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Klegarth A, Sanders S, Gloss A, Lane‐deGraaf K, Jones‐Engel L, Fuentes A, Hollocher H. Investigating biogeographic boundaries of the Sunda shelf: A phylogenetic analysis of two island populations of
Macaca fascicularis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:658-670. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Klegarth
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| | - S.A. Sanders
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
- National Center for Genome Analysis SupportPervasive Technology Institute, Indiana UniversityBloomington Indiana
| | - A.D. Gloss
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ArizonaTucson Arizona
| | - K.E. Lane‐deGraaf
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
- Department of BiologyFontbonne UniversitySt. Louis Missouri
| | - L. Jones‐Engel
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
- National Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattle Washington
| | - A. Fuentes
- Department of AnthropologyUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
| | - H. Hollocher
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Notre DameNotre Dame Indiana
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Adapting to Florida's riverine woodlands: the population status and feeding ecology of the Silver River rhesus macaques and their interface with humans. Primates 2016; 57:195-210. [PMID: 26874521 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-016-0517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of primates living in novel environments represents an interesting context in which to examine patterns of behavioral and ecological flexibility. Our research focused on an understudied, anthropogenically introduced primate population living in Florida, USA: the Silver River rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). To better understand how this population has adapted to life in Florida's riparian woodlands, we collected data on the diet and size of the rhesus macaque population and its encounters with boaters along the Silver River from January to May 2013. Using scan sampling and all-occurrences sampling, we collected 166 h of diet data and 105 h of human-macaque encounter data, respectively. We confirmed previous reports that four social groups comprise the Silver River macaque population, totaling 118 individuals. The Silver River macaques predominantly consumed leaves and other vegetative plant parts (87.5 %), with ash trees serving as a staple food (66.5 % of feeding records). Although human-macaque encounters were frequent (80 % of 611 boats observed), only a small proportion of boats (11.5 %) provisioned the macaques. Motorized boats (e.g., pontoon and motor boats) were more likely to provision, while kayaks and canoes were more likely to move in close proximity of the macaques situated at the river's edge. Our results indicate that the Silver River macaques have adjusted to life in the New World by adopting a temperate-dwelling feeding strategy and by incorporating locally available foods (e.g., sedges) into their diet. They have also learned that the river's edge provides opportunities to receive provisions from boaters. However, because the rate of provisioning is low, these foods likely play a filler fallback role. Given that provisioning and direct contact between macaques and boaters are infrequent but proximity to the macaques is a concern, our findings have important implications for the management of the human-macaque interface along the Silver River and beyond.
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Liedigk R, Kolleck J, Böker KO, Meijaard E, Md-Zain BM, Abdul-Latiff MAB, Ampeng A, Lakim M, Abdul-Patah P, Tosi AJ, Brameier M, Zinner D, Roos C. Mitogenomic phylogeny of the common long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis fascicularis). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:222. [PMID: 25887664 PMCID: PMC4371801 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are an important model species in biomedical research and reliable knowledge about their evolutionary history is essential for biomedical inferences. Ten subspecies have been recognized, of which most are restricted to small islands of Southeast Asia. In contrast, the common long-tailed macaque (M. f. fascicularis) is distributed over large parts of the Southeast Asian mainland and the Sundaland region. To shed more light on the phylogeny of M. f. fascicularis, we sequenced complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) genomes of 40 individuals from all over the taxon’s range, either by classical PCR-amplification and Sanger sequencing or by DNA-capture and high-throughput sequencing. Results Both laboratory approaches yielded complete mtDNA genomes from M. f. fascicularis with high accuracy and/or coverage. According to our phylogenetic reconstructions, M. f. fascicularis initially diverged into two clades 1.70 million years ago (Ma), with one including haplotypes from mainland Southeast Asia, the Malay Peninsula and North Sumatra (Clade A) and the other, haplotypes from the islands of Bangka, Java, Borneo, Timor, and the Philippines (Clade B). The three geographical populations of Clade A appear as paraphyletic groups, while local populations of Clade B form monophyletic clades with the exception of a Philippine individual which is nested within the Borneo clade. Further, in Clade B the branching pattern among main clades/lineages remains largely unresolved, most likely due to their relatively rapid diversification 0.93-0.84 Ma. Conclusions Both laboratory methods have proven to be powerful to generate complete mtDNA genome data with similarly high accuracy, with the DNA-capture and high-throughput sequencing approach as the most promising and only practical option to obtain such data from highly degraded DNA, in time and with relatively low costs. The application of complete mtDNA genomes yields new insights into the evolutionary history of M. f. fascicularis by providing a more robust phylogeny and more reliable divergence age estimations than earlier studies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1437-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Liedigk
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Jakob Kolleck
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Kai O Böker
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Junior Research Group Medical RNA Biology, Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Erik Meijaard
- Borneo Futures Project, People & Nature Consulting International, Country Woods house 306, JL. WR Supratman, Pondok Ranji, Ciputat, 15412, Jakarta, Indonesia. .,School of Archaeology & Anthropology, Building 14, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
| | - Badrul Munir Md-Zain
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Abu Bakar Abdul-Latiff
- School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ahmad Ampeng
- Sarawak Forest Department Hq, Wisma Sumber Alam Jalan Stadium, 93660, Petra Jaya Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Maklarin Lakim
- Sabah Parks, Research and Education Division, PO Box 10626, 88806, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Pazil Abdul-Patah
- Department of Wildlife and National Parks, Km 10, Jalan Cheras, 50664, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Anthony J Tosi
- Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, 238 Lowry Hall, Kent, OH, 44242, USA.
