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Stjernbrandt A, Pettersson H, Wahlström J, Rödin I, Nilsson T, Burström L. Hand cold stress testing among Arctic open-pit miners: a clinical study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:1188-1195. [PMID: 39185579 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2024.2383051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of individual characteristics (sex, age, body mass index [BMI] and smoking habits) on the tolerance time, pain ratings and rewarming time of hand cold stress testing (CST). Methods. We included 153 subjects (63% men) working in a Swedish open-pit mine (participation rate 41%). The right hand was immersed in 3 °C circulating water for up to 45 s. Pain ratings were registered every fifth second using a visual analog scale. Results. The tolerance time (mean ± standard deviation) was 35 ± 12 s for men and 29 ± 14 s for women (p = 0.007). The youngest age group (18-29 years) had the longest tolerance time, while the oldest group (54-65 years) had the shortest (p = 0.005). Women had significantly higher pain ratings than men after 5, 10 and 25 s. The group with the highest BMI had the shortest rewarming time (p < 0.001). Conclusions. Age and sex influenced the tolerance time of hand CST, while only sex affected the pain ratings and BMI the rewarming time. When performing CST in future studies, these parameters should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albin Stjernbrandt
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Hans Pettersson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Jens Wahlström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Rödin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Norway
| | - Tohr Nilsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Lage Burström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden
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Qamruddin AA, Nik Husain NR, Sidek MY, Hanafi MH, Mohd Ripin Z. Factors associated with vascular and neurological complications of hand-arm vibration syndrome among tire shop workers in Kelantan, Malaysia. J Occup Health 2021; 63:e12220. [PMID: 33942440 PMCID: PMC8093854 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prolonged exposure to hand-arm vibration (HAV) at the workplace is associated with hand-arm vascular syndrome (HAVS). This study aimed to determine the prevalence and the factors associated with the vascular and neurological complications of HAVS among tire shop workers in Kelantan, Malaysia. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 200 tire shop workers from two districts in Kelantan was conducted. Data were collected at the field using Malay Translated HAVS questionnaire, and hand-arm vibration was measured. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associated factors. RESULTS The prevalence of vascular and neurological complications of HAVS among the tire shop workers was 12.5% (95% CI: 10.16, 14.84) and 37.0% (95% CI: 30.31, 43.69), respectively. From multiple logistic regression analysis, only A(8) of HAV exposure was significantly associated with the development of vascular complications and A(8) of HAV exposure, age. and body mass index were significantly associated with the development of neurological complications of HAVS. CONCLUSION This study has identified that HAVS is a significant problem among workers exposed to HAV in a warm environment. A(8) of HAV exposure is significantly associated with the development of both vascular and neurological complications. Therefore, there is a need for better control of vibration exposure in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asraf A. Qamruddin
- Department of Community MedicineSchool of Medical SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaMalaysia
| | | | - Mohd Y. Sidek
- Department of Community MedicineSchool of Medical SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaMalaysia
| | - Muhammad H. Hanafi
- Rehabilitation Medicine UnitSchool of Medical SciencesUniversiti Sains MalaysiaMalaysia
| | - Zaidi Mohd Ripin
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversiti Sains MalaysiaMalaysia
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Qamruddin AA, Nik Husain NR, Sidek MY, Hanafi MH, Ripin ZM, Ali N. Prevalence of hand-arm vibration syndrome among tyre shop workers in Kelantan, Malaysia. J Occup Health 2019; 61:498-507. [PMID: 31364246 PMCID: PMC6842012 DOI: 10.1002/1348-9585.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prolonged exposure to hand‐arm vibration is associated with a disorder of the vascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal systems of the upper limb known as hand‐arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Currently, the evidence of HAVS in tropical environments is limited. Objectives To determine the prevalence and severity of HAVS among tyre shop workers in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methods A cross‐sectional study involving 200 tyre shop workers from two districts in Kelantan was performed. Part one data were collected at the field using questionnaire, and hand‐arm vibration was measured. Part two involved a set of hand clinical examinations. The workers were divided into high (≥5 m s‐2) and low/moderate (<5 m s‐2) exposure group according to their 8‐hr time weighted average [A(8)] of vibration exposure. The differences between the two exposure group were then compared. Results The prevalence of the vascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal symptoms was 12.5% (95% CI 10.16 to 14.84), 37.0% (95% CI 30.31 to 43.69), and 44.5% (95% CI 37.61 to 51.38) respectively. When divided according to their exposure statuses, there was a significant difference in the prevalence of HAVS for all three components of vascular, neurological, and musculoskeletal (22.68% vs 2.91%, 62.89% vs 12.62% and 50.52% and 38.83%) respectively. All the clinical examinations findings also significantly differed between the two groups with the high exposure group having a higher abnormal result. Conclusion Exposure to high A(8) of vibration exposure was associated with a higher prevalence of all three component of HAVS. There is a need for better control of vibration exposure in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asraf Ahmad Qamruddin
- Department of Community Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | | | - Mohd Yusof Sidek
