapy response to adjuvant dexamethasone. Currently there is no randomized clinical trial evidence, however, to support the routine use of adjuvant corticosteroid treatment in HSVE. Methods The German trial of Aciclovir and Corticosteroids in Herpes-simplex-virus-Encephalitis (GACHE) studied the effect of adjuvant dexamethasone versus placebo on top of standard aciclovir treatment in adult patients aged 18 up to 85 years with proven HSVE in German academic centers of Neurology in a randomized and double blind fashion. The trial was open from November 2007 to December 2012. The initially planned sample size was 372 patients with the option to increase to up to 450 patients after the second interim analysis. The primary endpoint was a binary functional outcome after 6 months assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS 0-2 vs. 3-6). Secondary endpoints included mortality after 6 and 12 months, functional outcome after 6 months measured with the Glasgow outcome scale (GOS), functional outcome after 12 months measured with mRS and GOS, quality of life as measured with the EuroQol 5D instrument after 6 and 12 months, neuropsychological testing after 6 months, cranial magnetic resonance imaging findings after 6 months, seizures up to day of discharge or at the latest at day 30, and after 6 and 12 months. Results The trial was stopped prematurely for slow recruitment after 41 patients had been randomized, 21 of them treated with dexamethasone and 20 with placebo. No difference was observed in the primary endpoint. In the full analysis set (n = 19 in each group), 12 patients in each treatment arm achieved a mRS of 0-2. Similarly, we did not observe significant differences in the secondary endpoints (GOS, mRS, quality of life, neuropsychological testing). Conclusion GACHE being prematurely terminated demonstrated challenges encountered performing randomized, placebo-controlled trials in rare life threatening neurological diseases. Based upon our trial results the use of adjuvant steroids in addition to antiviral treatment remains experimental and is at the decision of the individual treating physician. Unfortunately, the small number of study participants does not allow firm conclusions. Trial registration EudraCT-Nr. 2005-003201-81.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Meyding-Lamadé
- Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C Jacobi
- Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - F Martinez-Torres
- Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Lenhard
- Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Kress
- Department of Neuroradiology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Kieser
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Klose
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Einhäupl
- Department of Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Bösel
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - M-B Mackert
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Auguste-Viktoria-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Homberg
- Department of Neurology, Zentralklinik Bad Berka, Bad Berka, Germany
| | - C Koennecke
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Weißheit
- Department of Neurology, Vivantes Klinikum im Friedrichshain, Berlin, Germany
| | - D Claus
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,Praxis Dr. Meyer & Prof. Claus, Bensheim, Germany
| | - B Kieseier
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - J Bardutzky
- Department of Neurology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - M W Lorenz
- Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Steinmetz
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Gerloff
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - D Schneider
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - A Grau
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Stadt Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Lugwigshafen, Germany
| | - M Klein
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians- Universität München, Großhadern, Germany
| | - R Dziewas
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - U Bogdahn
- Department of Pharmacy Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - W Jakob
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - R Linker
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - K Fuchs
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - A Sander
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Informatics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Luntz
- Koordinierungszentrum für Klinische Studien (KKS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - T Hoppe-Tichy
- Department of Pharmacy Heidelberg, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - D F Hanley
- Division of Brain Injury Outcomes, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - R von Kummer
- Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - E Craemer
- Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus Nordwest, Frankfurt, Germany
