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Legesse A, Mekuriaw A, Gelaye E, Abayneh T, Getachew B, Weldemedhin W, Tesgera T, Deresse G, Birhanu K. Comparative evaluation of RBPT, I-ELISA, and CFT for the diagnosis of brucellosis and PCR detection of Brucella species from Ethiopian sheep, goats, and cattle sera. BMC Microbiol 2023; 23:216. [PMID: 37563597 PMCID: PMC10413706 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-02962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brucellosis is an economically devastating animal disease and has public health concern. Serological methods such as Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), and Indirect-Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (I-ELISA) have been used to detect brucellosis. However, there is limited comparative evaluation studies and lack of molecular confirmation of the causative agents in the study areas. The study was aimed to compare RBPT, I-ELISA, CFT, and confirmation using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). A total of 2317 sera samples were collected from brucellosis-affected areas of Ethiopia with no vaccination history. All sera were subjected to comparative serological assays. Post-cross tabulation, sensitivity, and specificity were determined using Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis software. PCR was performed on 54 seropositive samples using genus- and species-specific primers. RESULTS Among the 2317 sera tested for comparative serological assays, 189 (8.16%) were positive for RBPT, 191 (8.24%) for I-ELISA, and 48 (2.07%) for CFT. Sensitivity to RBPT was 100% (95%) in shoats and 74% (95%) in cattle. Specificity on RBPT was 98.69% (95%), 99.28% (95%), 100% (95%) in sheep, goats, and cattle, respectively. CFT sensitivity was 4 (95%) in sheep, 9.65 (95%) goats, and 72 (95%) cattle. Specificity on CFT was 100% (95%) for sheep, goats, and cattle. A 223bp Brucella genus-specific and 156bp B. abortus species-specific detected. However, B. melitensis not detected. CONCLUSION In this study, I-ELISA was the most sensitive and specific test. RBPT detected all Brucellosis-infected sheep and goats; nevertheless, it showed false positive in sheep and goats and false negative in cattle. The presence of B. abortus in small and large ruminants was confirmed by PCR. This is the first report of B. abortus detection in small ruminant in Ethiopia. B.abortus detected in non-preferred hosts. The findings suggest further study on molecular epidemiology of Brucella species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinet Legesse
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Aregitu Mekuriaw
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Esayas Gelaye
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Sub-Regional Office for Eastern Africa, P.O. Box 5536, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Abayneh
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Belayneh Getachew
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Wubet Weldemedhin
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Takele Tesgera
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Kenaw Birhanu
- Research and Development Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Kakooza S, Watuwa J, Ipola PA, Munyiirwa DFN, Kayaga E, Nabatta E, Mahero M, Ssajjakambwe P, Kaneene JB. Seromonitoring of brucellosis in goats and sheep slaughtered at an abattoir in Kampala, Uganda. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:964-967. [PMID: 36127840 PMCID: PMC9597346 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221126658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional serologic study at Kampala City abattoir in Uganda on 287 small ruminants (221 goats and 66 sheep) to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis. The samples were tested using a modified rose bengal test (mRBT) and an indirect ELISA (iELISA). Small ruminant Brucella spp. seropositivity was 18 of 287 (6.3%) by mRBT and 19 of 287 (6.6%) by iELISA. The prevalence of brucellosis by mRBT was non-significantly higher in goats (17 of 221; 7.7%) than in sheep (1 of 66, 1.5%; p = 0.069), and also non-significantly higher by the iELISA in goats (18 of 221; 8.1%) than in sheep (1 of 66, 1.5%; p = 0.057). Brucellosis in slaughtered goats and sheep is a public health hazard to abattoir workers and consumers that calls for control and eradication measures at the farm level, given that testing is not carried out routinely at slaughter points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Kakooza
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Makerere University,
Kampala, Uganda
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and
Biosecurity, and the Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala,
Uganda
- Vétérinaires Sans Frontières Germany, Kampala,
Uganda
| | - James Watuwa
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Makerere University,
Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick A. Ipola
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Makerere University,
Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Edrine Kayaga
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Makerere University,
Kampala, Uganda
| | - Esther Nabatta
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Makerere University,
Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Mahero
- Veterinary Public Health and Community Practice, College
of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Paul Ssajjakambwe
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and
