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Kamanzi C, Becker M, Jacobs M, Konečný P, Von Holdt J, Broadhurst J. The impact of coal mine dust characteristics on pathways to respiratory harm: investigating the pneumoconiotic potency of coals. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7363-7388. [PMID: 37131112 PMCID: PMC10517901 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to dust from the mining environment has historically resulted in epidemic levels of mortality and morbidity from pneumoconiotic diseases such as silicosis, coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP), and asbestosis. Studies have shown that CWP remains a critical issue at collieries across the globe, with some countries facing resurgent patterns of the disease and additional pathologies from long-term exposure. Compliance measures to reduce dust exposure rely primarily on the assumption that all "fine" particles are equally toxic irrespective of source or chemical composition. For several ore types, but more specifically coal, such an assumption is not practical due to the complex and highly variable nature of the material. Additionally, several studies have identified possible mechanisms of pathogenesis from the minerals and deleterious metals in coal. The purpose of this review was to provide a reassessment of the perspectives and strategies used to evaluate the pneumoconiotic potency of coal mine dust. Emphasis is on the physicochemical characteristics of coal mine dust such as mineralogy/mineral chemistry, particle shape, size, specific surface area, and free surface area-all of which have been highlighted as contributing factors to the expression of pro-inflammatory responses in the lung. The review also highlights the potential opportunity for more holistic risk characterisation strategies for coal mine dust, which consider the mineralogical and physicochemical aspects of the dust as variables relevant to the current proposed mechanisms for CWP pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conchita Kamanzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Megan Becker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Minerals Research, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Petr Konečný
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johanna Von Holdt
- Department of Environmental and Geographical Science, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jennifer Broadhurst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Minerals to Metals Initiative, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Zeng F, Jiang Z. Spatial and temporal evolution of mine dust research: visual knowledge mapping analysis in Web of Science from 2001 to 2021. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:62170-62200. [PMID: 36940022 PMCID: PMC10025797 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26332-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Dust pollution control is the basic guarantee of mine safety production, which has been widely concerned by scholars. Based on a total of 1786 publications collected by the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) from 2001 to 2021, this paper analyzes the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics, hot topics, and frontier trends of the international mine dust field during the past 20 years by using Citespace and VOSviewer knowledge graph technology. The research shows that the study of mine dust can be divided into three stages: initial period (2001 ~ 2008), stable transition period (2009 ~ 2016), and boom period (2017 ~ 2021). The journals and disciplines which belong to mine dust research mainly focus on environmental science and engineering technology. A stable core group of authors and institutions have been preliminarily formed in the dust research field. The main themes of the study contained the whole process of mine dust generation, transport, prevention, and control, as well as the consequences of disaster. At present, the hot research fields mainly focus on mine dust particle pollution, multi-stage dust prevention, and emission reduction technologies, and mine occupational protection, monitoring, and early warning. In the future, the research should focus on the mechanism of dust production and transportation, the theory of efficient prevention and control, the technology and equipment of precise prevention and control of dust, and the high-precision monitoring and early warning of dust concentration. Future research should be concerned with dust control in underground mines and deep concave open-pit mines with complicated and treacherous environments, and strengthen research institutions, interdisciplinary cooperation, and interaction so as to promote the integration and application of mine dust and automation, information, and intelligent technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabin Zeng
- School of Civil & Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Zhongan Jiang
- School of Civil & Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Efficient Mining and Safety of Metal Mines, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
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Rumchev K, Van Hoang D, Lee AH. Exposure to dust and respiratory health among Australian miners. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2023; 96:355-363. [PMID: 36089622 PMCID: PMC9968258 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-022-01922-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Occupational exposure to dust has been recognised as a significant health hazard to mine workers. This study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to inhalable (INH) and respirable (RES) dust and respiratory health among mine workers in Western Australia using an industry-wide exposure database. METHODS The database comprised cross-sectional surveys conducted by mining companies for the period 2001-2012. The study population consisted of 12,797 workers who were monitored for exposure to INH and RES dust and undertook health assessments including a respiratory questionnaire and spirometry test. RESULTS Despite the general trend of declining exposure to both INH and RES dust observed over the 12 years period, mine workers reported a higher prevalence of phlegm and cough when exposed to elevated concentrations of INH and RES dust. Logistic regression analysis further confirmed the positive association between INH dust exposure and the prevalence of phlegm with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.033 (95% CI 1.012-1.052). Overall, 6.3% of miners might have potential airway obstruction, and exposure to INH dust was associated with impaired lung function parameters. CONCLUSION Exposure levels of INH and RES dust particles among mine workers have reduced considerably and were well below currently legislated occupational exposure limits. However, given the reported higher prevalence of phlegm and cough among those with elevated dust concentrations, there is a continued need for effective dust exposure monitoring and control in the mineral mining industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krassi Rumchev
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
| | - Dong Van Hoang
- National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andy H. Lee
- School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
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Characterization and Toxicity Analysis of Lab-Created Respirable Coal Mine Dust from the Appalachians and Rocky Mountains Regions. MINERALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/min12070898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coal mine workers are continuously exposed to respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) in workplaces, causing severe lung diseases. RCMD characteristics and their relations with dust toxicity need further research to understand the adverse exposure effects to RCMD. The geographic clustering of coal workers’ pneumoconiosis (CWP) suggests that RCMD in the Appalachian region may exhibit more toxicity than other geographic regions such as the Rocky Mountains. This study investigates the RCMD characteristics and toxicity based on geographic location. Dissolution experiments in simulated lung fluids (SLFs) and in vitro responses were conducted to determine the toxicity level of samples collected from five mines in the Rocky Mountains and Appalachian regions. Dust characteristics were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, the BET method, total microwave digestion, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was conducted to determine the concentration of metals dissolved in the SLFs. Finer particle sizes and higher mineral and elemental contents were found in samples from the Appalachian regions. Si, Al, Fe, Cu, Sr, and Pb were found in dissolution experiments, but no trends were found indicating higher dissolutions in the Appalachian region. In vitro studies indicated a proinflammatory response in epithelial and macrophage cells, suggesting their possible participation in pneumoconiosis and lung diseases development.