| | - Markus Brameier
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Dietmar Zinner
- Cognitive Ethology Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Roos
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Gene Bank of Primates, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Kellnerweg 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.
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Modes of Differentiation in Japanese Macaques: Perspectives from Population Genetics. THE JAPANESE MACAQUES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-53886-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kanthaswamy S, Satkoski J, George D, Kou A, Erickson BJA, Smith DG. INTERSPECIES HYBRIDIZATION AND THE STRATIFICATION OF NUCLEAR GENETIC VARIATION OF RHESUS (MACACA MULATTA) AND LONG-TAILED MACAQUES (MACACA FASCICULARIS). INT J PRIMATOL 2008; 29:1295-1311. [PMID: 19122840 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-008-9295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genotypes for 13 short tandem repeats (STRs) were used to assess the genetic diversity within and differentiation among populations of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) from mainland Asia and long-tailed macaques (M. fascicularis) from mainland and insular Southeast Asia. These animals were either recently captured in the wild or derived from wild-caught founders maintained in captivity for biomedical research.A large number of alleles is shared between the two macaque species but a significant genetic division between them persists. This distinction is more clear-cut among populations that are not, or are unlikely to have recently been, geographically contiguous. Our results suggest there has been significant interspecies nuclear gene flow between rhesus macaques and long-tailed macaques on the mainland. Comparisons of mainland and island populations of long-tailed macaques reflect marked genetic subdivisions due to barriers to migration. Geographic isolation has restricted gene flow, allowing island populations to become subdivided and genetically differentiated. Indonesian long-tailed macaques show evidence of long-term separation and genetic isolation from the mainland populations, while long-tailed macaques from the Philippines and Mauritius both display evidence of founder effects and subsequent isolation, with the impact from genetic drift being more profound in the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sree Kanthaswamy
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California
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MODOLO LARA, MARTIN ROBERTD, VAN SCHAIK CARELP, VAN NOORDWIJK MARIAA, KRÜTZEN MICHAEL. When dispersal fails: unexpected genetic separation in Gibraltar macaques (Macaca sylvanus). Mol Ecol 2008; 17:4027-38. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2008.03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kawamoto Y, Kawamoto S, Matsubayashi K, Nozawa K, Watanabe T, Stanley MA, Perwitasari-Farajallah D. Genetic diversity of longtail macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on the island of Mauritius: an assessment of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms. J Med Primatol 2008; 37:45-54. [PMID: 18199072 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals from an introduced population of longtail macaques on Mauritius have been extensively used in recent research. This population has low MHC gene diversity, and is thus regarded as a valuable resource for research. METHODS We investigated the genetic diversity of this population using multiple molecular markers located in mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA loci on the autosomes and the Y chromosome. We tested samples from 82 individuals taken from seven study sites. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We found this population to be panmictic, with a low degree of genetic variability. On the basis of an mtDNA phylogeny, we inferred that these macaques' ancestors originated from Java in Asia. Weak gametic disequilibrium was observed, suggesting decay of non-random associations between genomic genes at the time of founding. The results suggest that macaques bred in Mauritius are valuable as model animals for biomedical research because of their genetic homogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawamoto
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan.
