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Alvarado K, Durand E, Vaysse L, Liengprayoon S, Gaillet S, Coudray C, Casas F, Feillet-Coudray C. Effets bénéfiques potentiels des acides gras furaniques, des lipides alimentaires bioactifs. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Alizadeh M, Jalal M, Hamed K, Saber A, Kheirouri S, Pourteymour Fard Tabrizi F, Kamari N. Recent Updates on Anti-Inflammatory and Antimicrobial Effects of Furan Natural Derivatives. J Inflamm Res 2020; 13:451-463. [PMID: 32884326 PMCID: PMC7443407 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s262132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The furan nucleus is found in a large number of biologically active materials. In recent years, many natural furan derivatives were isolated and their biological effects were investigated. In this review, we focused on the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of some natural furans and discussed their effects on the immune system. Our investigation revealed that furan natural derivatives have effective antioxidant activities and exert regulatory effects on various cellular activities by modifying some signaling pathways such as MAPK (mitogen-activated Protein Kinase) and PPAR-ɣ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma). The antimicrobial activity of these natural compounds was performed through selective inhibition of microbial growth and modification of enzymes. Further studies are needed for isolation and detection of different furan derivatives from natural compounds and investigation of their precise mechanisms for revealing health beneficial effects of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alizadeh
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Moludi Jalal
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Khodaei Hamed
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Saber
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sorayya Kheirouri
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Negin Kamari
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Lauvai J, Becker AK, Lehnert K, Schumacher M, Hieronimus B, Vetter W, Graeve L. The Furan Fatty Acid 9M5 Acts as a Partial Ligand to Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma and Enhances Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes. Lipids 2020; 54:277-288. [PMID: 31087413 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A food that has been praised for its beneficial effects on overall health is fish, particularly its polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, it has recently been suggested that minor fatty acids such as furan fatty acids are needed in combination with DHA and EPA to exert these positive effects of fish and fish oils. Only recently have furan fatty acids become available in quantities that allow the investigation of their biofunctional properties. In this study, the uptake and effect of the furan fatty acid 9-(3-methyl-5-pentylfuran-2-yl)-nonanoic acid (9M5) as a sole component and in combination with DHA and EPA on adipogenesis were analyzed using the 3T3-L1 cell model. 9M5 is taken up and metabolized into 7M5, 5M5, and 3M5 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes during a 24-h period as shown with gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Furthermore, 9M5 significantly increased lipid accumulation during the differentiation process of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into adipocytes. In addition, the combinations of DHA + 9M5 and EPA + DHA + 9M5 also exerted a significant increase compared to control adipocytes. 3T3-L1 cells incubated with 9M5 resulted in an increased protein expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, FABP4, and adiponectin, although not to the extent that DHA as a sole component or DHA + 9M5 did. Earlier studies have shown that DHA is a natural ligand for PPARγ, thus being a potential alternative to the antidiabetic thiazolidinediones. We show that 9M5 activates a PPARγ-responsive reporter gene and could therefore be a natural ligand for PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Lauvai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna-Karina Becker
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Katja Lehnert
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Monika Schumacher
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Bettina Hieronimus
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Graeve
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 30, D-70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Gottstein V, Müller M, Günther J, Kuballa T, Vetter W. Direct 1H NMR Quantitation of Valuable Furan Fatty Acids in Fish Oils and Fish Oil Fractions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:11788-11795. [PMID: 31565927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Furan fatty acids (FuFAs) are a class of naturally occurring minor fatty acids with fish as the richest food source. Typically, FuFA analysis is cumbersome and involves several steps. We developed a quantitative 1H NMR method (qNMR) in which fish oil samples were directly measured after dilution with CDCl3 stabilized with silver (which was essential to prevent formation of radicals) and addition of an internal standard. The singlet at δ = 1.89 ppm was suitable for quantitation of monomethyl FuFAs, whereas the signal at δ = 1.83 ppm was suitable to quantitate dimethyl FuFAs. Using standard NMR tubes with 650 μL solvent, the limit of quantitation was 0.5 μg (dimethyl FuFAs) and 1.0 μg (monomethyl FuFAs). Applied to three fish oil and two enriched fish oil samples (sample weight, 10 mg), the final qNMR method resulted in similar total FuFA contents as determined in parallel by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Gottstein
