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Graziani G, Ghezzi D, Nudelman F, Sassoni E, Laidlaw F, Cappelletti M, Boi M, Borciani G, Milita S, Bianchi M, Baldini N, Falini G. A natural biogenic fluorapatite as a new biomaterial for orthopedics and dentistry: antibacterial activity of lingula seashell and its use for nanostructured biomimetic coatings. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:2083-2098. [PMID: 38284627 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02454g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Calcium phosphates are widely studied in orthopedics and dentistry, to obtain biomimetic and antibacterial implants. However, the multi-substituted composition of mineralized tissues is not fully reproducible from synthetic procedures. Here, for the first time, we investigate the possible use of a natural, fluorapatite-based material, i.e., Lingula anatina seashell, resembling the composition of bone and enamel, as a biomaterial source for orthopedics and dentistry. Indeed, thanks to its unique mineralization process and conditions, L. anatina seashell is among the few natural apatite-based shells, and naturally contains ions having possible antibacterial efficacy, i.e., fluorine and zinc. After characterization, we explore its deposition by ionized jet deposition (IJD), to obtain nanostructured coatings for implantable devices. For the first time, we demonstrate that L. anatina seashells have strong antibacterial properties. Indeed, they significantly inhibit planktonic growth and cell adhesion of both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. The two strains show different susceptibility to the mineral and organic parts of the seashells, the first being more susceptible to zinc and fluorine in the mineral part, and the second to the organic (chitin-based) component. Upon deposition by IJD, all films exhibit a nanostructured morphology and sub-micrometric thickness. The multi-doped, complex composition of the target is maintained in the coating, demonstrating the feasibility of deposition of coatings starting from biogenic precursors (seashells). In conclusion, Lingula seashell-based coatings are non-cytotoxic with strong antimicrobial capability, especially against Gram-positive strains, consistently with their higher susceptibility to fluorine and zinc. Importantly, these properties are improved compared to synthetic fluorapatite, showing that the films are promising for antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Graziani
- Biomedical Science, Technologies, and Nanobiotecnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. gabriela.graziani(at)polimi.it
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Biomedical Science, Technologies, and Nanobiotecnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. gabriela.graziani(at)polimi.it
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Enrico Sassoni
- Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fraser Laidlaw
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Martina Cappelletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Boi
- Biomedical Science, Technologies, and Nanobiotecnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. gabriela.graziani(at)polimi.it
| | - Giorgia Borciani
- Biomedical Science, Technologies, and Nanobiotecnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. gabriela.graziani(at)polimi.it
| | - Silvia Milita
- CNR-Institute for Microelectronic and Microsystems, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Bianchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Nicola Baldini
- Biomedical Science, Technologies, and Nanobiotecnology Lab, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy. gabriela.graziani(at)polimi.it
- University of Bologna, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy. giuseppe.falini(at)unibo.it
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Ihli J, Schenk AS, Rosenfeldt S, Wakonig K, Holler M, Falini G, Pasquini L, Delacou E, Buckman J, Glen TS, Kress T, Tsai EHR, Reid DG, Duer MJ, Cusack M, Nudelman F. Mechanical adaptation of brachiopod shells via hydration-induced structural changes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5383. [PMID: 34508091 PMCID: PMC8433230 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25613-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The function-optimized properties of biominerals arise from the hierarchical organization of primary building blocks. Alteration of properties in response to environmental stresses generally involves time-intensive processes of resorption and reprecipitation of mineral in the underlying organic scaffold. Here, we report that the load-bearing shells of the brachiopod Discinisca tenuis are an exception to this process. These shells can dynamically modulate their mechanical properties in response to a change in environment, switching from hard and stiff when dry to malleable when hydrated within minutes. Using ptychographic X-ray tomography, electron microscopy and spectroscopy, we describe their hierarchical structure and composition as a function of hydration to understand the structural motifs that generate this adaptability. Key is a complementary set of structural modifications, starting with the swelling of an organic matrix on the micron level via nanocrystal reorganization and ending in an intercalation process on the molecular level in response to hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ihli
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Anna S Schenk
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitaetsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sabine Rosenfeldt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Biology, Chemistry & Earth Sciences, University of Bayreuth, and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitaetsstrasse 30, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Wakonig
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ETH and University of Zürich, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Holler
- Photon Science Division, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Falini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, via F. Selmi 2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, viale Berti-Pichat 6/2, Bologna, Italy
| | - Eugénia Delacou
- School of Chemistry, the University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jim Buckman
- Institute of GeoEnergy Engineering, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas S Glen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Kress
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Esther H R Tsai
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - David G Reid
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Melinda J Duer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maggie Cusack
- Munster Technological University, Bishopstown, Cork, T12 P928 & Tralee, Kerry, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- School of Chemistry, the University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, Edinburgh, UK.