- Department of Community Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Muhd Hafiz Hanafi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Zaidi Mohd Ripin
- Vibration Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Nizam Ali
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
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Qamruddin AA, Husain NRN, Sidek MY, Hanafi MH, Ripin ZM, Ali N. Lifetime vibration dose correlates with severity of the neurological component of hand-arm vibration syndrome among tyre shop workers in Kelantan, Malaysia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2019; 27:410-415. [PMID: 30940001 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2019.1600872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Introduction. Cumulative lifetime exposure to vibration is believed to contribute to more severe complications of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS). Objectives. To determine prevalence of the neurological component of HAVS and the correlation between lifetime vibration dose (LVD) and neurological severity of HAVS among tyre shop workers in Kelantan. Methods. The cross-sectional study involved 200 tyre shop workers from two districts in Kelantan. Part one data were collected in the field using a questionnaire and hand-arm vibration was measured. Part two involved a set of hand clinical examinations (Purdue pegboard, Semmes-Weinstein monofilament and two-point discrimination tests) carried out for neurological component severity staging. LVD for each worker was calculated from data gathered in part one. For workers who had neurological symptoms, staging according to Stockholm workshop scales was done according to part two data. The strength of correlation between LVD and neurological stages was then determined using Spearman correlation. Results. Prevalence of neurological component was 37%. Spearman correlation between LVD and the neurological stages showed a moderate positive correlation. Conclusion. Cumulative lifetime exposure to hand-transmitted vibration is likely to be related to neurological severity of HAVS and therefore must be considered when assessing workers' exposure to hand-arm vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhd Yusof Sidek
- Department of Community Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | - Zaidi Mohd Ripin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Nizam Ali
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Malaysia
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Carlsson D, Wahlström J, Burström L, Hagberg M, Lundström R, Pettersson H, Nilsson T. Can sensation of cold hands predict Raynaud's phenomenon or paraesthesia? Occup Med (Lond) 2019; 68:314-319. [PMID: 29750280 PMCID: PMC6012203 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Raynaud’s phenomenon and neurosensory symptoms are common after hand-arm vibration exposure. Knowledge of early signs of vibration injuries is needed. Aims To investigate the risk of developing Raynaud’s phenomenon and paraesthesia in relation to sensation of cold hands in a cohort of male employees at an engineering plant. Methods We followed a cohort of male manual and office workers at an engineering plant in Sweden for 21 years. At baseline (1987 and 1992) and each follow-up (1992, 1997, 2002, 2008), we assessed sensation of cold, Raynaud’s phenomenon and paraesthesia in the hands using questionnaires and measured vibration exposure. We calculated risk estimates with univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses and adjusted for vibration exposure and tobacco usage. Results There were 241 study participants. During the study period, 21 individuals developed Raynaud’s phenomenon and 43 developed paraesthesia. When adjusting the risk of developing Raynaud’s phenomenon for vibration exposure and tobacco use, the odds ratios were between 6.0 and 6.3 (95% CI 2.2–17.0). We observed no increased risk for paraesthesia in relation to a sensation of cold hands. Conclusions A sensation of cold hands was a risk factor for Raynaud’s phenomenon. At the individual level, reporting a sensation of cold hands did not appear to be useful information to predict future development of Raynaud’s phenomenon given a weak to moderate predictive value. For paraesthesia, the sensation of cold was not a risk factor and there was no predictive value at the individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Carlsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - J Wahlström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - L Burström
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - M Hagberg
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - R Lundström
- Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - H Pettersson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - T Nilsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Poole CJM, Mason H, Harding AH. The relationship between clinical and standardized tests for hand-arm vibration syndrome. Occup Med (Lond) 2016; 66:285-91. [PMID: 27013519 DOI: 10.1093/occmed/kqw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized laboratory tests are undertaken to assist the diagnosis and staging of hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), but the strength of the relationship between the tests and clinical stages of HAVS is unknown. AIMS To assess the relationship between the results of thermal aesthesiometry (TA), vibrotactile (VT) thresholds and cold provocation (CP) tests with the modified Stockholm scales for HAVS and to determine whether the relationship is affected by finger skin temperature. METHODS Consecutive records of workers referred to a Tier 5 HAVS assessment centre from 2006 to 2015 were identified. The diagnosis and staging of cases was undertaken from the clinical information contained in the records. Cases with alternative or mixed diagnoses were excluded and staging performed according to the modified Stockholm scale without knowledge of the results of the standardized laboratory tests. RESULTS A total of 279 cases of HAVS were analysed. Although there was a significant trend for sensorineural (SN) and vascular scores to increase with clinical stage (P < 0.01), there was no significant difference in scores between 2SN early and 2SN late or between 2SN late and 3SN. There was moderate correlation between the TA and VT scores and the clinical SN stages (r = 0.6). This correlation did not change when subjects were divided into those with a finger skin temperature <30 and >30°C. CP scores distributed bimodally and correlated poorly with clinical staging (r = 0.2). CONCLUSIONS Standardized SN tests distinguish between the lower Stockholm stages, but not above 2SN early. This has implications for health surveillance and UK policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J M Poole