Comparative Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - John B. Kaneene
- Center for Comparative Epidemiology, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Saidu AS, Singh M, Kumar A, Mahajan NK, Mittal D, Chhabra R, Joshi VG, Musallam II, Sadiq U. Studies on intra-ocular vaccination of adult cattle with reduced dose Brucella abortus strain-19 vaccine. Heliyon 2022; 8:e08937. [PMID: 35243062 PMCID: PMC8881662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucella abortus vaccines play a central role in bovine brucellosis control with tremendous success worldwide for decades. The study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of reduced dose (5.0 × 10 9 cfu) of S19 vaccine in adult cattle and its shedding in the milk of vaccinated cattle using molecular techniques. The OIE recommended tests (RBPT, SAT, and iELISA) for brucellosis screening in cattle were used. Seronegative cattle (n = 90) of different age groups (young, old heifers & milking cows, n = 30 each) were selected for the vaccine trials. Antibody titers were recorded at 7th, 21st, 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th days post-vaccination (DPV) to monitor the immune responses following vaccination and at 150th, 180th, 210th and 240th DPB following booster-dose to an intraocular group. The humoral immune responses observed by RBPT and ELISA, proved that antibody titers persisted in s/c group compared to the i/o group in all categories. The IFN-γ stimulation (CMI) due to reduced dose vaccination was noticed early as 30th in all groups and declined after 90th DPV, with higher IFN-γ stimulation among the s/c group. The Bcsp31 and IS711 targeted PCR detected the presence of Brucella DNA in milk samples (n = 120) from the vaccinated cows (n = 30) and confirmed by qPCR (TaqMan assay) at 30th, 60th, 90th and 120th DPV. A Significant number, 70% (7/10) was detected in s/c by qPCR. BCSP31 sequence was deposited at NCBI GenBank (accession no. MK881173-6). PCR and qPCR techniques could provide a reliable diagnosis of brucellosis from milk. The intraocular route remains the safer route for vaccinating adult cattle than subcutaneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Saidu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India.,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, P.M.B., 1069, Maiduguri, 600230, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Mahavir Singh
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Aman Kumar
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - N K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Dinesh Mittal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Chhabra
- College Central Laboratory, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Vinay G Joshi
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - Imadidden I Musallam
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, AL9 7TA, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Usman Sadiq
- Northwick Park Hospital, Radiology Department, Watford Road, Harrow, HA1 3UJ, United Kingdom
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Saidu AS, Mahajan NK, Musallam II, Holt HR, Guitian J. Epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in Hisar, India: identification of risk factors and assessment of knowledge, attitudes, and practices among livestock owners. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:450. [PMID: 34533635 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Brucellosis caused by facultative intracellular bacteria, Brucella, remains a global threat to both animal and human health. In this study we aimed to identify potential risk factors of bovine brucellosis and to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) of livestock keepers in Hisar, India. A standardized questionnaire was used to collate information regarding potential risk factors of bovine brucellosis and livestock owners' KAPs. A total of 127 livestock keepers were involved. Serum samples from their animals (n = 635) were tested for the presence of antibodies against Brucella by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Out of these, 78 (61.4%) of the herds had at least one seropositive animal, and 302 (47.6%) of the cattle were seropositive. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed significant associations between intensive farm type (OR = 4.6; 95% CI, 1.6-16.7; P = 0.009), hygienic disposal of aborted fetuses (OR = 0.3; 95% CI, 0.08-0.9; P = 0.04) and herd seropositivity for brucellosis. The majority, 96 (75.6%) of the respondents, were males aged 18-50, and 82 (64.6%) owned a small-backyard farm. Only 51 (40.2%) of the participants knew about brucellosis; out of them, 54.9% (28/51) could not identify clinical signs of brucellosis. Six (11.8%) participants indicated abortion as the most noticeable clinical sign, and 45.1% indicated that consumption of raw milk is associated with high risk of contracting brucellosis. A large proportion of respondents confirmed that milk from their animals was regularly consumed (86.6%) and sold (59.8%) to other people. These results suggest that bovine brucellosis is endemic in Haryana, where Brucella-contaminated milk is likely being regularly sold. Brucellosis control efforts in Haryana should include education programs to raise awareness of the disease and means to control it in cattle and to prevent zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Saidu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India. .,Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Borno State, P.M.B., 1069, Maiduguri, 600230, Nigeria.