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Lenhard T, Ott D, Jakob NJ, Martinez-Torres F, Grond-Ginsbach C, Meyding-Lamadé U. Clinical outcome and cerebrospinal fluid profiles in patients with tick-borne encephalitis and prior vaccination history. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:882-888. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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Lenhard T, Ott D, Jakob NJ, Pham M, Bäumer P, Martinez-Torres F, Meyding-Lamadé U. Predictors, Neuroimaging Characteristics and Long-Term Outcome of Severe European Tick-Borne Encephalitis: A Prospective Cohort Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154143. [PMID: 27111657 PMCID: PMC4844156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) still represents a considerable medical and health economic problem in Europe and entails a potential threat to travellers. The aim of this study was to characterise the conditions of severe TBE by precisely recording its clinical variants, the related neuroimaging features, and the variant-specific long-term outcome and by identifying predictors for severe courses. Methods A cohort of 111 TBE patients (median age 51, range 17–75 years; 42% females) was analysed prospectively. Data were acquired from the department of neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, and the infectious diseases registry of the Robert-Koch institute Berlin. Neurological status was ascertained by protocol at admission and discharge and the degree of disability was scored using the modified RANKIN Scale (mRS; clinical score addressing neurological disability, range from 0, healthy to 6, dead) at admission and at follow-up. Follow-up examination was conducted by means of a telephone interview. To identify independent predictors for severe TBE and functional outcome, modelled logistic regression was performed. MRI changes were correlated with infection variants. To assess alpha-motor neuron injury patterns, we used high-resolution magnetic resonance neurography (hrMRN). Analyses were performed at the Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Heidelberg from April 2004 through September 2014 Results Acute course: 3.6% of patients died during the acute infection. All patients with a lethal course suffered from meningoencephaloradiculitis (MER, 14.4% of the cohort), which is associated with a significantly higher risk of requiring intensive care (p = 0.004) and mechanical ventilation (p<0.001) than menigoencephalitis (ME, 27.9% of the cohort). At admission, both MER and ME groups were severely affected, with the MER group having a statistically higher mRS score (median of 5 in the MER groups versus 4 in the ME group; p<0.001). Long-term outcome: outcome for MER was considerably worse (median mRS = 4) than for ME (mRS = 1, p<0.0001) and meningitis (mRS = 0, 57.7% of the cohort). Risk factors: advanced age (p<0.001) and male gender (p = 0.043) are independent risk factors for a severe infection course. Furthermore, we identified pre-existing diabetes mellitus (p = 0.024) as an independent risk factor for MER. In MER, alpha-motor neuron injury accounts for the poor prognosis confirmed by hrMRN. Conclusion and Relevance These data provide critical information for neurologists and other health professionals to use in evaluating TBEV patients who live in or travel to endemic areas. This information can be used to classify clinical presentation and estimate infection-associated complications and individual prognosis. Furthermore, the risk for severe, disabling infections in older patients should prompt general practitioners to recommend and encourage vaccination to those patients living in or travelling to endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lenhard
- Neuroinfectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniela Ott
- Neuroinfectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nurith J. Jakob
- Neuroinfectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mirko Pham
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Bäumer
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Francisco Martinez-Torres
- Neuroinfectious Diseases Group, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uta Meyding-Lamadé
- Department of Neurology, Krankenhaus Nordwest Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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Lenhard T, Hülsermann U, Martinez-Torres F, Fricker G, Meyding-Lamadé U. A simple method to quickly and simultaneously purify and enrich intact rat brain microcapillaries and endothelial and glial cells for ex vivo studies and cell culture. Brain Res 2013; 1519:9-18. [PMID: 23665392 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is morphologically composed of cerebral microcapillary endothelium through its tight junctions. It serves as a mechanical, metabolic and cellular barrier and can also protect the brain from pathogen invasion. Many brain diseases involve a disturbance of blood-brain barrier function either as a consequence of a noxa or as primary failure. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier are suitable tools to study drug transport, pathogen transmigration and leukocyte diapedesis across the cerebral endothelium. Such models have previously been derived mainly from porcine or bovine brain tissues. We describe here a simple method by which rat cerebral microcapillaries and cells of glial origin can be quickly and simultaneously purified. By using a capillary fragment size restriction method based on glass bead columns different fractions can be separated: vital, long capillary fragments for ex vivo uptake studies and smaller capillary fragments for endothelial culture. Furthermore, fractions can be obtained for astroglial and oligodendroglial cell cultures. With this method both microcapillary enrichment and glial cell purification are quickly achieved, which reduces expenditure, number of required animals and laboratory working time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lenhard
