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Expression of novel nitrate reductase genes in the harmful alga, Chattonella subsalsa. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13417. [PMID: 30194416 PMCID: PMC6128913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31735-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic nitrate reductase (NR) catalyzes the first step in nitrate assimilation and is regulated transcriptionally in response to external cues and intracellular metabolic status. NRs are also regulated post-translationally in plants by phosphorylation and binding of 14-3-3 proteins at conserved serine residues. 14-3-3 binding motifs have not previously been identified in algal NRs. A novel NR (NR2-2/2HbN) with a 2/2 hemoglobin domain was recently described in the alga Chattonella subsalsa. Here, a second NR (NR3) in C. subsalsa is described with a 14-3-3 binding motif but lacking the Heme-Fe domain found in other NRs. Transcriptional regulation of both NRs was examined in C. subsalsa, revealing differential gene expression over a diel light cycle, but not under constant light. NR2 transcripts increased with a decrease in temperature, while NR3 remained unchanged. NR2 and NR3 transcript levels were not inhibited by growth on ammonium, suggesting constitutive expression of these genes. Results indicate that Chattonella responds to environmental conditions and intracellular metabolic status by differentially regulating NR transcription, with potential for post-translational regulation of NR3. A survey of algal NRs also revealed the presence of 14-3-3 binding motifs in other algal species, indicating the need for future research on regulation of algal NRs.
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Sanz-Luque E, Chamizo-Ampudia A, Llamas A, Galvan A, Fernandez E. Understanding nitrate assimilation and its regulation in microalgae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:899. [PMID: 26579149 PMCID: PMC4620153 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate assimilation is a key process for nitrogen (N) acquisition in green microalgae. Among Chlorophyte algae, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has resulted to be a good model system to unravel important facts of this process, and has provided important insights for agriculturally relevant plants. In this work, the recent findings on nitrate transport, nitrate reduction and the regulation of nitrate assimilation are presented in this and several other algae. Latest data have shown nitric oxide (NO) as an important signal molecule in the transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of nitrate reductase and inorganic N transport. Participation of regulatory genes and proteins in positive and negative signaling of the pathway and the mechanisms involved in the regulation of nitrate assimilation, as well as those involved in Molybdenum cofactor synthesis required to nitrate assimilation, are critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emilio Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of CordobaCordoba, Spain
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Jiao J, Jia Y, Lv Z, Sun C, Gao L, Yan X, Cui L, Tang Z, Yan B. Analysis of methylated patterns and quality-related genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cultivars. Biochem Genet 2014; 52:372-86. [PMID: 24816541 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-014-9654-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism was used in this study to investigate epigenetic information of four tobacco cultivars: Yunyan 85, NC89, K326, and Yunyan 87. The DNA fragments with methylated information were cloned by reamplified PCR and sequenced. The results of Blast alignments showed that the genes with methylation information included chitinase, nitrate reductase, chloroplast DNA, mitochondrial DNA, ornithine decarboxylase, ribulose carboxylase, and promoter sequences. Homologous comparison in three cloned gene sequences (nitrate reductase, ornithine decarboxylase, and ribulose decarboxylase) indicated that geographic factors had significant influence on the whole genome methylation. Introns also contained different information in different tobacco cultivars. These findings suggest that synthetic mechanisms for tobacco aromatic components could be affected by different environmental factors leading to variation of noncoding regions in the genome, which finally results in different fragrance and taste in different tobacco cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junna Jiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China,
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Nogueira GB, Queiroz MV, Ribeiro RA, Araújo EF. Structural and functional characterization of the Colletotrichum lindemuthianum nit1 gene, which encodes a nitrate eductase enzyme. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:420-33. [PMID: 23420367 DOI: 10.4238/2013.february.8.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is the causal agent of plant bean anthracnose, one of the most important diseases affecting the common bean. We investigated the structure and expression of the nit1 gene (nitrate reductase) of C. lindemuthianum. The nit1 gene open reading frame contains 2787 bp, interrupted by a single 69-bp intron. The predicted protein has 905 amino acids; it shows high identity with the nitrate reductase of C. higginsianum (79%) and C. graminicola (73%). Expression of nit1 in C. lindemuthianum was evaluated in mycelia grown on different nitrogen sources under conditions of activation and repression. The gene was expressed after 15 min of induction with nitrate, reaching maximum expression at 360 min. The transcription was repressed in mycelia grown in media enriched with ammonia, urea or glutamine. Twenty nit1⁻ mutants were obtained in a medium treated with chlorate. Ten of these mutants were characterized by DNA hybridization, which identified point mutations, a deletion and an insertion. These rearrangements in the nit1 gene in the different mutants may have occurred through activity of transposable elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Nogueira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à Agropecuária, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brasil
