Synthesis and three-dimensional qualitative structure selectivity relationship of 3,5-disubstituted-2,4-thiazolidinedione derivatives as COX2 inhibitors

Synthesis and enzymatic inhibition effects of thiazolidinedione 3C-like protease inhibitors

The 3C-like protease (also known as Mpro) plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 replication and has similar substrates across mutant coronaviruses, making it an ideal drug target. We synthesized 19 thiazolidinedione derivatives via the Knoevenagel condensations and Mitsunobu reactions as potential 3C-like protease inhibitors. The activity of these inhibitors is screened in vitro by employing the enzymatic screening model of 3C-like protease using fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Dithiothreitol is included in the enzymatic reaction system to avoid non-specific enzymatic inhibition. Active inhibitors with diverse activity are found in this series of compounds, and two representative inhibitors with potent inhibitory activity are highlighted.

Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivative exhibits antitumoral effect and reverts behavioral and metabolic changes in a model of glioblastoma

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anti-glioma activity of 3-(4-fluorobenzyl)-5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (AV23) in a preclinical model of glioblastoma, as well as behavioral parameters and toxicological profile. The implantation of C6 cells in the left striatum of male Wistar rats was performed by stereotaxic surgery. After recovery, animals were treated with vehicle (canola oil) or AV23 (10 mg/kg/day) intragastrically for 15 days. It was found that AV23 reduced tumor volume by 90%. Serum biochemical parameters such as triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase, urea, creatinine and total proteins were not changed; however, there was a slight increase in alanine aminotransferase. The compound AV23 reverted the hypoglycemia and the reduction in body weight caused by glioblastoma. Additionally, AV23 was able to revert the reduction of locomotion caused by the tumor implantation. Therefore, the compound AV23 can be considered a promising candidate in the treatment of glioblastoma.

Diverse 3-Methylthio-4-Substituted Maleimides through a Novel Rearrangement Reaction: Synthesis and Selective Cell Imaging

A transition metal-free protocol for the preparation of fluorescent and non-fluoresent 3-methylthio-4-arylmaleimides in a single step through a new rearrangement from thiazolidine-2,4-diones is described. By employing the optimized reaction conditions, a broad scope of derivatives was prepared in ≤97% yield. The reaction tolerated several substituted aryl groups, including the challenging preparation of pyridyl-containing derivatives. A series of control experiments strongly suggested that the new rearrangement involves a key isocyanate intermediate and a further reaction with in situ-generated methylthiomethyl acetate. The photophysical properties of some of the synthesized derivatives as well as their use in live cell imaging were also investigated, revealing that some of the substituted maleimides are capable of selectively staining different regions of the cells.

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Evaluation of a New Series of Heterocyclic Systems Bearing a Benzosuberone Scaffold

A series of novel benzosuberone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as antimicrobial agents by using substituted benzosuberone derivatives 1a,b as starting materials. Treatment of 1a,b with phenyl isothiocyanate in dimethylformamide was followed by treatment with cold HCl solution to afford the thioamides 4a,b, which was reacted with methyl iodide to obtain methylated products 5a,b. Cyclocondensation of 4a,b with chloroacetone 6 and phenacyl chloride 7 gave the corresponding thiophene derivatives 9a-c. Reaction of 4a,b with C-acetyl-N- arylhydrazonoyl chlorides 14a and 14b in boiling EtOH in the presence of triethylamine, afforded the corresponding 1,3,4-thiadiazoline derivatives 16a-d. The thioamides 4a,b were reacted with C-ethoxycarbonyl-N-arylhydrazonoyl chlorides 18a,b which afforded 1,3,4-thiadiazoline derivatives 19a-d. The benzosuberones 1a,b were treated with 3-mercaptopropanoic acid to give compounds 21a,b, which were cyclized to tricyclic thiopyran-4(5H)-one derivatives 22a,b. The latter compounds 22a,b were reacted with 3-mercaptopropanoic acid to give compounds 23a,b, which were cyclized tetracyclic ring systems 24a,b. Finally, compounds 24a,b were oxidized using hydrogen peroxide under reflux conditions to afford the oxidized form of the novel tetracyclic heterogeneous ring systems 25a,b. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activities. The structures of new compounds were characterized by ¹H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, and EI-MS.

Cytotoxicity of thiazolidinedione-, oxazolidinedione- and pyrrolidinedione-ring containing compounds in HepG2 cells

Liver damage occurred in some patients who took troglitazone (TGZ) for type II diabetes. The 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) ring in TGZ's structure has been implicated in its hepatotoxicity. To further examine the potential role of a TZD ring in toxicity we used HepG2 cells to evaluate two series of compounds containing different cyclic imides. N-phenyl analogues comprised 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (DCPT); 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DCPO) and N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)succinimide (NDPS). Benzylic compounds, which closely resemble TGZ, included 5-(3,5-dichlorophenylmethyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (DCPMT); 5-(4-methoxyphenylmethyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (MPMT); 5-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (MPMT-I); 5-(4-methoxyphenylmethyl)-2,4-oxazolidinedione (MPMO); 3-(4-methoxyphenylmethyl)succinimide (MPMS) and 3-(4-methoxyphenylmethylene)succinimide (MPMS-I). Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTS assay after incubating the compounds (0-250μM) with HepG2 cells for 24h. Only certain TZD derivatives (TGZ, DCPT, DCPMT and MPMT-I) markedly decreased cell viability, whereas MPMT had low toxicity. In contrast, analogues without a TZD ring (DCPO, NDPS, MPMO, MPMS and MPMS-I) were not cytotoxic. These findings suggest that a TZD ring may be an important determinant of toxicity, although different structural features, chemical stability, cellular uptake or metabolism, etc., may also be involved. A simple clustering approach, using chemical fingerprints, assigned each compound to one of three classes (each containing one active compound and close homologues), and provided a framework for rationalizing the activity in terms of structure.