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Kanthaswamy S, Kurushima JD, Smith DG. Inferring Pongo conservation units: a perspective based on microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA analyses. Primates 2006; 47:310-21. [PMID: 16783503 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-006-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2005] [Accepted: 03/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In order to define evolutionarily significant and management units (ESUs and MUs) among subpopulations of Sumatran (Pongo pygmaeus abelii) and Bornean (P. p. pygmaeus) orangutans we determined their genetic relationships. We analyzed partial sequences of four mitochondrial genes and nine autosomal microsatellite loci of 70 orangutans to test two hypotheses regarding the population structure within Borneo and the genetic distinction between Bornean and Sumatran orangutans. Our data show Bornean orangutans consist of two genetic clusters-the western and eastern clades. Each taxon exhibits relatively distinct mtDNA and nuclear genetic distributions that are likely attributable to genetic drift. These groups, however, do not warrant designations as separate conservation MUs because they demonstrate no demographic independence and only moderate genetic differentiation. Our findings also indicate relatively high levels of overall genetic diversity within Borneo, suggesting that observed habitat fragmentation and erosion during the last three decades had limited influence on genetic variability. Because the mtDNA of Bornean and Sumatran orangutans are not strictly reciprocally monophyletic, we recommend treating these populations as separate MUs and discontinuing inter-island translocation of animals unless absolutely necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreetharan Kanthaswamy
- California National Primate Research Center and the Department of Anthropology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Kawamoto Y, Kyes RC, Agus Lelana RP, Sajuthi D. Genetic characterization of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on Tabuan Island Indonesia. Primates 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02558141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Perwitasari-Farajallah D, Kawamoto Y, Suryobroto B. Variation in blood proteins and mitochondrial DNA within and between local populations of longtail macaques,Macaca fascicularis on the Island of Java, Indonesia. Primates 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02574833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Blood protein variation of a new population of gelada baboons (Theoropithecus gelada), in the Southern Rift Valley, Arsi Region, Ethiopia. Primates 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02557730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Shimada MK, Shotake T. Genetic variation of blood proteins within and between local populations of grivet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops) in central Ethiopia. Primates 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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James RA, Leberg PL, Quattro JM, Vrijenhoek RC. Genetic diversity in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) from Belize. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1997; 102:329-36. [PMID: 9098502 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8644(199703)102:3<329::aid-ajpa3>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To assess the level of genetic variation in a threatened black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) population, we examined 36 allozyme loci and restriction fragment profiles of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Mean heterozygosity at allozyme loci was only 0.021 and 5.6 percent of the loci were polymorphic. Analyses of mtDNA also revealed low genetic diversity compared with other primates. F-statistics revealed no significant genetic heterogeneity among troops within the Bermudian Landing preserve, but did indicate a deficiency of heterozygotes at one of the two loci. We explore several explanations for this result, which is unexpected in a socially structured primate. Low genetic diversity in this population may reflect its history of demographic bottlenecks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A James
- Department of Biology, Kean College of New Jersey, Union 07083-0411, USA
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de Jong G, de Ruiter JR, Haring R. Genetic structure of a population with social structure and migration. EXS 1994; 68:147-64. [PMID: 8032132 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8510-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) live in social groups consisting of resident adult females and their offspring, and immigrant males. Subadult males leave their birth group, and might establish themselves as reproducing males in another group. Females do not leave their birth group. Such a social pattern might have consequences for the genetic differentiation between groups and the genetic relationships within groups. In a field study of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Ketambe, Sumatra, Indonesia, blood samples were taken from individuals in seven adjacent social groups. Electrophoretic analysis showed 17 blood proteins and enzymes to be polymorphic, allowing the computation of heterozygosities and of the F-statistics. Of the F-statistics, F(IS) indicates the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium averaged over local populations, FST indicates the differentiation in allele frequency between local populations, and F(IT) indicates the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium over the total population. In a computer simulation of the population of long-tailed macaques using many loci with many neutral alleles, F(IS) and FST values proved to be characteristic for a certain demography and life history of the population, and proved not to depend upon the number of alleles or level of heterozygosity. FST values found in the simulation were compatible to those found in the field; in the simulation, values for F(IS) and F(IT) were consistently negative. The explanation for the negative F(IS) appears to be that genetic drift causes differentiation in allele frequencies between groups, and that due to this differentiation, allele frequencies differ between resident females and immigrant males, leading to offspring with an excess of heterozygotes (negative F(IS)) relative to the expectation based upon the overall allele frequency. The excess of heterozygotes might imply that slightly deleterious alleles are protected from selection. A population with a social structure and differential migration of the sexes is liable to accumulate deleterious recessives and, as a consequence, to be very sensitive to inbreeding on disruption of the social structure, as for instance in zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- G de Jong