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim , D-70593 Stuttgart , Germany
- CVUA Karlsruhe , Weißenburgerstraße 3 , 76187 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Marco Müller
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim , D-70593 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Johannes Günther
- Spectroscopy Unit , Core Facility Hohenheim , D-70593 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Thomas Kuballa
- CVUA Karlsruhe , Weißenburgerstraße 3 , 76187 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, Department of Food Chemistry (170b) , University of Hohenheim , D-70593 Stuttgart , Germany
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Kirres C, Vetter W. Furan fatty acid content and homologue patterns of fresh green matrices. J Food Compost Anal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Xu L, Sinclair AJ, Faiza M, Li D, Han X, Yin H, Wang Y. Furan fatty acids - Beneficial or harmful to health? Prog Lipid Res 2017; 68:119-137. [PMID: 29051014 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Furan fatty acids are found in plants, algae, and fish, and reported to have some positive health benefits, including anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and inhibition of non-enzymatic lipid peroxidation. A major metabolite of furan fatty acids, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), has been reported to be increased in patients who progress from prediabetes to type 2 diabetes, although CMPF is not necessarily associated with impaired glucose metabolism. Other studies report that CMPF levels are lower in subjects with diabetes than control subjects. Plasma CMPF levels increase in subjects who consume fish or fish oil, and in patients with renal failure. It is not known where furan fatty acids are converted to CMPF and it is speculated that this might be a result of microbiome activity. The plasma levels reported for CMPF in healthy, diabetic and patients with renal disease vary by factors of more than 100-fold within each of these three groups, so measurement error appears to be limiting the ability to interpret studies. This review explores these controversies and raises questions about whether CMPF is a marker for healthy diets or indeed associated with diabetes and renal health. The review concludes that, on balance, furan fatty acids are beneficial for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Research Center of Lipid Science and Applied Engineering Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Andrew J Sinclair
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Locked Bag, 20000, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Muniba Faiza
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Research Center of Lipid Science and Applied Engineering Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Daoming Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Research Center of Lipid Science and Applied Engineering Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Aging and Longevity Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonia, TX 78284, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonia, TX 78284, USA
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China 200031
| | - Yonghua Wang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Research Center of Lipid Science and Applied Engineering Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Research Institute for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Sano T, Okabe R, Iwahashi M, Imagi J, Sato T, Yamashita T, Fukusaki E, Bamba T. Effect of Furan Fatty Acids and 3-Methyl-2,4-nonanedione on Light-Induced Off-Odor in Soybean Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2136-2140. [PMID: 28215079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Soybean oil is one of the most widely consumed vegetable oils. However, under photooxidative conditions, this oil develops a beany and green off-odor through a mechanism that has not yet been elucidated. Upon photooxidation, 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione (3-MND) produces a strong aroma. In this study, the effect of furan fatty acids and 3-MND on odor reversion in soybean oil was investigated. Our findings suggest that the observed light-induced off-odor was likely attributable to the furan fatty acids present in the oil through the generation of 3-MND. While 3-MND may not be directly responsible for the development of light-induced off-odor, this compound appears to be involved because off-odor was detected in canola oil samples containing added 3-MND. In addition, in the present work, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione, which is derived from 3-MND, was identified for the first time in light-exposed soybean oil and shown to be one of the compounds responsible for odor reversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sano
- J-Oil Mills, Incorporated , 7-41 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0053, Japan
| | - Ryo Okabe