- Neuroinfectious Diseases Group, Otto-Meyerhof-Center for Clinical Research, INF350, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Jakob NJ, Lenhard T, Schnitzler P, Rohde S, Ringleb PA, Steiner T, Wildemann B. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis despite normal cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:1304-8. [PMID: 22067626 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3182374a34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe herpes simplex virus encephalitis despite normal cell count in the cerebrospinal fluid in patients with malignoma after whole brain irradiation. INTERVENTIONS Blood and cerebrospinal fluid analysis and magnetic resonance imaging. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Three male and two female patients with malignoma and a recent history of whole-brain irradiation presented with impaired consciousness with or without epileptic seizure. Although cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed a normal cell count, herpes simplex virus DNA was detected in all samples by polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS In patients with impaired consciousness, epileptic seizure, or temporal lobe symptoms of new onset and a recent history of brain irradiation with normal cerebrospinal fluid, an atypical anergic course of herpes simplex virus encephalitis should be considered. Herpes simplex virus polymerase chain reaction should be used as method of choice to detect herpes simplex virus genomes as early as possible rather than relying on routine cerebrospinal fluid parameters. Importantly, antiviral therapy should be started without delay in any case of faint suspicion and should be continued until herpes simplex virus encephalitis is clearly ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurith J Jakob
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome and the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) are the most important causes of non-iatrogenic hyponatraemia that can significantly complicate various brain diseases. Salt wasting without an underlying CNS disease may have been disregarded so far by clinicians and has been described as renal salt-wasting (RSW) in patients as drug side effect (eg, cisplatin), in older people with various common diseases (eg, hip fracture, pulmonary infections) and other sporadic conditions. In Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), however, hyponatraemia has been described mainly as SIAD. However, symptoms of hyponatraemia rarely develop in GBS. Here, we report on a woman with GBS with dominant symptoms of dysautonomia and moderate severe hyponatraemia. We could identify RSW as part of the autonomic dysfunction that significantly contributed to disease worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lenhard
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Doegel D, Mueller W, Deckert M, Lenhard T, Schmidt-Bacher A, Storch-Hagenlocher B, Biller A, Wildemann B. An unusual case of optic neuritis. J Neurol Sci 2011; 304:138-41. [PMID: 21397912 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuritis is a frequent disease with well established tests and therapeutic strategies. However, possible differential diagnoses cover a broad spectrum. Therefore, clinical work-up can be challenging and routine testing and therapies may not be sufficient. In this case, a 26 year old female is described who presented with clinical features of optic neuritis, yet failed to respond to common therapeutic strategies and lost vision on the affected eye. Diagnostic nerve transection was performed, histopathology suggested inflammation. As the second nerve became affected, immunosuppressive therapy with cyclophosphamide was started and stopped further deterioration. Although additional molecular work-up of the transected nerve revealed clonal rearrangement of the B-cell-receptor-locus IgH, overall histopathologic features and the absence of systemic disease suggested an aggressive inflammatory process rather than lymphoma. Additional B-cell depletion with rituximab prompted significant and sustained visual improvement. This case emphasizes the necessity to consider rare differential diagnoses of optic neuritis, when uncommon features arise during the course of disease. Aggressive immunosuppression might be required to achieve stable improvement of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Doegel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lenhard T, Biller A, Mueller W, Metz I, Schönberger J, Wildemann B. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome after withdrawal of natalizumab? Neurology 2010; 75:831-3. [PMID: 20805529 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f07362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Lenhard
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Menon S, Lenhard T, Meyding-Lamadé U. [Acute viral and emerging viral CNS infections]. Nervenarzt 2010; 81:138-49. [PMID: 20108085 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-009-2855-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The morbidity and mortality of viral CNS infections can be reduced through early initiation of therapy, which could be specific or in most cases symptomatic. This in turn requires the physician to consider meningoencephalitis as a differential diagnosis.Increasing climate changes, global air travel and changing immune responses contribute to the emergence of rather rare viral pathogens on our continent. Thus, neurologists in Europe are facing an enormous challenge due to lacking knowledge and experience of these new germs, which needs to be taken care of.Novel therapeutic approaches with e.g. monoclonal antibodies awaken the hope of mitigating the partially lethal courses of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Menon
