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Takahata Y. My studies of primates: Sex, affinity, and competition. Primates 2023; 64:285-303. [PMID: 37016076 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-023-01063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
In this essay, I summarize my research career, with reference to the early days of the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology (LPA) at Kyoto University led by Kinji Imanishi and Junichiro Itani. When I started conducting research on the sexual behavior of Japanese macaques in 1975, I made some unexpected observations. High-ranking males did not obtain high mating success. Estrous females often rejected the courtships of high-ranking males and chose to mate with lower-ranking males. Some male-female dyads exhibited long-lasting affinitive relations, but they avoided mating. Females frequently showed 'excessive' sexuality. Clear explanations for some of these observations do not exist. After that, I changed my study subjects several times from chimpanzees, Yakushima macaques (a subspecies of Japanese macaque), and ringtailed lemurs. It is difficult to summarize my findings into a consistent story. Instead, I review my research and experiences. Throughout my career, I kept two things in mind. The first was established by Imanishi at the Laboratory of Physical Anthropology at Kyoto University: to explore the evolution of human society. Second, I tried to understand seemingly incomprehensible phenomena using evolutionary theory. Despite adhering to these foundational concepts, things did not always work out as planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Takahata
- School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda, 669-1330, Japan.
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2
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Suzuki H, Huffman MA, Takahata Y. Process of Japanese macaque group fission at Arashiyama and the influences of maternal kin relations and social relations between adult males and females on it. Primates 2023; 64:79-90. [PMID: 36222983 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In 1986, the Japanese macaques of Arashiyama B group fissioned into Arashiyama E and F groups through the following process. In December 1985, the death of the beta male triggered aggressive interactions among the adult males of B group, leading to a decline in the ranks of two mid-ranked males. Several females started to gather around these two males, formed a stable subgroup (here called the female cluster), and spatially distanced themselves from other group members (main group). Some of these females had mating relations with these two males in previous mating seasons. After the end of the 1985-86 mating season, agonistic interactions occurred frequently between the female cluster and main group. Eventually, two independent groups were established. The females within the 4th degrees of matrilineal consanguinity tended to belong to the same group, but no such tendency occurred in those dyads separated by the 5th or more degrees. After the completion of group fission, mating occurred only a few times between E and F group members. In 1986, when the group fission was in progress, the birth rate of both branch groups declined, and infant mortality increased in E group. After 1987, the birth rate recovered in both branch groups although infant mortality remained high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisayo Suzuki
- Museum of Nature and Human Activities, Sanda, Hyogo, 669-1546, Japan
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Wildlife Research Center, Inuyama Campus, Kyoto University, 41-2 Kanrin, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan
| | - Yukio Takahata
- Kwansei Gakuin University, Gakuen, Sanda, 669-1337, Japan.
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3
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Hayama SI, Kawabata Y, Ochi A, Nakanishi S, Kawamoto Y, Yamazaki H. Reproductive characteristics of Japanese monkeys on Shimokita Peninsula, Japan, the northernmost habitat of wild primates in the world. J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:1389-1394. [PMID: 34234069 PMCID: PMC8498827 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Shimokita Peninsula in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, which is inhabited by Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), is the northernmost habitat for wild primates in the world.