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Song Y, Southam K, Beamish BB, Zosky GR. Effects of chemical composition on the lung cell response to coal particles: Implications for coal workers' pneumoconiosis. Respirology 2022; 27:447-454. [PMID: 35306722 PMCID: PMC9314662 DOI: 10.1111/resp.14246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective Coal mine dust has a complex and heterogeneous chemical composition. It has been suggested that coal particle chemistry plays a critical role in determining the pathogenesis of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP). In this study, we aimed to establish the association between the detrimental cellular response and the chemical composition of coal particles. Methods We sourced 19 real‐world coal samples. Samples were crushed prior to use to minimize the impact of particle size on the response and to ensure the particles were respirable. Key chemical components and inorganic compounds were quantified in the coal samples. The cytotoxic, inflammatory and pro‐fibrotic responses in epithelial cells, macrophages and fibroblasts were assessed following 24 h of exposure to coal particles. Principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise regression were used to determine which chemical components of the coal particles were associated with the cell response. Results The cytotoxic, inflammatory and pro‐fibrotic response varied considerably between coal samples. There was a high level of collinearity in the cell responses and between the chemical compounds within the coal samples. PCA identified three factors that explained 75% of the variance in the cell response. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified K2O (p <0.001) and Fe2O3 (p = 0.011) as significant predictors of cytotoxicity and cytokine production, respectively. Conclusion Our data clearly demonstrate that the detrimental cellular effects of exposure to coal mine dusts are highly dependent on particle chemistry. This has implications for understanding the pathogenesis of CWP. To determine whether chemistry is a key determinant of the lung cell response to coal particles, we examined the correlation between the chemical constituents of 19 coal samples and cellular response. We identified K2O and Fe2O3 as the constituents of the coal associated with the greatest detrimental cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Song
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Katherine Southam
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | | | - Graeme R. Zosky
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
- Tasmanian School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
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Barone TL, Lee T, Cauda EG, Mazzella AL, Stach R, Mizaikoff B. Segregation of respirable dust for chemical and toxicological analyses. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2020; 76:134-144. [PMID: 32552564 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2020.1779018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Respirable dust can pass beyond ciliated airways of the respiratory tract and influence adverse health effects. Health effects can be studied using samples generated from bulk dust segregation. Because previous segregation methods diverge from size-selection criteria of the international convention for respirable particles (ICRP), a method was developed to approximate the ICRP. The method was compared to an ideal sampler by measuring the sample collection bias. The comparison shows that the uncertainty due to the bias was 0.10 based on European Standard EN13205:2014 criteria, which indicates that the segregator effectively follows the ICRP. Respirable particle size distributions were confirmed by an aerodynamic particle sizer and by computer-controlled scanning electron microscopy. Consequently, a systematic way to generate respirable powders for health effects studies and chemical analyses was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa L Barone
- Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Taekhee Lee
- Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Emanuele G Cauda
- Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Andrew L Mazzella
- Pittsburgh Mining Research Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Robert Stach
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Lee W, Lee JG, Yoon JH, Lee JH. Relationship between occupational dust exposure levels and mental health symptoms among Korean workers. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228853. [PMID: 32059015 PMCID: PMC7021288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dust and fumes are complex mixtures of airborne gases and fine particles present in all environments inhabited by people. This study investigated the relationship between occupational dust exposure levels and mental health problems such as depression or anxiety, fatigue, and insomnia or sleep disturbance. We analyzed data from the third and fourth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) conducted by the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency in 2011 and 2014. We performed chi-square tests to compare the different baseline and occupational characteristics and mental health status according to occupational dust exposure levels. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for mental health symptoms (fatigue, depression or anxiety, and insomnia or sleep disturbance) were calculated using adjusted multiple logistic regression models. A total of 78,512 participants (43,979 in men, 34,533 in women) were included in this study. Among them, 6,013 (7.7%) and 2,625 (3.3%) reported “moderate” and “severe” dust exposure, respectively. Among those who answered “yes” to depression or anxiety, fatigue, insomnia or sleep disturbance, 50 (4.6%), 961 (4.8%), and 123 (5.9%), respectively, demonstrated “severe” occupational dust exposure. Compared to “low” levels of dust exposure, “moderate” and “severe” exposure increased the risk of depression and anxiety (OR = 1.09, 95%CI: 0.88–1.36; OR = 1.16, 95%CI: 0.87–1.58, per exposure respectively); however, this was not statistically significant. For fatigue, significance was observed for “moderate” 1.54 (1.46–1.64) and “severe” 1.65 (1.52–1.80) exposure levels. “Severe” levels increased the risk of insomnia or sleep disturbance (OR = 1.52, 95%CI: 1.25–1.85). These results suggest that the “dust annoyance” concept of mental health, which may be explained by a neurocognitive mechanism, is plausible. Occupational “dust annoyance” has been linked to workers’ mental health status, particularly in terms of fatigue and sleep disturbance; a dose-response relationship has been observed. Workers should be protected against dust to support their health and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanhyung Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Gwang Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ha Yoon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Hee Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Hall NB, Blackley DJ, Halldin CN, Laney AS. Continued increase in prevalence of r-type opacities among underground coal miners in the USA. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:479-481. [PMID: 31023786 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2019-105691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respirable crystalline silica exposure has been implicated in the resurgence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) in the USA. A 2010 report found an increasing prevalence of r-type opacities, which are associated with silicosis lung pathology, on the radiographs of working underground coal miners in central Appalachia. This analysis updates that report by assessing the prevalence of r-type opacities during 2010-2018 compared with earlier decades. METHODS Data from the Coal Workers' Health Surveillance Program were used to calculate the prevalence of r-type opacities on radiographs of working underground coal miners. The data were restricted to radiographs taken during 1 January 1980 to 15 September 2018. The presence of r-type opacities was defined as an r-type classification for either the primary or secondary shape/size of small opacities. Prevalence ratios for r-type opacities were calculated using log binomial regression. RESULTS Radiograph classifications for 106 506 miners were included in analysis. For the USA overall, the prevalence of r-type opacities among miners with radiographs taken during 2010-2018 compared with 1980-1989 has increased (PR 2.4; 95% CI 1.9 to 3.0). For central Appalachia, the proportion of r-type opacities observed increased when comparing 1980-1989 to 2010-2018 (PR 6.0; 95% CI 4.6 to 7.9). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of r-type opacities on the radiographs of Appalachian underground coal miners continues to increase, implicating exposure to crystalline silica in respirable coal mine dust. The current findings underscore the importance of monitoring and controlling exposure to silica in coal mines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi B Hall
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - David J Blackley
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Cara N Halldin
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - A Scott Laney