- Centre for Workplace Health, Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK,
| | - H Mason
- Chemical and Biological Risk Unit, Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
| | - A-H Harding
- Mathematical Science Unit, Health and Safety Laboratory, Harpur Hill, Buxton, Derbyshire SK17 9JN, UK
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Flammer J, Konieczka K, Flammer AJ. The primary vascular dysregulation syndrome: implications for eye diseases. EPMA J 2013; 4:14. [PMID: 23742177 PMCID: PMC3693953 DOI: 10.1186/1878-5085-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dysregulation refers to the regulation of blood flow that is not adapted to the needs of the respective tissue. We distinguish primary vascular dysregulation (PVD, formerly called vasospastic syndrome) and secondary vascular dysregulation (SVD). Subjects with PVD tend to have cold extremities, low blood pressure, reduced feeling of thirst, altered drug sensitivity, increased pain sensitivity, prolonged sleep onset time, altered gene expression in the lymphocytes, signs of oxidative stress, slightly increased endothelin-1 plasma level, low body mass index and often diffuse and fluctuating visual field defects. Coldness, emotional or mechanical stress and starving can provoke symptoms. Virtually all organs, particularly the eye, can be involved. In subjects with PVD, retinal vessels are stiffer and more irregular, and both neurovascular coupling and autoregulation capacity are reduced while retinal venous pressure is often increased. Subjects with PVD have increased risk for normal-tension glaucoma, optic nerve compartment syndrome, central serous choroidopathy, Susac syndrome, retinal artery and vein occlusions and anterior ischaemic neuropathy without atherosclerosis. Further characteristics are their weaker blood–brain and blood-retinal barriers and the higher prevalence of optic disc haemorrhages and activated astrocytes. Subjects with PVD tend to suffer more often from tinnitus, muscle cramps, migraine with aura and silent myocardial ischaemic and are at greater risk for altitude sickness. While the main cause of vascular dysregulation is vascular endotheliopathy, dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system is also involved. In contrast, SVD occurs in the context of other diseases such as multiple sclerosis, retrobulbar neuritis, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia and giant cell arteritis. Taking into consideration the high prevalence of PVD in the population and potentially linked pathologies, in the current article, the authors provide recommendations on how to effectively promote the field in order to create innovative diagnostic tools to predict the pathology and develop more efficient treatment approaches tailored to the person.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Flammer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Mittlere Strasse 91, Basel CH-4031, Switzerland.
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Su AT, Darus A, Bulgiba A, Maeda S, Miyashita K. The Clinical Features of Hand‐arm Vibration Syndrome in a Warm Environment—A Review of the Literature. J Occup Health 2013; 54:349-60. [PMID: 22863899 DOI: 10.1539/joh.12-0089-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Ting Su
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of MalayaMalaysia
- Department of HygieneSchool of Medicine, Wakayama Medical UniversityJapan
| | - Azlan Darus
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of MalayaMalaysia
| | - Awang Bulgiba
- Julius Centre University Malaya, University of MalayaMalaysia
| | - Setsuo Maeda
- Faculty of Applied SociologyKinki UniversityJapan
| | - Kazuhisa Miyashita
- Department of HygieneSchool of Medicine, Wakayama Medical UniversityJapan
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Harada N, Mahbub MH. Diagnosis of vascular injuries caused by hand-transmitted vibration. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2007; 81:507-18. [PMID: 17899161 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-007-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE For a reliable objective diagnosis of vascular injuries in hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), the standardized cold provocation tests--finger skin temperature measurement during hand(s) immersion in cold water (FST test) and finger systolic blood pressure measurement during local cold exposure (FSBP test)--are widely used. In recent years there is a growing controversy regarding the diagnostic value of these tests. The aim of this study was to describe particularly the diagnostic performance of FST and FSBP tests, and also to focus on the problems and uncertainties regarding the test conditions and results, in the laboratory diagnosis of vascular injuries caused by hand-transmitted vibration. METHOD A review of pertinent published English- and Japanese-language articles and conference proceedings (between 1976 and 2006) was conducted. RESULTS From the reports with regard to diagnostic significance of the FSBP test, it seems to be an important laboratory test for diagnosing vibration-induced white finger (VWF). On the other hand, despite a large number of research studies with the FST test, there is a lack of data for the standardized FST test, which can confirm the value of it in diagnosing VWF. Moreover, there is no agreement on effective parameter/s to quantify and compare the responses in FST induced by immersion in cold water. While assessing and staging vascular injuries in HAVS, inquiry regarding finger coldness appears to be useful. CONCLUSIONS As there is no single test with satisfactory diagnostic ability for VWF, at present it is reasonable to use the cold provocation tests as a part of the comprehensive approach to evaluate HAVS patients. In addition to the objective methods, the index of finger coldness may be useful while diagnosing the vascular component of HAVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Harada
- Department of Hygiene, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan.
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