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Cacha LA, Ali J, Rizvi ZH, Yupapin PP, Poznanski RR. Nonsynaptic plasticity model of long-term memory engrams. J Integr Neurosci 2018; 16:493-509. [PMID: 28891529 DOI: 10.3233/jin-170038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using steady-state electrical properties of non-ohmic dendrite based on cable theory, we derive electrotonic potentials that do not change over time and are localized in space. We hypothesize that clusters of such stationary, local and permanent pulses are the electrical signatures of enduring memories which are imprinted through nonsynaptic plasticity, encoded through epigenetic mechanisms, and decoded through electrotonic processing. We further hypothesize how retrieval of an engram is made possible by integration of these permanently imprinted standing pulses in a neural circuit through neurotransmission in the extracellular space as part of conscious recall that acts as a guiding template in the reconsolidation of long-term memories through novelty characterized by uncertainty that arises when new fragments of memories reinstate an engram by way of nonsynaptic plasticity that permits its destabilization. Collectively, these findings seem to reinforce this hypothesis that electrotonic processing in non-ohmic dendrites yield insights into permanent electrical signatures that could reflect upon enduring memories as fragments of long-term memory engrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Cacha
- Laser Centre, Ibnu Sina ISIR, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - J Ali
- Laser Centre, Ibnu Sina ISIR, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia.,Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Z H Rizvi
- Laser Centre, Ibnu Sina ISIR, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - P P Yupapin
- Faculty of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, District 7, Vietnam
| | - R R Poznanski
- Faculty of Biosciences & Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
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St-Pierre LS, Persinger MA. Conspicuous Histomorphological Anomalies in the Hippocampal Formation of Rats Exposed Prenatally to a Complex Sequenced Magnetic Field within the Nanotesla Range. Percept Mot Skills 2016; 97:1307-14. [PMID: 15002875 DOI: 10.2466/pms.2003.97.3f.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The brains of adult rats, exposed prenatally to one of four intensities (between 10 nanoTesla and 1.2 microTesla) of either a frequency-modulated magnetic field or a complex sequenced field designed to affect brain development, were examined histologically. Although from each intensity some rats that had been exposed to the complex sequenced magnetic field showed minor anomalies, those exposed to intensities between 30 nT and 180 nT exhibited conspicuous anomalous organizations of cells within the hippocampal formation. In other studies, rats that had been exposed during their entire prenatal development to the complex sequenced field displayed significantly more activity in the open field and poorer spatial memory during maze learning. Photomicrographs are shown of one conspicuous morphological anomaly within the right hippocampus of an adult rat exposed prenatally to the complex sequenced magnetic field with intensities between .3 mG and .5 mG (30 nT to 50 nT). The results suggest that complex magnetic fields, whose temporal structures approach the time constants of normal biochemical processes, can permanently alter the development of the brain.
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Persinger MA. Brain electromagnetic activity and lightning: potentially congruent scale-invariant quantitative properties. Front Integr Neurosci 2012; 6:19. [PMID: 22615688 PMCID: PMC3351789 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The space-time characteristics of the axonal action potential are remarkably similar to the scaled equivalents of lightning. The energy and current densities from these transients within their respective volumes or cross-sectional areas are the same order of magnitude. Length–velocity ratios and temporal durations are nearly identical. There are similar chemical consequences such as the production of nitric oxide. Careful, quantitative examination of the characteristics of lightning may reveal analogous features of the action potential that could lead to a more accurate understanding of these powerful correlates of neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Persinger
- Behavioural Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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Mezzasalma SA. Influence of a nanorod molecular layer on the biological activity of neuronal cells. A semiclassical model for complex solid/liquid interfaces with carbon nanotubes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 360:805-17. [PMID: 21621793 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A general account of electric effects is given for a biological phase interacting with a nanorod molecular layer by means of the formed hard-soft and solid-liquid interfaces. In particular, the frequency enhancement previously detected for the spontaneous activity of neuronal cultures interfaced with carbon nanotubes is quantitatively explained upon a quantum/semiclassical description, where the duration of a biological signal is viewed as the (average) lifetime of a decaying state (or population of states), and the effect of the carbon phase as a linewidth broadening. Four contributions were principally accounted for, one biological, for the synaptic strength, one electrochemical, for the overall capacitance increase implied by the nanotube double layers, one geometric, for the typical scales ruling the electron and ion conduction mechanisms, and one electromagnetic-like, translating the membrane polarization changes. These calculations predict an enhancement factor equal on average to ≃6.39, against a former experimental value ≃6.08.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano A Mezzasalma
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Persinger MA, Koren SA. A THEORY OF NEUROPHYSICS AND QUANTUM NEUROSCIENCE: IMPLICATIONS FOR BRAIN FUNCTION AND THE LIMITS OF CONSCIOUSNESS. Int J Neurosci 2009; 117:157-75. [PMID: 17365106 DOI: 10.1080/00207450500535784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The authors have assumed there are specific temporal patterns of complex electromagnetic fields that can access and affect all levels of brain space. The article presents formulae and results that might reveal the required field configurations to obtain this access and to represent these levels in human consciousness. The frequency for the transition from an imaginary to real solution for the four-dimensional human brain was the wavelength of hydrogen whereas the optimal distance in space was the width of a proton or electron. The time required to expand one Planck's length as inferred by Hubble's constant for the proton was about 1 to 3 ms, the optimal resonant "point duration" of our most bioeffective magnetic fields. Calculations indicated the volume of a proton is equivalent to a tube or string with the radius of Planck's length and the longitudinal length of m (the width of the universe). Solutions from this approach predicted the characteristics of many biological phenomena, seven more "dimensions" of space between Planck's length and the level of the proton, and an inflection point between increments of space and time that corresponded to the distances occupied by chemical bonds. The multiple congruencies of the solutions suggest that brain space could contain inordinately large amounts of information reflecting the nature of extraordinarily large increments of space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Persinger