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Dragani TA, Colombo F, Pavlisko EN, Roggli VL. Malignant mesothelioma diagnosed at a younger age is associated with heavier asbestos exposure. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:1151-1156. [PMID: 29982378 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Asbestos exposure is the main etiology of malignant mesothelioma, but there are conflicting data on whether the intensity of exposure modulates the development of this disease. This study considered 594 patients with malignant mesothelioma for whom count data on asbestos bodies and fibers (per gram of wet lung tissue) were available. The relationships between age at diagnosis (a time-to-event outcome variable) and these two measures of internal asbestos exposure, along with other possible modulating factors (sex, tumor location, histological subtype and childhood exposure), were assessed on multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, stratifying by decade of birth year. For both measures of asbestos in lung tissue, younger age at diagnosis was associated with higher internal measures of exposure to asbestos. Stratified Cox analyses showed that for each doubling in asbestos body count patients were 1.07 times more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.07; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.04-1.09; P = 2.2 × 10-7] and for each doubling in asbestos fiber count patients were 1.13 times more likely to be diagnosed at a younger age (HR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.09-1.17; P = 8.6 × 10-11). None of the other variables considered were associated with age at diagnosis. Our finding that tumors become clinically apparent at a younger age in heavily exposed subjects suggests that asbestos is involved not only in the malignant mesothelioma tumor initiation but, somehow, also in the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso A Dragani
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Colombo
- Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Victor L Roggli
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Mielke S, Taeger D, Weitmann K, Brüning T, Hoffmann W. Influence of quartz exposure on lung cancer types in cases of lymph node-only silicosis and lung silicosis in German uranium miners. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2018; 73:140-153. [PMID: 28443719 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2017.1322933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled crystalline quartz is a carcinogen. Analyses show differences in the distribution of lung cancer types depending on the status of silicosis. Using 2,524 lung tumor cases from the WISMUT autopsy repository database, silicosis was differentiated into cases without silicosis in lung parenchyma and its lymph nodes, with lymph node-only silicosis, or with lung silicosis including lymph node silicosis. The proportions of adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and small-cell lung carcinoma mortality for increasing quartz exposures were estimated in a multinomial logistic regression model. The relative proportions of the lung cancer subtypes in lymph node-only silicosis were more similar to lung silicosis than without any silicosis. The results support the hypothesis that quartz-related carcinogenesis in case of lymph node-only silicosis is more similar to that in lung silicosis than in without silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mielke
- a Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Dirk Taeger
- b Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Kerstin Weitmann
- a Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Thomas Brüning
- b Institute for Prevention and Occupational Medicine of the German Social Accident Insurance, Institute of the Ruhr University Bochum (IPA) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoffmann
- a Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
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Anlar HG, Taner G, Bacanli M, Iritas S, Kurt T, Tutkun E, Yilmaz OH, Basaran N. Assessment of DNA damage in ceramic workers. Mutagenesis 2017; 33:97-104. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gex016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Gul Anlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gokce Taner
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Architecture and Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Merve Bacanli
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Servet Iritas
- The Council of Forensic Medicine, Branch Office of Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Turker Kurt
- Faculty of Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin Tutkun
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Bozok University, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Omer Hinc Yilmaz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health, Yıldırım Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nursen Basaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Anlar HG, Bacanli M, İritaş S, Bal C, Kurt T, Tutkun E, Hinc Yilmaz O, Basaran N. Effects of Occupational Silica Exposure on OXIDATIVE Stress and Immune System Parameters in Ceramic Workers in TURKEY. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2017; 80:688-696. [PMID: 28524802 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2017.1286923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Silica is the second most common element after oxygen, and therefore, exposures to crystalline silica dust occur in a large variety of occupations such as metal foundries, constructions, and ceramic, quarry, and pottery industries. Since crystalline silica exposure has been linked with silicosis, lung cancer, and other pulmonary diseases, adverse effect attributed to this element has be a cause for concern worldwide. Silica dust exposure in workers is still considered to be important health problem especially in developing countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of occupational silica exposure on oxidative stress parameters including the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and levels of total glutathione (GSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) as well as immune system parameters such as interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in Turkish ceramic workers. In this study, nearly 50% of Turkish ceramic workers were diagnosed with silicosis. Eighty-four percent of these silicotic workers were found to present with profusion category 1 silicosis, whereas controls (n = 81) all displayed normal chest radiographs. Data demonstrated a significant decrease in levels of GSH and activities of CAT, SOD, and GPx, but a significant increase in MDA levels and activity of GR in all workers. Further, workers possessed significantly higher levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. These observations suggest that ceramic workers may have impaired antioxidant/oxidant status and activated immune system indicative of inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Gul Anlar
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
- b Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Çukurova University , Adana , Turkey
| | - Merve Bacanli
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Servet İritaş
- c The Council of Forensic Medicine , Branch Office of Ankara , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Ceylan Bal
- d Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Faculty of Medicine , Department of Medical Biochemistry , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Türker Kurt
- e Faculty of Education , Gazi University , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Engin Tutkun
- f Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health , Bozok University , Yozgat , Turkey
| | - O Hinc Yilmaz
- g Ankara Occupational Diseases Hospital Department of Toxiocology Ankara , Turkey
| | - Nursen Basaran
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology , Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University , Ankara , Turkey
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Sushma, Kumar H, Ahmad I, Dutta PK. Evaluation of the DNA damaging potential of indigenous health hazardous quartz nanoparticles on the cultured lung cells. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:152-161. [PMID: 30090485 PMCID: PMC6061934 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00414h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quartz nanoparticles (QNPs) cause various diseases in the biological systems and are thus considered as hazardous materials; however, their properties are important in a wide range of biological and pharmaceutical entities. The present study was initiated to enhance the understanding of the genotoxic potential and focused on the mechanism involved in the indigenous quartz nanoparticles induced toxicity in A549 cells. The results show a concentration dependent decrease in the cell viability of A549 cells. Additionally, QNPs exposure results in the concentration dependent toxicity, which intensifies the generation of ROS, which in turn is confirmed by the increased lipid peroxidation and decreased GSH levels. Moreover, it also induces DNA damage in the cells exposed to QNPs as compared to the control cells. The outcome of the results confirms that QNPs have cytotoxic and genotoxic effects on the A549 cells in a concentration and time dependent manner. Western blot analysis indicates the up regulation of LC-3I/II, Beclin-1, and p62 protein levels, which confirms the occurrence of autophagy through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/a threonine kinase (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, as well as the inhibitor of autophagy is also verified. Our study demonstrates that QNPs exposure in human lung cells causes oxidative stress and DNA damage, which leads to autophagy. Hence, from a bioremediation point of view, the remedial strategy that can be adopted from the biological DNA damage from these health hazardous materials will result in a safer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma
- Fiber Toxicology Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , PO Box-80 , MG Marg , Lucknow-226001 , India
| | - Hridyesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad 211004 , India .
| | - Iqbal Ahmad
- Fiber Toxicology Division , CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research , PO Box-80 , MG Marg , Lucknow-226001 , India
| | - Pradip Kumar Dutta
- Department of Chemistry , Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology , Allahabad 211004 , India .