- J-Oil Mills, Incorporated , 7-41 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0053, Japan
| | - Maiko Iwahashi
- J-Oil Mills, Incorporated , 7-41 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0053, Japan
| | - Jun Imagi
- J-Oil Mills, Incorporated , 7-41 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0053, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- J-Oil Mills, Incorporated , 7-41 Daikoku-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0053, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamashita
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Bamba
- Division of Metabolomics, Research Center for Transomics Medicine, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University , 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Chvalová D, Špička J. Identification of furan fatty acids in the lipids of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Food Chem 2016; 200:183-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Optimised total syntheses of the F-furan fatty acids F 5 and F 6 and some deuterated derivatives. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wendlinger C, Hammann S, Vetter W. Detailed Study of Furan Fatty Acids in Total Lipids and the Cholesteryl Ester Fraction of Fish Liver. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0211-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Hammann S, Wendlinger C, Vetter W. Analysis of Intact Cholesteryl Esters of Furan Fatty Acids in Cod Liver. Lipids 2015; 50:611-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Pacetti D, Balzano M, Colella S, Santojanni A, Frega NG. Effect of spawning on furan fatty acid profile of edible muscle and organ tissues from sardine (Sardina pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3969-3977. [PMID: 23531042 DOI: 10.1021/jf400555u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The total fatty acid compositions, especially the furan fatty acid (F-acids) profile, from edible muscle (fillet) and organ tissues (brain, eye, ovaries, and testes) of spawning and nonspawning sardine and anchovy were examined. The spawning season had no effect on F-acid profiles of the fillet and all organ tissues, for both fishes. However, differences among the F-acid fraction of the organ tissues were revealed. The F-acid portion was less than 1% of total fatty acid in all samples. Five F-acid congeners were detected in the fillet, eye, and gonads, while the brain contained only four F-acids. Unlike the F-acids, spawning season affected the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) abundance in fillet and gonads. DHA enrichment occurred in fillets and gonads from spawning sardine and anchovy. The ratio ω3 PUFA/ω6 PUFA decreases between spawning and nonspawning fillets, thus the fillets from spawning fish have higher nutritional value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Pacetti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche , Via Brecce Bianche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
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Vetter W, Laure S, Wendlinger C, Mattes A, Smith AWT, Knight DW. Determination of Furan Fatty Acids in Food Samples. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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W. Knight D, W. T. Smith A. Optimized Syntheses of the Furan Fatty Acids F5 and F6 Featuring Convertion of a β-Iodofuran into a β-Methylfuran in a Single Operation. HETEROCYCLES 2012. [DOI: 10.3987/com-11-s(p)63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Furan fatty acid as an anti-inflammatory component from the green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17533-7. [PMID: 21972415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110577108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A lipid extract of Perna canaliculus (New Zealand green-lipped mussel) has reportedly displayed anti-inflammatory effects in animal models and in human controlled studies. However, the anti-inflammatory lipid components have not been investigated in detail due to the instability of the lipid extract, which has made the identification of the distinct active components a formidable task. Considering the instability of the active component, we carefully fractionated a lipid extract of Perna canaliculus (Lyprinol) and detected furan fatty acids (F-acids). These naturally but rarely detected fatty acids show potent radical-scavenging ability and are essential constituents of plants and algae. Based on these data, it has been proposed that F-acids could be potential antioxidants, which may contribute to the protective properties of fish and fish oil diets against chronic inflammatory diseases. However, to date, in vivo data to support the hypothesis have not been obtained, presumably due to the limited availability of F-acids. To confirm the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of F-acids in comparison with that of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), we developed a semisynthetic preparation and examined its anti-inflammatory activity in a rat model of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Indeed, the F-acid ethyl ester exhibited more potent anti-inflammatory activity than that of the EPA ethyl ester. We report on the in vivo activity of F-acids, confirming that the lipid extract of the green-lipped mussel includes an unstable fatty acid that is more effective than EPA.