- Population Genetics Group, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Tomiuk J, Loeschcke V. The genetic monitoring of primate populations for their conservation. EXS 1994; 68:401-6. [PMID: 8032138 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-8510-2_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Tomiuk
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Denmark
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Fooden J, Albrecht GH. Latitudinal and insular variation of skull size in crab-eating macaques (primates, Cercopithecidae: Macaca fascicularis). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1993; 92:521-38. [PMID: 8296879 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330920409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Macaca fascicularis is broadly distributed in Southeast Asia across 30 degrees of latitude and 35 degrees of longitude (Indochinese Peninsula, Isthmus of Kra, Malay Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippine Islands, and numerous small, neighboring islands). The range is divisible into 1) a core area comprised of mainland Southeast Asia, Borneo, Sumatra, and Java (large land masses interconnected during the last glacial maximum, 18,000 B.P.); 2) shallow-water fringing islands, which are smaller islands connected to the core area during the last glacial maximum; and 3) deep-water fringing islands, which are peripheral islands not connected to the core area during the last glacial maximum. Skull length was used to study effects of latitude and insularity on patterns of size variation. The data are from 802 adult M. fascicularis specimens from 140 core-area localities, 63 shallow-water islands, and 29 deep-water islands. Sex-specific polynomial regressions of skull length on latitude were used to describe skull length variation in the core area. These regressions served as standards for evaluating variation among samples from shallow-water and deep-water islands. The core area exhibits Bergmannian latitudinal size clines through most of the species range. Thus, skull length decreases from about 8 degrees S (Java) to the equator (Sumatra and Borneo), then increases as far north as about 13 degrees N (Isthmus of Kra). Farther north, to the northernmost Indochinese localities at about 17 degrees N, skull length in M. fascicularis decreases with increasing latitude, contrary to Bergmann's rule. Latitudinal size variation in shallow-water fringing islands generally parallels that in the core area. However, skull length tends to be smaller than in the core area at similar latitudes. Deep-water fringing islands are markedly more variable, with relatively small specimens in the Lesser Sunda Islands and relatively large specimens in the Nicobar Islands. These analyses illustrate how a primate species may vary in response to latitudinal temperature variation and to isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fooden
- Division of Mammals, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 60605
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Kondo M, Kawamoto Y, Nozawa K, Matsubayashi K, Watanabe T, Griffiths O, Stanley MA. Population genetics of crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) on the island of mauritius. Am J Primatol 1993; 29:167-182. [PMID: 31941186 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350290303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/1991] [Revised: 09/10/1992] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Protein polymorphisms of the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis) on the island of Mauritius in the southwest Indian Ocean were examined electrophoretically for 201 blood samples. All of the variant types detected were those found previously in the Asian populations. Genetic variability of the island population was estimated to be Ppoly = 16% and H = 6.5%, which was lower than that of the Asian populations. A tendency that a small number of loci were highly polymorphic was observed. These results may reflect the establishment of the island population from a small number of introduced ancestors, or the existence of the bottleneck effect. For the origin of the Mauritian monkeys, comparison of electrophoretic variants suggested that they originated from the Malay Peninsula or the Greater Sunda Islands, especially from Java. Though the homozygous individuals exceeded in number as a whole, a significant subdivision was not detected in the population. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Kondo
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | - Ken Nozawa
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Japan
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Watanabe
- The School of Human Science, Sugiyama Jogakuen University, Nagoya, Japan
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Nozawa K, Shotake T, Minezawa M, Kawamoto Y, Hayasaka K, Kawamoto S, Ito SI. Population genetics of Japanese monkeys: III. Ancestry and differentiation of local populations. Primates 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shotake T, Nozawa K, Santiapilai C. Genetic variability within and between the troops of toque macaque,Macaca sinica, in Sri Lanka. Primates 1991. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02382670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hemoglobin polymorphism in macaques with reference to the evolution ofMacaca fascicularis andMacaca mulatta. Primates 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Gene duplication and polymorphism at the amylase loci ofMacaca fascicularis andMacaca mulatta. Primates 1989. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02381214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Fooden J, Lanyon SM. Blood-protein allele frequencies and phylogenetic relationships inMacaca: A review. Am J Primatol 1989; 17:209-241. