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Caballero AB, Gamez P, Sabate R, Espargaró A. Anti-Amyloid Drug Screening Methods Using Bacterial Inclusion Bodies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2538:165-188. [PMID: 35951300 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2529-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid aggregation is linked to a number of human disorders that range from non-neurological illnesses such as type 2 diabetes to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The formation of insoluble protein aggregates with amyloid conformation inside bacteria, namely, in bacterial inclusion bodies, offers the possibility to use bacteria as simple models to study amyloid aggregation processes and potential effects of both anti-amyloid drugs and/or pro-aggregative compounds. This chapter describes fast, simple, inexpensive, highly reproducible, and tunable in vitro and in cellulo methods that use bacterial inclusion bodies as preliminary screening tools for anti-amyloid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Caballero
- NanoBIC, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- NanoBIC, Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Raimon Sabate
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Espargaró
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Zhang R, Zhang L, Li C, Chen B, Li Q, Fang X, Shen Y. Refolding of Recombinant Histidine-Tagged Catalytic Domain of MMP-13 from Escherichia coli with Ion-Exchange Chromatography for Higher Bioactivity. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.917669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiying Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Alcohol Ether and Biomass Energy Engineering Research Center/Director Key Laboratory of Yulin Desert Plants Resources , Northwest University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- a Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Alcohol Ether and Biomass Energy Engineering Research Center/Director Key Laboratory of Yulin Desert Plants Resources , Northwest University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Cong Li
- a Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Alcohol Ether and Biomass Energy Engineering Research Center/Director Key Laboratory of Yulin Desert Plants Resources , Northwest University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Bang Chen
- a Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Alcohol Ether and Biomass Energy Engineering Research Center/Director Key Laboratory of Yulin Desert Plants Resources , Northwest University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- a Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Alcohol Ether and Biomass Energy Engineering Research Center/Director Key Laboratory of Yulin Desert Plants Resources , Northwest University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | - Xuexun Fang
- b Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering of Ministry of Education , Jilin University , Chang Chun , P. R. China
| | - Yehua Shen
- a Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Function Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Shaanxi Alcohol Ether and Biomass Energy Engineering Research Center/Director Key Laboratory of Yulin Desert Plants Resources , Northwest University , Xi'an , P. R. China
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3
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Tomisawa S, Hojo E, Umetsu Y, Ohki S, Kato Y, Miyazawa M, Mizuguchi M, Kamiya M, Kumaki Y, Kikukawa T, Kawano K, Demura M, Aizawa T. Overexpression of an antimicrobial peptide derived from C. elegans using an aggregation-prone protein coexpression system. AMB Express 2013; 3:45. [PMID: 23945047 PMCID: PMC3751704 DOI: 10.1186/2191-0855-3-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial factor 2 (ABF-2) is a 67-residue antimicrobial peptide derived from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Although it has been reported that ABF-2 exerts in vitro microbicidal activity against a range of bacteria and fungi, the structure of ABF-2 has not yet been solved. To enable structural studies of ABF-2 by NMR spectroscopy, a large amount of isotopically labeled ABF-2 is essential. However, the direct expression of ABF-2 in Escherichia coli is difficult to achieve due to its instability. Therefore, we applied a coexpression method to the production of ABF-2 in order to enhance the inclusion body formation of ABF-2. The inclusion body formation of ABF-2 was vastly enhanced by coexpression of aggregation-prone proteins (partner proteins). By using this method, we succeeded in obtaining milligram quantities of active, correctly folded ABF-2. In addition, 15 N-labeled ABF-2 and a well-dispersed heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectrum were also obtained successfully. Moreover, the effect of the charge of the partner protein on the inclusion body formation of ABF-2 in this method was investigated by using four structurally homologous proteins. We concluded that a partner protein of opposite charge enhanced the formation of an inclusion body of the target peptide efficiently.