Synthesis, HIV-1 RT inhibitory, antibacterial, antifungal and binding mode studies of some novel N-substituted 5-benzylidine-2,4-thiazolidinediones

Background

Structural modifications of thiazolidinediones at 3^rd and 5^th position have exhibited significant biological activities. In view of the facts, and based on in silico studies carried out on thiazolidine-2,4-diones as HIV-1- RT inhibitors, a novel series of 2,4-thiazolidinedione analogs have been designed and synthesized.

Methods

Title compounds were prepared by the reported method. Conformations of the structures were assigned on the basis of results of different spectral data. The assay of HIV-1 RT was done as reported by Silprasit et al. Antimicrobial activity was determined by two fold serial dilution method. Docking study was performed for the highest active compounds by using Glide 5.0.

Results

The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity. Among the synthesized compounds, compound 24 showed significant HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity with 73% of inhibition with an IC₅₀ value of 1.31 μM. Compound 10 showed highest activity against all the bacterial strains.

A molecular modeling study was carried out in order to investigate the possible interactions of the highest active compounds 24, 10 and 4 with the non nucleoside inhibitory binding pocket(NNIBP) of RT, active site of GlcN-6-P synthase and cytochrome P450 14-α-sterol demethylase from Candida albicans (Candida P450DM) as the target receptors respectively using the Extra Precision (XP) mode of Glide software.

Conclusion

A series of novel substituted 2-(5-benzylidene-2,4-dioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-N-(phenyl)propanamides (4–31) have been synthesized and evaluated for their HIV-1 RT inhibitory activity, antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some of the compounds have shown significant activity. Molecular docking studies showed very good interaction.

Synthesis and in-silico studies of some diaryltriazole derivatives as potential cyclooxygenase inhibitors

The synthesis of several 4-phenyl-5-pyridin-4-yl-2,3-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones possessing N-2 Mannich bases or S-alkyl substituents, is reported. Several of them exhibited a low nanomolar COX enzyme inhibition activity. Most of the compounds showed inhibition of edema was similar to that evoked by celocoxib in animal model. Molecular docking studies of the compounds into the binding sites of COX-1 and COX-2 allowed us to shed light on the binding mode of these novel COX inhibitors.

Recent developments and biological activities of thiazolidinone derivatives: a review

Thiazolidinone is considered as a biologically important active scaffold that possesses almost all types of biological activities. Successful introduction of ralitoline as a potent anti-convulsant, etozoline as a antihypertensive, pioglitazone as a hypoglycemic agent and thiazolidomycin activity against streptomyces species proved potential of thiazolidinone moiety. This diversity in the biological response profile has attracted the attention of many researchers to explore this skeleton to its multiple potential against several activities. This review is complementary to earlier reviews and aims to review the work reported on various biological activities of thiazolidinone derivatives from year 2000 to the beginning of 2011. Data are presented for active compounds, some of which have passed the preclinical testing stage.

Development of energetic pharmacophore for the designing of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors

We present here the Energetic pharmacophore model representing complementary features of the 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine for selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibition. For the development of pharmacophore hypothesis, a total of 43 previously reported compounds were docked on active site of COX-2 enzyme. The generated pharmacophore features were ranked using energetic terms of Glide XP docking for 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine scaffold to optimize its structure requirement for COX-2 inhibition. The thirty new 4,5,6-triphenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine derivatives were synthesized and assessed for selective COX-2 inhibitory activity. Two compounds 4B1 and 4B11 were found to be potent and selective COX-2 inhibitors. The molecular docking studies revealed that the newly synthesized compounds can be docked into COX-2 binding site and also provide the molecular basis for their activity.

Effect of structural modifications on 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione-induced hepatotoxicity in Fischer 344 rats

Glitazones, used for type II diabetes, have been associated with liver damage in humans. A structural feature known as a 2,4-thiazolidinedione (TZD) ring may contribute to this toxicity. TZD rings are of interest since continued human exposure via the glitazones and various prototype drugs is possible. Previously, we found that 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione (DCPT) was hepatotoxic in rats. To evaluate the importance of structure on DCPT toxicity, we therefore studied two series of analogs. The TZD ring was replaced with: a mercaptoacetic acid group {[[[(3,5-dichlorophenyl)amino]carbonyl]thio]acetic acid, DCTA}; a methylated TZD ring [3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-2,4-thiazolidinedione, DPMT]; and isomeric thiazolidinone rings [3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2- and 3-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-4-thiazolidinone, 2-DCTD and 4-DCTD, respectively]. The following phenyl ring-modified analogs were also tested: 3-phenyl-, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-, 3-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)- and 3-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione (PTZD, CPTD, DMPT and DFMPT, respectively). Toxicity was assessed in male Fischer 344 rats 24 h after administration of the compounds. In the TZD series only DPMT produced liver damage, as evidenced by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities at 0.6 and 1.0 mmol kg(-1) (298.6 ± 176.1 and 327.3 ± 102.9 Sigma-Frankel units ml(-1) , respectively) vs corn oil controls (36.0 ± 11.3) and morphological changes in liver sections. Among the phenyl analogs, hepatotoxicity was observed in rats administered PTZD, CPTD and DMPT; with ALT values of 1196.2 ± 133.6, 1622.5 ± 218.5 and 2071.9 ± 217.8, respectively (1.0 mmol kg(-1) doses). Morphological examination revealed severe hepatic necrosis in these animals. Our results suggest that hepatotoxicity of these compounds is critically dependent on the presence of a TZD ring and also the phenyl substituents.