1
|
Martins GM, Braga FC, de Castro PP, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Continuous flow reactions in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients and fine chemicals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3226-3239. [PMID: 38441166 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00418c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present an overview of continuous flow chemistry, including photoflow and electroflow technologies in the preparation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and fine chemical intermediates. Examples highlighting the benefits and challenges associated with continuous flow processes, mainly involving continuous thermal, photo- and electrochemical transformations, are drawn from the relevant literature, especially our experience and collaborations in this area, with emphasis on the synthesis and prospective scale-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Felipe C Braga
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Alhasan R, Martins GM, de Castro PP, Saleem RSZ, Zaiter A, Fries-Raeth I, Kleinclauss A, Perrin-Sarrado C, Chaimbault P, da Silva Júnior EN, Gaucher C, Jacob C. Selenoneine-inspired selenohydantoins with glutathione peroxidase-like activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 94:117479. [PMID: 37769443 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diseases such as cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, and cardiovascular illness have been linked to a decrease in selenium levels and an increase in oxidative stress. Selenium is an essential trace element that exhibits antioxidant properties, with selenocysteine enzymes like glutathione peroxidase being particularly effective at reducing peroxides. In this study, a series of synthetic organoselenium compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their potential antioxidant activities. The new selenohydantoin molecules were inspired by selenoneine and synthesized using straightforward methods. Their antioxidant potential was evaluated and proven using classical radical scavenging and metal-reducing methods. The selenohydantoin derivatives exhibited glutathione peroxidase-like activity, reducing hydroperoxides. Theoretical calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) revealed the selenone isomer to be the only one occurring in solution, with selenolate as a possible tautomeric form in the presence of a basic species. Cytocompatibility assays indicated that the selenohydantoin derivatives were non-toxic to primary human aortic smooth muscle cells, paving the way for further biological evaluations of their antioxidant activity. The results suggest that selenohydantoin derivatives with trifluoro-methyl (-CF3) and chlorine (-Cl) substituents have significant activities and could be potential candidates for further biological trials. These compounds may contribute to the development of effective therapies for chronic diseases such cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Alhasan
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France; Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos, UFSCar, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sao Carlos, UFSCar, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Rahman Shah Zaib Saleem
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, SBA School of Sciences and Engineering, Lahore University of Management Sciences, Lahore 54792, Pakistan
| | - Ali Zaiter
- Université de Lorraine, LCP-A2MC, F-57000 Metz, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Eufrânio N da Silva Júnior
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFMG, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Gaucher
- Université de Lorraine, CITHEFOR, F-54000 Nancy, France; Université de Lorraine, CNRS, IMoPA, F-54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Claus Jacob
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
de Castro PP, Martins GM, Gomes RB, Simoso GB, Amarante GW, Brocksom TJ, de Oliveira KT. Electrochemical reduction of 5-benzylidene thiazolidine-2,4-diones: a greener approach to the preparation of glitazone APIs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023. [PMID: 37436173 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02363j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
A transition-metal free methodology for the chemoselective reduction of benzylidene thiazolidine-2,4-diones and similar heterocycles is described, allowing the preparation of a broad scope of the corresponding reduced derivatives in up to 90% yield. The protocol has a simple and safe experimental setup, in which water was employed as the hydrogen source. To further demonstrate the synthetic utility of this transformation, the antidiabetic API Pioglitazone was prepared in 81% yield. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first hydride and transition-metal free protocol for the synthesis of Pioglitazone, highlighting its potential utility as a greener alternative in both academic and industrial synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme M Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Ronewalber B Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme B Simoso
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Giovanni W Amarante