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Ellamar JB, Song KS, Kim HR. One-step production of a biologically active novel furan fatty acid from 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:8175-8179. [PMID: 21711016 DOI: 10.1021/jf2015683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Furan fatty acids (F-acids) gain special attention because they are known to play important roles in biological systems including humans. Specifically, F-acids are known to have strong antioxidant activitis such as radical scavenging activity. Although widely distributed in most biological systems, F-acids are trace components and their biosynthesis is complicated and quite different by sources. On the basis of biochemical study, they are considered to be an essential nutritional factor for mammals and should be provided through the diet. Hence, several studies reported the chemical synthesis of F-acids using chemical catalysts. However, chemical synthesis required complicated multiple steps. In this study was developed a simple one-step synthesis of a novel F-acid, 7,10-epoxyoctadeca-7,9-dienoic acid (EODA), from a dihydroxyl fatty acid, 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD), by heat treatment. The structure of EODA was confirmed by GC-MS, NMR, and FTIR analyses, and maximum production yield under the reaction conditions of 90 °C and 24 h reached 80%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel B Ellamar
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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18
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Guth H, Grosch W. Detection of Furanoid Fatty Acids in Soya‐Bean Oil – Cause for the Light‐Induced Off‐Flavour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19910930703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Grosch
- Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Lebensmittelchemie und Institut für Lebensmittelchemie der Technischen Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D‐8046 Garching, Germany
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Pfordt J, Thoma H, Spiteller G. Identifizierung, Strukturableitung und Synthese bisher unbekannter Urofuransäuren im menschlichen Blut. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198119811217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Spiteller G. Furan fatty acids: occurrence, synthesis, and reactions. Are furan fatty acids responsible for the cardioprotective effects of a fish diet? Lipids 2006; 40:755-71. [PMID: 16296395 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-005-1438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Furan FA (F-acids) are tri- or tetrasubstituted furan derivatives characterized by either a propyl or pentyl side chain in one of the alpha-positions; the other is substituted by a straight long-chain saturated acid with a carboxylic group at its end. F-acids are generated in large amounts in algae, but they are also produced by plants and microorganisms. Fish and other marine organisms as well as mammals consume F-acids in their food and incorporate them into phospholipids and cholesterol esters. F-acids are catabolized to dibasic urofuran acids, which are excreted in the urine. The biogenetic precursor of the most abundant F-acid, F6, is linoleic acid. Methyl groups in the beta-position are derived from adenosylmethionine. Owing to the different alkyl substituents, synthesis of F-acids requires multistep reactions. F-acids react readily with peroxyl radicals to generate dioxoenes. The radical-scavenging ability of F-acids may contribute to the protective properties of fish and fish oil diets against mortality from heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Spiteller
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Spiteller G. The relation of lipid peroxidation processes with atherogenesis: A new theory on atherogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005; 49:999-1013. [PMID: 16270286 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200500055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The extremely high sensitivity of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to oxygen is apparently used by nature to induce stepwise appropriate cell responses. It is hypothesized that any alteration in the cell membrane structure induces influx of Ca2+ ions. Ca2+ ions are required to activate degrading enzymes, such as phospholipases and lipoxygenases (LOX) that transform PUFAs bound to membrane phospholipids to lipidhydroperoxides (LOOHs). Enzymatic reduction products of LOOHs seem to serve as ligands of proteins, which induce gene activation to initiate a physiological response. Increasing external impact on cells is connected with deactivation of LOX, liberation of the iron ion in its active center followed by cleavage of LOOH molecules to LO * radicals. LO * radicals induce a second set of responses leading to generation of unsaturated aldehydic phospholipids and unsaturated epoxyhydroxy acids that contribute to induction of apoptosis. Finally peroxyl radicals are generated by attack of LO * radicals on phospholipids. The latter attack nearly all types of cell constituents: Amino- and hydroxyl groups are oxidized to carbonyl functions, sugars and proteins are cleaved, molecules containing double bonds such as unsaturated fatty acids or cholesterol suffer epoxidation. LOOH molecules and iron ions at the cell wall of an injured cell are in tight contact with phospholipids of neighboring cells and transfer to these reactive radicals. Thus, the damaging processes proceed and cause finally necrosis except the chain reaction is stopped by scavengers, such as glutathione. Consequently, PUFAs incorporated into phospholipids of the cell wall are apparently equally important for the fate of a single organism as the DNA in the nucleus for conservation of the species. This review intends to demonstrate the connection of cell alteration reactions with induction of lipid peroxidation (LPO) processes and their relation to inflammatory diseases, especially atherosclerosis and a possible involvement of food. Previously it was deduced that food rich in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids is atherogenic, while food rich in n-3 PUFAs was recognized to be protective against vascular diseases. These deductions are in contradiction to the fact that saturated fatty acids withstand oxidation while