| | - N K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Sciences, LUVAS, Hisar, 125004, Haryana, India
| | - I I Musallam
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - H R Holt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
| | - J Guitian
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK
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Ebid M, El Mola A, Salib F. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats in the Arabian Gulf region. Vet World 2020; 13:1495-1509. [PMID: 33061219 PMCID: PMC7522958 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1495-1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Brucellosis is a zoonosis that occurs worldwide. There were more efforts to control brucellosis in all countries. This study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis in sheep and goats in some areas in the Arabian Gulf. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study analyzed 8500 sera from non-vaccinated sheep and goats. Animals included 6441 sheep (3420 from farms and 3021 from quarantine) and 2059 goats (1580 from farms and 479 from quarantine). Sera were tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and confirmed with an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-ELISA) test. Final confirmation analyzed blood samples from confirmed infected animals (n=30, 23 sheep and seven goats) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture. RESULTS The serological examination showed that 62/8500 of animals (0.729%, confidence interval [CI] 95% 0.57-0.94) were seropositive for brucellosis. Thirteen of 5000 (0.26%, CI 95% 0.15-0.45) and 49/3500 (1.4%, CI 95% 1.1-1.8) of animals from farms and quarantine were seropositive, respectively. Out of the 6441, 46 (0.71%) sheep and 16/2059 (0.78%) goats were seropositive. i-ELISA confirmed 41/62 RBPT-positive animals - 41/8500 (0.482%, CI 95% 0.36-0.65). Eight of 5000 of these animals (0.16%, CI 95% 0.08-0.32) and 33/3500 (0.94%, CI 95% 0.67-1.3) were confirmed positive in farms and quarantine, respectively. Thirty of 6441 (0.466%) and 11/2059 (0.534%) cases were positive in sheep and goats, respectively. PCR confirmed 18 of 41 positive animals (0.212% of all sera, CI 95% 0.13-0.34) identified by both RBPT and i-ELISA. Three of 5000 (0.06%, CI 95% 0.019-0.19) and 15/3500 (0.429%, CI 95% 0.26-0.71) from farms and quarantine were confirmed positive. Tissue samples (uterine, supra-mammary, testicular, and accessory glands lymph node) were collected from positive animals, as detected by RBPT and i-ELISA, at culling or slaughtering. Using in vitro culture, 14/30 were confirmed positive - 3/7 from farms (two sheep and one goat) and 11/23 from quarantine (nine sheep and two goats). Biovar 1 was dominant. PCR confirmed 23/30 tissue samples, 4/7 from farms (three sheep and one goat), and 19/23 from quarantine (15 sheep and four goats). CONCLUSION The overall brucellosis rate in sheep and goats is 0.48%, with fewer animals from farms testing positive (0.16%) in this area of the Arabian Gulf. The infection appears to be well controlled, and continuous effort is still needed to maintain control and completely eradicate brucellosis. Additional support is needed for testing and slaughterhouse monitoring. In quarantine (imported animals), brucellosis infection in the slaughterhouse (0.94%) could pose a risk for transmission and spread of infection. The effort is needed to monitor this threat, and PCR is a sensitive and time-saving test for brucellosis diagnosis. All 14 confirmed positive samples were Biovar 1 dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ebid
- Department of Animal Care and Medicine, General Organization of Veterinary Service, Giza, Egypt
| | - A. El Mola
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - F. Salib
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