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Sakae T, Nakada H, John P. LeGeros. Historical Review of Biological Apatite Crystallography. J HARD TISSUE BIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.2485/jhtb.24.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Sakae
- Department of Histology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - Hiroshi Nakada
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo
| | - John P. LeGeros
- Department of Biomaterials and Biomimetics, New York University College of Dentistry
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Omelon S, Ariganello M, Bonucci E, Grynpas M, Nanci A. A review of phosphate mineral nucleation in biology and geobiology. Calcif Tissue Int 2013; 93:382-96. [PMID: 24077874 PMCID: PMC3824353 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between geological phosphorite deposition and biological apatite nucleation have often been overlooked. However, similarities in biological apatite and phosphorite mineralogy suggest that their chemical formation mechanisms may be similar. This review serves to draw parallels between two newly described phosphorite mineralization processes, and proposes a similar novel mechanism for biologically controlled apatite mineral nucleation. This mechanism integrates polyphosphate biochemistry with crystal nucleation theory. Recently, the roles of polyphosphates in the nucleation of marine phosphorites were discovered. Marine bacteria and diatoms have been shown to store and concentrate inorganic phosphate (Pi) as amorphous, polyphosphate granules. Subsequent release of these P reserves into the local marine environment as Pi results in biologically induced phosphorite nucleation. Pi storage and release through an intracellular polyphosphate intermediate may also occur in mineralizing oral bacteria. Polyphosphates may be associated with biologically controlled apatite nucleation within vertebrates and invertebrates. Historically, biological apatite nucleation has been attributed to either a biochemical increase in local Pi concentration or matrix-mediated apatite nucleation control. This review proposes a mechanism that integrates both theories. Intracellular and extracellular amorphous granules, rich in both calcium and phosphorus, have been observed in apatite-biomineralizing vertebrates, protists, and atremate brachiopods. These granules may represent stores of calcium-polyphosphate. Not unlike phosphorite nucleation by bacteria and diatoms, polyphosphate depolymerization to Pi would be controlled by phosphatase activity. Enzymatic polyphosphate depolymerization would increase apatite saturation to the level required for mineral nucleation, while matrix proteins would simultaneously control the progression of new biological apatite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney Omelon
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Ermanno Bonucci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc Grynpas
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute of Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Antonio Nanci
- Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Christensen AM, Smith MA, Thomas RM. Validation of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry for Determining Osseous or Dental Origin of Unknown Material*. J Forensic Sci 2011; 57:47-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Dorozhkin SV. Calcium orthophosphates: occurrence, properties, biomineralization, pathological calcification and biomimetic applications. BIOMATTER 2011; 1:121-64. [PMID: 23507744 PMCID: PMC3549886 DOI: 10.4161/biom.18790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present overview is intended to point the readers' attention to the important subject of calcium orthophosphates. This type of materials is of special significance for human beings, because they represent the inorganic part of major normal (bones, teeth and antlers) and pathological (i.e., those appearing due to various diseases) calcified tissues of mammals. For example, atherosclerosis results in blood vessel blockage caused by a solid composite of cholesterol with calcium orthophosphates, while dental caries and osteoporosis mean a partial decalcification of teeth and bones, respectively, that results in replacement of a less soluble and harder biological apatite by more soluble and softer calcium hydrogenphosphates. Therefore, the processes of both normal and pathological calcifications are just an in vivo crystallization of calcium orthophosphates. Similarly, dental caries and osteoporosis might be considered an in vivo dissolution of calcium orthophosphates. Thus, calcium orthophosphates hold a great significance for humankind, and in this paper, an overview on the current knowledge on this subject is provided.