This study was the first to determine the conception dates of specific individuals and estimate the pregnancy rate of wild populations in this region. The pregnancy rate of animals aged 5
years or more at delivery was estimated to be 40.9% (27/66). Conception dates of each fetus were also estimated using a regression line of Pig-tail monkeys (Macaca
nemestrina), which are taxonomically related to Japanese monkeys and have a similar physique. The conception dates were distributed across 90 days between September 24th and
December 23rd, with a mean conception date of November 4th (SD=22.3 days, n=53). Using these findings, the mean birth date was estimated as April 25th, more than two weeks earlier than the
mean birth date in previous research determined using direct observations carried out over the past 20 years ago. Global warming due to climate change is thought to be one of the main causes
of this difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Yuki Kawabata
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Aoi Ochi
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Setsuko Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Yoshi Kawamoto
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Hideharu Yamazaki
- Shimokita Peninsula Municipal Liaison Conference for Damage Control by Wild Monkeys
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Holzner A, Balasubramaniam KN, Weiß BM, Ruppert N, Widdig A. Oil palm cultivation critically affects sociality in a threatened Malaysian primate. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10353. [PMID: 33990658 PMCID: PMC8121792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89783-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human-induced habitat alterations globally threaten animal populations, often evoking complex behavioural responses in wildlife. This may be particularly dramatic when negatively affecting social behaviour, which fundamentally determines individual fitness and offspring survival in group-living animals. Here, we provide first evidence for significant behavioural modifications in sociality of southern pig-tailed macaques visiting Malaysian oil palm plantations in search of food despite elevated predation risk. Specifically, we found critical reductions of key positive social interactions but higher rates of aggression in the plantation interior compared to the plantation edge (i.e. plantation areas bordering the forest) and the forest. At the plantation edge, affiliation even increased compared to the forest, while central positions in the macaques' social network structure shifted from high-ranking adult females and immatures to low-ranking individuals. Further, plantations also affected mother-infant relationships, with macaque mothers being more protective in the open plantation environment. We suggest that although primates can temporarily persist in human-altered habitats, their ability to permanently adapt requires the presence of close-by forest and comes with a trade-off in sociality, potentially hampering individual fitness and infant survival. Studies like ours remain critical for understanding species' adaptability to anthropogenic landscapes, which may ultimately contribute to facilitating their coexistence with humans and preserving biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Holzner
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Krishna N Balasubramaniam
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Brigitte M Weiß
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Ruppert
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
- Malaysian Primatological Society, 09000, Kulim, Kedah, Malaysia.
| | - Anja Widdig
- Department of Human Behaviour, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Spatial position-associated mating strategies employed by male Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) in Yakushima. Primates 2020; 61:415-426. [DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00792-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pflüger LS, Pink KE, Böck A, Huffman MA, Wallner B. On the sunny side of (new) life: Effect of sunshine duration on age at first reproduction in Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata). Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e23019. [PMID: 31243793 PMCID: PMC6773204 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To produce offspring early in life is energetically demanding and depends greatly on environmental conditions. In female primates, age at first reproduction (AFR) has been associated with social parameters (e.g., population density and social rank), food availability and meteorological conditions (e.g., photoperiod, rainfall patterns, and temperature). Regarding the latter, less attention has been given to the influence of sunshine. In nonhuman primates, including the northern‐most distributed Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata), sunbathing is an effective thermoregulatory strategy to maintain sufficient energy intake during harsh winter months. Furthermore, the energetic value of sunshine and its role in the synthesis of essential vitamins important for sexual development and overall fertility is well investigated using human and animal models. In the present study, we hypothesized that female's AFR is influenced by the amount of sunshine in a semi‐free‐ranging, provisioned a group of Japanese macaques. To test this, we gathered data on sunshine duration in the year females theoretically experienced the onset of puberty. This phase of the female life cycle is particularly prone to the effects of environmental conditions. In addition to the investigation of sunshine duration and other meteorological conditions (i.e., rainfall and temperature) we controlled for social parameters (i.e., group size and sex ratio) as potential covariates. We found a clear effect of sunshine duration on female AFR: Females who entered puberty in years with more sunshine reproduced for the first time at significantly younger ages than females who experienced less sunshine during this specific period of their development. Possible mechanisms for how the sunshine influences sexual maturation in Japanese macaques are discussed. We investigated the influence of sunshine during the year of puberty onset on a female's age at first reproduction (AFR).