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Kanani A, Dabhi S, Patel Y, Chandra V, Kumar ORV, Shome R. Seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants in organized and unorganized sectors of Gujarat state, India. Vet World 2018; 11:1030-1036. [PMID: 30250359 PMCID: PMC6141288 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1030-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study aimed to study the seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants of Gujarat state, India, using Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT) and indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). Materials and Methods: A total of 2444 sera samples (675 sheep and 1769 goat) from unorganized sector and 1310 sera samples (861 sheep and 449 goat) from seven organized farms were collected for brucellosis screening. Results: In unorganized sector, 23.70% sheep (160/675) and 15.99% goat (283/1769) were positive by RBPT and 24.44% sheep (165/675) and 17.24% goat (305/1769) by iELISA. The organized sector samples showed higher seroprevalence in goat (7.79 %, 35/449) than sheep (4.06 %, 35/861) by RBPT. Similarly, in iELISA, goat samples showed a higher seroprevalence (9.35%, 42/449) compared to sheep (7.50%, 65/861). The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of RBPT with ELISA were 88.69% and 99.65%, respectively, and showed a significant difference (p≤0.0001). The Chi-square analysis revealed a significant difference in seroprevalence between sectors (p≤0.01) and species (p≤0.01). Conclusion: The seroprevalence of brucellosis in small ruminants of Gujarat was investigated and showed a higher prevalence of brucellosis and warrants the implementation of proper preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kanani
- Office of Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry, F.M.D. Typing Scheme, Polytechnic Campus, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad - 380 015, Gujarat, India
| | - S Dabhi
- Office of Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry, F.M.D. Typing Scheme, Polytechnic Campus, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad - 380 015, Gujarat, India
| | - Y Patel
- Department of Biomedical Technology, University School of Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat
| | - V Chandra
- Office of Deputy Director of Animal Husbandry, F.M.D. Typing Scheme, Polytechnic Campus, Ambawadi, Ahmedabad - 380 015, Gujarat, India
| | - O R Vinodh Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (ICAR-NIVEDI), Yelahanka, Bengaluru - 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - R Shome
- Division of Epidemiology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly - 243 122, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Seroepidemiological investigation of brucellosis in sheep abortions in Kars, Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2008; 41:115-9. [PMID: 19052909 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-008-9165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in unvaccinated sheep from the flocks having previous abortion cases in Kars and around, Turkey and to compare the efficacy of each serological test used. Four hundred serum samples collected from 16 different flocks of sheep having a history of abortions in Kars and its surrounding area in Turkey were examined for the presence of antibodies raised against Brucella using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), Serum Agglutination Test (SAT), Rivanol Agglutination Test (RAT) and Complement Fixation Test (CFT). All animals were unvaccinated against Brucella. Of the serum samples tested, 147 (%36.7), 142 (%35.5), 139 (%34.75) and 135 (%33.75) were found positive by SAT, RAT, RBPT and CFT, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found between the serological tests used (p > 0.05). It is concluded from this study that brucellosis continues to be an important problem for ovine abortions and poses a risk both for human and other animals in this area. Therefore, adequate intervention measures should be implemented to control and eradicate brucellosis. In addition, if conventional serological tests are used at least two tests, RPBT for screening and CFT for the confirmation of the positive samples are preferable, should be used in parallel for detection of brucellosis effectively.
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Cetinkaya B, Ongör H. Evaluation of immunocomb in comparison with other serological tests in ovine brucellosis. Vet Rec 2000; 147:632-4. [PMID: 11128079 DOI: 10.1136/vr.147.22.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Cetinkaya
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Firat, Elazig, Turkey
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Evaluation of the currently used diagnostic procedures for the detection of Brucella melitensis in sheep. Small Rumin Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0921-4488(98)00111-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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