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Neary MT, Reid DG, Mason MJ, Friscic T, Duer MJ, Cusack M. Contrasts between organic participation in apatite biomineralization in brachiopod shell and vertebrate bone identified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J R Soc Interface 2010; 8:282-8. [PMID: 20610423 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusually for invertebrates, linguliform brachiopods employ calcium phosphate mineral in hard tissue formation, in common with the evolutionarily distant vertebrates. Using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR) and X-ray powder diffraction, we compare the organic constitution, crystallinity and organic matrix-mineral interface of phosphatic brachiopod shells with those of vertebrate bone. In particular, the organic-mineral interfaces crucial for the stability and properties of biomineral were probed with SSNMR rotational echo double resonance (REDOR). Lingula anatina and Discinisca tenuis shell materials yield strikingly dissimilar SSNMR spectra, arguing for quite different organic constitutions. However, their fluoroapatite-like mineral is highly crystalline, unlike the poorly ordered hydroxyapatite of bone. Neither shell material shows (13)C{(31)P} REDOR effects, excluding strong physico-chemical interactions between mineral and organic matrix, unlike bone in which glycosaminoglycans and proteins are composited with mineral at sub-nanometre length scales. Differences between organic matrix of shell material from L. anatina and D. tenuis, and bone reflect evolutionary pressures from contrasting habitats and structural purposes. The absence of organic-mineral intermolecular associations in brachiopod shell argues that biomineralization follows different mechanistic pathways to bone; their details hold clues to the molecular structural evolution of phosphatic biominerals, and may provide insights into novel composite design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne T Neary
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, , Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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8
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Abstract
The present overview is intended to point the readers’ attention to the important subject of calcium orthophosphates. These materials are of the special significance because they represent the inorganic part of major normal (bones, teeth and dear antlers) and pathological (i.e. those appearing due to various diseases) calcified tissues of mammals. Due to a great chemical similarity with the biological calcified tissues, many calcium orthophosphates possess remarkable biocompatibility and bioactivity. Materials scientists use this property extensively to construct artificial bone grafts that are either entirely made of or only surface-coated with the biologically relevant calcium ortho-phosphates. For example, self-setting hydraulic cements made of calcium orthophosphates are helpful in bone repair, while titanium substitutes covered by a surface layer of calcium orthophosphates are used for hip joint endoprostheses and as tooth substitutes. Porous scaffolds made of calcium orthophosphates are very promising tools for tissue engineering applications. In addition, technical grade calcium orthophosphates are very popular mineral fertilizers. Thus ere calcium orthophosphates are of great significance for humankind and, in this paper, an overview on the current knowledge on this subject is provided.
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9
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Cusack M, Freer A. Biomineralization: Elemental and Organic Influence in Carbonate Systems. Chem Rev 2008; 108:4433-54. [DOI: 10.1021/cr078270o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Cusack
- Department of Geographical & Earth Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - A. Freer
- Department of Geographical & Earth Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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10
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Daculsi G, Bouler JM, LeGeros RZ. Adaptive crystal formation in normal and pathological calcifications in synthetic calcium phosphate and related biomaterials. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1997; 172:129-91. [PMID: 9102393 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)62360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mineralization and crystal deposition are natural phenomena widely distributed in biological systems from protozoa to mammals. In mammals, normal and pathological calcifications are observed in bones, teeth, and soft tissues or cartilage. We review studies on the adaptive apatite crystal formation in enamel compared with those in other calcified tissues (e.g., dentin, bone, and fish enameloids) and in pathological calcifications, demonstrating the adaptation of these crystals (in terms of crystallinity and orientation) to specific tissues that vary in functions or vary in normal or diseased conditions. The roles of minor elements, such as carbonate, magnesium, fluoride, hydrogen phosphate, pyrophosphate, and strontium ions, on the formation and transformation of biologically relevant calcium phosphates are summarized. Another adaptative process of crystals in biology concerns the recent development of calcium phosphate ceramics and other related biomaterials for bone graft. Bone graft materials are available as alternatives to autogeneous bone for repair, substitution, or augmentation. This paper discusses the adaptive crystal formation in mineralized tissues induced by calcium phosphate and related bone graft biomaterials during bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Daculsi