We used 20 years of birth data from a semi‐free‐ranging group of Japanese macaques and meteorological data provided online by local weather stations
We controlled for the influence of other meteorological conditions as well as for group size and socionomic sex ratio
Higher mean sunshine duration in the year of puberty onset significantly decreased females’ AFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena S Pflüger
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Research Center for Primatology, Ossiach, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina E Pink
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Family and Population Studies, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anja Böck
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael A Huffman
- Austrian Research Center for Primatology, Ossiach, Austria.,Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, Japan
| | - Bernard Wallner
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Research Center for Primatology, Ossiach, Austria
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Pokharel SS, Seshagiri PB, Sukumar R. Influence of the number of calves and lactating adult females in a herd on the adrenocortical activity of free-ranging Asian elephants. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/wr18163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ContextPhysiological stress has the potential to influence animal population persistence. The endangered Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) is involved in intense conflict with humans in many parts of its range, which likely leads to stress for individuals and groups, with consequences for population survival. Thus, it is important to understand how the elephants’ stress levels are influenced by socio-ecological factors when not directly exposed to human-induced threats, and to use this understanding to improve conservation and management strategies.
AimsThe present study was designed to provide baseline information on the link between socio-ecological factors and stress levels of undisturbed populations of elephants. The main aim was to determine the influence of a number of factors – herd size, season, number of calves and adult females present in a herd and their lactational status and body condition – on the adrenocortical activity of free-ranging adult female Asian elephants living in protected forests (without any direct exposure to human-induced threats), by measuring their faecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) levels.
MethodsA total of 145 fresh faecal samples were collected from 123 identified adult female elephants inhabiting Bandipur and Nagarahole National Parks of southern India, between the years 2013 and 2015. fGCM levels were measured by employing a group-specific standardised 11-oxoetiocholanolone enzyme immunoassay (EIA). A generalised linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) was used to assess the influence of socio-ecological factors on fGCM levels of adult female elephants.
Key resultsWhen fGCM levels were analysed with a GLMM, the following patterns were observed: fGCM levels were negatively correlated with the number of adult females (herd size) and positively correlated with the number of calves in a herd and active lactational status of an adult female. fGCM levels of adult female elephants were higher during the dry season (February to May) than wet season (August to December) and negatively correlated with body condition scores.
ConclusionsAdrenocortical activity of female elephants is significantly influenced by the number of calves and adult females present in the herd, seasonality and lactational status.
ImplicationsIt is important to consider the influence of multiple ecological and social correlates when assessing and interpreting the adrenocortical activity of Asian elephants. Our findings highlight the importance of maintaining the social structure of elephants in the wild to avoid detrimental effects on their physiological health. Insights from such assessments could be used to evaluate the stress in elephants that are involved in direct conflicts with humans to take appropriate management decisions for mitigating conflicts.
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Liu BJ, Wu CF, Garber PA, Zhang P, Li M. Effects of group size and rank on mother-infant relationships and reproductive success in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22881. [PMID: 29923328 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we compared mother-infant relationships in 57 mother-infant dyads residing in two wild, semi-provisioned (22 mother-infant dyads in 2014, 35 dyads in 2015) groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in the Nanwan Nature Reserve for Rhesus Macaques, Hainan, China. We also compared reproductive success between these two groups. The ecology and provisioning regime for each group was similar. These groups differed however, in size. Group 1 contained ∼35 individuals and Group 2 contained ∼120 individuals. Data were collected over a 2-year period (2014-2015). We found that during the birth season, mother-infant relationships in the larger group were characterized by less time in contact and more time separated than in the smaller group. Mothers in the smaller group initiated more contact and proximity with their infants. During the mating season when infants were approximately 6 months old, mother-infant relationships in the smaller group were more rejecting. We also found that birth rates were significantly higher but infant survivorship (to 1-year-old) was significantly lower in the smaller group. Moreover, higher-ranking mothers in the larger group were characterized by a higher reproductive output than females of lower rank. In the smaller group, female rank did not affect reproductive output. There was, however, no clear relationship between infant survivorship and maternal rank. We hypothesize that differences in reproductive success and changes in mother-infant relationships between the birth and mating seasons reflect differences in the costs and benefits of group size: females in the larger group faced (i) higher intragroup feeding competition leading to a reduction in birth rate but also (ii) lower predation risk, resulting in higher infant survival rate compared to females in the smaller group. The results of this study point to the tradeoffs that primate females face in living in smaller and larger social groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Jun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng-Feng Wu