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Biophysics Section, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
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St-Pierre LS, Persinger MA. Behavioral Changes in Adult Rats After Prenatal Exposures to Complex, Weak Magnetic Fields. Electromagn Biol Med 2009; 27:355-64. [DOI: 10.1080/15368370802493396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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St-Pierre LS, Mazzuchin A, Persinger MA. Altered blood chemistry and hippocampal histomorphology in adult rats following prenatal exposure to physiologically-patterned, weak (50–500 nanoTesla range) magnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 84:325-35. [DOI: 10.1080/09553000801953300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Lee CY. Molecular mechanism of sodium conductance changes in nerve: the role of electron transfer and energy migration. Bull Math Biol 1983; 45:759-80. [PMID: 6317102 DOI: 10.1007/bf02460048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Lee CY. The dipole flip-flop theory for the excitation and conduction of excitable tissues--I. Dipole's behavior and gating currents. Bull Math Biol 1980; 42:489-505. [PMID: 7437575 DOI: 10.1007/bf02460966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Electrical properties of collodion/n-ethylaniline membranes. J Memb Sci 1979. [DOI: 10.1016/s0376-7388(00)80435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chang DC. A physical model of nerve axon--I. Ionic distribution, potential profile, and resting potential. Bull Math Biol 1977; 39:1-22. [PMID: 830186 DOI: 10.1007/bf02460678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wei LY, Woo BY. Semiconductor theory of ion transport in thin lipid membranes. I. Potential and field distributions. Bull Math Biol 1974; 36:229-46. [PMID: 4418425 DOI: 10.1007/bf02461326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Woo BY, Wei LY. Semiconductor theory of ion transport in thin lipid membranes. II. Surface recombination. Bull Math Biol 1974; 36:247-64. [PMID: 4418426 DOI: 10.1007/bf02461327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wei LY. Dipole mechanisms of electrical, optical and thermal energy transductions in nerve membrane. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 227:285-93. [PMID: 4524338 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb14393.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Almeida SP, Bond JD, Ward TC. Electrically induced phase transitions via the dipole model in excitable membranes. Bull Math Biol 1974; 36:17-28. [PMID: 4831919 DOI: 10.1007/bf02461187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Spiegel RJ, Joines WT. A semiclassical theory for nerve excitation by a low intensity electromagnetic field. Bull Math Biol 1973; 35:591-605. [PMID: 4788625 DOI: 10.1007/bf02458364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gupta ML. On the applicability of ising and other statistical models to phase transition in biomembranes. J Biol Phys 1973. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02308962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Karreman G. Towards a physical understanding of physiological excitation as a cooperative specific adsorption phenomenon. Bull Math Biol 1973; 35:149-71. [PMID: 4783696 DOI: 10.1007/bf02558803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Arndt RA, Bond JD, Roper LD. A fit to nerve membrane rectification curves with a double-dipole-layer membrane model. THE BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 1972; 34:151-72. [PMID: 5045121 DOI: 10.1007/bf02476514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Arndt RA, Roper LD. Theory of initial current density in membrane voltage-clamp experiments. THE BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 1972; 34:45-52. [PMID: 5027636 DOI: 10.1007/bf02477023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wei LY. Possible origin of action potential and birefringence change in nerve axon. THE BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 1971; 33:521-37. [PMID: 5159820 DOI: 10.1007/bf02476415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Abstract
Assuming the dipole model for a membrane, approximate calculations are made which employ a dipole-dipole interaction energy. The calculations are based upon the assumption of cooperative coupling of membrane polar molecules and make use of the Bragg-Williams approximation. A theoretical estimate is made of the critical temperature at which phase changes might occur in certain biological membranes. Proposals are presented which explain how the dipole transition might relate to the sometimes observed thermal phase transitions in biological membranes.
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Wei LY. Quantum theory of nerve excitation. THE BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 1971; 33:187-94. [PMID: 4326025 DOI: 10.1007/bf02579471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Arndt RA, Bond JD, Roper LD. Numerical solution of steady-state electrodiffusion equations for a simple membrane. Biophys J 1971; 11:265-80. [PMID: 5573369 PMCID: PMC1483988 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(71)86213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A technique is given for obtaining numerical solutions to the steady-state electrodiffusion equations for a simple membrane. Solutions are given for several membrane boundary conditions in terms of ratios of current density to mobility for each ion type.
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Jain MK, Marks RH, Cordes EH. Kinetic model of conduction changes across excitable membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1970; 67:799-806. [PMID: 5289023 PMCID: PMC283276 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.67.2.799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
A kinetic model describing conduction changes across excitable membranes is proposed. It assumes that a population of discrete membrane sites is distributed among several distinct functional states determined by the voltage across the membrane. Interconversion of these states is postulated to occur by first-order reactions. It provides a satisfactory description of the central aspects of excitable membrane behavior, including current-time and current-voltage relationships, action potential, and effects of inhibitors.
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Mărgineanu D, Moisescu D. Energy of nerve impulse. THE BULLETIN OF MATHEMATICAL BIOPHYSICS 1970; 32:151-3. [PMID: 5418415 DOI: 10.1007/bf02476798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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