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Morfeld P, Bruch J, Levy L, Ngiewih Y, Chaudhuri I, Muranko HJ, Myerson R, McCunney RJ. Translational toxicology in setting occupational exposure limits for dusts and hazard classification - a critical evaluation of a recent approach to translate dust overload findings from rats to humans. Part Fibre Toxicol 2015; 12:3. [PMID: 25925672 PMCID: PMC4443602 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-015-0079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyze the scientific basis and methodology used by the German MAK Commission in their recommendations for exposure limits and carcinogen classification of "granular biopersistent particles without known specific toxicity" (GBS). These recommendations are under review at the European Union level. We examine the scientific assumptions in an attempt to reproduce the results. MAK's human equivalent concentrations (HECs) are based on a particle mass and on a volumetric model in which results from rat inhalation studies are translated to derive occupational exposure limits (OELs) and a carcinogen classification. METHODS We followed the methods as proposed by the MAK Commission and Pauluhn 2011. We also examined key assumptions in the metrics, such as surface area of the human lung, deposition fractions of inhaled dusts, human clearance rates; and risk of lung cancer among workers, presumed to have some potential for lung overload, the physiological condition in rats associated with an increase in lung cancer risk. RESULTS The MAK recommendations on exposure limits for GBS have numerous incorrect assumptions that adversely affect the final results. The procedures to derive the respirable occupational exposure limit (OEL) could not be reproduced, a finding raising considerable scientific uncertainty about the reliability of the recommendations. Moreover, the scientific basis of using the rat model is confounded by the fact that rats and humans show different cellular responses to inhaled particles as demonstrated by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) studies in both species. CONCLUSION Classifying all GBS as carcinogenic to humans based on rat inhalation studies in which lung overload leads to chronic inflammation and cancer is inappropriate. Studies of workers, who have been exposed to relevant levels of dust, have not indicated an increase in lung cancer risk. Using the methods proposed by the MAK, we were unable to reproduce the OEL for GBS recommended by the Commission, but identified substantial errors in the models. Considerable shortcomings in the use of lung surface area, clearance rates, deposition fractions; as well as using the mass and volumetric metrics as opposed to the particle surface area metric limit the scientific reliability of the proposed GBS OEL and carcinogen classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Morfeld
- Institute for Occupational Epidemiology and Risk Assessment of Evonik Industries, AG Rellinghauser Straße 1-11, Essen, 45128, Germany.
- Institute and Policlinic for Occupational Medicine, Environmental Medicine and Preventive Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Joachim Bruch
- University Duisburg-Essen, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany.
- IBE GmbH, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Len Levy
- Cranfield University, ᅟ, Cranfield, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Ross Myerson
- Department of Occupational Health, MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA.
- The George Washington University School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Robert J McCunney
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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15
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Hung YP, Teng CJ, Liu CJ, Hu YW, Hung MH, Tzeng CH, Liu CY, Yeh CM, Chen TJ, Chiou TJ. Cancer risk among patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis in Taiwan: a nationwide population-based study. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2910-6. [PMID: 24242366 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the cancer risk among patients with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (CWP) using a nationwide population-based dataset. Patients without previous cancer who had been diagnosed with CWP and followed-up for more than 1 year between 1997 and 2006 were recruited from the Taiwan National Health Insurance database. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) of cancers in CWP patients were calculated and compared to the cancer incidence in the general population. Risk factors for cancer development were also analyzed. After a median follow-up of 9.68 years, 954 cancers developed among 8,051 recruited CWP patients, with a follow-up of 69,398 person-years. The SIR for all cancers was 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.18]. Males older than 80 years had a SIR of 1.27 (95% CI: 1.06-1.51). The SIRs of esophageal (1.76, 95% CI: 1.24-2.44), gastric (1.42, 95% CI: 1.13-1.76), liver and biliary tract (1.18, 95% CI: 1.01-1.37) and lung and mediastinal (1.45, 95% CI: 1.26-1.66) cancers were significantly higher in the CWP group than in the general population. Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 60 years [hazard ratio (HR) 1.70, 95% CI: 1.41-2.05), male gender (HR = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.44-2.23) and liver cirrhosis (HR = 3.99, 95% CI: 2.89-5.51) were significant predictors of cancer development in patients with CWP. We concluded that patients with CWP, especially elderly males, were at increased risk of cancer. Age, male gender and liver cirrhosis were independent risk factors for cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Hung
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Scherbart AM, Langer J, Bushmelev A, van Berlo D, Haberzettl P, van Schooten FJ, Schmidt AM, Rose CR, Schins RPF, Albrecht C. Contrasting macrophage activation by fine and ultrafine titanium dioxide particles is associated with different uptake mechanisms. Part Fibre Toxicol 2011; 8:31. [PMID: 21995556 PMCID: PMC3214143 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-8-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhalation of (nano)particles may lead to pulmonary inflammation. However, the precise mechanisms of particle uptake and generation of inflammatory mediators by alveolar macrophages (AM) are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactions between particles and AM and their associated pro-inflammatory effects in relation to particle size and physico-chemical properties. NR8383 rat lung AM were treated with ultrafine (uf), fine (f) TiO2 or fine crystalline silica (DQ12 quartz). Physico-chemical particle properties were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, elemental analysis and thermogravimetry. Aggregation and agglomeration tendency of the particles were determined in assay-specific suspensions by means of dynamic light scattering. All three particle types were rapidly taken up by AM. DQ12 and ufTiO2 , but not fTiO2 , caused increased extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) mRNA expression and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α release. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression was increased most strongly by ufTiO2 , while DQ12 exclusively triggered interleukin (IL) 1β release. However, oscillations of intracellular calcium concentration and increased intracellular ROS were observed with all three samples. Uptake inhibition experiments with cytochalasin D, chlorpromazine and a Fcγ receptor II (FcγRII) antibody revealed that the endocytosis of fTiO2 by the macrophages involves actin-dependent phagocytosis and macropinocytosis as well as clathrin-coated pit formation, whereas the uptake of ufTiO2 was dominated by FcγIIR. The uptake of DQ12 was found to be significantly reduced by all three inhibitors. Our findings suggest that the contrasting AM responses to fTiO2 , ufTiO2 and DQ12 relate to differences in the involvement of specific uptake mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes M Scherbart
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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17
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Sellamuthu R, Umbright C, Roberts JR, Chapman R, Young SH, Richardson D, Leonard H, McKinney W, Chen B, Frazer D, Li S, Kashon M, Joseph P. Blood gene expression profiling detects silica exposure and toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2011; 122:253-64. [PMID: 21602193 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood gene expression profiling was investigated as a minimally invasive surrogate approach to detect silica exposure and resulting pulmonary toxicity. Rats were exposed by inhalation to crystalline silica (15 mg/m³, 6 h/day, 5 days), and pulmonary damage and blood gene expression profiles were determined after latency periods (0-16 weeks). Silica exposure resulted in pulmonary toxicity as evidenced by histological and biochemical changes in the lungs. The number of significantly differentially expressed genes in the blood, identified by microarray analysis, correlated with the severity of silica-induced pulmonary toxicity. Functional analysis of the differentially expressed genes identified activation of inflammatory response as the major biological signal. Induction of pulmonary inflammation, as suggested by the blood gene expression data, was supported by significant increases in the number of macrophages and infiltrating neutrophils as well as the activity of pro-inflammatory chemokines observed in the lungs of the silica-exposed rats. A gene expression signature developed using the blood gene expression data predicted the exposure of rats to lower, minimally toxic and nontoxic concentrations of silica. Taken together, our findings suggest the potential application of peripheral blood gene expression profiling as a minimally invasive surrogate approach to detect pulmonary toxicity induced by silica in the rat. However, further research is required to determine the potential application of our findings specifically to monitor human exposure to silica and the resulting pulmonary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Sellamuthu