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul A Garber
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Sociology and Anthropology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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9
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Arseneau-Robar TJM, Taucher AL, Müller E, van Schaik C, Bshary R, Willems EP. Female monkeys use both the carrot and the stick to promote male participation in intergroup fights. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 283:rspb.2016.1817. [PMID: 27881752 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Group-level cooperation often poses a social dilemma in which joint action may be difficult to achieve. Theoretical models and experimental work on humans show that social incentives, such as punishment of defectors and rewarding of cooperators, can promote cooperation in groups of unrelated individuals. Here, we demonstrate that these processes can operate in a non-human animal species, and be used to effectively promote the production of a public good. We took advantage of the fact that intergroup fights in vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus) are characterized by episodes of intergroup aggression with pauses in-between. During pauses, females selectively groomed males that had participated in the previous aggressive episode, but aggressed male group members that had not. In subsequent (i.e. future) episodes, males who had received either aggression or grooming participated above their personal base-line level. Therefore, female-male aggression and grooming both appear to function as social incentives that effectively promote male participation in intergroup fights. Importantly, females stood to gain much from recruiting males as the probability of winning intergroup fights was dependent on the number of active participants, relative to the number of fighters in the opposing group. Furthermore, females appear to maximize the benefits gained from recruiting males as they primarily used social incentives where and when high-quality food resources, which are the resources primarily limiting to female fitness, were at stake.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jean Marie Arseneau-Robar
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland .,Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, Swart Mfolozi, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Anouk Lisa Taucher
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, Swart Mfolozi, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Eliane Müller
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, Swart Mfolozi, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Carel van Schaik
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, Swart Mfolozi, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
| | - Redouan Bshary
- Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, Swart Mfolozi, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.,Department of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Emile-Argand 11, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Erik P Willems
- Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Inkawu Vervet Project, Mawana Game Reserve, Swart Mfolozi, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa
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Kawazoe T. Association patterns and affiliative relationships outside a troop in wild male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, during the non-mating season. BEHAVIOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In many mammals, males disperse more than females. Although males in some male-dispersing species form all-male groups, little is known about the association patterns or social relationships among them. Studies on male–male social relationships have primarily focused on competition over fertile females, but affiliative relationships among males have attracted much interest recently. I suggested a novel method for the classification of males based on their behaviour by principal component analysis (PCA), and investigated association patterns, and affiliative relationships in male Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata, during the non-mating season. I observed 12 wild male Japanese macaques for 809 h during the non-mating season. The number of other animals within visual range, the amount of time that males spent in the vicinity of other animals, and the frequency of grooming interactions were examined. I classified males into two distinctive clusters (Cluster 1 and 2) according to their association and interaction patterns. Cluster 1 males associated with females and participated in grooming with them. Cluster 2 males had less visual encounters with females and did not groom them. Cluster 2 males showed proximity to other Cluster 2 males in all possible dyads. Although Cluster 2 males showed less proximity to each other than Cluster 1 males did, they frequently exchanged grooming among themselves. Cluster 2 males groomed Cluster 1 males more frequently than they were groomed by them. These results suggested that Cluster 1 were troop males, and Cluster 2 were non-troop males. Cluster 2 males had less opportunity for social interaction than Cluster 1 (troop) males, and they may form all-male groups. Males in all-male groups engaged in more frequent grooming than troop males. In addition, they groomed troop males more frequently than they were groomed. These results suggest that males could be separated by their behaviour. Male–male affiliative relationships might be influenced by within-group potential competition and imbalanced grooming appears to cause troop males to tolerate non-troop males which might be immigrated in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Kawazoe