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, 13565-905, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dos Santos JA, de Castro PP, de Oliveira KT, Brocksom TJ, Amarante GW. Multicomponent Reactions Applied to Total Synthesis of Biologically Active Molecules: A Short Review. Curr Top Med Chem 2023:CTMC-EPUB-130655. [PMID: 37016527 DOI: 10.2174/1568026623666230403102437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions (MCRs) are processes in which three or more starting materials are combined in the same reaction vessel, forming an adduct that contains all or most of the atoms of the starting materials. MCRs are one-pot processes that provide attractive advantages for the total synthesis of target molecules. These reactions allow rapid access to structurally complex adducts from particularly simple starting materials. Moreover, MCRs are generally intrinsically associated with principles of green syntheses, such as atom economy, minimization of isolation, and purification of synthetic intermediates, leading to large solvent economies and avoiding the production of large amounts of reaction waste. Thus, synthetic routes employing multicomponent reactions are generally more convergent, economical and often allow higher overall yields. In total synthesis, the use of MCRs has been mainly applied in the preparation of key advanced intermediates. Progress in the use of MCRs in total synthesis has been described over the last decades, including not only classical MCRs reactions (e.g. isocyanide-based transformations), but also non-traditional multicomponent reactions. Furthermore, reports concerning stereoselective multicomponent transformations are still scarce and present further development opportunities. This review aims to provide a general overview of the application of MCRs as key steps in the rapid preparation of structurally complex derivatives and fine chemicals. In special, some selected examples have been successfully applied for medicinal purposes. Finally, in some representative cases, either key intermediates formed during the reaction vessel or corresponding transition states have been disclosed in order to provide insights into the reaction mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana A Dos Santos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanni W Amarante
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Santos IA, de Castro PP, dos Santos HF, Amarante GW. Mechanism and Origin of Enantioselectivity in Bifunctional Squaramide‐Catalyzed α‐Thiolation of Azlactones. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giovanni Wilson Amarante
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora Department of Chemistry Louren�o Kelmer, s/nS�o Pedro 36036-900 Juiz de Fora BRAZIL
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Meirelles LV, de Castro PP, Passos STA, Carvalho BBPP, Franco CHJ, Correa JR, Neto BAD, Amarante GW. Diverse 3-Methylthio-4-Substituted Maleimides through a Novel Rearrangement Reaction: Synthesis and Selective Cell Imaging. J Org Chem 2022; 87:2809-2820. [PMID: 35108004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A transition metal-free protocol for the preparation of fluorescent and non-fluoresent 3-methylthio-4-arylmaleimides in a single step through a new rearrangement from thiazolidine-2,4-diones is described. By employing the optimized reaction conditions, a broad scope of derivatives was prepared in ≤97% yield. The reaction tolerated several substituted aryl groups, including the challenging preparation of pyridyl-containing derivatives. A series of control experiments strongly suggested that the new rearrangement involves a key isocyanate intermediate and a further reaction with in situ-generated methylthiomethyl acetate. The photophysical properties of some of the synthesized derivatives as well as their use in live cell imaging were also investigated, revealing that some of the substituted maleimides are capable of selectively staining different regions of the cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luan V Meirelles
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Saulo T A Passos
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Bernardo B P P Carvalho
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Chris H J Franco
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| | - José R Correa
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Brenno A D Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, University of Brasília, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, P.O. Box 4478, Brasília, Distrito Federal 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Giovanni W Amarante
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais 36036-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Batista GMF, de Castro PP, dos Santos JA, Skrydstrup T, Amarante GW. Synthetic developments on the preparation of sulfides from thiol-free reagents. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo01226b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This critical review covers the main thiolating reagents with respect to their characteristics and reactivities. In fact, they are complementary to each other and bring different thiolation strategies, avoiding the hazardous thiol derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M. F. Batista
- Chemistry Department
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)
| | - Pedro P. de Castro
- Chemistry Department
- Federal University of Juiz de Fora
- Juiz de Fora
- Brazil
| | | | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- and Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Batista GMF, de Castro PP, Dos Santos HF, de Oliveira KT, Amarante GW. Electron-Donor–Acceptor Complex-Enabled Flow Methodology for the Hydrotrifluoromethylation of Unsaturated β-Keto Esters. Org Lett 2020; 22:8598-8602. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M. F. Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro P. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Hélio F. Dos Santos
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| | - Kleber T. de Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Campus São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Campus Martelos, 36036-900 Juiz de Fora-MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Martins RDS, Pereira MP, de Castro PP, Bombonato FI. Design and preparation of a novel prolinamide-based organocatalyst for the solvent-free asymmetric aldol reaction. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
10
|
Marra IFS, de Castro PP, Amarante GW. Cover Feature: Recent Advances in Azlactone Transformations (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 34/2019). European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella F. S. Marra
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Pedro P. de Castro
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro Juiz de Fora Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Affiliation(s)
- Isabella F. S. Marra
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Pedro P. de Castro