n-3 PUFAs are subjected to LPO like all other PUFAs. Considering the influence of minor food constituents a new theory about atherogenesis and the influence of n-3 PUFAs is represented that might resolve the contradictory results of feeding experiments and chemical experiences. Cholesterol-PUFA esters are minor constituents of mammalian derived food, but main components of low density lipoprotein (LDL). The PUFA part of these esters occasionally suffers oxidation by heating or storage of mammalian derived food. There are indications that these oxidized cholesterol esters are directly incorporated into lipoproteins and transferred via the LDL into endothelial cells where they induce damage and start the sequence of events outlined above. The deduction that consumption of n-3 PUFAs protects against vascular diseases is based on the observation that people living on a fish diet have a low incidence to be affected by vascular diseases. Fish are rich in n-3 PUFAs; thus, it was deduced that the protective properties of a fish diet are due to n-3 PUFAs. Fish, fish oils, and vegetables contain besides n-3 PUFAs as minor constituents furan fatty acids (F-acids). These are radical scavengers and are incorporated after consumption of these nutrients into human phospholipids, leading to the assumption that not n-3 PUFAs, but F-acids are responsible for the beneficial efficiency of a fish diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Spiteller
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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Schödel R, Spiteller G. Über die Strukturaufklärung von (Hydroxy-oxo-cyclopentenyl)alkansäuren, den Aldolkondensationsprodukten von Dioxoencarbonsäuren aus Rinderleber. Helv Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.19850680615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Marson CM, Harper S. Catalytic Isomerization of 1-Alkynyl-2,3-epoxy Alcohols to Substituted Furans: Succinct Routes to Furanoid Fatty Acids and Difurylmethanes. J Org Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jo980856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Marson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Steven Harper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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25
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Tanaka T, Ikebuchi H, Sawada J, Tanaka Y. Production of antiserum for sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid by chemiluminescence. Lipids 1998; 33:733-6. [PMID: 9688178 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To obtain a specific antiserum for use in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), we prepared a hapten-carrier conjugate in which the CMPF hapten was linked to a carrier protein through the 5-(1-hydrazopropyl) group. The antisera raised against this antigen in guinea pigs had excellent specificity for CMPF, showing little cross-reactivity with closely related compounds and no significant cross-reactivities with other furan compounds. The results indicated that a specific antiserum to CMPF could be produced by an antigen whose CMPF moiety is linked to a carrier protein through a position remote from the inherent functional groups. A standard curve of CMPF by ELISA using a chemiluminescence system showed a high sensitivity and a linearity in the range of 5-100 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tanaka
- Division of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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26
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27
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Wu X, Hammond EG, White PJ, Fehr W. Analysis of furanoid esters in soybean oil and the effect of variety and environment on furanoid ester content. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-997-0031-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Wu
- ; Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Agronomy; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Earl G. Hammond
- ; Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Agronomy; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Pamela J. White
- ; Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Agronomy; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
| | - Walter Fehr
- ; Departments of Food Science and Human Nutrition and Agronomy; Iowa State University; Ames Iowa 50011
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28
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Dembitsky VM, Rezanka T. Furan fatty acids of some brackish invertebrates from the Caspian sea. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(96)00063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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29
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Maletz R, Schäfer HJ, Quermann R. Conversion of unsaturated fatty acids — Nucleophilic additions to methyl (E)-12-Oxo-10-octadecenoate [1]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/lipi.19960981106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Yurawecz MP, Hood JK, Mossoba MM, Roach JA, Ku Y. Furan fatty acids determined as oxidation products of conjugated octadecadienoic acid. Lipids 1995; 30:595-8. [PMID: 7564913 DOI: 10.1007/bf02536995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify oxidation products of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a series of octadecadienoic acids with conjugated double bonds, which have been reported to have antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. Reference materials of CLA were oxidized in different concentrations of water/methanol; for example, 0.5 g octadecadienoic acid was dissolved in 50 mL methanol, and 100 mL water was added; this suspension was heated at 50 degrees C and continuously aerated. Aliquots of 5 mL were taken over time, extracted with ether, treated with diazomethane and examined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and/or gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection. Products identified included the following furan fatty acids (FFAs): 8,11-epoxy-8,10-octadecadienoic; 9,12-epoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic; 10,13-epoxy-10,12-octadecadienoic; and 11,14-epoxy-11,13-octadecadienoic. Conjugated dienes should be considered as a possible source of FFAs, and CLA may have products common to furans in their overall oxidative scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Yurawecz