- Centre de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Tissus Calcifiés et les Biomatériaux, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Nantes, France
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11
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Sauer GR, Wu LN, Iijima M, Wuthier RE. The influence of trace elements on calcium phosphate formation by matrix vesicles. J Inorg Biochem 1997; 65:57-65. [PMID: 8987171 DOI: 10.1016/s0162-0134(96)00080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of two inhibitors, fluoride (F-) and zinc (Zn2+), were studied on the formation of mineral by matrix vesicles (MV) in an in vitro system. Kinetically, mineral formation by MV incubated in a synthetic cartilage lymph (SCL) is characterized by three phases: a lag period, a period of rapid uptake, and finally a period of slow uptake. Zn2+ at > or = 5 microM completely inhibited MV mineralization; at < or = 1 microM, it had little effect on rate of ion uptake, but delayed conversion of an OCP-like intermediate into hydroxyapatite (OHAp). F- at > or = 10 microM reduced the rate of rapid uptake by MV and caused the OCP-like precursor to convert to OHAp. When synthetic OCP was seeded into SCL, mineralization ensued and OHAp became the dominant phase. With Zn2+ present, OCP-like features persisted longer; with F-, the OCP-like features were lost more rapidly. When ACP was seeded into SCL, OHAp formed; Zn2+ at < or = 1 microM caused OCP-like mineral to form. Our findings indicate that Zn2+ stabilizes a noncrystalline precursor in MV regulating the length of the lag period; Zn2+ also favors the formation of an OCP-like intermediate whose growth accounts for the rapid uptake phase. This OCP-like phase appears to nucleate formation of OHAp by MV.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29208, USA
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12
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Monniot F, Clement P, Souron JP. The ubiquity of fluorine amidst the taxonomic and mineralogical diversity of ascidian spicules. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-1978(95)93847-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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13
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Evans LA, Macey DJ, Webb J. Calcium biomineralization in the radular teeth of the chiton, Acanthopleura hirtosa. Calcif Tissue Int 1992; 51:78-82. [PMID: 1393782 DOI: 10.1007/bf00296222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A method has been devised for isolating the calcium biomineral from the iron biominerals and organic components present in the major lateral teeth of the chiton Acanthopleura hirtosa. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy of the calcium biomineral indicated that it was an apatite material containing carbonate and fluoride ions. Carbonate was not found to be present as a separate phase. The apatite was further separated into low and high density fractions, both of which showed crystallinity intermediate between that of bovine tibia cortical bone and human tooth enamel, as indicated by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The calcified region of the major lateral teeth was also studied in situ using transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction analysis, revealing a close spatial relationship between the mineral apatite phase and underlying organic matrix. It is suggested that the architectural arrangement of apatite biomineral and fibrous organic constituents imparts specialized mechanical properties to the tooth making it ideally suited for the task of obtaining food from hard surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Evans
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia
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14
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Iijima M, Kamemizu H, Wakamatsu N, Goto T, Moriwaki Y. Thermal decomposition of Lingula shell apatite. Calcif Tissue Int 1991; 49:128-33. [PMID: 1655174 DOI: 10.1007/bf02565135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lingula shell is composed of apatite with a preferred orientation. The shell apatites of Lingula unguis(Lu) and Lingula shantoungensis(Ls) were characterized and compared with apatite of human tooth enamel. Insight into the Lingula apatite was studied by following the change of lattice parameter, transformation to beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), and the loss and change of CO3, OH, and H2O after heating up to 1,000 degrees C in air and N2 for 24 hours. The OH stretching band was not observed in unheated apatites and in apatites heated in dried N2. Lu and Ls apatite produced 26 and 17 wt% of beta-TCP at 700 degrees C, respectively. Fifty to 60% of H2O was lost at 200 degrees C, being accompanied by a drastic contraction of the a- and c-axis and a drastic decrease in the crystallinity. These results indicate that (1) Lu and Ls shell apatite is CO3 containing F + Cl-apatite, and (2) the structural H2O of the Lingula apatite is loosely bounded such that they are lost at lower temperature than tooth enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iijima
- Asahi University School of Denistry, Dental Materials and Technology, Gifu, Japan
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