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro Juiz de Fora Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro Juiz de Fora Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Marra IFS, de Almeida AM, Silva LP, de Castro PP, Corrêa CC, Amarante GW. Stereoselective Intermolecular [2 + 2] Cycloadditions of Erlenmeyer-Plöchl Azlactones Using Visible Light Photoredox Catalysis. J Org Chem 2018; 83:15144-15154. [PMID: 30450907 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The first report of the preparation of symmetric and nonsymmetric diaminotruxinic derivatives through the photoredox [2 + 2] cycloadditions of Erlenmeyer azlactones is described, affording the desired compounds in high regio- and diastereocontrol (only head-to-head coupling). Mechanistic studies by DFT suggest that the reaction proceeds through a neutral photocatalytic pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabellar F S Marra
- Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora , MG 36036-900 , Brazil
| | - Angelina M de Almeida
- Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora , MG 36036-900 , Brazil
| | - Larissa P Silva
- Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora , MG 36036-900 , Brazil
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora , MG 36036-900 , Brazil
| | - Charlane C Corrêa
- Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora , MG 36036-900 , Brazil
| | - Giovanni Wilson Amarante
- Department of Chemistry , Federal University of Juiz de Fora , Campus Martelos, Juiz de Fora , MG 36036-900 , Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pinheiro DLJ, de Castro PP, Amarante GW. Cover Feature: Recent Developments and Synthetic Applications of Nucleophilic Zirconocene Complexes from Schwartz's Reagent (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 35/2018). European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201801325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. J. Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Pedro P. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pinheiro DLJ, de Castro PP, Amarante GW. Recent Developments and Synthetic Applications of Nucleophilic Zirconocene Complexes from Schwartz's Reagent. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. J. Pinheiro
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Pedro P. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Giovanni W. Amarante
- Department of Chemistry; Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Cidade Universitária 36036-900 São Pedro, Juiz de Fora Minas Gerais Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pinheiro DLJ, Batista GMF, de Castro PP, Flores LS, Andrade GFS, Amarante GW. A Brønsted base-promoted diastereoselective dimerization of azlactones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 13:2663-2670. [PMID: 29564003 PMCID: PMC5753058 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel Brønsted base system for the diastereoselective dimerization of azlactones using trichloroacetate salts and acetonitrile has been developed. Desired products were obtained in good yields (60-93%) and with up to >19:1 dr after one hour of reaction. Additionally, the relative stereochemistry of the major dimer was assigned as being trans, by X-ray crystallographic analysis. The kinetic reaction profile was determined by using 1H NMR reaction monitoring and revealed a second order overall kinetic profile. Furthermore, by employing this methodology, a diastereoselective total synthesis of a functionalized analogue of streptopyrrolidine was accomplished in 65% overall yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L J Pinheiro
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel M F Batista
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Pedro P de Castro
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Leonã S Flores
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F S Andrade
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Giovanni W Amarante
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Cidade Universitária, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, MG, CEP 36036-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Azlactones (also known as oxazolones) are heterocycles usually employed in the stereoselective synthesis of α,α-amino acids, heterocycles and natural products. The versatility of the azlactone scaffold arises from the numerous reactive sites, allowing its application in a diversity of transformations. This review aims to cover classical and recent applications of oxazolones, especially those involving stereoselective processes. After a short introduction on their structures and intrinsic reactivities, dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) processes as well as reactions involving stereoselective formation of a new σ C-C bond, such as alkylation/allylation/arylation, aldol, ene, Michael and Mannich reactions will be exposed. Additionally, cycloadditions, Steglich rearrangement and sulfenylation reactions will also be discussed. Recent developments of the well-known Erlenmeyer azlactones will be described. For the most examples, the proposed mechanism, activation modes and/or key reaction intermediates will be exposed to rationalize both the final product and the observed stereochemistry. Finally, this review gives an overview of the synthetic utility of oxazolones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro P de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Arthur G Carpanez
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Giovanni W Amarante
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, José Lourenço Kelmer, São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pereira AA, de Castro PP, de Mello AC, Ferreira BR, Eberlin MN, Amarante GW. Brønsted acid catalyzed azlactone ring opening by nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
de Almeida AM, Nascimento T, Ferreira BS, de Castro PP, Silva VL, Diniz CG, Le Hyaric M. Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel amphiphilic aromatic amino alcohols. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2883-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|