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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18
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van Berlo D, Knaapen AM, van Schooten FJ, Schins RPF, Albrecht C. NF-kappaB dependent and independent mechanisms of quartz-induced proinflammatory activation of lung epithelial cells. Part Fibre Toxicol 2010; 7:13. [PMID: 20492675 PMCID: PMC2885999 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the initiation and progression of pulmonary inflammation, macrophages have classically been considered as a crucial cell type. However, evidence for the role of epithelial type II cells in pulmonary inflammation has been accumulating. In the current study, a combined in vivo and in vitro approach has been employed to investigate the mechanisms of quartz-induced proinflammatory activation of lung epithelial cells. In vivo, enhanced expression of the inflammation- and oxidative stress-related genes HO-1 and iNOS was found on the mRNA level in rat lungs after instillation with DQ12 respirable quartz. Activation of the classical NF-kappaB pathway in macrophages and type II pneumocytes was indicated by enhanced immunostaining of phospho-IkappaBalpha in these specific lung cell types. In vitro, the direct, particle-mediated effect on proinflammatory signalling in a rat lung epithelial (RLE) cell line was compared to the indirect, macrophage product-mediated effect. Treatment with quartz particles induced HO-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression in RLE cells in an NF-kappaB independent manner. Supernatant from quartz-treated macrophages rapidly activated the NF-kappaB signalling pathway in RLE cells and markedly induced iNOS mRNA expression up to 2000-fold compared to non-treated control cells. Neutralisation of TNFalpha and IL-1beta in macrophage supernatant did not reduce its ability to elicit NF-kappaB activation of RLE cells. In addition the effect was not modified by depletion or supplementation of intracellular glutathione. The results from the current work suggest that although both oxidative stress and NF-kappaB are likely involved in the inflammatory effects of toxic respirable particles, these phenomena can operate independently on the cellular level. This might have consequences for in vitro particle hazard testing, since by focusing on NF-kappaB signalling one might neglect alternative inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien van Berlo
- Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf gGmbH, Germany
| | - Ad M Knaapen
- Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
- Department of Toxicology and Drug Disposition, Schering-Plough, the Netherlands
| | | | - Roel PF Schins
- Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf gGmbH, Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf gGmbH, Germany
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19
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A systematic review of occupational exposure to particulate matter and cardiovascular disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:1773-806. [PMID: 20617059 PMCID: PMC2872342 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7041773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ambient particulate air pollution is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease; however the link between occupational particulate exposures and adverse cardiovascular events is less clear. We conducted a systematic review, including meta-analysis where appropriate, of the epidemiologic association between occupational exposure to particulate matter and cardiovascular disease. Out of 697 articles meeting our initial criteria, 37 articles published from January 1990 to April 2009 (12 mortality; 5 morbidity; and 20 intermediate cardiovascular endpoints) were included. Results suggest a possible association between occupational particulate exposures and ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality as well as non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), and stronger evidence of associations with heart rate variability and systemic inflammation, potential intermediates between occupational PM exposure and IHD. In meta-analysis of mortality studies, a significant increase in IHD was observed (meta-IRR = 1.16; 95% CI: 1.06–1.26), however these data were limited by lack of adequate control for smoking and other potential confounders. Further research is needed to better clarify the magnitude of the potential risk of the development and aggravation of IHD associated with short and long-term occupational particulate exposures and to clarify the clinical significance of acute and chronic changes in intermediate cardiovascular outcomes.
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20
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Estellita L, Santos A, Anjos R, Yoshimura E, Velasco H, da Silva A, Aguiar J. Analysis and risk estimates to workers of Brazilian granitic industries and sandblasters exposed to respirable crystalline silica and natural radionuclides. RADIAT MEAS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Anjos RM, Umisedo N, da Silva AAR, Estellita L, Rizzotto M, Yoshimura EM, Velasco H, Santos AMA. Occupational exposure to radon and natural gamma radiation in the La Carolina, a former gold mine in San Luis Province, Argentina. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2010; 101:153-158. [PMID: 19945773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Radon and gamma radiation level measurements were carried out inside the La Carolina mine, one of the oldest gold mining camps of southern South America, which is open for touristic visits nowadays. CR-39 track-etch detectors and thermoluminescent dosimeters of natural CaF(2) and LiF TLD-100 were exposed at 14 points along the mine tunnels in order to estimate the mean (222)Rn concentration and the ambient dose equivalent during the summer season (November 2008 to February 2009). The values for the (222)Rn concentration at each monitoring site ranged from 1.8+/-0.1 kBqm(-3) to 6.0+/-0.5 kBqm(-3), with a mean value of 4.8 kBqm(-3), indicating that these measurements exceed in about three times the upper action level recommended by ICRP for workplaces. The correlations between radon and gamma radiation levels inside the mine were also investigated. Effective doses due to (222)Rn and gamma rays inside the mine were determined, resulting in negligible values to tourists. Considering the effective dose to the mine tourist guides, values exceeding 20mSv of internal contribution to the effective doses can be reached, depending on the number of working hours inside the mine.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Anjos
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Av. Gal Milton Tavares de Souza, s/no, Gragoatá, 24210-340, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.
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22
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Demircigil GC, Coskun E, Vidinli N, Erbay Y, Yilmaz M, Cimrin A, Schins RP, Borm PJ, Burgaz S. Increased micronucleus frequencies in surrogate and target cells from workers exposed to crystalline silica-containing dust. Mutagenesis 2009; 25:163-9. [PMID: 19939883 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mining, crushing, grinding, sandblasting and construction are high-risk activities with regard to crystalline silica exposure, especially in developing countries. Respirable crystalline silica (quartz and cristobalite) inhaled from occupational sources has been reclassified as a human carcinogen in 1997 by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. However, the biological activity of crystalline silica has been found to be variable among different industries, and this has formed the basis for further in vivo/in vitro mechanistic research and epidemiologic studies. This study was conducted for genotoxicity evaluation in a population of workers (e.g. glass industry workers, sandblasters, and stone grinders) mainly exposed to crystalline silica in four different workplaces in Turkey. The micronucleus (MN) assay was applied both in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) as a surrogate tissue and in nasal epithelial cells (NEC) as a target tissue of the respiratory tract. Our study revealed significantly higher MN frequencies in the workers (n = 50) versus the control group (n = 29) (P < 0.001) and indicated a significant effect of occupational exposure on MN induction in both of the tissues. For the NEC target tissue, the difference in MN frequencies between the workers and control group was 3-fold, whereas in peripheral tissue, it was 2-fold. Respirable dust and crystalline silica levels exceeding limit values and mineralogical/elemental dust composition of the dust of at least 70% SiO(2) were used as markers of crystalline silica exposure in each of the workplaces. Moreover, 24% of the current workers were found to have early radiographical changes (profusion category of 1). In conclusion, although the PBL are not primary target cells for respiratory particulate toxicants, an evident increase in MN frequencies in this surrogate tissue was observed, alongside with a significant increase in NEC and may be an indicator of the accumulated genetic damage associated with crystalline silica exposure.