- Neurologische Klinik, Krankenhaus Nordwest GmbH, Steinbacher Hohl 2-26, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Vasculitis and vasculopathies of the central and peripheral nervous system can be caused by infectious diseases. Vasculitis can lead to stenosis, occlusion and aneurysm formation of blood vessels which may result in stroke or cerebral haemorrhage. In cases of peripheral nervous system involvement mononeuritis multiplex and symmetric peripheral neuropathy are possible. The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, serology, cerebrospinal fluid analysis and neuroradiologic examinations. In cases of peripheral neuropathy neurophysiologic examinations and biopsy of the sural nerve can lead to the diagnosis. A fast and efficient antimicrobial therapy is the most important treatment option. In cases of peripheral neuropathies short-term treatment with corticosteroids and plasma exchange may be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jacobi
- Neurologische Klinik, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Khalid S, Caliebe W, Siddons P, So I, Clay B, Lenhard T, Hanson J, Wang Q, Frenkel AI, Marinkovic N, Hould N, Ginder-Vogel M, Landrot GL, Sparks DL, Ganjoo A. Quick extended x-ray absorption fine structure instrument with millisecond time scale, optimized for in situ applications. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:015105. [PMID: 20113127 DOI: 10.1063/1.3276679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to learn about in situ structural changes in materials at subseconds time scale, we have further refined the techniques of quick extended x-ray absorption fine structure (QEXAFS) and quick x-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies at beamline X18B at the National Synchrotron Light Source. The channel cut Si (111) monochromator oscillation is driven through a tangential arm at 5 Hz, using a cam, dc motor, pulley, and belt system. The rubber belt between the motor and the cam damps the mechanical noise. EXAFS scan taken in 100 ms is comparable to standard data. The angle and the angular range of the monochromator can be changed to collect a full EXAFS or XANES spectrum in the energy range 4.7-40.0 KeV. The data are recorded in ascending and descending order of energy, on the fly, without any loss of beam time. The QEXAFS mechanical system is outside the vacuum system, and therefore changing the mode of operation from conventional to QEXAFS takes only a few minutes. This instrument allows the acquisition of time resolved data in a variety of systems relevant to electrochemical, photochemical, catalytic, materials, and environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khalid
- National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyponatremia associated with neuroleptic malignant syndrome has thus far been described as a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. OBJECTIVES To ascertain and describe the role of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome as the cause of hyponatremia in a patient with neuroleptic malignant syndrome. PATIENT A psychotic patient being treated with olanzapine presenting with sopor, muscle rigidity, polyuria, tachycardia, pyrexia, and severe hyponatremia. METHODS Serial serological examinations of plasma tonicity (sodium level and osmolality), brain natriuretic peptide, and antidiuretic hormone were performed, and sodium excretion and urine osmolality were determined from 24-hour urine collection. In addition, markers for rhabdomyolysis were monitored. RESULTS The patient shows clear symptoms of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome in association with neuroleptic malignant syndrome, characterized by severe hyponatremia, volume depletion, and elevated brain natriuretic peptide but normal antidiuretic hormone levels. Cerebral salt-wasting syndrome improved under dantrolene sodium treatment and concomitant fluid and sodium replacement. CONCLUSION Hyponatremia in patients with neuroleptic malignant syndrome might more likely reflect cerebral salt-wasting syndrome than a syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone as an additional aspect of autonomic dysregulation caused by antidopaminergic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lenhard
- Neurological Intensive Care Unit, Department of Neurology, Heidelberg University School of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lenhard T, Diedler J, Bock-Hensley O, Rohde S, Schwab S, Meyding-Lamadé U. Sprunghafter Anstieg von FSME-Infektionen und Zunahme schwerer Varianten in Nordbaden: Mögliche Folge der globalen Erwärmung? Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-988016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lenhard T, Brassen S, Tost H, Braus DF. Long-term behavioural changes after unilateral stereotactic cingulotomy in a case of therapy-resistant alcohol dependence. World J Biol Psychiatry 2006; 6:264-6. [PMID: 16272081 DOI: 10.1080/15622970510029984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a female patient who had undergone a unilateral stereotactical anterior cingulotomy (AC) 20 years previously because of refractory alcohol dependence. After AC, the drinking behaviour switched from a chronic to an episodic one with fast losses of control accompanied by abnormal oral impulse-control behaviour. Relapses were stress- but not cue-induced and followed by long-term intervals of abstinence. In addition to an intended lesion of the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), MR images showed additional lesions within the left caudate body and the dorsal medial thalamic nucleus. Applying a neuropsychological test battery, we found disturbed divided attention and impaired executive function. From this, we conclude that the complex lesion pattern may contribute to some of the behavioural changes seen in our patient after AC. This hypothesis is supported by the neuropsychological deficits and the fact that the neuronal circuits, impaired by the lesions, are involved in addiction-specific behaviour. This case report further emphasizes the key role of the ACC and its connections in the maintenance of dependent behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lenhard