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Chen YC, Liu HS. Chaperon solvent plug design in size-exclusion chromatography protein refolding process. Enzyme Microb Technol 2011; 49:203-8. [PMID: 22112410 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Revised: 04/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the chaperon solvent plug was reported as a strategy to reduce aggregation before the column inlet in SEC (size-exclusion chromatography) protein refolding process, the appropriate position at which sample injected and the volume of the chaperon solvent plug have not been elucidated. Therefore, the detail of chaperon solvent plug design was investigated in this work. Our results indicated that, to ensure good performances in the SEC refolding process, the appropriate front and tail volumes of chaperon solvent plug should be slightly larger than the optimal values, which depend on the flow dispersion from the injector to the column inlet. However, with the front volume more than the optimum, it could have an adverse effect on activity recovery but not the mass recovery, while no effect at all if the tail volume exceeded the optimum. Furthermore, it might be economical to replace the eluent (refolding buffer) after the tail of chaperon solvent plug with a cheaper one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Su Z, Lu D, Liu Z. Refolding of inclusion body proteins from E. coli. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2011; 54:319-38. [PMID: 21954784 DOI: 10.1002/9780470939932.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China
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6
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Swaminathan R, Ravi VK, Kumar S, Kumar MVS, Chandra N. Lysozyme: a model protein for amyloid research. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2011; 84:63-111. [PMID: 21846563 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386483-3.00003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ever since lysozyme was discovered by Fleming in 1922, this protein has emerged as a model for investigations on protein structure and function. Over the years, several high-resolution structures have yielded a wealth of structural data on this protein. Extensive studies on folding of lysozyme have shown how different regions of this protein dynamically interact with one another. Data is also available from numerous biotechnological studies wherein lysozyme has been employed as a model protein for recovering active recombinant protein from inclusion bodies using small molecules like l-arginine. A variety of conditions have been developed in vitro to induce fibrillation in hen lysozyme. They include (a) acidic pH at elevated temperature, (b) concentrated solutions of ethanol, (c) moderate concentrations of guanidinium hydrochloride at moderate temperature, and (d) alkaline pH at room temperature. This review aims to bring together similarities and differences in aggregation mechanisms, morphology of aggregates, and related issues that arise using the different conditions mentioned above to improve our understanding. The alkaline pH condition (pH 12.2), discovered and studied extensively in our lab, shall receive special attention. More than a decade ago, it was revealed that mutations in human lysozyme can cause accumulation of large quantities of amyloid in liver, kidney, and other regions of gastrointestinal tract. Understanding the mechanism of lysozyme aggregation will probably have therapeutic implications for the treatment of systemic nonneuropathic amyloidosis. Numerous studies have begun to focus attention on inhibition of lysozyme aggregation using antibody or small molecules. The enzymatic activity of lysozyme presents a convenient handle to quantify the native population of lysozyme in a sample where aggregation has been inhibited. The rich information available on lysozyme coupled with the multiple conditions that have been successful in inducing/inhibiting its aggregation in vitro makes lysozyme an ideal model protein to investigate amyloidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaram Swaminathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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7
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Ion-exchange chromatographic protein refolding. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7265-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2010] [Revised: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Effects of urea induced protein conformational changes on ion exchange chromatographic behavior. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7393-400. [PMID: 20956007 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Urea is widely employed to facilitate protein separations in ion exchange chromatography at various scales. In this work, five model proteins were used to examine the chromatographic effects of protein conformational changes induced by urea in ion exchange chromatography. Linear gradient experiments were carried out at various urea concentrations and the protein secondary and tertiary structures were evaluated by far UV CD and fluorescence measurements, respectively. The results indicated that chromatographic retention times were well correlated with structural changes and that they were more sensitive to tertiary structural change. Steric Mass Action (SMA) isotherm parameters were also examined and the results indicated that urea induced protein conformational changes could affect both the characteristic charge and equilibrium constants in these systems. Dynamic light scattering analysis of changes in protein size due to urea-induced unfolding indicated that the size of the protein was not correlated with SMA parameter changes. These results indicate that while urea-induced structural changes can have a marked effect on protein chromatographic behavior in IEX, this behavior can be quite complicated and protein specific. These differences in protein behavior may provide insight into how these partially unfolded proteins are interacting with the resin material.
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9
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de Groot NS, Sabate R, Ventura S. Amyloids in bacterial inclusion bodies. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:408-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Glycerol-Assisted Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography Improving Refolding of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 159:634-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8495-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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Qoronfleh MW, Hesterberg LK, Seefeldt MB. Confronting high-throughput protein refolding using high pressure and solution screens. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:209-24. [PMID: 17681810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Revised: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Over-expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli is commonly hindered by the formation of inclusion bodies. Nevertheless, refolding of proteins in vitro has become an essential requirement in the development of structural genomics (proteomics) and as a means of recovering functional proteins from inclusion bodies. Many distinct methods for protein refolding are now in use. However, regardless of method used, developing a reliable protein refolding protocol still requires significant optimization through trial and error. Many proteins fall into the category of "Challenging" or "Difficult to Express" and are problematic to refold using traditional chaotrope-based refolding techniques. This review discusses new methods for improving protein refolding, such as implementing high hydrostatic pressure, using small molecule additives to enhance traditional protein refolding strategies, as well as developing practical methods for performing refolding studies to maximize their reliability and utility. The strategies examined here focus on high-throughput, automated refolding screens, which can be applied to structural genomic projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walid Qoronfleh
- University of Michigan and Core Technology Alliance-CTA, 1024 Wolverine Tower, 3003 State Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1274, USA.