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Stewart JJ, Coyne KJ. Analysis of raphidophyte assimilatory nitrate reductase reveals unique domain architecture incorporating a 2/2 hemoglobin. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 77:565-75. [PMID: 22038092 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-011-9831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic assimilatory nitrate reductase (NR) is a multi-domain protein that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in nitrate assimilation. This protein is highly conserved and has been extensively characterized in plants and algae. Here, we report hybrid NRs (NR2-2/2HbN) identified in two microalgal species, Heterosigma akashiwo and Chattonella subsalsa, with a 2/2 hemoglobin (2/2Hb) inserted into the hinge 2 region of a prototypical NR. 2/2Hbs are a class of single-domain heme proteins found in bacteria, ciliates, algae and plants. Sequence analysis indicates that the C-terminal FAD/NADH reductase domain of NR2-2/2HbN retains identity with eukaryotic NR, suggesting that the 2/2Hb domain was inserted interior to the existing NR domain architecture. Phylogenetic analysis supports the placement of the 2/2Hb domain of NR2-2/2HbN within group I (N-type) 2/2Hbs with high similarity to mycobacterial 2/2HbNs, known to convert nitric oxide to nitrate. Experimental data confirms that H. akashiwo is capable of metabolizing nitric oxide and shows that HaNR2-2/2HbN expression increases in response to nitric oxide addition. Here, we propose a mechanism for the dual function of NR2-2/2HbN in which nitrate reduction and nitric oxide dioxygenase reactions are cooperative, such that conversion of nitric oxide to nitrate is followed by reduction of nitrate for assimilation as cellular nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Stewart
- University of Delaware College of Earth, Ocean, and Environment, Lewes, DE 19958, USA
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Bhadury P, Song B, Ward BB. Intron features of key functional genes mediating nitrogen metabolism in marine phytoplankton. Mar Genomics 2011; 4:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.margen.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Wang P, Du Y, Song CP. Phosphorylation by MPK6: a conserved transcriptional modification mediates nitrate reductase activation and NO production? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:889-91. [PMID: 21593598 PMCID: PMC3218497 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.6.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate reductase is a central enzyme of nitrogen assimilation in plants. In a recent work, we have revealed MPK6 could phosphorylate Arabidopsis NIA2 at the serine 627 in hinge 2 region, this phosporylation may represent a rapid activation mechnism when plant need excessive nitrate reduction. Interestingly, all eukaryotic NRs have conserved docking sequence in their FAD domains, and many plant NR proteins have the conserved MAPK phosphorylation site. Those results indicated the MAPK cascades, the conserved signaling pathway also involved in lateral root development, mediated of NR phosporylation and NO generation. We noticed that the phosphorylation of S627 residue by MPK6 have a specially influence on the NO generation activity of NIA2. Although no homology of mammalian NOS has been identified in plants, NR may still share a similar regulation mechanism with mammalian NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wang
- Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Adaptation and Survival of Plants in High Stress Habitats via Fungal Endophyte Conferred Stress Tolerance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9449-0_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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Levin RA, Blanton J, Miller JS. Phylogenetic utility of nuclear nitrate reductase: A multi-locus comparison of nuclear and chloroplast sequence data for inference of relationships among American Lycieae (Solanaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2009; 50:608-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Amey RC, Athey-Pollard A, Mills PR, Foster GD, Bailey A. Investigations into the taxonomy of the mushroom pathogen Verticillium fungicola and its relatives based on sequence analysis of nitrate reductase and ITS regions. Microbiology (Reading) 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261707060161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Cecília de Lima Fávaro L, Luiz Araújo W, Aparecida de Souza-Paccola E, Lúcio Azevedo J, Paccola-Meirelles LD. Colletotrichum sublineolum genetic instability assessed by mutants resistant to chlorate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 111:93-105. [PMID: 17158042 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Colletotrichum sublineolum, causal agent of sorghum anthracnose, presents high variability, genetic instability and host specialization. The aims of the present work were to investigate the mechanisms involved in the genetic instability in this species. Mutants resistant