- NMR-Research, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
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Lund K, Millner A, Lenhard T, Ipsen H, Würtzen P. Allergen-Specific T-Cell Reactivity at Physiologically Relevant Allergen Concentrations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.12.452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Martinez-Torres F, Nielsen S, Lenhard T, Haas J, Meyding-Lamadé U. Regulation von NF-kB und Glukokortikoidrezeptor im chronischen Verlauf eines experimentellen Herpes Simplex Enzephalitis Modells. Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sellner J, Lenhard T, Haas J, Einsiedel RV, Meyding-Lamadé U. Differential mRNA expression of neurotrophic factors GDNF, BDNF, and NT-3 in experimental herpes simplex virus encephalitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 137:267-71. [PMID: 15950786 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbrainres.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2004] [Revised: 02/26/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) mRNA levels were studied in the course of murine herpes simplex virus encephalitis. Induction of GNDF and NT-3 (both P < 0.05) was found during acute encephalitis. Despite absence of clinical impairment, both neurotrophic factors were overexpressed 2 months (NT-3) and 6 months (GDNF) following infection (both P < 0.05). Neurotrophic factors play an important role in neuronal survival and recovery after acute injury to the central nervous system (CNS) and may represent an additional therapeutic target for treatment of viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lenhard T, Junghanss T, Hähnel S, Steiner T. [Indian chef with amnesia and muscle pain]. Radiologe 2004; 44:1206-10. [PMID: 15551030 DOI: 10.1007/s00117-004-1143-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Lenhard
- Neurologische Klinik der Universität Heidelberg.
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Lenhard T, Schober A, Suter-Crazzolara C, Unsicker K. Fibroblast growth factor-2 requires glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor for exerting its neuroprotective actions on glutamate-lesioned hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2002; 20:181-97. [PMID: 12093153 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2002.1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF-2 is a potent neurotrophic factor for several populations of CNS neurons and has been shown to protect hippocampal neurons from glutamate-induced cell death in vitro and in vivo. Mechanisms underlying the neurotrophic and protective actions of FGF-2 have been resolved only in part. Using glutamate-treated cultured hippocampal neurons we show that FGF-2 shares its neuroprotective capacity with GDNF. Hippocampal neurons express glial-cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), its receptors c-Ret and the lipid-anchored GDNF family receptor-alpha1 (GFRalpha-1), and the FGF receptor 1 (FGFR I). Neutralizing antibodies to GDNF abolish the neuroprotective effect of FGF-2. In support of the notion that GDNF is required to permit the protective effects of FGF-2 we find that FGF-2 up-regulates GDNF and GFRalpha-1 in hippocampal neurons. Furthermore, FGF-2-induced GDNF causes enhanced phosphorylation of c-Ret and the signaling components Akt and Erk. A putative downstream target of FGF-2 and GDNF are bcl-2 gene family members, whose mRNAs are differentially up-regulated by the two factors. Together, these data suggest that GDNF is an important protective factor for glutamate-lesioned hippocampal neurons and an essential mediator of the neuroprotective actions of FGF-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Lenhard
- Department of Neuroanatomy and Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 307, Germany
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Abstract
The angiogenesis inhibitor endostatin is a fragment of the NC1 domain of collagen XVIII. The generation of endostatin has been investigated only in murine hemangioendothelioma cell cultures and was ascribed to cathepsin L. Distinct endostatin-like fragments were detected in human tissues and serum. To identify proteinases able to generate such fragments, we incubated human NC1 with proteinases of all classes, including cathepsin L. Eleven out of 12 generate fragments with an N-terminus within the same 15 residue stretch as those occurring physiologically, indicating that this region is sensitive to many proteinases. None correspond to mouse endostatin. However, the efficiencies of these proteinases differed markedly. Some proteinases also proved to degrade endostatin, pointing to another regulatory loop of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ferreras
- OSTEOPRO and Center for Clinical and Basic Research Herlev/Ballerup, Herlev, Denmark.