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Roursgaard M, Poulsen SS, Kepley CL, Hammer M, Nielsen GD, Larsen ST. Polyhydroxylated C60 fullerene (fullerenol) attenuates neutrophilic lung inflammation in mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 103:386-8. [PMID: 18793270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00315.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Haberzettl P, Schins RPF, Höhr D, Wilhelmi V, Borm PJA, Albrecht C. Impact of the FcgammaII-receptor on quartz uptake and inflammatory response by alveolar macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 294:L1137-48. [PMID: 18390832 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00261.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response following particle inhalation is described as a key event in the development of lung diseases, e.g., fibrosis and cancer. The essential role of alveolar macrophages (AM) in the pathogenicity of particles through their functions in lung clearance and mediation of inflammation is well known. However, the molecular mechanisms and direct consequences of particle uptake are still unclear. Inhibition of different classic phagocytosis receptors by flow cytometry shows a reduction of the dose-dependent quartz particle (DQ12) uptake in the rat AM cell line NR8383. Thereby the strongest inhibitory effect was observed by blocking the FcgammaII-receptor (FcgammaII-R). Fluorescence immunocytochemistry, demonstrating FcgammaII-R clustering at particle binding sites as well as transmission electron microscopy, visualizing zippering mechanism-like morphological changes, confirmed the role of the FcgammaII-R in DQ12 phagocytosis. FcgammaII-R participation in DQ12 uptake was further strengthened by the quartz-induced activation of the Src-kinase Lyn, the phospho-tyrosine kinases Syk (spleen tyrosine kinase) and PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), as shown by Western blotting. Activation of the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42, shown by immunoprecipitation, as well as inhibition of tyrosine kinases, GTPases, or Rac1 provided further support for the role of the FcgammaII-R. Consistent with the uptake results, FcgammaII-R activation with its specific ligand caused a similar generation of reactive oxygen species and TNF-alpha release as observed after treatment with DQ12. In conclusion, our results indicate a major role of FcgammaII-R and its downstream signaling cascade in the phagocytosis of quartz particles in AM as well as in the associated generation and release of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Haberzettl
- Particle Research, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung at the Heinrich Heine University, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Huang X, Finkelman RB. Understanding the chemical properties of macerals and minerals in coal and its potential application for occupational lung disease prevention. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2008; 11:45-67. [PMID: 18176887 DOI: 10.1080/10937400701600552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Recent increases in oil price further strengthen the argument that coal and coal products will play an increasingly important role in fulfilling the energy needs of our society. Coal is an aggregate of heterogeneous substances composed of organic (macerals) and inorganic (minerals) materials. The objective of this review was to assess whether some chemical parameters in coal play a role in producing environmental health problems. Basic properties of coal--such as chemical forms of the organic materials, structure, compositions of minerals--vary from one coal mine region to another as well as from coals of different ranks. Most importantly, changes in chemical properties of coals due to exposure to air and humidity after mining--a dynamic process--significantly affect toxicity attributed to coal and environmental fate. Although coal is an extremely complex and heterogeneous material, the fundamental properties of coal responsible for environmental and adverse health problems are probably related to the same inducing components of coal. For instance, oxidation of pyrite (FeS2) in the coal forms iron sulfate and sulfuric acid, which produces occupational lung diseases (e.g., pneumoconiosis) and other environmental problems (e.g., acid mine drainage and acid rain). Calcite (CaCO3) contained in certain coals alters the end products of pyrite oxidation, which may make these coals less toxic to human inhalation and less hazardous to environmental pollution. Finally, knowledge gained on understanding of the chemical properties of coals is illustrated to apply for prediction of toxicity due to coal possibly before large-scale mining and prevention of occupational lung disease during mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Huang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA.
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Haberzettl P, Duffin R, Krämer U, Höhr D, Schins RPF, Borm PJA, Albrecht C. Actin plays a crucial role in the phagocytosis and biological response to respirable quartz particles in macrophages. Arch Toxicol 2007; 81:459-70. [PMID: 17375287 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of respirable quartz particles by alveolar macrophages (AM) is believed to cause an inflammatory response, which is discussed as a crucial step in quartz pathogenicity. However, little is known about the mechanism and the relevance of particle uptake. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the role of the actin cytoskeleton in quartz particle uptake, reactive oxygen species generation (ROS) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release. Primary rat alveolar and interstitial macrophages (IM) as well as a rat alveolar macrophage cell line (NR8383) were treated with quartz particles at various concentrations and time intervals. Particle uptake was studied using flow cytometry and light/fluorescence microscopy to analyze particle uptake and cytoskeleton recruitment. Intra- as well as extracellular ROS generation was analyzed by flow cytometry and electron spin resonance (ESR). Flow cytometric investigations demonstrated a dose- and time-dependent particle uptake. Primary AM showed a similar uptake indicating that the cell line provides a good model to investigate the mechanisms of particle uptake while primary IM had a lower uptake rate. Inhibition of actin polymerization using cytochalasin-D caused a significant reduction of particle uptake in NR8383 cells. The quartz induced dose-dependent increase of ROS generation and TNF-alpha release was also blocked by inhibition of actin polymerization. Our results demonstrate an active involvement of the cytoskeleton in uptake of quartz particles and suggest a role of the actin framework and/or the particle uptake in DQ12-induced ROS generation and cytokine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Haberzettl
- Particle Research, Institut für umweltmedizinische Forschung gGmbH (IUF) an der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Mamuya SHD, Bråtveit M, Mashalla Y, Moen BE. High prevalence of respiratory symptoms among workers in the development section of a manually operated coal mine in a developing country: a cross sectional study. BMC Public Health 2007; 7:17. [PMID: 17270039 PMCID: PMC1797009 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-7-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies of miners have been carried out in African countries; most are from South Africa, where the working conditions are assumed to be better than in the rest of Africa. Several studies have focused on respiratory disorders among miners, but development workers responsible for creating underground road ways have not been studied explicitly. This is the first study assessing the associations between exposure to dust and quartz and respiratory symptoms among coal mine workers in a manually operated coal mine in Tanzania, focusing on development workers, as they have the highest exposure to coal dust. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out among 250 production workers from a coal mine. Interviews were performed using modified standardized questionnaires to elicit information on occupational history, demographics, smoking habits and acute and chronic respiratory symptoms. The relationships between current dust exposure as well as cumulative respirable dust and quartz and symptoms were studied by group comparisons as well as logistic regression. RESULTS Workers from the development group had the highest dust exposure, with arithmetic mean of 10.3 mg/m3 for current respirable dust and 1.268 mg/m3 for quartz. Analogous exposure results for mine workers were 0.66 mg/m3 and 0.03 mg/m3, respectively; and for other development workers were 0.88 mg/m3 and 0.10 mg/m3, respectively. The workers from the development section had significantly higher prevalence of the acute symptoms of dry cough (45.7%), breathlessness (34.8%) and blocked nose (23.9%). In addition, development workers had significantly more chronic symptoms of breathlessness (17.0%) than the mine workers (6.4%) and the other production workers (2.4%). The highest decile of cumulative exposure to respirable dust was significantly associated with cough (OR = 2.91, 95% CI 1.06, 7.97) as were cumulative exposure to quartz and cough (OR = 2.87, CI 1.05, 7.88), compared with the reference consisting of the group of workers with the lowest quartile of the respective cumulative exposure. CONCLUSION The development workers in a coal mine had more acute and chronic respiratory symptoms than the mine and the other production workers. In addition, there was an association between high cumulative coal dust and respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon HD Mamuya