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Washington, DC 20204, USA
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31
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Wahl HG, Chrzanowski A, Mu¨ller C, Liebich HM, Hoffmann A. Identification of furan fatty acids in human blood cells and plasma by multi-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(94)01083-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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32
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Huang JK, Keudell KC, Zhao J, Klopfenstein WE, Wen L, Bagby MO, Lanser AC, Plattner RD, Peterson RE, Abbott TP, Weisleder D. Microbial transformation of 12-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid to 5-n-hexyl-tetrahydrofuran-2-acetic acid. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02541090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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33
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Lie Ken Jie MS, Syed-Rahmatullah MS. Chemical and enzymatic preparation of acylglycerols containing C18 furanoid fatty acids. Lipids 1995; 30:79-84. [PMID: 7760692 DOI: 10.1007/bf02537045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
C18 furanoid triacylglycerol [glycerol tri-(9,12-epoxy-9,11-octadecadienoate)] was prepared by chemical transformation of triricinolein isolated from castor oil. The procedure involved oxidation, epoxidation and cyclization of the epoxy-keto intermediate with sodium azide and ammonium chloride in aqueous ethanol. The furanoid triacylglycerol was also obtained by esterification of C18 furanoid fatty acid with glycerol using Novozyme 435 (Novo Nordisk A.S., Bagsvaerd, Denmark) as biocatalyst. When Lipozyme (Novo Nordisk A.S.) was used, a mixture of the furanoid 1(3)-rac-monoacylglycerol and 1,3-diacylglycerol was obtained. In order to obtain the C18 furanoid 1,2(2,3)-diacylglycerol, selective hydrolysis of the furanoid triacylglycerol was achieved using porcine pancreatic lipase in tris(hydroxymethyl) methylamine buffer. Interesterification of triolein with methyl C18 furanoid ester in the presence of Lipozyme showed maximum incorporation of 34% of furanoid fatty acid. Extension of the interesterification to vegetable oils (olive, peanut, sunflower, corn and palm oil) allowed a maximum of 24% furanoid acid incorporation to be achieved.
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34
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Wahl HG, Liebich HM, Hoffmann A. Identification of fatty acid methyl esters as minor components of fish oil by multidimensional GC-MSD: New furan fatty acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240170505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Seasonal dynamics of fatty acid composition in female northern pike (Esox lucius L.). J Comp Physiol B 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00347778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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37
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Wahl HG, Tetschner B, Liebich HM. The effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on the concentration of 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid in human blood and urine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240151209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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38
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39
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Liebich HM, Bubeck JI, Pickert A, Wahl G, Scheiter A. Hippuric acid and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid in serum and urine. Analytical approaches and clinical relevance in kidney diseases. J Chromatogr A 1990; 500:615-27. [PMID: 2329153 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)96096-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hippuric acid (HA) and 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropionic acid (FA) were determined in serum, plasma, ultrafiltrate and urine by gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography and GC with mass-selective detection, and the methods were compared. As determined by affinity chromatography and analysis of serum and ultrafiltrate, 0.5% of FA in serum occurs free and 99.5% is bound to albumin. In haemodialysed patients with chronic renal failure, the plasma levels of HA and FA are elevated in comparison with normal controls and hospital patients without kidney diseases: HA, 11.1 +/- 5.7 mg/dl (n = 86); FA, 1.9 +/- 1.2 mg/dl (n = 86). Gradual increases in HA in serum, depending on the creatinine concentrations, are found in non-dialysed patients with chronic renal failure. By haemodialysis and haemofiltration the HA levels are lowered (53-66 and 30-36%, respectively), whereas FA is not dialysable.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Liebich
- Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Tübingen, F.R.G
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40
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Gorst-Allman CP, Puchta V, Spiteller G. Investigations of the origin of the furan fatty acids (F-acids). Lipids 1988; 23:1032-6. [PMID: 3237002 DOI: 10.1007/bf02535648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of linoleic acid as a biogenetic precursor of the furan fatty acids (F-acids) was investigated in in vivo experiments in the rat, using a C19 analogue of linoleic acid and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. No evidence of incorporation of this compound into the F-acids was found. Using an improved analysis procedure by converting F-acids into their tetrahydrofuran derivatives (enabling a separation from the large amounts of normal fatty acids), F-acids (F3, F4 and F6) were detected in rat food, correcting earlier results. Quantification of F-acid intake with food and excretion of furandicarboxylic acids in the urine, suggested the possibility that the F-acids are not produced de novo in the rat, but instead accumulate in tissue after nutritional intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Gorst-Allman
- National Chemical Research Laboratory, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
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41