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.1350170304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/1988] [Revised: 11/15/1988] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Takenaka A, Takahashi K, Takenaka O. Novel hemoglobin components and their amino acid sequences from the crab-eating macaque (Macaca fascicularis). J Mol Evol 1988; 28:136-44. [PMID: 3148734 DOI: 10.1007/bf02143505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We found two types of hemoglobin, T and R, from the crab-eating macaque and compared those to A and Q previously reported. The 22 animals studied showed six different phenotypes, A, R, QA, QT, QAT, and QAR. Analysis of the complete amino acid sequences for the alpha chains of hemoglobins Q, A, T, and R revealed that amino acids at four positions, 8, 55, 71, and 78 from the N-terminal, are variable. In the alpha A chain, Thr, Val, Gly, and Gln occupy these positions, and in the alpha Q chain the analogous amino acids are Thr, Val, Asp, and Gln, respectively. In the newly found alpha T chain they are Thr, Val, Gly, and His; and in the alpha R chain, they are Ser, Ile, Gly, and His, respectively. Two amino acids (alpha 8 Thr and alpha 78 Gln) in alpha A of the crab-eating macaque were found to be different from those in the alpha chain of the Japanese macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Takenaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Kyoto University, Aichi, Japan
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The genetic structure of a primate species: Rhesus macaques and other Cercopithecine monkeys. INT J PRIMATOL 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02737401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Melnick DJ. The genetic consequences of primate social organization: a review of macaques, baboons and vervet monkeys. Genetica 1987; 73:117-35. [PMID: 3505885 DOI: 10.1007/bf00057443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Primates, as long-lived, iteroparous, socially complex mammals, offer the opportunity to assess the effects of behavior and demography on genetic structure. Because it is difficult to obtain tissue samples from wild primate populations, research in this area has largely been confined to terrestrial and semi-terrestrial old world monkeys (e.g., rhesus and Japanese macaques, vervets and several subspecies of baboons). However, these species display a multi-male, multi-female social structure commonly found in many other primate and non-primate mammals. Electrophoretic analyses of blood proteins from individually recognized and/or marked wild Himalayan rhesus monkeys, themselves the subject of long-term behavioral and demographic research, have begun to reveal the genetic consequences of such phenomena as social group fission, male-limited dispersion, non-consanguineous mating patterns, and agonistically defined male dominance. Specifically, rhesus social groups, consisting primarily of clusters of maternal relatives, appear to be non-random samples of a population's genotypes and genes. The genetic effects of social group fission are highly dependent on each group's size, demographic structure, and average degree of relatedness. In all cases fission contributes to the degree of intergroup genetic differentiation. Male-limited dispersion appears both to retard genetic differentiation between social groups and to lead to mating patterns that result in an avoidance of consanguinity. Groups, therefore, appear to be genetically outbred. Comparing these results with studies of other free-ranging or wild cercopithecines allows several generalizations: (a) genetic variation seems to be evenly distributed throughout each local population of multi-male social groups; (b) social groups, however, because they contain clusters of relatives, are distinctive in their specific frequencies of genes; (c) the degree of genetic differentiation between a population's social groups, because of the effects of social group fission and non-deterministic forms of male dispersal, is somewhat greater than expected on the basis of migration rates alone; and (d) the asymmetrical pattern of dispersion with respect to sex effectively precludes inbreeding in any one social group or the population as a whole. These observations have important implications for understanding the unusually rapid rates of evolution among the primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Melnick
- Department of Anthropology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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Melnick DJ, Jolly CJ, Kidd KK. Genetics of a wild population of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): II. The Dunga Gali population in species-wide perspective. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 1986; 71:129-40. [PMID: 3799822 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1330710202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic variability in a population of wild rhesus monkeys near the village of Dunga Gali, Northwest Frontier Province, Pakistan (Melnick et al., Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 63:341-360, 1984) was compared to similar variation in other wild-caught rhesus monkeys. Regional samples of rhesus from different parts of Asia all displayed similar amounts of variation (i.e., P and Hi) and were consistently more variable than the Dunga Gali local population. Despite these differences in the level of genetic variation, genetic diversity is fairly evenly distributed across the species range. Thus only 3-9% of the total gene diversity of Macaca mulatta can be attributed to differences among major regions. The differences that do exist tend toward a weak geographic cline with clustering of populations into an eastern and a western group. Both selection and drift/migration models explain this general genetic homogeneity. More genetic (protein and DNA) and zoogeographic data are necessary to choose between these models.
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Probability of paternity exclusion and the number of loci needed to determine the fathers in a troop of macaques. Primates 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02382526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Takenaka O, Takenaka A, Takahashi K, Kawamoto Y, Nozawa K. Hb bali (Macaca) β80 (EF 4) Asn→Lys: The first hemoglobin variant found in the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis) on Bali Island, Indonesia. Primates 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02382460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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