- Centre for International Health, University of Bergen, Norway
- Section for Occupational Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
- Department of Community Health, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Magne Bråtveit
- Section for Occupational Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Yohana Mashalla
- Department of Physiology, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Bente E Moen
- Section for Occupational Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
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Cohn CA, Laffers R, Simon SR, O'Riordan T, Schoonen MAA. Role of pyrite in formation of hydroxyl radicals in coal: possible implications for human health. Part Fibre Toxicol 2006; 3:16. [PMID: 17177987 PMCID: PMC1764420 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-3-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The harmful effects from inhalation of coal dust are well-documented. The prevalence of lung disease varies by mining region and may, in part, be related to regional differences in the bioavailable iron content of the coal. Pyrite (FeS2), a common inorganic component in coal, has been shown to spontaneously form reactive oxygen species (ROS) (i.e., hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals) and degrade nucleic acids. This raises the question regarding the potential for similar reactivity from coal that contains pyrite. Experiments were performed to specifically evaluate the role of pyrite in coal dust reactivity. Coal samples containing various amounts of FeS2 were compared for differences in their generation of ROS and degradation of RNA. RESULTS Coals that contain iron also show the presence of FeS2, generate ROS and degrade RNA. Coal samples that do not contain pyrite do not produce ROS nor degrade RNA. The concentration of generated ROS and degradation rate of RNA both increase with greater FeS2 content in the coals. CONCLUSION The prevalence of coal workers' pneumoconiosis can be correlated to the amount of FeS2 in the coals. Considering the harmful effects of generation of ROS by inhaled particles, the results presented here show a possible mechanism whereby coal samples may contribute to CWP. This suggests that the toxicity of coal may be explained, in part, by the presence of FeS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Cohn
- Department of Geosciences and Center for Environmental Molecular Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
- National Institute of Occupational Health, Lerso Parkalle 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Laffers
- Department of Geosciences and Center for Environmental Molecular Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
| | - Sanford R Simon
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Thomas O'Riordan
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Martin AA Schoonen
- Department of Geosciences and Center for Environmental Molecular Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794-2100, USA
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Ghanem MM, Battelli LA, Mercer RR, Scabilloni JF, Kashon ML, Ma JY, Nath J, Hubbs AF. Apoptosis and Bax expression are increased by coal dust in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-exposed lung. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:1367-73. [PMID: 16966090 PMCID: PMC1570065 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Miners inhaling respirable coal dust (CD) frequently develop coal workers' pneumoconiosis, a dust-associated pneumoconiosis characterized by lung inflammation and variable fibrosis. Many coal miners are also exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) components of diesel engine exhaust and cigarette smoke, which may contribute to lung disease in these workers. Recently, apoptosis was reported to play a critical role in the development of another pneumoconiosis of miners, silicosis. In addition, CD was reported to suppress cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) induction by PAHs. METHODS We investigated the hypothesis that apoptosis plays a critical role in lung injury and down-regulation of CYP1A1 induction in mixed exposures to CD and PAHs. We exposed rats intratracheally to 0.0, 2.5, 10.0, 20.0, or 40.0 mg/rat CD and, 11 days later, to intraperitoneal beta-naphthoflavone (BNF) , a PAH. In another group of rats exposed to CD and BNF, caspase activity was inhibited by injection of the pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPH [quinoline-Val-Asp (OMe) -CH2-OPH]. RESULTS In rats exposed to BNF, CD exposure increased alveolar expression of the proapoptotic mediator Bax but decreased CYP1A1 induction relative to BNF exposure alone. Pan-caspase inhibition decreased CD-associated Bax expression and apoptosis but did not restore CYP1A1 activity. Further, CD-induced lung inflammation and alveolar epithelial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia were not suppressed by caspase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Combined BNF and CD exposure increased Bax expression and apoptosis in the lung, but Bax and apoptosis were not the major determinants of early lung injury in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Ghanem
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lori A. Battelli
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Robert R. Mercer
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - James F. Scabilloni
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael L. Kashon
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Jane Y.C. Ma
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Joginder Nath
- Genetics and Developmental Biology Program, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ann F. Hubbs
- Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Address correspondence to A. Hubbs, Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effect Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1095 Willowdale Rd., Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Telephone: (304) 285-6128. Fax: (304) 285-5938. E-mail:
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Gulumian M, Borm PJA, Vallyathan V, Castranova V, Donaldson K, Nelson G, Murray J. Mechanistically identified suitable biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility for silicosis and coal-worker's pneumoconiosis: a comprehensive review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2006; 9:357-95. [PMID: 16990219 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500196537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Clinical detection of silicosis is currently dependent on radiological and lung function abnormalities, both late manifestations of disease. Markers of prediction and early detection of pneumoconiosis are imperative for the implementation of timely intervention strategies. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of the etiology of coal workers pneumoconiosis (CWP) and silicosis was essential in proposing numerous biomarkers that have been evaluated to assess effects following exposure to crystalline silica and/or coal mine dust. Human validation studies have substantiated some of these proposed biomarkers and argued in favor of their use as biomarkers for crystalline silica- and CWP-induced pneumoconiosis. A number of "ideal" biological markers of effect were identified, namely, Clara cell protein-16 (CC16) (serum), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) (monocyte release), interleukin-8 (IL-8) (monocyte release), reactive oxygen species (ROS) measurement by chemiluminescence (neutrophil release), 8-isoprostanes (serum), total antioxidant levels measured by total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), glutathione, glutathione peroxidase activity, glutathione S-transferase activity, and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) (serum). TNF-alpha polymorphism (blood cellular DNA) was identified as a biomarker of susceptibility. Further studies are planned to test the validity and feasibility of these biomarkers to detect either high exposure to crystalline silica and early silicosis or susceptibility to silicosis in gold miners in South Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gulumian