- Laboratory of Human Evolution Studies, Department of Zoology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan
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11
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Otani Y, Sawada A, Hanya G. Short-term separation from groups by male Japanese macaques: Costs and benefits in feeding behavior and social interaction. Am J Primatol 2013; 76:374-84. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Otani
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Akiko Sawada
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
| | - Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute; Kyoto University; Inuyama Aichi Japan
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Roberts SJ, Cords M. Group size but not dominance rank predicts the probability of conception in a frugivorous primate. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1607-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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Ebensperger LA, Rivera DS, Hayes LD. Direct fitness of group living mammals varies with breeding strategy, climate and fitness estimates. J Anim Ecol 2012; 81:1013-23. [PMID: 22384924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2012.01973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1. Understanding how variation in fitness relates to variation in group living remains critical to determine whether this major aspect of social behaviour is currently adaptive. 2. Available evidence in social mammals aimed to examine this issue remains controversial. Studies show positive (i.e. potentially adaptive), neutral or even negative fitness effects of group living. 3. Attempts to explain this variation rely on intrinsic and extrinsic factors to social groups. Thus, relatively more positive fitness effects are predicted in singularly breeding as opposed to plural breeding species. Fitness effects of sociality in turn may depend on ecological conditions (i.e. extrinsic factors) that influence associated benefits and costs. 4. We used meta-analytic tools to review how breeding strategy or ecological conditions influence the effect size associated with direct fitness-sociality relationships reported in the mammalian literature. Additionally, we determined how taxonomic affiliation of species studied, different fitness and sociality measures used, and major climatic conditions of study sites explained any variation in direct fitness effect size. 5. We found group living had modest, yet positive effects on direct fitness. This generally adaptive scenario was contingent not only upon breeding strategy and climate of study sites, but also on fitness measures examined. Thus, positive and significant effects characterized singular as opposed to plural breeding strategies. 6. We found more positive fitness effects on studies conducted in tropical as opposed to temperate or arid climates. More positive and significant effects were noted on studies that relied on group fecundity, male fecundity and offspring survival as measures of fitness. 7. To conclude, direct fitness consequences of mammalian group living are driven by interspecific differences in breeding strategy and climate conditions. Other factors not examined in this study, namely individual variation in direct and indirect fitness benefits and potential interactions between social and ecological conditions, may be important and require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Ebensperger
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ecología and Biodiversidad (CASEB), and Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile.
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14
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Evolution of ape and human mating systems. J Theor Biol 2012; 296:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hayama SI, Nakiri S, Konno F. Pregnancy rate and conception date in a wild population of Japanese monkeys. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 73:809-12. [PMID: 21233595 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.10-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to determine the conception dates of specific individuals and estimate the pregnancy rate of a wild population in Japanese monkeys. The conception dates estimated from the embryonic ages of 37 fetuses were distributed over 128 days between September 17 and January 23, with a mean conception date of November 19 (SD=29.2 days). A comparison of the mean conception dates among age groups showed a significantly delayed conception in the subadult animals (aged 4 to 5 years; December 5, n=8) than in the adult animals (aged 6 or more years; November 15, n=29; P<0.03). The mean pregnancy rate among animals aged 4 years or more in this local population was estimated to be 48.5% (32/66).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-ichi Hayama
- Laboratory of Wildlife Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180–8602, Japan.