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Engsig MT, Chen QJ, Vu TH, Pedersen AC, Therkidsen B, Lund LR, Henriksen K, Lenhard T, Foged NT, Werb Z, Delaissé JM. Matrix metalloproteinase 9 and vascular endothelial growth factor are essential for osteoclast recruitment into developing long bones. J Cell Biol 2000; 151:879-89. [PMID: 11076971 PMCID: PMC2169432 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.151.4.879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone development requires the recruitment of osteoclast precursors from surrounding mesenchyme, thereby allowing the key events of bone growth such as marrow cavity formation, capillary invasion, and matrix remodeling. We demonstrate that mice deficient in gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 exhibit a delay in osteoclast recruitment. Histological analysis and specialized invasion and bone resorption models show that MMP-9 is specifically required for the invasion of osteoclasts and endothelial cells into the discontinuously mineralized hypertrophic cartilage that fills the core of the diaphysis. However, MMPs other than MMP-9 are required for the passage of the cells through unmineralized type I collagen of the nascent bone collar, and play a role in resorption of mineralized matrix. MMP-9 stimulates the solubilization of unmineralized cartilage by MMP-13, a collagenase highly expressed in hypertrophic cartilage before osteoclast invasion. Hypertrophic cartilage also expresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which binds to extracellular matrix and is made bioavailable by MMP-9 (Bergers, G., R. Brekken, G. McMahon, T.H. Vu, T. Itoh, K. Tamaki, K. Tanzawa, P. Thorpe, S. Itohara, Z. Werb, and D. Hanahan. 2000. Nat. Cell Biol. 2:737-744). We show that VEGF is a chemoattractant for osteoclasts. Moreover, invasion of osteoclasts into the hypertrophic cartilage requires VEGF because it is inhibited by blocking VEGF function. These observations identify specific actions of MMP-9 and VEGF that are critical for early bone development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Engsig
- OSTEOPRO A/S and Center for Clinical and Basic Research, DK-2750 Herlev/Ballerup, Denmark.
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Delaissé JM, Engsig MT, Everts V, del Carmen Ovejero M, Ferreras M, Lund L, Vu TH, Werb Z, Winding B, Lochter A, Karsdal MA, Troen T, Kirkegaard T, Lenhard T, Heegaard AM, Neff L, Baron R, Foged NT. Proteinases in bone resorption: obvious and less obvious roles. Clin Chim Acta 2000; 291:223-34. [PMID: 10675725 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-8981(99)00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Bone resorption is critical for the development and the maintenance of the skeleton, and improper regulation of bone resorption leads to pathological situations. Proteinases are necessary for this process. In this review, we show that this need of proteinases is not only because they are required for the solubilization of bone matrix, but also because they are key components of the mechanism that determines where and when bone resorption will be initiated. Moreover, there are indications that proteinases may also determine whether resorption will be followed by bone formation. Some of the proteinases involved in these different steps of the resorption processes were recently identified, as for instance cathepsin K, MMP-9 (gelatinase B), and interstitial collagenase. However, there is also increasing evidence showing that the critical proteinase(s) may vary depending on the bone type or on other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Delaissé
- Center for Clinical and Basic Research, 222 Ballerup Byvej, DK-2750, Ballerup, Denmark.