- Department of Toxicology and Biochemistry Research, National Institute for Occupational Health, Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Goldstein S, Czapski G, Heller A. Mode of action of poly(vinylpyridine-N-oxide) in preventing silicosis: effective scavenging of carbonate anion radical. Chem Res Toxicol 2006; 19:86-91. [PMID: 16411660 DOI: 10.1021/tx050271t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small particles of crystalline silicon dioxide (crystallites) are exceptionally toxic. Inhalation of quartz crystallites causes silicosis, a devastating lung disease afflicting miners, particularly coal and stone workers. Poly(vinylpyridine-N-oxide)s (PVPNOs) have been applied in the prevention and treatment of silicosis, but their mode of action has been obscure. Recently, the sites of inducible *NO synthase activation and of nitrotyrosine formation were associated anatomically with the pathological quartz particle-caused lesions in the lungs. It has been suggested that the *NO formed combines rapidly with O2*- to yield ONOO-, a potential mediator of lung injury following silica exposure. Here, we show that PVPNOs do not react with peroxynitrite but scavenge exceptionally rapidly CO3*- radicals, which are produced in the decomposition of ONOO- in bicarbonate solutions. The rate constant for the reaction of CO3*- with PVPNO was found to be independent of the type and size of PVPNO, i.e., k = (1.9 +/- 0.2) x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) per monomer. In contrast, the rate constant for the reaction of CO3*- with the small molecule 4-methylpyridine N-oxide did not exceed 1 x 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). The underlying reason for the difference is that, in the dissolved polymeric PVPNOs, the electrostatic repulsion between the N-oxide zwitterions destabilizes them, increasing dramatically their pKa. The protonated N-oxides at physiological pH have abstractable hydrogen atoms and are expected to react rapidly with CO3*-, just as cyclic hydroxylamines do. It is also shown that PVPNO inhibits tyrosine nitration by peroxynitrite at pH 7.6 in the presence of excess of CO2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Hence, binding of PVPNO to the quartz particles and eliminating CO3*- could prevent the killing of macrophages, the associated release of macrophage-recruiting cytokines, and the amplification of the local concentration of *NO by the recruited macrophages. The latter causes necrosis of the macrophage-infiltrated lung tissue and, upon repair of the necrotic lesion, results in the growth of the dysfunctional fibrotic tissue, which is the hallmark of silicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Goldstein
- Department of Physical Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
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Porter DW, Millecchia LL, Willard P, Robinson VA, Ramsey D, McLaurin J, Khan A, Brumbaugh K, Beighley CM, Teass A, Castranova V. Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species Production Causes Progressive Damage in Rats after Cessation of Silica Inhalation. Toxicol Sci 2005; 90:188-97. [PMID: 16339787 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our laboratory has previously reported results from a rat silica inhalation study which determined that, even after silica exposure ended, pulmonary inflammation and damage progressed with subsequent fibrosis development. In the present study, the relationship between silica exposure, nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and the resultant pulmonary damage is investigated in this model. Rats were exposed to silica (15 mg/m3, 6 h/day) for either 20, 40, or 60 days. A portion of the rats from each exposure were sacrificed at 0 days postexposure, while another portion was maintained without further exposure for 36 days to examine recovery or progression. The major findings of this study are: (1) silica-exposed rat lungs were in a state of oxidative stress, the severity of which increased during the postexposure period, (2) silica-exposed rats had significant increase in lung NO production which increased in magnitude during the postexposure period, and (3) the presence of silica particle(s) in an alveolar macrophage (AM) was highly associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) protein. These data indicate that, even after silica exposure has ended, and despite declining silica lung burden, silica-induced pulmonary NO and ROS production increases, thus producing a more severe oxidative stress. A quantitative association between silica and expression of iNOS protein in AMs was also determined, which adds to our previous observation that iNOS and NO-mediated damage are associated anatomically with silica-induced pathological lesions. Future studies will be needed to determine whether the progressive oxidative stress, and iNOS activation and NO production, is a direct result of silica lung burden or a consequence of silica-induced biochemical mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale W Porter
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
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Ghanem MM, Porter D, Battelli LA, Vallyathan V, Kashon ML, Ma JY, Barger MW, Nath J, Castranova V, Hubbs AF. Respirable Coal Dust Particles Modify Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) Expression in Rat Alveolar Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 31:171-83. [PMID: 15072980 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2003-0425oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) metabolizes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in cigarette smoke to DNA-binding reactive intermediates associated with carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic studies indicate that the majority of coal miners are smokers but have a lower risk of lung cancer than other smokers. We hypothesized that coal dust (CD) exposure modifies pulmonary carcinogenesis by altering CYP1A1 induction. Therefore, male Sprague Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with 2.5, 10, 20, or 40 mg CD/rat or vehicle (saline); and 11 d later, pulmonary CYP1A1 was induced by intraperitoneal injection of beta-naphthoflavone (BNF; 50 mg/kg). Fourteen days after CD exposure, CYP1A1 protein and activity were measured by Western blot and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, respectively. CYP1A1 and the alveolar type II markers, cytokeratins 8/18, were localized and quantified in lung sections by dual immunofluorescence with morphometry. The area of CYP1A1 expression in alveolar septa and alveolar type II cells in response to BNF was reduced by exposure to 20 or 40 mg CD compared with BNF alone. CD exposure significantly inhibited BNF-induced 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in a dose-responsive manner. By Western blot, induction of CYP1A1 protein by BNF was significantly reduced by 40 mg CD compared with BNF alone. These findings indicate that CD decreases BNF-induced CYP1A1 protein expression and activity in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Ghanem
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Borm PJA, Schins RPF, Albrecht C. Inhaled particles and lung cancer, part B: paradigms and risk assessment. Int J Cancer 2004; 110:3-14. [PMID: 15054863 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.20064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Poorly soluble particles of low toxicity (PSP), such as CB, TiO(2) and coal mine dust, have been demonstrated to cause lung cancer in rodents, being most pronounced in rats. Adequate epidemiologic studies do not clearly indicate increased lung cancer rates in humans exposed to such particles. This has caused controversial positions in regulatory decisions on PSP on different levels. The present review discusses the current paradigms in rodent particle carcinogenicity, i.e., (i) role of particle overload and of persistent inflammation and (ii) fibrosis as an intermediate step in particle-induced lung cancer with regard to human risk assessment. Fibrosis, which is usually considered a precursor of lung cancer in humans, was not related to lung tumors in an animal study using 6 different particles, each at 3 dosages. Lung tumors after both inhalation and intratracheal instillation of PSP are related to particle surface dose, which forwards hazard assessment at surface-based nonoverload concentrations and a standard setting using surface as an exposure metric. The scarce data available on humans do not support the overload concept but suggest a role for persistent lung inflammation. Differences in antioxidant protection between different rodent species correlate with susceptibility to PSP-induced carcinogenicity and support the need for detailed studies on antioxidant response in humans. Apart from such bridging studies, further focus is also needed on surface chemistry and modifications in relation to their adverse biologic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J A Borm
- Particle Research, Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Auf'm Hennekamp 50, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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