to chlorate and unable to use nitrate (Nit mutants), were obtained spontaneously, isolated and characterized for complementation pattern, reversion frequency and RAPD profile. The results showed that chlorate-resistant mutants could be divided into six phenotypic classes that probably represented mutations in the structural nitrate reductase locus (nit1), in the structural nitrite reductase locus (nit6 and niiA of Neurospora and Aspergillus, respectively), in the specific regulator locus (nit3), in the main regulator locus (nit2), in loci that codified the cofactor containing molybdenum necessary for nitrate reductase activity (NitM), and one or more genes responsible for nitrate intake (crn). In addition, the genetic control of this metabolism in C. sublineolum seems to be similar to other fungi species such as Aspergillus, Neurospora and Fusarium. The high reversion frequency (10(-4) to 10(-5)) presented by nit1 mutants suggests that the instability in evaluated strains could be a result of transposable elements activity. The RAPD analysis enabled confirmation that the Nit mutants have a similar genetic background to original strain, and that polymorphism exists among wild-type strains, nit1 mutants and revertants of C. sublineolum. These are important aspects for the later direction of molecular analysis, where these mutants will be used as a tool to isolate the active transposable elements in the C. sublineolum genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léia Cecília de Lima Fávaro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Genética, PO Box 83, 13400-970 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pereira JF, de Queiroz MV, Lopes FJF, Rocha RB, Daboussi MJ, de Araújo EF. Characterization, regulation, and phylogenetic analyses of thePenicillium griseoroseumnitrate reductase gene and its use as selection marker for homologous transformation. Can J Microbiol 2004; 50:891-900. [PMID: 15644906 DOI: 10.1139/w04-081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Penicillium griseoroseum has been studied because of its efficient pectinases production. In this work, the Penicillium griseoroseum nitrate reductase gene was characterized, transcriptionaly analyzed in different nitrogen sources, and used to create a phylogenetic tree and to develop a homologous transformation system. The regulatory region contained consensus signals involved in nitrogen metabolism and the structural region was possibly interrupted by 6 introns coding for a deduced protein with 864 amino acids. RT–PCR analysis revealed high amounts of niaD transcript in the presence of nitrate. Transcription was repressed by ammonium, urea, and glutamine showing an efficient turnover of the niaD mRNA. Phylogenetics analysis showed distinct groups clearly separated in accordance with the classical taxonomy. A mutant with a 122-bp deletion was used in homologous transformation experiments and showed a transformation frequency of 14 transformants/µg DNA. All analyzed transformants showed that both single- and double-crossover recombination occurred at the niaD locus. The establishment of this homologous transformation system is an essential step for the improvement of pectinase production in Penicillium griseoroseum.Key words: nitrate reductase, nitrogen metabolism, Penicillium griseoroseum, phylogenetic analysis, homologous transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Fernando Pereira
- Departamento de Microbiologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36.570-000 Viçosa-MG, Brazil
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Howarth DG, Baum DA. Phylogenetic utility of a nuclear intron from nitrate reductase for the study of closely related plant species. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2002; 23:525-8. [PMID: 12099803 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(02)00035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dianella G Howarth
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Rexach J, Montero B, Fernández E, Galván A. Differential regulation of the high affinity nitrite transport systems III and IV in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:27801-6. [PMID: 10488125 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.39.27801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two high affinity nitrite transporters have been identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. They have been named system III and system IV and shown to be differentially regulated by nitrogen and carbon supply. System III was induced under high CO(2) and required a micromolar nitrate signal for optimal expression, was inhibited by ammonium, and was not affected by either chloride or the chloride channel inhibitor 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid. System IV was induced optimally under limiting CO(2) and did not require nitrate signal, was inhibited by chloride and 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid, but was not affected by ammonium. Two transcripts that shared the expression pattern of systems III and IV activities were detected with an Nrt2;3 gene probe. In addition, a mutant defective in both the activity of system III and the expression of Nrt2;3 gene has been isolated. Genetic crosses and in vivo complementation studies indicate that this mutant is defective in a locus that is closely linked to the regulatory gene Nit2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rexach
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Avenida San Alberto Magno s/n, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba and Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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