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Marheineke K, Lenhard T, Haase W, Beckers T, Michel H, Reiländer H. Characterization of the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor heterologously produced using the baculovirus/insect cell and the Semliki Forest virus systems. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1998; 18:509-24. [PMID: 9777251 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026379326184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
1. Two eukaryotic viral systems, the baculovirus/insect cell and the Semliki Forest virus systems, were tested for heterologous expression of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) cDNA. 2. An unmodified as well as a c-myc epitope-tagged human GnRH receptor was produced in two insect cell lines (Spodoptera frugiperda, Trichoplusia ni) after infection with the respective recombinant baculoviruses. In both insect cell lines, the receptor was identified by immunoblot analysis as a triplet of bands between 35 and 40 kDa. After deglycosylation of the receptor the molecular mass decreased to 35 kDa. The GnRH receptor was localized in membrane compartments within the infected insect cells. However, only in membranes of infected Trichoplusia ni insect cells could approximately 2000 receptors per cell be detected. 3. Production of the GnRH receptor in BHK cells using the Semliki Forest virus system resulted in approximately 50,000 receptors per cell. A maximal yield of 0.42 pmol/mg membrane protein was obtained 24 hr after electroporation of BHK cells with in vitro synthesized RNA. Binding of the antagonist [125I]Cetrorelix was saturable with a KD of 1.3 nM. The receptor produced in the BHK cells was further characterized by ligand displacement studies. The rank order of agonist and antagonist affinities was Cetrorelix > Triptorelin > Antide > GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Marheineke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abteilung Mol. Membranbiologie, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Abstract
GLIAL cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin (NTN) are members of a new family of factors within the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) super-family. Signaling by GDNF and NTN depends on the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret and on GFRalpha-1 and -2. We have investigated by competitive RT-PCR the developmental expression of these molecules within the rat hippocampus. All transcripts reach high expression levels between postnatal day 0 and 14 (P0-P14), a critical period of hippocampal differentiation, suggesting roles for these molecules in this process. All mRNAs (with the exception of Ret) can be detected as early as embryonic day 14 (E14). The absence of Ret expression at E14 suggests that both GDNF and NTN may employ an additional, unknown receptor. NTN expression shows a biphasic expression pattern, with maximum expression levels at E14 and P5.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lenhard
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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Lenhard T, Marheineke K, Lingen B, Haase W, Hammermann R, Michel H, Reiländer H. Characterization of the human dopamine transporter heterologously expressed in BHK-21 cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 1998; 18:347-60. [PMID: 9590564 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022557216688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
1. cDNA of the human dopamine transporter (hDAT) was cloned into a cloning vector based on the Semliki Forest virus. Electroporation of in vitro transcribed mRNA from this plasmid into BHK-21 cells resulted in production of the transporter as measured by [3H]dopamine uptake (Km = 2.0 +/- 0.4 microM), which was specifically inhibited in the presence of cocaine. 2. The recombinant transporter protein exhibited an apparent molecular mass of 56 kDa, which was reduced to 50 kDa after tunicamycin treatment of the producing BHK-21 cells. Tunicamycin treatment of the electroporated cells also resulted in a decrease in transport activity with no change in the Km value (2.1 +/- 0.4 microM). 3. The localization of the heterologously produced transporter in the BHK cells either with or without tunicamycin treatment was studied by electron microscopic immunogold staining. The glycosylated transporter was found to be localized at the plasma membrane, whereas in the case of the unglycosylated transporter, transport to the plasma membrane was blocked.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lenhard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abt. Mol. Membranbiologie, Frankfurt/M, Germany
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Lenhard T, Reiländer H. Engineering the folding pathway of insect cells: generation of a stably transformed insect cell line showing improved folding of a recombinant membrane protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 238:823-30. [PMID: 9325175 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The baculovirus-insect cell expression system has proven to be a valuable tool for the high level production of a multitude of recombinant proteins. However, production of membrane proteins in infected insect cells is often hampered by incorrect folding and processing which results in the accumulation of non-functional protein. Here, we report the construction of a Sf9 insect cell line stably transformed with the ninaA gene from D. melanogaster (Sfn cell line). The ninaA protein is a membrane bound cyclophilin which acts as a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase during the folding process of rhodopsin 1 in D. melanogaster rhabdomere. Engineered Sfn insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus bearing the human dopamine transporter gene under the control of the polyhedrin promoter showed a > or = 5 times enhanced uptake of [3H]dopamine in comparison to similarly infected Sf9 cells. This increase in specific transport activity was not due to an altered Km value in the Sfn cell line. The uptake in infected Sfn cells was blocked by the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase inhibitor cyclosporin A which had no effect on infected Sf9 cells. From these results we conclude that the prolyl-cis/trans isomerase activity of the ninaA in the stably transformed Sfn cell line was responsible, directly or indirectly, for the improved folding of the heterologously produced human dopamine transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lenhard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abt. Molekulare Membranbiologie, Frankfurt/M., Germany
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Abstract
A new set of versatile advanced baculovirus (BV) vectors for the production of fused proteins in insect cells, under the control of the strong polyhedrin promoter of the Autographa california nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), has been constructed. The vectors contain peptide tags which allow immunological detection, as well as purification of recombinant protein produced via the BV expression system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lenhard
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abteilung Molekulare Membranbiologie, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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