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12
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Wang SSS, Chang CK, Liu HS. Effect of sample loop dimension on lysozyme refolding in size-exclusion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1161:56-63. [PMID: 17448483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2006] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The formation of misfolded protein aggregates, in particular inclusion bodies, has been widely considered as the major hindrance of good yield in refolding processes. To enhance the performance of protein refolding, extensive efforts were directed toward seeking out methods or means to reduce the aggregate production during the refolding process. Since simultaneous refolding and separation can be feasibly achieved within the packing matrices, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) has been regarded as an efficient buffer exchange method to enhance protein refolding performance As of now, the effect of the process or operating parameters has yet to be thoroughly investigated. The present work is aimed at understanding how aggregate formation, as well as renaturation yield, varied with the diameter or length of sample loop in size-exclusion chromatography refolding process. Our results showed that not much difference was found in the patterns of aggregate formation for the contraction and the control cases. However, the formation of an additional peak was observed in the expansion cases. In addition, the amount of aggregates was not dependent on the sample loop diameter or length, but instead, influenced by injection volume and protein concentration. It was further concluded that a sample with large volume and low concentration was preferable for refolding process. We believe that the outcome from this work may shed light on the development of a more effective strategy for refolding processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven S-S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Freydell EJ, Ottens M, Eppink M, van Dedem G, van der Wielen L. Efficient solubilization of inclusion bodies. Biotechnol J 2007; 2:678-84. [PMID: 17492713 DOI: 10.1002/biot.200700046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The overexpression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli leads in most cases to their accumulation in the form of insoluble aggregates referred to as inclusion bodies (IBs). To obtain an active product, the IBs must be solubilized and thereafter the soluble monomeric protein needs to be refolded. In this work we studied the solubilization behavior of a model-protein expressed as IBs at high protein concentrations, using a statistically designed experiment to determine which of the process parameters, or their interaction, have the greatest impact on the amount of soluble protein and the fraction of soluble monomer. The experimental methodology employed pointed out an optimum balance between maximum protein solubility and minimum fraction of soluble aggregates. The optimized conditions solubilized the IBs without the formation of insoluble aggregates; moreover, the fraction of soluble monomer was approximately 75% while the fraction of soluble aggregates was approximately 5%. Overall this approach guarantees a better use of the solubilization reagents, which brings an economical and technical benefit, at both large and lab scale and may be broadly applicable for the production of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban J Freydell
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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14
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Geng X, Wang C. Protein folding liquid chromatography and its recent developments. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 849:69-80. [PMID: 17116432 PMCID: PMC7105250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Revised: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of proteomics is to identify biologically active proteins and to produce them using biotechnology tools such as bacterial hosts. However, proteins produced by Escherichia coli must be refolded to their native state. Protein folding liquid chromatography (PFLC) is a new method developed in recent years, and it is widely used in molecular biology and biotechnology. In this paper, the new method, PFLC is introduced and its recent development is reviewed. In addition the paper includes definitions, advantages, principles, applications for both laboratory and large scales, apparatus, and effecting factors of PFLC. In addition, the role of this method in the future is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xindu Geng
- Institute of Modern Separation Science, Key Laboratory of Separation Science in Shaanxi Province, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, PR China.
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15
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Wang SSS, Chang CK, Liu HS. Step change of mobile phase flow rates to enhance protein folding in size exclusion chromatography. Biochem Eng J 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang F, Liu Y, Li J, Ma G, Su Z. On-column refolding of consensus interferon at high concentration with guanidine-hydrochloride and polyethylene glycol gradients. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1115:72-80. [PMID: 16545825 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.02.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Dilution refolding of consensus interferon (C-IFN) had a limit on final concentration not exceeding 0.1 mg ml(-1) in order to achieve specific activity of 2.2x10(8) U mg(-1). Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) only gave a marginal improvement on the specific activity. Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) was tried but a simple step-wise elution could not refold the protein. Successful refolding was achieved by gradient elution with the decreasing of guanidine-hydrochloride (guanidine-HCl) concentration. The column was packed with a commercially available HIC medium that was designed for protein separation. Polyethylene glycol was found to possess better effect on the column than in the dilution for promotion of correct refolding, especially in gradient mode. A novel dual-gradient strategy, consisting of decreasing guanidine-HCl concentration and increasing PEG concentration, was developed to enhance the refolding yield. Denatured C-IFN was allowed to adsorb and elute from the HIC column through a gradually changed solution environment. Compared with dilution refolding, the gradient HIC process, in the presence of PEG, gave about 2.6-folds of increase in specific activity, 30% increase in soluble protein recovery. Partial purification was also achieved simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangwei Wang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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17
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Wang SS, Chang CK, Peng MJ, Liu HS. Effect of Glutathione Redox System on Lysozyme Refolding in Size Exclusion Chromatography. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2006. [DOI: 10.1205/fbp.05141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Wang J, Lu D, Lin Y, Liu Z. How CTAB assists the refolding of native and recombinant lysozyme. Biochem Eng J 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Li M, Su ZG, Janson JC. In vitro protein refolding by chromatographic procedures. Protein Expr Purif 2004; 33:1-10. [PMID: 14680955 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2003.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2003] [Revised: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In vitro protein refolding is still a bottleneck in both structural biology and in the development of new biopharmaceuticals, especially for commercially important polypeptides that are overexpressed in Escherichia coli. This review focuses on protein refolding methods based on column procedures because recent advances in chromatographic refolding have shown promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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