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The composition of furan fatty acids in the crayfish. Lipids 1988; 23:694-700. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02535671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/1987] [Accepted: 04/01/1988] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Dietel P, Spiteller G. Inkubation von 2,5-disubstituierten F-Säuren mit Rinderleberhomogenisat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198819880505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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43
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Puchta V, Spiteller G, Weidinger H. F-Säuren: Eine bisher unbekannte Komponente der Phospholipide des Humanblutes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198819880106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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44
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Jandke J, Schmidt J, Spiteller G. Über das Verhalten von F-Säuren bei Oxidation mit Lipoxydase in Anwesenheit von SH-haltigen Verbindungen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198819880107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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45
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Schödel R, Spiteller G. Über das Vorkommen von F-Säuren in Rinderleber und deren enzymatischen Abbau bei Gewebeverletzung. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198719870354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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46
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Bauer S, Spiteller G. Strukturaufklärung und Synthese bisher unbekannter Furancarbonsäuren aus Humanurin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1985. [DOI: 10.1002/jlac.198519850417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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47
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Sand DM, Glass RL, Olson DL, Pike HM, Schlenk H. Metabolism of furan fatty acids in fish. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1984; 793:429-34. [PMID: 6712980 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(84)90259-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In vivo experiments on interconversions of furan fatty acids in fish are described. Administration of 2- or 3-14C-labelled furan fatty acids showed that the heterocycle does not interfere with conversions at the carboxyl group, such as shortening and elongating the chain, or its reduction to alcohol. There was no indication for desaturation of proximal chains, methylation or demethylation of the ring, or changes in the terminal chains. According to these restricted metabolic correlations, the furan fatty acids can be classified in specific structural families of bis-homologs. Distinct parent furan compounds are likely for each of these families. [1-14C]Acetate was incorporated by fish into furan fatty acids. Their chemical oxidation showed that only the resulting dicarboxylic fragments were labelled. They represent the proximal chain including alpha-C of the ring. Label was not found in the monocarboxylic acids which represent terminal chains with alpha'-C, and ring-methyl substituents with beta- and beta'-C. Accordingly, fish do not synthesize from acetate the terminal alkyl chain including the carbons in the cyclic portion of the furan fatty acids.
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48
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Liebich HM, Pickert A, Tetschner B. Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic—mass spectrometric analysis of organic acids in plasma of patients with chronic renal failure. J Chromatogr A 1984; 289:259-66. [PMID: 6547446 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)95093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apart from increased concentrations of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and phenolic aromatic acids in plasma from patients with chronic renal failure, there is large elevation of a furanoid acid, 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2- furanpropionic acid, and of hippuric acid. The levels of 3-hydroxy- and 4- hydroxyhippuric acid are also raised. The quantitative results are as follows: furanoid acid in hemodialysis patients, 1.4 +/- 0.6 mg/dl; in healthy individuals, 0.2 +/- 0.1 mg/dl; hippuric acid in hemodialysis patients, 9.8 +/- 6.5 mg/dl; in health individuals, 0.4 +/- 0.5 mg/dl. Both compounds are dialysable, but less effectively than creatinine and urea. The mean elimination rate of the furanoid acid is only 21%.
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49
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Jie MSFLK, Ahmad F. Fatty acids: Part 26.1 partial synthesis of C18 mono-and dimethyl furanoid fatty esters. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1983. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02680355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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50
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Sand DM, Schlenk H, Thoma H, Spiteller G. Catabolism of fish furan fatty acids to urofuran acids in the rat. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1983; 751:455-61. [PMID: 6849955 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(83)90306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A mixture of long-chain furan fatty acids was prepared as methyl esters from testes lipids of Northern pike (Esox lucius). Upon feeding these esters to rats, dicarboxylic acids, which still contained the furan structure, were found in the urine. The first phase of a rapid but incomplete catabolism is beta-oxidation of the proximal chain of the furan fatty acids. It proceeds to a distance of three carbon atoms from the ring. omega-Oxidation of the terminal alkyl chain, followed by alpha-oxidation gives rise to a second alkylcarboxyl chain with five carbon atoms or less. The ring methyl substituents of the precursor acids seem to be more resistant to oxidation than the alkyl substituent with three or five carbon atoms. The urinary catabolites from furan fatty acids in the rat are similar to furan acids found in human urine, but only one of the structures occurs in both sources.
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