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Borries C, Larney E, Lu A, Ossi K, Koenig A. Costs of group size: lower developmental and reproductive rates in larger groups of leaf monkeys. Behav Ecol 2008. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arn088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Barrickman NL, Bastian ML, Isler K, van Schaik CP. Life history costs and benefits of encephalization: a comparative test using data from long-term studies of primates in the wild. J Hum Evol 2007; 54:568-90. [PMID: 18068214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2007.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The correlation between brain size and life history has been investigated in many previous studies, and several viable explanations have been proposed. However, the results of these studies are often at odds, causing uncertainties about whether these two character complexes underwent correlated evolution. These disparities could arise from the mixture of wild and captive values in the datasets, potentially obscuring real relationships, and from differences in the methods of controlling for phylogenetic non independence of species values. This paper seeks to resolve these difficulties by (1) proposing an overarching hypothesis that encompasses many of the previously proposed hypotheses, and (2) testing the predictions of this hypothesis using rigorously compiled data and utilizing multiple methods of analysis. We hypothesize that the adaptive benefit of increased encephalization is an increase in reproductive lifespan or efficiency, which must be sufficient to outweigh the costs due to growing and maturing the larger brain. These costs and benefits are directly reflected in the length of life history stages. We tested this hypothesis on a wide range of primate species. Our results demonstrate that encephalization is significantly correlated with prolongation of all stages of developmental life history except the lactational period, and is significantly correlated with an extension of the reproductive lifespan. These results support the contention that the link between brain size and life history is caused by a balance between the costs of growing a brain and the survival benefits the brain provides. Thus, our results suggest that the evolution of prolonged life history during human evolution is caused by increased encephalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L Barrickman
- Department of Biological Anthropology and Anatomy, Duke University, Box 3170, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Hanya G, Matsubara M, Hayaishi S, Zamma K, Yoshihiro S, Kanaoka MM, Sugaya S, Kiyono M, Nagai M, Tsuriya Y, Hayakawa S, Suzuki M, Yokota T, Kondo D, Takahata Y. Food conditions, competitive regime, and female social relationships in Japanese macaques: within-population variation on Yakushima. Primates 2007; 49:116-25. [PMID: 18060597 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-007-0073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Feeding conditions, competitive regime, and female social relationships of Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) on Yakushima were compared between the two habitats at two different altitudes (coniferous forest, 1,000-1,200 m and coastal forest, 0-200 m). Fruit availability was higher in the coastal forest. There was no consistent difference in the frequency of agonistic interactions within a group during feeding between the two habitats. The coastal forest evoked stronger inter-group contest competition compared to the coniferous forest as evidenced by a higher inter-group encounter rate and a higher proportion of aggressive encounters to non-aggressive ones. Birth rate was higher in larger groups compared to smaller ones in the coastal forest, but did not differ in the coniferous forest. In spite of these differences in competitive regime, no variation in female social relationships was observed, such as direction and concentration on particular individuals in grooming, linearity in dominance rank, counter-attack, and support of juvenile kin during agonistic interactions. The present results indicate that the female social relationships of Japanese macaques are robust and do not change according to changes in the current environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goro Hanya
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
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Takahata Y, Koyama N, Ichino S, Miyamoto N, Nakamichi M. Influence of group size on reproductive success of female ring-tailed lemurs: distinguishing between IGFC and PFC hypotheses. Primates 2006; 47:383-7. [PMID: 16645705 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-006-0185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on data obtained over a period of 11 years from female ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), we analyzed the correlation between group size and female reproductive parameters. The birth rate and mean number of surviving infants 1 year after birth per adult female generated an inverted U-shaped curve when plotted against group size (although not significant) and number of adult female members. Infant mortality rate did not have a consistent correlation with group size and number of adult female members. Thus, our findings were similar to the predictions of Wrangham's inter-group feeding competition hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Takahata
- School of Policy Studies, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Japan.
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YAMAMOTO S. Social Factors Influencing Within-Group Vigilance in Japanese Macaques ( Macaca fuscata). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2354/psj.21.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Takahata Y, Huffman MA, Suzuki S, Koyama N, Yamagiwa J. Why dominants do not consistently attain high mating and reproductive success: A review of longitudinal Japanese macaque studies. Primates 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02557707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Nakagawa N. Ecological determinants of the behavior and social structure of Japanese monkeys: A synthesis. Primates 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02573085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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